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Institut Universitari De La Dona INSTITUT UNIVERSITARI DE LA DONA DE KOSALA A BOLLYWOOD: DOS MIL AÑOS CONTANDO HISTORIAS. UN ESTUDIO SEMIÓTICO DEL RAMAYANA ROSER NOGUERA MAS UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA Servei de Publicacions 2008 Aquesta Tesi Doctoral va ser presentada a València el dia 10 de març de 2008 davant un tribunal format per: - D. José María Bernardo Paniagüa - D. Josep Gavaldà Roca - D. Juan Arnau Navarro - Dª. Eva Fernández del Campo Barbadillo - D. Ramón X. Roselló Ivars Va ser dirigida per: Dª. Antonia Cabanilles Sanchís ©Copyright: Servei de Publicacions Roser Noguera Mas Depòsit legal: I.S.B.N.: 978-84-370-7160-2 Edita: Universitat de València Servei de Publicacions C/ Artes Gráficas, 13 bajo 46010 València Spain Telèfon: 963864115 UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA INSTITUT UNIVERSITARI D’ESTUDIS DE LA DONA FACULTAT DE FILOLOGIA, TRADUCCIÓ I COMUNICACIÓ DE KOSALA A BOLLYWOOD: DOS MIL AÑOS CONTANDO HISTORIAS. UN ESTUDIO SEMIÓTICO DEL RAMAYANA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: ROSER NOGUERA MAS Dirigida por: Dra. ANTONIA CABANILLES SANCHIS VALÈNCIA, 2007 I II AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar agradezco a Antonia Cabanilles, mi directora y profesora de crítica literaria y semiótica de la cultura, su entusiamo, apoyo incondicional y tarea de supervisión y dirección. A las personas que me han ayudado todos estos años en la burocracia y el aprendizaje: el profesor Ximo Espinosa del Departamento de Italiano de la Universitat de València, el Prof. Patrizio Rigobon de la Universidad de Bologna, Vicen Belenguer del Institut de la Dona, Sonsoles Vázquez de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional; a todos mis compañeros del Department of Germanic and Romance Studies (GRS) de la University of Delhi, especialmente a Shaswati Mazumdar, Jyoti Sabharwal, Manisha Taneja, Mircea, Sabina, Stefano y Dominique; al profesor H. R. Kidwai (A. J. Kidwai Mass Communication Resarch Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia University) y a Carlos Varona, mi director del Instituto Cervantes en Damasco. Gran parte de la investigación la he llevado a cabo en la biblioteca de Sahitya Akademi y agradezco al personal el apoyo que me prestaron. A Jordi Gispert por su amabilidad y orientación bibliográfica en Vidyajyoti. A Linda Hess (Department of Religious Studies, Stanford University), Richard Schechner (Tisch School of Arts, New York University), Sathya Vrat Shastri (Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru Univesity) y Juana Bergua (Ediciones Ibéricas, Madrid) por los artículos, ánimo e información. El ejemplo o entusiasmo de algunas personas que me llevaron a estudiar filología, a dedicarme a dar clases de español y a emprender el doctorado: Joan Gargallo y Joan Ivars, mis profesores de literatura y latín en el Instituto Chabás de Denia, José Luis Ángeles y Roberto Ortí. En la India, a mi gran amiga Vijaya Venkataraman, compañera en Delhi University, de escritos, teatros, paseos y chais. A ella, Sanjaya, Meghna y toda su familia, que me han hecho sentir una más siempre. También a Vibha Maurya (Jefa de la Sección de Estudios Hispánicos, GRS Department, Delhi University), a Abhay y Anu, por su constante apoyo y cariño durante todos estos años. A Vishwanath, Ashish y sus familias, mis “otras familias” indias. A los alumnos de Delhi University, especialmente a los de Language of the Media y a todos los del Curso Intensivo de Español, a los que participaron en el teatro y a quienes interrogué muchas veces sobre el Ramayana. Gracias a Rashmi, Amrita, Sonya, Kiran, Anuradha, Jatin, Deepak, Avjinder, Shefali, Diwan, Yogendra, Dananje, Harish, Hari, Rajesh, Swati, Shilpa, Aroona, Sandeep y Abhay. A Yunita, mi profesora de bahasa, la puerta al Ramayana indonesio y malayo. A todos los coolies de mis libros (Chema, Laurent, Moni). A Marc, David y Jorge por las fotos. A mi primo José Jaime por las fórmulas. A Antonio García Espada, Abraham Vélez de Cea y José Costa Mas (brevemente) por el diálogo ramayanasférico durante estos últimos meses y a Oscar Pujol por la “conversación orientativa” y su ejemplo al poco de llegar a la India. III A mis padres, mi hermana Carmen y mi abuela, por entender tan bien estos diez años lejos de casa. A ellos les dedico el trabajo y la ilusión de esta tesis. A todos los amigos que he encontrado por los lugares donde he vivido estos años de estudio y viajes: Adirane, Gemma y Bea con quienes empecé “la caza de los ramayanas” y recorrí media India. Mario y Ana que me acogieron en su casa “argentina” los primeros tres meses. A Antonio y Esther, Pradeep y Ana, Prashant y María, Pablo y Melissa, Almu, Kulan y Sudhir (en Delhi), Marigel y Javi, Jaime, Rosalía, Hussam, Nasser, Abu Bakr y Nayat (en Damasco), Isra y Moni, Diego y Laura, Patrick y Laura (en Hanoi), Pepe y Megan, Paulino y Svejia, Saurabh y Christelle, Muhabhat y Mark (en Banda Aceh). A los amigos de La Marina que siguen como si no me hubiera ido: Esther, Li, Marc, Paco, Carles, Joanma y Tere, Ana Bonmatí, Anna Boix, Rosa, Trini y Anna Morell. A Marina, Nga y Bibah, sin ellas no hubiera podido leer un solo libro. A Luis, quien de verdad me ha acompañado en estos diez años (Dil se re, Dil se re, Dil to aakhir dil hai na/ meethi si mushkil hai na /Piya piya /Piya piya piya na piya/ Jiya jiya jiya na jiya/ Dil se re/ Dil se re...). IV ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 1 1. LA RAMAYANASFERA .......................................................................................13 1.1. Recepción del Ramayana..................................................................................13 1.2. El encuentro entre el Ramayana y Occidente...................................................20 1.3. La Ramayanasfera ............................................................................................29 2. RAMAYANA Y RAMAYANAS ...........................................................................51 2.1. La historia de la historia “alfa”: el Ramayana de Valmiki ...............................53 2.1.1. Género del Ramayana de Valmiki.............................................................56 2.1.2. El adikavi Valmiki .....................................................................................63 2.1.3. Datación y Evolución.................................................................................67 2.2. Transmisión del Ramayana...............................................................................76 2.3. Expansión del Ramayana en la India................................................................90 2.4. Expansión del Ramayana en Asia...................................................................121 3. RAMAYANA: LECTURAS RELIGIOSAS.........................................................151 3.1. Ramayana: Mito, leyenda y dharmasastra.....................................................154 3.2. Divinización de Rama y vedacización del Ramayana....................................164 3.2.1. Rama: de héroe a Dios .............................................................................165 3.2.2. Ramayana: de smrti a sruti ......................................................................176 3.3. El movimiento bhakti......................................................................................181 3.3.1. La recitación del Manas...........................................................................189 3.3.2. Representación y juego de los dioses: las ramlilas..................................199 3.3.2.1. Dioses de carne y hueso: La Ramlila de Ramnagar..........................203 3.3.3. Hanuman: devoto ideal ............................................................................227 3.4. Los confabuladores hindúes o la verdad jainista ............................................241 3.5. Rama como bodhisattva..................................................................................248 3.6. El islam y los titiriteros del archipiélago indonesio y la península malaya....257 4. RAMAYANA: LECTURAS POLÍTICAS............................................................281 4.1. Ayodhya: La disputa de la Mezquita de Babar/ El Templo del Lugar de Nacimiento de Rama (Babri Masjid/ Ramjanmabhumi Mandir). La lectura ramayánica de la Sangh Parivar ............................................................................287 4.1.1. Del nacionalismo indio al nacionalismo hindú........................................290 V 4.1.2. Rama en el discurso político de Gandhi y el movimiento Hindutva .......309 4.1.3. Ayodhya: Ciudad sin ley..........................................................................316 4.1.4. De Ram a Rambo: Adaptación de la estética de devoción a la estética de la confrontación .....................................................................................................335 4.2. Sita: Diosa y Esposa........................................................................................356 4.2.1. La fiel Sita y otros modelos de mujer ......................................................357 4.2.1.1. El nacimiento y abandono de Sita.....................................................360 4.2.1.2. La prueba del arco.............................................................................361 4.2.1.3. El exilio de Rama y el rapto de Sita..................................................363 4.2.1.4. El cautiverio y la prueba de fuego ....................................................373 4.2.1.5. El destierro........................................................................................377 4.2.2. Sakti Sita ..................................................................................................379
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