Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves – Hertz to Terahertz

17th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture At Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Kolkata On Wednesday, 30th November 2011

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS) “OM-NIWAS”, A-23, SHASTRI NAGAR, JODHPUR ICRS International Centre for radio Science • ICRS is a Registered society, was registered on 24th June 1997 with objective of conducting Research, Training and Teaching in Radio Science, Telecommunication, Electronics, Computer and Information Science. • Shri Ramkrishna Paramhamsa-Spiritual Guru • Sir J.C. Bose - Inspirer. • ICRS has entered into its 15th year on 24th June 2011.And will celebrate this 15th year by technical and social awareness. Regd. No : 61/Jodhpur /1997-98 Regd. Office : OM NIWAS, A-23, Shastri Nagar Jodhpur-342003 E Mail : [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Phone: - 0291-2613123/2640063, Fax – 0291-2626166

Website: www.radioscience.org 2 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

3 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Acharya Sir J.C. Bose ICRS (Maharishi) (30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) D.Sc. (1896), University of London, UK Specialization: Optics, Electromagnetic Radiation, Plant Physiology

Father- Bhagaban Chandra Bose Mother-Bamasundari Debi

An Educationist & Torch Bearer for Women Education in India. A constant inspiration For Sir J.C. Bose.

Wife: Abala Bose. A Rare photograph of Sir J.C. Bose 8th August 1865 - 1951 4 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Chronology

According to D. M. Bose, the research activities of J. C. Bose, extending from 1894 to 1937, the year he died, can be divided into three periods. 1894-1899

1. During the first period, extending from 1894 to 1899, he produced the shortest of the then possible electro- magnetic waves (the microwaves),and extensively studied their quasi-optical properties. His researches with coherers not only led to the anticipation of semi- conductors but the effect of microwaves on the coherers led to the next important phase of his research.

5 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 1899 - 1904

2. During the second period, extending from 1899 to 1904, began with his study of the fatigue effect in metallic coherers, used for detection of electric waves, from which he went over to the study of various other inorganic systems which exhibit stress under different kinds of physical stimulation. The similarities in responses of inorganic and organic systems led to his famous and controversial generalization about the responses in the living and the non-living.

6 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 1904 - 1937

3. The third period that logically followed from the second phase led to his studies of Plant Electrophysiology and led to monumental investigations, which like most of his researches, were ahead of his time. These researches lasted till the end of his life.

7 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Microwaves

Sir J.C. Bose had come across a book by Oliver Lodge on Hertzian waves and intuitively felt that this was an area that needed attention. Bose made a spectacular discovery, of producing radiation of wavelength of the order of 5 mm (called millimeter waves or microwaves, 1/130 that of Hertz’s waves). Bose was the first to demonstrate Microwaves. Bose undertook research on what may be termed as “Microwave Optics”.

8 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Who Invented the Radio?

A question that is frequently asked in India is: “Who invented the radio? Or, should not J. C. Bose have received the Nobel Prize for inventing the Radio, at least jointly?” This has been discussed by Das Gupta*. Das Gupta questions the commonly held belief that Bose anticipated Marconi by two years, and provides evidence to the contrary. Kochar16 also shows that it was Bose’s intransigence towards patenting that came in the way of his being recognized as one of the inventors of wireless telegraphy. The 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Guglielmo Marconi (1874– 1937) and C. F. Braun (1850–1918) for wireless telegraphy.

*S. Dasgupta, Jagadis Chandra Bose and the Indian Response to Western. 9 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Wired and Wireless Communication Electrical telegraph (invented in 1836-37) telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for high-power applications The electrical telegraph owned and built by Samuel F. B. Morse Acharya Sir J.C. Bose gave the first demonstration of wireless communication in 1895. In Calcutta Town Hall, in the presence of the Lt. Governor of Bengal, he transmitted electromagnetic waves from the lecture hall through intervening walls - covering a total distance of 25 meters tripping a relay which threw a heavy iron ball, fired off a pistol and blew a small mine. J.C. Bose with Apparatus Set up Ref: D.T. Emerson(NRAO), THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE: 10 OPNC 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Bose’s Experimental Set Up for Wireless Communication

The Microwave transmitter and receiver developed by Bose Apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves of wavelengths 25 to 5 mm The Galena detector developed by Bose 12 OPNC Image Courtesy :www.qsl.net 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions

Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.He is complete setup considered the father of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali Two of Bose's point contact science fiction. He was the first detectors, removed from the from the Indian subcontinent to receiving antennas. get a US patent, in 1904.

17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 13 OPNC Ref: D.T. Emerson(NRAO), THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE: 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH ICRS Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions

One of Bose's free-space radiation receivers, recently described [3] as a "space-irradiated multi-contact the twisted-jute polarizers used by Bose. semiconductor (using the natural oxide of the springs)." The springs are kept in place in their tray by a sheet of glass, seen to be partly broken in this photograph.

One of Bose's polarizers was a cut-off metal plate grating, consisting of a book (Bradshaw's Railway Timetable) with sheets of tinfoil interleaved in the pages. 14 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Sir J.C. Bose and Plants - Biophysics

He Invented Crescograph- to measure the rate of growth of a plant and the death recorder to record the exact moment of death of a plant.

15 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Effect of Radio waves on Plant Growth

16 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Acharya MEETS Swami ji

(Aversion to Patenting)

Swami Vivekananda gave the documents of Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions to one of his disciples Sara Chapman Bull who filed application of patent for "Detector for Electrical Disturbances" of Sir J.C. Bose on 30th September 1901 and was granted as US 755840 on 29 March 1904. Swami Vivekananda Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902) Ref: Wikipedia 17 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS The Poet & Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore “Across the oceans, on the western The Scientist shore, Reigns the temple of the Goddess Tagore, the lifelong friend of Bose Of wealth of science. There you have journeyed, my friend, 7th May 1861- 7th August, 1941 And returned richly crowned. You anointed the motherland, Modest at heart, poor and shy. Sir J.C. Bose had an equipment fabricated The great and the gloried to turn oxygen into ozone Or those far off lands Assembled and acclaimed (by electric sparks) which Your work in unison, Helped Tagore’s second The words resounding their message, daughter for breathing. Far and wide, the seas beyond. Tagore had very high regards for Her eyes welled up in tears. Abala Bose who Mother sends you the blessings Of her jumbled heart, reciprocated his feelings. Through a poet of whom It was only to Tagore that he would, The world of science has never heard. at moments of deep despair, pour Only in the inner self of yours, Will these words echo out his heart. Magnolia As gentle murmurs of Mother’s whispered tone.” 18 OPNC As translated by Sujata Basu Sengupta 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Some Honors to Sir J.C. BOSE Sister Nivedita Indian Stamp: (1867–1911) Birth Centenary close friend of the of Bose couple Sir J. C. Bose (Botanist & Physicist)(15np) Date Of Issue:- 30.11.1958. Sara Chapman Bull (1850–1911) •Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) (1903) Responsible for •Companion of the Order of the Star of Patenting India (CSI) (1911) Bose’s •Knight Bachelor (1917) document •Fellow of the Royal Society (1920)

19 OPNC Ref: D.P. Sen, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Experiment

Alexander Stepanovich Popov 16 March 1859- 13 January 1904

Microwaves produced by Sir J.C. Bose (of 60GHz) penetrated through walls and fired a pistol(gun powder)

20 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Kalpathi Ramakrishna The first Ramanathan - experimental Indian physicist and mete evidence of E- orologist. Carried out region of the research into unsolved ionosphere was problems of the earth's obtained by Mitra atmosphere, the and his coworkers ionosphere, cosmic rays. Research on the low- Prof. Sisir Kumar Mitra latitude ionosphere. K. R. Ramanathan (October 24, 1890 – August 13, 1963) 28 February 1893 – 31 December 1984)

Radio & Space Physics was his area of specialization. He performed major work in the field of earth's near-space environment, through group based and space techniques. He worked on cosmic radio noise for studying the upper atmosphere led to a series of discoveries in ionosphere, solar physics and cosmic rays.

Ref: Vigyan Prasar (21 February, 1927 - 3 September, 2007) 21 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Electromagnetic Spectrum

Ref: 22 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Percentage transmission through the earth’s ICRS atmosphere, along the vertical direction, under clear sky conditions

23 OPNC Ref:F.T. Ulaby 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Radio Waves

Ref: http://www.windows2universe.org 24 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS James Clerk Maxwell In 1865 Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. He then proposed equations that described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space Faraday’s law of Induction

• is Electric charge density (c/m*m) Ampere’s Circuit Law Q is Electric Charge D is Electric flux density (C/m2) J is Conduction current density (A/m2) Gauss Law of Magnetism H is Magnetic field strength (A/m) is Displacement electric current density (A/m2)

Ref: www.wikipedia.org 25 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Radio Propagation

Ref: 26 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Applications of Radio Waves

• Communication • Remote Sensing • Medical • Industrial • Scientific • Astronomy • Planetary Exploration

27 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Communication & RADAR

LOS Communication Troposcatter Communication

Duct Communication Satellite Communication

28 OPNC Ref: 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite Communication The establishment of the Indian First to propose Space Research Organization (ISRO) a satellite communicati by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai on system in 1945 - Arthur C. Clarke

ATS-6 (Applications Technology Satellite-6)

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai The father of Indian space program

29 OPNC Ref: wikipedia.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE was an experimental satellite communications project launched in India in 1975, designed jointly byNASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The project made available informational television programmes to rural India. The main objectives of the experiment were to educate the poor people of India on various issues via satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain technical experience in the Zone covered by the SITE Experiment field of satellite communications. The ATS-6 satellite was used for SITE Ref: Wikipedia and ISRO 30 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

About Antenna: 30 ft parabola, 28–29 dB gain with 0.8 x 7.5 deg fan beam, 38.5 dB gain with 1.5 deg pencil beam, circular polarization

Transmitter (ATS 6 to ground link) One of 3750, 3950, or 4150 MHz 12 W output, 28 dBW EIRP on axis

Receiver (ground to ATS 6 link) One of 5950, 6150, or 6350 MHz G/T: –17 dB/K peak ISRO deployed TV sets across 2400 villages to Children eagerly watching a TV programme beamed from NASA ATS-6 receive educational satellite during ISRO’s pioneering Satellite Instructional Television programs Experiment (SITE) conducted during 1975-76. 31 OPNC Ref: ISRO and www.aero.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Propagation Studies

ATS-6 was launched May 30, 1974 and decommissioned July 1979

Prof. O.P.N. Calla was Principal Investigator for 13/18 GHz Millimeter Wave Propagation Studies using American ATS-6 Satellite to study the effects of rain rates on propagation above 10 GHz during 1975 to 76,these were first Satellite based Propagation Studies in India.

ATS 6 had two millimeter-wave experiments. The NASA experiment used a C-band uplink and 20 and 30 GHz downlinks, whereas the Communications Satellite (Comsat) Corporation experiment used 13 and 18 GHz uplinks and a C-band downlink.

32 OPNC Ref: nasa.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS “Propagation Studies at 13/18 GHz using ATS-6 Satellite” * ISRO supported Propagation studies used a transmitter operating at 13/18 GHz was located at different location in India, received on LOAN from NASA. •Signals were received at C-Band at MADRID SPAIN 1 Site 1 **UNDP supported this propagation Site 3 experiment and was conducted with ground based Radiometer and line of Site 2 Site 5 site links at 13 GHz. •Principal Investigator – Prof. O.P.N. Calla

Site 6 Site 1 Delhi Site 2 Ahmedabad Site 4 Site 3 Jodhpur Site 4 Chennai Site 5 Ranchi Site 6 Mumbai 33 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Communication Satellite

GSAT-8 GSAT-4 GSAT-5P

GSAT-12

Insat-1A INSAT -3A INSAT -2B INSAT–4CR INSAT–4CR

Ref: www.isro.gov 34 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite Specification Table Satellit Launch Launch Remarks e date Vehicle INSAT-1A First operational multipurpose communication and Delta launch 10 April 1982 meteorology satellite. Procured from USA. Worked for only vehicle six months. Space Shuttle Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of INSAT-1B 30 August 1983 Challenger seven years.

Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years. INSAT-1C 21 July 1988 Ariane 12 C-band & two S-band transponders

Delta launch INSAT-1D 12 June 1990 Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service. vehicle Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from Arabsat in INSAT-2DT 26 February 1992 Ariane 1998. First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability over INSAT-1 series. Still in service. Transponders: 12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS)2S-band (for INSAT-2A 10 July 1992 Ariane BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met.data), 1 transponder for research and rescue,Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) for meteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band. 35 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite Launch Launch Remarks date Vehicle

Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service.

23 July 1993 Ariane Transponders:12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS) 2S-band (for BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met.data), 1 transponder for INSAT-2B research and rescue, Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) for meteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band.

Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years. Transponders: 16C-band / extended C-band transponders (forFSS), 2 high power C-band INSAT-2C 21 July 1988 Ariane transponders (for BSS), 1S-band transponder (for BSS),1C/S-band mobile communication transponder, 3 Ku-band transponders Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04 due to power bus INSAT-2D 04 June 1997 Ariane anomaly. two S-band transponders and 25 C-band transponders. INSAT-2E/ Multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite. very High Intelsat APR- 03 April 1999 Ariane Resolution Radiometer will operate in three spectral bands with 2 km resolution 2 in visible band and 8km resolution in thermal infrared and water vapour bands. Multipurpose communication: business communication, developmental INSAT-3B 22 March 2000 Ariane communication, and mobile communication. 12 extended C – band Transponders,Five Ku band Transponders,Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of GSAT-1 18 April 2001 GSLV-D1 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1. 3 C-band transponders and 1 S-band transponder Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and 24 January INSAT-3C Ariane broadcasting and provide continuity of the services of INSAT-2C. 24 C 2002 band transponders, 6 Extended C - band Transponders, 2 S - band Transponders 36 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellit Launch Launc Remarks e date h Vehicl e

Multipurpose satellite for communication, broadcasting, and INSAT-3A 10 April 2003 Ariane-5 meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.

Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) four C-band transponders, two Ku-band transponders and a Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) payload operating in S-band and C-band for GSAT-2 08 May 2003 GSLV forward link and return link respectively. GSAT-2 also carries four scientific experimental payloads - Total Radiation Dose Monitor (TRDM), Surface Charge Monitor (SCM), Solar X-ray Spectrometer (SOXS) and Coherent Radio Beacon Experiment (CRABEX).

28 September Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System. 24 INSAT-3E Ariane-5 2003 Normal C-band and 12 Extended C-band transponders.

Advanced satellite for direct-to-home television broadcasting services. INSAT-4A 22 December 2005 Ariane dozen Ku transponders and another dozen of C-band transponders.

INSAT-4C 10 July 2006 GSLV Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did not achieve orbit.

12 Ku band high power transponders covering Indian main land using 140W radiatively cooled TWTAs. 12 C band high power transponders INSAT-4B 12 March 2007 Ariane with extended coverage, covering southeast and northwest region apart from Indian main land using 63 W TWTAs 37 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Identical to INSAT-4C. Provides direct-to-home 02 INSAT- (DTH) television services, video picture September GSLV-F04 4CR transmission (VPT), and digital satellite news 2007 gathering (DSNG). Communications satellite technology GSAT-4 15 April 2010 GSLV-D3 demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-D3 failure. GSAT- C-band communication satellite, failed to 25 December 5P /INSA GSLV-F06 reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure. 24 Normal T-4D 2010 C-band and 12 Extended C-band transponders. GSAT- Communications satellite carries 24 Ku-band 8 / INSA 21 May 2011 Ariane transponders and 2 channel GAGANpayload T-4G operating in L1 and L5 band. GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn- GSAT-12 15 July 2011 PSLV-C17 around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.

38 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MOBILE PHONES & Electronic Gadgets

An evolution of mobile phones: Latest Intel Core From 1980s-1G network to i-Phone Laptop Computer 2000s-3G networks

Ref: Wikipedia & Microsoft 39 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Future Mobiles and Gadgets The Future Of The Internet Search “Window Phone” makes accurate predictions and even changes its display to reflect the climatic conditions outdoors

Search Geographical And Planetary Objects through phone/Table ts the evolution of miniature of computers

40 OPNC Ref: drewsmumblesalot.blogspot.com 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Tracking RADAR Conical scanning concept

Typical tracking radars have a pencil beam to receive echoes from a single target and track the target in angle, range, and/or doppler. Its resolution cell—defined by its antenna beamwidth, transmitter pulse length (effective pulse length may be shorter with pulse compression), and/or doppler bandwidth—is usually small compared with that of a search radar and is used to exclude undesired echoes or signals from other targets, clutter, and countermeasures. Electronic beam-scanning phased array radars may track multiple targets by sequentially dwelling upon and measuring each target while excluding other echo or signal sources.

Mono-pulse radar 41 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

For tracking Rockets in early years the Radar Range was to be extended using Transponder which were placed onboard Rocket in India for first time transponders were developed for extending range of Radar for Tracking. Development of dual polarized feed for Troposcatter and satellite communication antenna feeds was done by Microwave Division of ISRO which was Headed by Prof. O.P.N. Calla. This Ushered the Era of Space borne Microwave System in India.

42 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS RADAR

Indian Doppler Radar (INDRA-I): INDRA is a 2D mobile surveillance radar for low level target detection.

Rajendra Radar: Rajendra, multifunction phased array radar, is the primary sensor at battery level for Akash SAM system - an air defence system for the Indian Army as part of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP).

3-Dimensional Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR): to tactical forces for all types of operations with matching mobility. This is a medium range surveillance radar for Akash at Group level, with high mobility and excellent high and low level coverage

43 OPNC Ref: drdo.gov.in 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING

Obtaining information about an object through analysis of data acquired by a sensor, that is not in direct contact with the object. These remote sensors are operated in Microwave Frequencies. It has evolved into an important tool for monitoring the atmospheres and surfaces of Planetary objects. It has diverse applications and is very efficient technique to help the growth of economy and solve some of its problems.

44 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS UNIQUE CAPABILITIES OF MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING • For some Remote Sensing Applications Microwave Remote Sensing is UNIQUE and has Stand Alone applications. • Microwaves have capability to Penetrate clouds. • Microwaves are Independent of sun as SOURCE and so Microwave Sensors can be used in Day as well as in Night. • Microwaves are capable of penetrating more deeply into vegetation as compared to optical waves. • Microwaves are sensitive to the moisture content. • Microwaves are capable of penetrating into the ground itself. The depth of penetration is function of moisture content in the soil. • Microwave sensors give complementary information in some applications and supplementary information in others, to the optical and infrared sensing. • The Combination of microwaves, visible and infrared radiation allows a study of the geometric, bulk-dielectric and molecular resonance properties of a surface.

45 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Sensors for Microwave Remote ICRS Sensing

microwave Sensors

Passive Active microwave microwave Sensors Sensors

Non Non Imaging Imaging imaging Imaging Sensor Radar Sensor Radar

Real Synthetic Radiometer Scatterometer Altimeter Aperture Aperture Radar Radar

46 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Microwave Remote Sensing Parameters ICRS • Microwave Remote Sensing uses two types of sensors. They are: • Active Sensors • Passive Sensors • These Sensors measures • Brightness Temperature/Emissivity • Scattering Coefficient • The Brightness Temperature/Emissivity and Scattering coefficient are function of Dielectric Constant of the Target Material. • Dielectric Constant is a very important electrical parameter of a natural material. • The natural materials includes soil, water and snow.

47 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Radiometer A Passive Microwave Sensor used for measuring the brightness temperature of the target. Total power radiometer

IF IF Detector isolator Mixer Filter Amplifier (X2 ) LNA isolator Off-Set Local Oscillator adjustmen t TB = ℮ TREC ∫ O/P TB= Brightness temperature Integrato Amplifier TREC= physical temperature r ℮ = Emissivity τ =1sec

Ref. Ulaby F T. et. al. , Microwave Remote Sensing OPNC & Neils Skou, Microwave Radiometer Systems 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS DICKE Radiometer Square- Switch wave driver Generator fs

TA Noise-free V d Pre-detection

+ section Square - Gain=G law + TREF T’REC Bandwidth=B detector Synch. Detector + V syn Equivalent Rx I/P Noise Source PREDETECTION SECTION LPF (INTEGRATOR)

VOUT Ref. Ulaby F T. et. al. , Microwave Remote Sensing 49 OPNC & Neils Skou, Microwave Radiometer Systems 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Scatterometer ICRS The Scatterometer measures scattering coefficient. It is non imaging radar. IF Volt- Detect Mixe Amplifi Power Sourc or r meter er Amplifier e Block diagram of RECEIVER TRANSMITTER Scatterometer Power LNA Coupler Meter

Horn Horn Antenna Antenna Soil Surface

Scattering 3 4 0 (4π ) R Pr Coefficient σ = 2 Ptλ GtGr A Photograph of Scatterometer Frequency : around 10 GHz X- 50 OPNC Band 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Real Aperture Radar

The real aperture radar will provide image of the scene and has two resolutions like -Along the track resolution -Across the track resolution These resolutions depend on the beam width of the antenna and the pulse width of the radar

Block Diagram of Real Aperture Radar (RAR)

51 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)

52 OPNC Geometry of Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

SyntheticAperture Radar

The synthetic aperture radar also works on similar principle of radar but the information that the radar gathers include the amplitude of the return signal as well as the phase of the signal. this also takes the Doppler history as the radar is placed on the moving platform .the antenna is synthesized and so the along track resolution improves. Thus both the resolutions in case of synthetic aperture radar are better than that of real aperture radar.

53 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Areas of Application for Microwave Remote Sensing Land Ocean Atmosphere

Dust and plankton, Portugal, the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve Arctic Ocean swirls, Greenland UK, Ireland and France located on the Seward Peninsula in Satellite: Envisat Northwestern Alaska. Satellite: Envisat Instrument: MERIS Satellite: Envisat Instrument: ASAR Acquistion: 14-Jun-2008 Instrument: MERIS Acquistion: 09-Oct-2004 Acquistion: 08-Apr-2011 54 OPNC Ref: envisat.esa.int, earth.eo.esa.int 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 LAND APPLICATION ICRS The spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture is of great importance for crop yield models, dry land farming, status of crop health, irrigation scheduling, etc. Microwave sensing is unique for soil moisture because of its penetration capability and because of the sensitivity of microwave energy to moisture. PARAMETERS OF LAND APPLICATIONS 1. Soil Moisture Estimation 2. Crop Identification and condition assessment 3. Flood Mapping 4. Snow Mapping 5. Geological and Geomorphological Mapping 6. Forest cover and species identification 7. Urban land use / Land cover studies

8. Delineation of Hydrocarbon Bearing Structures 55 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Why measure Soil Moisture?

• Soil Moisture helps to improve the capability of understanding and predicting the Earth’s Environment especially for climate sensitive sectors at regional scale. • “Significant Progress for Weather Forecasting , Climate Monitoring and Extreme Events forecasting rely on a better quantification of Soil Moisture”. • A new data stream on soil moisture will substantially impact International Science programs of Climate Variability and Predictability programs that are focused on the fast and slow components of climate variability. • “Recent Reviews of International Science Programs have consistently identified that the observation and characterization of soil moisture is the observation priority”. ICRS Project: Determination of Soil Moisture over INDIA using Space Borne Passive Microwave Sensors onboard SMOS

56 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Brightness temperature values of Black Soil using MSMR data

Circles Showing the Black Soil Areas & Yellow Soil (Desert) Area whose data is compared

Site 6 Sites Longitude Latitude Site 5 Site 1(Black Soil Area) 16.5 77.8 Site 2

Site 2(Black Soil Area) 24.0 80.7 Site 3

Site 3(Black Soil Area) 19.9 76.9 Site 4

Site 4(Black Soil Area) 18.9 75.6 Site 1 Site 5(Black Soil Area) 24.5 77.4

Site 6(Yellow Soil Area) 27.2 70.3

Ref: O.P.N. Calla et. al., Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi 57 OPNCfrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Date Latitude Longitude Brightness Temperature ICRS V H 19990601 24.5 77.4 277.3 250.2 19990603 24.5 77.4 276.5 247.6 19990605 24.5 77.4 259.9 225.5 19990607 24.5 77.4 260.1 231.8 Table for the Month of 19990609 24.5 77.4 270.3 242.9 19990611 24.5 77.4 274.3 248.8 June 2001 for Black Soil 19990613 24.5 77.4 254.2 227.6 Areas (Site 5) 19990615 24.5 77.4 260.6 234.6 19990617 24.5 77.4 247.5 213.2 19990619 24.5 77.4 257.9 227.5 19990621 24.5 77.4 272.8 249.9 19990623 24.5 77.4 274.2 247.1 19990625 24.5 77.4 255.7 229.4 19990627 24.5 77.4 257.4 226.8 19990629 24.5 77.4 244.8 213.3 BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE V H 20010601 27.28 70.38 288.32 250.53 20010603 27.28 70.38 287.17 249.41 20010605 27.28 70.38 286.92 248.48 TABLE FOR THE 20010607 27.28 70.38 287.03 249.82 MONTH OF JUNE 20010609 27.28 70.38 288.04 250.46 20010611 27.28 70.38 289.03 251.52 (2001) (DESERT AREA) 20010613 27.28 70.38 289.78 251.74 20010615 27.28 70.38 287.28 248.47 20010617 27.28 70.38 287.09 247.27 20010619 27.28 70.38 287.04 249.96 20010623 27.28 70.38 286.43 249.58 20010625 27.28 70.38 284.2 248.56 20010627 27.28 70.38 285.59 250.79 20010629 27.28 70.38 285.91 250.31 Ref: O.P.N. Calla et. al., Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi 58 OPNCfrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Graph Showing Rice fields and Desert areasICRS

WHEAT

Site 6 RICE MILLETS RICE

Sites Microwave Temperature WHEAT

V (min) V (max) H (min) H (max)

Rice Growing 246.2 263.7 222.42 247.3 (avg.) Desert Area 284.2 289.78 247.27 251.74

Comparison of TB

Ref: O P N Calla et. Al.,Study of Delineation of Rice Fields Using 59 OPNC MSMR Data of IRS-P4 Satellite At 6.6 GHz 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Date Latitude Longitude Brightness Temperature ICRS V H 19990601 24.6 85.5 260.4 236.1 19990603 24.6 85.5 246.0 214.1 19990605 24.6 85.5 256.4 229.3 19990607 24.6 85.5 262.5 235.0 Table 1 Showing T for 19990609 24.6 85.5 265.4 239.4 B 19990611 24.6 85.5 270.1 246.8 Rice Fields for the Month 19990613 24.6 85.5 269.9 247.6 of June 2001 19990615 24.6 85.5 263.1 239.3 19990617 24.6 85.5 267.7 241.2 19990619 24.6 85.5 241.9 209.1 19990621 24.6 85.5 244.8 211.3 19990623 24.6 85.5 244.0 208.4 19990625 24.6 85.5 246.1 212.5 19990627 24.6 85.5 253.2 217.9 19990629 24.6 85.5 253.8 217.3 Date Latitude Longitude Brightness Temperature V H 20010601 27.28 70.38 288.32 250.53 20010603 27.28 70.38 287.17 249.41 Table 2 Showing TB of 20010605 27.28 70.38 286.92 248.48 Desert Area 20010607 27.28 70.38 287.03 249.82 20010611 27.28 70.38 288.04 250.46 20010613 27.28 70.38 289.03 251.52 20010615 27.28 70.38 289.78 251.74 20010617 27.28 70.38 287.28 248.47 20010619 27.28 70.38 287.09 247.27 20010621 27.28 70.38 287.04 249.96 20010623 27.28 70.38 286.43 249.58 20010625 27.28 70.38 284.20 248.56 20010627 27.28 70.38 285.59 250.79 60 OPNC20010629 27.28 70.38 285.91 250.31 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Flood Mapping Floods were reported in West Bengal during fourth week of June, 2011 due to intense depression over Bay of Bengal causing heavy torrential rains. Release of water from Damodar Valley Corporation reservoirs in Durgapur, has led to inundation in the low lying areas of West and East Midnapore districts in West Bengal.

Data from Radarsat Dated: 02, Jul 2011 District: MEDINAPUR, West Bengal

Ref: dsc.nrsc.gov.in 61 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

FLOOD CHRONIC STATES OF INDIA

Data from: Radarsat-2 SAR

Dated: 01, Oct 2011 District: DARBHANGA

62 OPNC Ref: dsc.nrsc.gov.in 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Specification of RADARSAT Table for Spacecraft Characteristics Launch mass (total) 2,750 kg

Array power 2.5 kW Batteries 3 x 48 Ah NiCd Design lifetime 5 years Table for Synthetic Aperture Radar Characteristics Frequency/wavelength 5.3GHz/C - band 5.6 cm Radio frequency 11.6, 17.3 or 30.0 Mhz bandwidth Transmitter power (peak) 5 kW Transmitter power 300 W (average) Maximum data rate 85 Mb/s (recorded) - 105 RADARSAT-1 components Mb/s (R/T) Antenna size 15m x 1.5m Antenna polarization HH resolution 8 to 100 metres in

Ref. http://www.asccsa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/components.asp 63 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS ICRS

1 2 IDENTIFICATION OF 3 CATCHMENT AREAS 5 BY THE Desert RADIOMETERIC Area 8 DATA IN RAJASTHAN

7

Shows all catchment areas and a desert location

Calla O P N et. al OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Snow Mapping The data values corresponding to Himalayan region were retrieved using Data retrieval program both at 6.6 GHz and 18 GHz frequency channel.

Figure shows the site selected for analysis. Location is divided into 16 evenly spaced grid cells for classification and comparison purpose.

OPNC DATA USED 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS A number of studies have been taken up for inventory, monitoring and retreat of Himalayan glaciers. Glacier inventory of Himalayas (Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins); Monitoring of snowline at the end of ablation season for estimation of glacier mass balance; Estimation of retreat of Himalayan glaciers and Snow cover monitoring in Himalayan region are some of them. Glacial inventory has been carried out for the glacial regions of Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins covered approximately in 1250 map sheets at 1:50,000 scale. Specific measurements of mapped glacier features are used as inputs for generating the glacier inventory data. The data sheet provides glacier wise details mainly related to the glacier Color coded InSAR coherence image of ENVISAT ASAR, 19 May 2004 and 28 identification in terms of number and name, July 2004, the white tone representing the glacier location in terms of coordinate details, snow cover and the blue tone covered area information on the elevation, measurements of is a snow dimensions and orientation, etc. free region. Ref: Vijay Kumar a & Gopalan Venkataraman ,SAR interferometric coherence

analysis for snow cover mapping in the western Himalayan region and 66 OPNC www.isro.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 RESULTS ICRS

Images obtained for the data values taken at horizontal polarization, at frequency 6.6GHz and 18 GHz respectively.

Images obtained for the data values taken at vertical polarization, at frequency 6.6GHz and 18 GHz respectively.

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS OCEANOGRAPHIC APPLICATION Due to the focus on the utilisation of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the future, applications like sea-state, ocean circulation, and shallow-water topography are of high priority. Apart from this, applications like oil pollution monitoring, retrieval of geophysical parameters of the ocean and the study of the ocean geoid are also important. The latter two are considered to be an input for meteorological prediction

PARAMETERS OF OCEANOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS

1. Measurement of Sea State 2. Inference of Bottom Topography in Shallow seas 3. Ocean Circulation studies in relation to Monsoon. 4. Determination of Geophysical Oceanic parameters by Passive Microwave radiometry. 5. Detection and Measurement of oil spills over oceans. 6. Ocean Geoid studies

68 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Futuristic Oceanographic Research Themes • A very high resolution integrated coastal forecast system. • A high resolution ocean analysis/reanalysis system. Major Themes 1. Improvements(in the physics, numeric techniques, schemes, etc.) in the ocean/atmosphere models (preferable in the models already set-up at INCOIS) as well as coupled models. 2. Utilization of Oceanographic data (hosted at INCOIS or elsewhere) for focused scientific research to bring out new insights about the features or variability of the Indian Ocean. 3. Focused numerical modeling experiments to understand the Physical/dynamical processes involved in the observed variability/features in the Indian Ocean. 4. Implementation of data assimilation schemes in the existing ocean general circulation models. 5. Incorporation modules such as ecosystem models, bio-geo-chemical models to the existing model setups. 6. Coupling wind wave models with regional ocean models (e.g. SWAN_ROMS Coupling) 7. Setting up of Oil Spill Trajectory Forecast systems. 8. Tropical Cyclone and Storm Surge modeling.

69 OPNC Courtesy: INCOIS 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Proposed ICRS Studies in Oceanographic 1. Dielectric Constant Measurement of Sea water 2. To work on wind wave model using data from Passive and Active Microwave sensors. SMOS, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, OCEANSAT, RISAT, SARAL 3. Setting up of Oil Spill Trajectory Forecast systems. The parameters that has to be monitored/measured are the following : • Dielectric Constant of oil contaminated Sea water. The data base to be generated for variable salinity of sea water. The measurement will be done in laboratary at different temperature. Measurement to be made at ICRS as well as in –situ.

70 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS • Airborne campaign using passive and active Microwave sensors over oil spill areas and generate data base of TB and σ0 by flying over non spill areas where is spill. This will give a comparison. Also use estimated Є and σ0 obtained from measured dielectric constant of Mixer. • Delineation of oil spill areas using space Bourne Passive and Active Microwave sensors. The space borne missions like SPOS, OCEANSAT-2, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, RISAT, SARAL. 4. Tropical Cyclone and storm surge modeling. • Airborne campaign using passive and active microwave sensors. • Satellite based data of passive and active microwave sensors to be used for prediction of cyclone and storm. Using these data models to be generated using dielectric constant (Є) of sea water, emissivity (e) and scattering coefficient σ0. • Monitoring of SSS, SST ,SW, SWH for modeling tropical cyclone and storm surge using available space borne missions like SMOS,OCEANSAT-2, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, RISAT, SARAL.

71 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Detection and Measurement of oil spills over oceans Radars Radar Canadian C-band monitor at Space Agency single environmental satellite- (CSA) frequency change borne Canadian 5.7cm Center for variety of support Remote beam resource Sensing selections sustainability (CCRS) 10-100m pixel distributed by resolution monitor sea- Radarsat 35-500km ice conditions International swath width variable revisit geology times approx. (structural 6 days at mid- interpretation latitudes especially)

a big plus to radar is it's ability to see through clouds; this is important for work done in tropical regions. Radar is The outline of the oil spill can be clearly seen in this image also strongly scattered by vegetation. this system has a as the darker water in the north surrounded by the yellow polar orbit, so it sees more of the earth than the earlier rectangle. The oil slick appears dark because the oil itself is SIR-C mission dampening the surface capillary waves which results in overall reduced backscatter. The use of radar to map oil Data: RADARSAT Image credit: CCRS spills is a well-tested and used technique. (Canadian Center for Remote Sensing) 72 OPNC www.es.ucsc.edu 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Delineation of coastline of India using ICRS MSMR of Oceansat 1

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Retrieving salinity from SMOS Satellite

74 OPNC Ref.: www.esa.int 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS OBJECTIVES of SMOS

• the SMOS science objectives are to: • i. Globally monitor surface soil moisture over land surfaces, • ii. Globally monitor surface salinity over the oceans, and • iii. Improve the characterization of ice and snow covered surfaces.

75 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS What is salinity?

1 PSU≈ 1 g/kg SSS = sea surface salinity, OS = ocean salinity

ICRS Project:

“Simulation of Brightness Temperature using Radiative Transfer Model and Retrieval of Salinity from SMOS Brightness Temp in open seas”

76 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 WORLD OCEANS MAP ICRS

ICRS has measured salinity using SMOS in Pacific Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea ranging from 12 psu to 78 psu.

Graph Illustrates the estimated values of real part of complex dielectric Constant using B&A, K&S and ICRS model versus the values of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) on date 15/02/2011 over pacific ocean 77 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

ATMOSHPERIC APPLICATION This application area is accorded a high priority under atmospheric application. Other applications of interest include profiling the moisture and temperature in the atmosphere which is essential for delineating mesoscale climatic systems. The application on studying the minor constituents in the atmosphere is considered important for stratospheric research. These applications have a potential for using microwave data.

78 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Space borne Microwave Remote ICRS Sensing Activities in India

Bhaskara I & II The first experimental remote sensing satellite built in India. Third Country in the world after USA and USSR, for putting Microwave Remote Sensing payload SAMIR onboard BHASKARA. The onboard TV camera sent imageries which were reused in the field of Hydrology and Forestry. SAMIR sent rich scientific data which were used for oceanographic studies. Microwave Remote Sensing was initiated through SAMIR onboard BHASKARA I & II in India. Prof. O.P.N. Calla was Principle Scientist and responsible for initiating Microwave Remote Sensing in INDIA. Ref: isro.gov.in 79 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS SAMIR(Satellite Microwave Radiometer ) Payload SAMIR was the payload for BHASKAR I and II satellites launched in 1979 and 1981. They successfully provided data on the sea surface temperature, ocean winds, moisture content over the land and sea. It was a Dicke type radiometer with a temperature resolution better than 1 degree Kelvin. Microwave Remote Sensing was initiated through SAMIR onboard BHASKARA I & II in India.

Principle Scientist–Prof. O.P.N. Calla SAMIR Payload 80 OPNC Ref:isro.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Oceansat 1

Launch date May 26, 1999 Launch site SHAR, Sriharikota Launch vehicle PSLV - C2 Orbit Polar Sun Synchronous Altitude 720 km Inclination 98.28 deg Period 99.31 min Local time of Eq. 12 noon crossing Repetitivity cycle 2 days Size 2.8m x 1.98m x 2.57m Mass at lift off 1050 kg Length when fully 11.67 m deployed Attitude and Orbit 3-axis body-stabilised using Reaction Control Wheels, Magnetic Torquers and Hydrazine Thrusters Power 9.6 Sq.m Solar Array generating 750w Two 21 Ah Ni-Cd Battries Mission Completed On August 8, 2010

81 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Specification of MSMR

Frequency 6.6, 10.65, 18, 21 GHz RF Bandwidth 250,250,350,350 MHz Noise Figure 4.0,4.0,4.5,4.5 dB Polarization vertical and horizontal (in each band) Grid size 150, 75, 50 Km resp. Input Signal 4°K to 330°K Output Signal 0-10 V Antenna bore sight angle 43° Swath 1360 Km Repetivity 2 days Scanning geometry Off-nadir, conical Altitude 720 Km Integration Time Constant 18 ms Orbit inclination 98.28° Incidence angle 49.7° Equator crossing timefor 12:00 hours (noon) OCM and MSMR the spacecraft sensor package.

82 OPNC REF:www.sac.gov.in17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 A METHOD FOR CALIBRATION OF SPACE BORNE ICRS PASSIVE MICROWAVE SENSORS(MSMR)

70.5 – 27.78 (Site 1)

74.19 – 24.42 (Site 2) 2 70.38 – 27.28 (Site 3)

1

3

THREE SITES (1 ,2 AND 3) WHICH HAVE BEEN CHOSEN FOR STUDY OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 26 ICRS

Variation of Brightness Temperature with date for all the three months for all the three sites

Calla O P N et. al., a method for calibration 84 OPNC of space borne passive microwave sensor 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Remote Sensing Satellites

IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT) Oceansat-2

Megha Tropiques RISAT-2 ,Radar Imaging Satellite BHASKARA I & II

85 OPNC Ref:www.isro.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite Specification Table Satellite Launch date Launch Remarks Vehicle

First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and Bhaskara-I 07 June 1979 Intercosmos microwave cameras. Second experimental remote sensing satellite; similar to Bhaskara-II 20 November 1981 Intercosmos Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis.

Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) IRS-P4/OCEANSAT 26 May 1999 PSLV-C2 and a Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR).

Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders and as part of RISAT-2 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12 anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations. Launched as a co- passenger with ANUSAT.

Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000kg Lift-off Mass, developed jointly by ISRO and the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured to carry four satellites in Megha-Tropiques 12 October 2011 PSLV-C18 which, one satellite, developed by India and France, will track the weather, two were developed by educational institutions, and the fourth is from Luxembourg.

Oceansat-2 (IRS- Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric 23 September 2009 PSLV-C14 P4) applications. Continues mission of Oceansat-1. 86 OPNC Ref:www.isro.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Medical Application

• Microwave Radiometry for early detection of subsurface cancerous growths or tumors. • Microwave Diathermy or hyperthermia • Monitoring of Frozen Organs • Re-warming Infants after hypothermia • Detection and Monitoring of Inflammation. • Treatment of Cancer by Microwave Heating.

Ref: 87 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS APPLICATION TO CANCER DETECTION - USE OF MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY TO DETECT SUBSURFACE OR SUBCUTANEOUS AND EVEN INTRACRANIAL THERMAL ABNORMALITIES - THE RESULTING THERMOGRAMS MAY BE SUITABLY INTERPRETED TO PERFORM DIAGNOSIS OF THYROIDAL, ORBITAL AND INTRACRANIAL PATHOLOGIES - IT ALSO HELPS IN THE DETECTION OF TUMORS IN THE NECK AND BRAIN AREA, MONITORING OF ARTHRITIS AND DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN - THE USE OF X-RAYS AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD FOR BREAST CANCER CAN BE AVOIDED. THUS AVOIDING THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE RADIATION HAZARDS -The Cancerous Tumors can be treated by Microwave Heating. 88 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS STUDY OF CANCEROUS TUMOURS IN SWISS BRED MICE-MICROWAVE THERMOGRAPHY - EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY S.A.C. AND N.I.O.H, AHMEDABAD IN 1984/85 - PASSIVE DETECTION OF CANCEROUS TUMOURS USING 1.4 GHz AND 19 GHz RADIOMETERS - TWO TYPES OF APPLICATORS USED: (1) OPEN-ENDED WAVEGUIDE (2) CO-AXIAL LINES - COMPARATIVE CHARTS OF BRIGHTNESS TEMP. VARIATIONS OF A NORMAL HEALTHY MOUSE AND A CANCEROUS MOUSE (AFFECTED BY LIVER CANCER) - ENHANCED OUTPUT IN CASE OF CANCEROUS MOUSE DUE TO HIGH RATE OF METABOLISM IN CANCEROUS TISSUES

89 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

TREATMENT OF CANCER

- APPLICATION OF CONFORMAL APPLICATORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN. - BREAST LESIONS CAN BE WELL-DELINEATED AND FOCUSING OF MICROWAVE ENERGY ON TUMOR MAY BE CASILY ACCOMPLISHED USING BEAN-BAG APPLICATORS AND CROSS- FIRE BEAMS. - HYPERTHERMIA CAN ALSO BE A VALUABLE COMPLEMENTARY METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF SUPERFICIAL MANGNANT LESIONS (UPTO 3.5 CM IN THICKNESS).

90 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Fig. 9a and 9b show a patient’s internal temperature fields before and after conservative treatment. The second temperature field confirms that there is no cancer.

91 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Industrial Applications

• Heating Paper and Pulp • Tea and Coffee • Preservation of food 1. Manufacture of Synthetics and Pressed Synthetics. 2. Wood Processing Industries. 3. Backing Foundry Cores. 4. Food Processing. 5. Medical Sterlization of Bandages, absorbent, Cotton, Instruments. 6. Textile Industries. 7. Curing and Breaking of Concrete. 8. Sealing of Plastics.

Ref: 92 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT ICRS AND CONTROL

1. Thickness measurement of metal sheets in rolling mills. 2. Measurement of wire diameter in drawing operations. 3. Thickness measurement of dielectric sheets. 4. Monitoring of moisture content in paper and textile industry. 5. Measurement of moisture content in Liquids.

93 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS RF DRYER

FEATURES • 15 KW RF Power • Uniform heating through entire bulk • 2 to 20 times faster than conventional heating • Energy efficient • Uniform moisture profiling • Low maintenance • Applications • Textile Paper • Food products Sagoo drying • Rubber Products Tapiocca chips • Leather Ceramics • Chemical & Pharmaceutical

Ref: www.sameer.gov.in 94 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MW OVEN FOR INDUSTRIAL HEATING

Applications • Bakery industry

• Pigment and Dye

• Cellulose

• Rubber compound

• Polymers

• Agro based product

• Ghee making

Ref: www.sameer.gov.in 95 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MW DISINFECTING SYSTEM FOR HOSPITAL WASTE Applications City like Mumbai produces approx. 100 tonnes of solid hospital waste Which are highly infected.Handling these wastes is dangerous.SAMEER has taken up development of microwave disinfecting system Equipment engineered by M/s Thermax, Pune

Ref: www.sameer.gov.in 96 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Ooty Radio Telescope

Organization Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Location Muthorai, near Ooty, Tamil Nadu,India Coordinates 11.383404°N 76.66616°ECoordinates: 11.3834 04°N 76.66616°E Altitude 2240 m Weather 70% clear days Wavelength 0.92 m (frequency of 326.5 MHz) Built 1970 Telescope styl Cylindrical Paraboloid e Angular 2.3deg x 5.5sec(dec)'[2] resolution 2[2] Collecting are 16000 m a The ORT has produced results on radio Mounting Equatorial galaxies, quasars, supernovae and pulsars

97 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope

The GMRT operates in six frequency bands centered at 38, 153, 233, 327, 610, and 1420 MHz

World’s largest Radio Telescope: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), located near Junnar region consists of 30 fully steerable gigantic parabolic dishes of 45m diameter each spread over distances of upto 25 km in a Y shape array Work on GMRT was started ~ 1989 under the leadership of Prof. Govind Swarup and by 1995 , all the 30 antennas were operational. 98 OPNC Ref: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Astronomy Organization SRI International, NSF, Cornell University Location Arecibo, Puerto Rico Wavelength radio (3 cm–1 m) Built 1963 Telescope styl spherical reflector e Diameter 305 m (1,000 ft) Collecting are 73,000 square metres (790,000 a sq ft) 3 [citation Focal length 265.109 m (869 ft9 ⁄8 in) needed]

Mounting semi-transit telescope: fixedprimary with secondary(G regorian reflector) and a delay- line feed, each of which moves on tracks to point to different parts of the sky.

Arecibo Observatory (largest Telescope)

Ref: Wikipedia 99 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) • the collective name for a number of activities people undertake to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life. SETI projects use scientific methods to search for intelligent life on other planets.

Screen shot of the screensaver for SETI@home, a distributed computing project in which volunteers donate idle computer power to analyze radio signals for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence

Ref:Wikipedia 100 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Future Astronomy programs

Astrosat is India's first dedicated astronomy satellite and is scheduled to launch on board the PSLV in 2012.

101 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Mars Exploration Objectives In the broad context of planetary science, Mars represents an important transition between the outer volatile-rich, more oxidised regions of the accretion zone of the terrestrial bodies (asteroid belt) and the inner, more refractory and less oxidised regions from which the Earth, Venus and Mercury accreted. ESA Mars Express-MARSIS Radar-Its major goals are to characterise the subsurface layers of sediments and possibly detect underground water or ice, to conduct large-scale altimetry mapping and provide An optical Image of Mars data on the planet’s ionosphere. This is an impression of the completely deployed MARSIS experiment on board ESA's Mars Express orbiter. Its two 20-metre booms and the 7-metre booms are sprung out and locked into place.The MARSIS experiment will map the Martian sub-surface structure to a depth of a few kilometres. The instrument's 40- metre long antenna booms will send low frequency radio waves towards the planet, which will be reflected from any surface they encounter.

OPNC www.esa.int 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS ESA Mars Express Operator ESA Mission type Orbiter + Lander Satellite of Mars Orbital insertion date December 25, 2003 Launch date June 2, 2003 Launch vehicle Soyuz-FG/Fregat COSPAR ID 2003-022A Homepage ESA Mars Express project (official site) Mass 1123 (666 + 457 fuel) kg Power 460 W (Mars) Orbital elements Eccentricity 0.943 Inclination 86.3º Apoapsis 10,107 km Periapsis 298 km

Orbital period 7.5 hr 103 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Exploration of Venus

Venus in real color Magellan American Venus probe The primary objectives of the Magellan mission were to map the surface of Venus with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and to determine the topographic relief of the planet. Gross mass: 3,444 kg (7,592 lb). Height: 6.40 m (20.90 ft). Span: 9.20 m (30.10 ft). First Launch: 1989.05.04. Number: 1 .

OPNC Courtesy: www.astronautix.com 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS The Radar System functioned in three modes: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Altimetry (ALT), and Radiometry (RAD) In Synthetic Aperture Radar mode, the instrument transmitted several thousand long-wave, 12.6- centimetermicrowave pulses every second through the high-gain antenna, while measuring the doppler shift of each hitting the surface. In Altimetry mode, the instrument interleaved pulses with SAR, and operating similarly with the altimetric antenna, recording information regarding the elevation of the Photo of the radar processing surface on Venus. equipment in the electronics box on the Magellan spacecraft Diagram of the orientation of the Magellan spacecraft while collecting altimetric and SAR data.

In Radiometry mode, the high-gain antenna was used to record microwave radiothermal emissions from Venus. This data was used to characterize the surface temperature. Diagram displaying the orientation of Magellan while it collects data 105 OPNC Courtesy: NASA/JPL 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Exploration of Titan

Cassini–Huygens spacecraft: begun the process of mapping Titan's surface by radar it was a joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA on July 1, 2004 The Huygens probe was an atmospheric entry probe Cassini image of carried to Saturn's moon Titan as part of the Cassini– Epimetheus and Titan, with Huygens mission. the rings of Saturn in the foreground.

Artist's concept of Cassini's Saturn Orbit Insertion An actual-size replica of the probe, 1.3 meters across

OPNC Courtesy of NASA 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cassini Characteristics

• Dry mass (orbiter only) 2125 kg

• Launch mass (orbiter, 5712 kg Huygens descent probe, launch vehicle adapter, fuel) • Height 6.7 m • Width 4 m • Power (beginning of mission) 885 W • Power (end of nominal 633 W mission) •

107 OPNC Courtesy: www.esa.int 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Satellite based Planetary Exploration in INDIA Chandrayaan-1 – 22 October 2008 – Lunar orbiter and impactor – Discovered water on the moon. The Chandrayaan-1 mission is aimed at high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared (NIR), low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions.

Chandrayaan-1 Artist concept of Chandrayaan-1 orbiting the moon.

Ref:'''Chandrayaan-1 moon probe''' source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=CHA 108 OPNC NDRYN1 {{PD-USGov-NASA}} Category:Moon missions) 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MiniSAR Payload Specifications

Center frequency 2.38 GHz (S-band), corresponding to a wavelength of 13.6 cm Antenna gain 24.97 dBi (min) Antenna size, mass 60 cm x 180 cm, x 5 cm; 3.3 kg Peak RF power 20 W (max) PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) 3.1 kHz Polarization - Transmit: RCP (Right Circular Polarization), - Receive: RCP, LCP (Left Circular Polarization),

Incidence angle 33º Spacecraft orbital height 100 km Spacecraft velocity in lunar orbit 1631 m/s SAR mission duration (max/orbit) < 10 minutes Specific radar cross section - 30 dB at 45º angle of incidence; 150 m ground range resolution Independent looks 16 Nominal SNR (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) 10 dB Swath 8 km (range) Spatial resolution 150 m Instrument mass, power 8.1 kg, 50 W 7 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS MiniSAR Data

Mini-SAR map of the Circular Polarization Ratio (CPR) of the north pole of the Moon. Fresh, “normal” craters (red circles) show high values of CPR inside and outside their rims. This is consistent with the distribution of rocks and ejected blocks around fresh impact features, indicating that the high CPR here is surface scattering. The “anomalous” craters (green circles) have high CPR within, but not outside their rims. Their interiors are also in permanent sun shadow. These relations are consistent with the high CPR in this case being caused by water ice, which is only stable in the polar dark cold traps. We estimate over 600 million cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 1 metric ton) of water in these features.

Ref: www.nasa.gov & ISRO 110 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Physical and Electrical Modeling of Lunar SurfaceICRS using Mini-SAR data of Chandrayaan-I at ICRS the area selected for modeling of lunar surface strip of north polar region (strip no- FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG) provided by mini-SAR. The red rectangle which is selected region of interest (ROI) is the CRATER OF LUNAR STRIP

168 173 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 213

2998 2998

3003 3003

3008 3008

3013 3013

3018 3018

3023 3023

3028 3028

3033 3033

3038 3038

3043 3043

3048 3048 168 173 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 213

region of interest (ROI) in strip the grid image of strip FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG of FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG pole of north north pole region pole Courtesy: presentation by Prof. O.P.N. Calla at 111 OPNC Chandrayaan Workshop, Ahmedabad 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL ANALOG OF LUNAR SOIL

• At ICRS MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF TERRESTRIAL ANALOG OF LUNAR SOIL has been measured

JSC-1A Lunar regolith simulant used for measurement of complex dielectric constant

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Table shows Values of dielectric constant of Graph Shows dielectric constant of terrestrial ICRS terrestrial analogues of Lunar soil with analogues of lunar soil •' & loss factor •'’ increases temperatures at 1.7GHz & having density 1.8 with increasing temperature from -196°C to +200°C at gm/cm3 1.7GHz frequency. S Temp ε' ε'’ tanε=ε no. (°C) ”/ ε’

1 -196 .041 3.66 0.15 2 -50 .061 4.07 0.25 3 0 .067 4.17 0.28 4 30 .069 4.22 0.29 5 50 .072 4.29 0.31 6 100 .082 4.38 0.36 7 150 .089 4.47 0.4 8 200 .094 4.59 0.43

ARTCom-113 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Dielectric constant of lunar simulant (JSC-1A)

Resonant cavity Waveguide cell method method Freq. 1.7GHz 2.5GHz 1.7GHz 2.5GHz 6.6GHz 31.6GHz 2.4GHz 6.6GHz (GHz) Min-Max Density 1.26 1.26 1.8 1.8 2.18 1.5 2.96 1.6 (gm/cm3) S Temp (°C) ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' no. 1 -196 3.38 3.40 3.66 3.75 3.35 3.50 2.61 3.26 2.61-3.75 2 -50 3.73 3.53 4.07 4.01 3.51 3.55 3.14 3.53 3.14-4.07 3 0 3.80 3.71 4.17 4.1 3.6 3.58 3.39 3.60 3.39-4.17 4 30 3.85 3.78 4.22 4.13 3.68 3.61 3.52 3.72 3.52-4.22 5 50 3.91 3.88 4.29 4.18 3.74 3.67 3.88 3.83 3.67-4.29 6 100 4.18 3.99 4.38 4.26 3.81 3.71 4.74 3.88 3.71-4.74 7 150 4.38 4.08 4.47 4.38 3.96 3.80 4.98 3.97 3.96-4.98 8 200 4.46 4.28 4.59 4.52 4.14 4.00 5.11 4.01 4-5.11 114 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A at 1.7GHz and 2.5GHz ICRS with Apollo sample

Apollo 17/70051,20 S. No. Sample JSC-1A JSC-1A (Howard E. Bussey et al., 1978) Dielectric constant(ε’) 4.22 4.13 3.78 1. Density 1.8 1.8 1.853 Dielectric constant (ε’ ) at 2. 2.34 2.29 2.04 normalize bulk density (1gm/cm3) 3. Frequency 1.7GHz 2.5GHz 2GHz

Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A at at 6.6GHz with Apollo sample 31.6GHz with Apollo sample Apollo S. Apollo 14/14163,164 S Apollo 17/70051,20 N Sample JSC-1A ( H.L. Bassett et al., .No Sample JSC-1A 14/141 (Howard E. Bussey o. 1972) . 63,164 et al., 1978) Dielectric 3.68 3.59 Dielectric 1. constant(ε’ ) 3.61 3.18 3.71 1. constant(ε’ ) Density 2.18 1.71 Density 1.5 1.493 1.853 Dielectric Dielectric constant (ε’ ) at constant (ε’ ) 2. normalize bulk 1.69 2.1 at normalize density 2. 2.4 2.13 2.002 bulk density (1gm/cm3) (1gm/cm3 3. Frequency 6.6GHz 9.375GHz ) 3. Frequency 31.6GHz 24GHz 18GHz

115 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Futuristic ISRO programs in Microwave ICRS Remote Sensing Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) undergoing testing Frequency C-band (5.35 GHz) and is in queue for launch by the PSLV. It is a microwave remote sensing satellite carrying a resolution 3 to 50 m Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capability left as well as right looking

swath 200-600 km RISAT - 1 polarization Linear and circular modes

SARAL- The Satellite for ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint ISRO - CNES mission, and will be launched during 2011-12, by PSLV-C20

Signal frequencies in the Ka-band will enable better observation of ice, rain, coastal zones, land masses (forests, etc.), and wave heights. Ref: www.isro.gov 116 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Future Missions

Basically five types of future missions are being envisaged (These are based upon the current thought process within the scientific community and are NOT yet sanctioned projects by the Govt. Follow on mission to Moon: Considered time frame- 2011(Chandrayaan-2) Asteroid / Comet flyby mission: Possible time frame- 2015 Mission to Mars :Timeframe-2019 Missions to other planets (Venus, Mercury…Vision beyond 2020)

117 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Chandrayaan 2 • Mission includes Orbiter and Lander • Remote Sensing instruments • Lander includes robotics, rovers and penetrators. • Preferred landing sites, specific scientific problems and instruments need to be finalized. Far side of the moon, particularly South Pole Aitkin (SPA) basin is a prime candidate. • Considered time frame : 2012- 2013 • Possible instruments on the orbiter: – Terrain mapping camera – 400-4000nm hyper spectral Imager – Low energy X-ray spectrometer (CCD-array) – Gamma ray, neutron, alpha spectrometer – Two Frequencies – SAR(1.4 GHz/2.38GHz) Artistic concept of Chandrayaan 2 – GPR 30 MHz on LANDER 118 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Space-based solar power • Solar Power Harvesting using Microwaves • Solar Power Satellite

NASA Sun-tower concept

Image from New Scientist. Sunlight is reflected off giant orbiting mirrors to an array of photovoltaic cells; the light is converted to electricity and then changed into microwaves, which are beamed to earth. Ground-based antennas capture the microwave energy and convert it back to electricity, which is sent to the grid. 119 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Future Gyrotron

the Japanese 1 MW gyrotron The 2MW Gyrotron developed by Europe. at the frequency of 170 GHz

Ref:ITER.ORG 120 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 42 GHz Gyrotron

Operating Mode of 42 GHz Gyrotron

Electron Gun (MIG) for 42 GHz Gyrotron

Interaction Structure of 42 GHz Gyrotron

121 OPNCwww.ceeri.res.in 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Terahertz

What is Terahertz (THz)? Terahertz radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between microwaves and the far-IR. This region has frequencies ranging from 0.1 – 10 THz and wavelengths from 3 mm to 0.03 mm. This spectral region is often referred to as the “Terahertz gap” as these frequencies fall between electronic (measurement of field with antennas) and optical (measurement of power with optical detectors) means of generation. Historically, little study of the interactions between these wavelengths and matter has been undertaken. The reason for this was the difficulty in generating and detecting terahertz. 122 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS APPLICATIONS OF TERAHERTZ •Imaging through material •Spectroscopic measurements •Material characterization

THz imaging of a man who hinders a plastic bomb.

•Explosive High Resolution Imaging detection •Concealed weapons detection

Examination of Packaged Goods

Ref: Nature 424, 721 (2003), 123 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Terahertz Application

Terahertz imaging is used for proteomics and general drug discovery efforts, including defining the 3-D structures of proteins. It also is helpful for viewing the myriad ways in which proteins fold into various configurations, which affects their biophysical properties.

Biomedical Applications Revealed for Terahertz Spectroscopy 124 OPNC Ref: http://terahertztechnology.blogspot.com 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Megha Tropiques

• Megha-Tropiques is an Indo-French Joint Satellite Mission. The main objective of this mission is to understand the life cycle of convective systems that affect weather and climate

• Payloads of Megha Tropiques Megha-tropiques

1. MADRAS (Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures),a multi-frequency scanning microwave imager at 18, 23, 37, 89 and 157 GHz

2. SAPHIR (Sounder for Atmospheric Profiling of Humidity in the Inter-tropics by Radiometry) It is a 6-channel sounder

125 OPNC Ref. www.isro.gov 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Specification and Applications of ICRS SAPHIR Channel Centre Max. ΔT (K) Absolute Pol. No. Frequencies Passband Sensitivity Calibration (K) (GHz) (MHz) at Over 180 - 300 K Obj. 300K Spec. Table for specification of S1 183.31± 0.2 200 1/2 ± 1 H SAPHIR S2 183.31 ± 1.1 350 0.7/1.5 ± 1 H

S3 183.31 ± 2.8 500 0.7/1.5 ± 1 H

S4 183.31 ± 4.2 700 0.6/1.3 ± 1 H

S5 183.31 ± 6.8 1200 0.6/1.3 ± 1 H

S6 183.31 ± 11.0 2000 0.5/1.0 ± 1 H

• Analysis of the diurnal cycle of the water vapour distribution, to evaluate the vertical transports associated with convective structures at the mesoscale and the large scale, and to understand the scale to scale interactions in the meridional flux.

• Study of the role of the space-time distribution of humidity on the development of deep convection. 126 OPNC Ref. www.isro.gov 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Frequency spectrum with application

Frequency Abbreviatio ITU Band name n band and Example uses wavelength in air < 3 Hz Natural and man-made > 100,000 km electromagnetic noise 3–30 Hz Extremely low frequency ELF 1 100,000 km – Communication with submarines 10,000 km 30–300 Hz Super low frequency SLF 2 10,000 km – Communication with submarines 1000 km Submarine Ultra low 300–3000 Hz frequency ULF 3 1000 km – 100 km communication, Communication within mines Navigation, time signals, Very low VLF 4 3–30 kHz submarine communication, frequency 100 km – 10 km wireless heart rate monitors,geophysics Navigation, time signals, Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz AM longwave broadcasting 10 km – 1 km (Europe and parts of Asia),RFID, amateur radio

Ref: Wikipedia.org 127 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Frequency Abbreviati ITU and Band name Example uses on band wavelength in air

Medium 300–3000 kHz AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur frequency MF 6 1 km – 100 m radio, avalanche beacons

Shortwave broadcasts, citizens' band radio, amateur radio and over-the-horizonaviation communications, RFID, Over-the-horizon 3–30 MHz High frequency HF 7 radar, Automatic link establishment (ALE) / Near 100 m – 10 m Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) radio communications, Marine and mobile radio telephony

FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight ground- Very high 30–300 MHz to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. VHF 8 frequency 10 m – 1 m Remote Sensing, Land Mobile and Maritime Mobile communications, amateur radio, weather radio

Television broadcasts, microwave ovens, microwave devices/communications, Remote Ultra high 300–3000 MHz Sensing, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless UHF 9 frequency 1 m – 100 mm LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios such as Land Mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio 128 OPNC Ref: Wikipedia.org 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Frequency Band name Abbrevi ITU and Example uses ation band wavelength in air

radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, Remote 3–30 GHz Sensing, wireless LAN, most modern Super high radars frequency SHF 10 100 mm – , communications satellites, 10 mm satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio Sir J.C. Bose generated 12 GHz frequency radio astronomy, high- frequency microwave radio relay, Extremely 30–300 GHz high EHF 11 10 mm – microwave remote sensing, amateur frequency 1 mm radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner Sir J.C. Bose generated 60 GHz frequency Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement for X-rays in some medical Terahertz or 300–3,000 applications, ultrafast molecular Tremendousl THz or 12 GHz dynamics, condensed-matter y high THF 1 mm – 100 physics, terahertz time-domain frequency µm spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio

129 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 List of Institutions ICRS • Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) • Space Applications Centre (SAC),Ahmedabad • National Remote Sensing Center(NRSC) Hyderabad • Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres (RRSSCs) at Bangalore, Jodhpur, Kharagpur (recently relocated to Kolkata), Dehradun and Nagpur • Physical Research Laboratory(PRL) Ahmedabad • Satish Dhawan Space Center, SDSC – SHAR, Sriharikota • Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram DEFENCE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION(DRDO) • Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun • Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore • Snow & Avalanche Study Estt (SASE), Chandigarh • Defence Laboratory (DLJ), Jodhpur • Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad • Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore

130 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont..

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CEERI ,Pilani National Geophysical Research Institute, NGRI, Hyderabad National Physical Laboratory , NPL Hyderabad Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research (SAMEER) INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR)

LIST OF INDUSTRIES Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) 131 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Last but Not the Least

The law of nature is that discoveries take place in the universe when the time is ripe for that event. Here in case of Sir J.C. Bose the year 1895 was unique year when Millimeter waves were produced in laboratory and this was done by Sir J.C. Bose that this event took place at a time when people had no idea what so ever regarding many features and applications this will provide in future. The fruits of all which was initiated by Sir J.C. Bose, the present generation is reaping the harvest!

17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Ref: 132 OPNC ICRSICRS Regarding Plant Physiology

Sir J.C. Bose was ahead of his times and gave new direction for the plant physiology. The way he developed instruments when the thought of instrumentation was not part of any Scientific pursuit. Only Sir J.C. Bose could think of developing such Instruments. Sir J.C. Bose was first Indian Experimental Scientist .

Ref: OPNC th 133 OPNC 17 J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Conclusion

Here in this Sir J.C. Bose Memorial lecture there has been a great opportunity for learning about the work done by Sir J.C. Bose. The amount of work done by Sir J.C. Bose is so large and covers large canvas. His work includes development of the instruments/plant Biology/Fatigue in materials etc. to name a few.

Cont…

134 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont… At ICRS, the Spiritual Inspiration is from Shri Ramkrishna Paramhans and the Scientific Inspiration is from Sir J.C. Bose. Sir J.C. Bose in his time, worked and never patented his inventions except for one US patent which we understand was obtained by the efforts of Swami Vivekanada. His Best friend during his period of struggle was Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore that can be seen from the exchange of letters between them and the poem written by Gurudev is the best indicator.

135 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont… The lessons one can learn from his works are that one can do things which nobody at that time thinks about the same. It is the GOAL oriented work and that should be pursued till it is achieved irrespective of HURDELS obstruction people bring. One most important aspect of the life of Sir J.C. Bose is his wife Mrs. Abala Bose who provided continuous support and inspiration to Sir J.C. Bose in his difficult times at Presidency college.

136 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont… one cannot forget the sacrifices made by his mother Mrs. Bamasundari Devi who even sold her ornaments to support the studies of Sir J.C. Bose in U.K. Sir J.C. Bose was intellectual giant excellent experimentalist and a great Technologist of his times who could develop instruments with the help of the elements which were used by common man. The present Generation are enjoying and Future Generation will enjoy the Fruits of the plants which were planted by Sir J.C. Bose. And Future generation will enjoy, for all times to come, the fruits of his works.

Ref: 137 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont… This work will be used in Medical Application, Communication, Astronomy, Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, Remote Sensing, Plants Biology, Physiology, Industrial Applications, Planetary Exploration, Scientific application and other application which are not known now but will appear in due course of time like Microwave Remote Sensing which was not in use decades ago.

138 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont…

Sir J.C. Bose is scientifically a culmination and consummation of the work done in past by Indian Seers in science. He can be considered as INCARNATION OF VISHWAKARMA who is responsible for making gadgets(mechanical). Here the difference is that Sir J.C. Bose made Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic gadgets which can be seen as the evolution of Technology from the days of Vishwakarma to this century in which Sir J.C. Bose lived and did manifest His Intellectual excellence and Technological deep -understanding because of that HE gave to the society in varied fields his scientific knowledge which was challenged many times but HE continued and achieved for which HE had AIMED.

139 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont…

The Microwaves have unique applications in remote sensing. Also along with optical and infrared they provide complimentary and supplementary information about the targets. The Remote Sensing of PLANETS also is possible using microwave sensors. As can be seen the hitherto unknown areas in PLANETS can be explored by microwaves. Thus the microwave remote sensing will play a major role in exploration of EARTH as well as PLANETS

140 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont…

• To find the date on which Sir J C Bose demonstrated the wireless experiment. • This DATE should be celebrated as RADIO DAY • The Scientists should celebrate the Birth day as Radio day all over India and Abroad in absence of information on the date of experiment it should be celebrated as RADIO DAY. • This way we will be able to pay real TRIBUTE to Sir J C Bose and younger generation will be motivated to work in the FIELD WHICH WAS INITIATED BY SIR J C BOSE

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Cont…

I bow to Sir J.C. Bose, his wife and his parents. Whatever ICRS is working in the areas which has become possible because of Sir J.C. Bose. Existence of all these Activities is due to HIM WHO IS FATHER OF RADIO WAVES.

142 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The presentation material given in this 17th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture has been obtained from various sources Author. Thanks all who have been responsible for creating this knowledge base.

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

Bibliography

1. F.T,Ulaby, R.K.Moore, A.K.Fung “Microwave Remote Sensing” Vol.I, II, III, 1981, 1982, 1986, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

2. O.P.N.Calla “Applications of Microwave in Remote Sensing”, Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics (IJRSP) Vol. 19,Oct. & Dec.1990 ,pp.343-358.

3. O.P.N.Calla, S.Agarwal, S.K.Agarwalla, R.Bhattacharjee and A Kalita “Comparative Study of the methods of measurement of dielectric constant at microwave frequencies for dry and wet soil”, IJRSP,Vol.32,April 2003,pp. 108-113. 4. O.P.N. Calla, Uttra Purohit, Deepti Sharma, Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz. 5. Remembering Sir J. C. Bose. D. P. Sen Gupta, M. H. Engineer and V. A. Shepherd, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and World Scientific Publishing Co Pte. Ltd, Singapore. 2009. 169 pp

6. Sisir Kumar Mitra A Pioneer in Radio Physics, Vigyan Prasar Science portal. 7. V.K. DADHWAL, R.P. SINGH, S.DUTTA & J.S. PARIHAR, Remote sensing based crop inventory: A review of Indian experience. 8. O P N Calla et. Al.,Study of Delineation of Rice Fields Using MSMR Data of IRS-P4 Satellite At 6.6 GHz 9. Neils Skou, Microwave Radiometer Systems

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 11. O.P.N.Calla “Microwave Sensors (Present and Future)”,Proc. of Indian Academy of Sciences(Engg. Sciences),Vol.6,Pt. 2 June 1983,pp. 109-119.

12. O.P.N.Calla,G.Raju,S.S.Rana,S.Balasubramaniam, “India’s First Remotely Sensed Satellite Data from ‘Bhaskara’ using ‘SAMIR’ ”, JIETE ,Vol. 25, No.8, 1979, pp. 321-324.

13. O.P.N.Calla,G.Raju,S.S.Rana,S.Balasubramaniam, “Multispectral Microwave Observations of earth by SAMIR On-board ‘Bhaskara-II”,JIETE Vol.28,No.5,1982,pp.212-215.

14. “eesa” Earth Observation Applications,19th Feb 2004

15. Darrel T. Emerson,NRAO, “The Work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 Years of Millimeter-Wave Research,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 2267-2273, Dec. 1997 16. Calla O P N et. al., a method for calibration of space borne passive microwave sensor. 17. Riding on Radio Waves Part II Dr V B Kamble 18. www.nasa.gov 19. www.isro.gov.in 20. www.aero.org 21. www.vigyanprasar.gov.in 22. www.windows2universe.org 23. www.nplindia.org 24. http://gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in

OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS

OPNC THANKS 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11