Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves – Hertz to Terahertz
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Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves – Hertz to Terahertz 17th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture At Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Kolkata On Wednesday, 30th November 2011 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS) “OM-NIWAS”, A-23, SHASTRI NAGAR, JODHPUR ICRS InternatIonal Centre for radIo ScienCe • ICRS is a Registered society, was registered on 24th June 1997 with objective of conducting Research, Training and Teaching in Radio Science, Telecommunication, Electronics, Computer and Information Science. • Shri Ramkrishna Paramhamsa-Spiritual Guru • Sir J.C. Bose - Inspirer. • ICRS has entered into its 15th year on 24th June 2011.And will celebrate this 15th year by technical and social awareness. Regd. No : 61/Jodhpur /1997-98 Regd. Office : OM NIWAS, A-23, Shastri Nagar Jodhpur-342003 E Mail : [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Phone: - 0291-2613123/2640063, Fax – 0291-2626166 Website: www.radioscience.org 2 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 3 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 Acharya Sir J.C. Bose ICRS (Maharishi) (30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) D.Sc. (1896), University of London, UK Specialization: Optics, Electromagnetic Radiation, Plant Physiology Father- Bhagaban Chandra Bose Mother-Bamasundari Debi An Educationist & Torch Bearer for Women Education in India. A constant inspiration For Sir J.C. Bose. Wife: Abala Bose. A Rare photograph of Sir J.C. Bose 8th August 1865 - 1951 4 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Chronology According to D. M. Bose, the research activities of J. C. Bose, extending from 1894 to 1937, the year he died, can be divided into three periods. 1894-1899 1. During the first period, extending from 1894 to 1899, he produced the shortest of the then possible electro- magnetic waves (the microwaves),and extensively studied their quasi-optical properties. His researches with coherers not only led to the anticipation of semi- conductors but the effect of microwaves on the coherers led to the next important phase of his research. 5 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 1899 - 1904 2. During the second period, extending from 1899 to 1904, began with his study of the fatigue effect in metallic coherers, used for detection of electric waves, from which he went over to the study of various other inorganic systems which exhibit stress under different kinds of physical stimulation. The similarities in responses of inorganic and organic systems led to his famous and controversial generalization about the responses in the living and the non-living. 6 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS 1904 - 1937 3. The third period that logically followed from the second phase led to his studies of Plant Electrophysiology and led to monumental investigations, which like most of his researches, were ahead of his time. These researches lasted till the end of his life. 7 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Microwaves Sir J.C. Bose had come across a book by Oliver Lodge on Hertzian waves and intuitively felt that this was an area that needed attention. Bose made a spectacular discovery, of producing radiation of wavelength of the order of 5 mm (called millimeter waves or microwaves, 1/130 that of Hertz’s waves). Bose was the first to demonstrate Microwaves. Bose undertook research on what may be termed as “Microwave Optics”. 8 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Who Invented the Radio? A question that is frequently asked in India is: “Who invented the radio? Or, should not J. C. Bose have received the Nobel Prize for inventing the Radio, at least jointly?” This has been discussed by Das Gupta*. Das Gupta questions the commonly held belief that Bose anticipated Marconi by two years, and provides evidence to the contrary. Kochar16 also shows that it was Bose’s intransigence towards patenting that came in the way of his being recognized as one of the inventors of wireless telegraphy. The 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Guglielmo Marconi (1874– 1937) and C. F. Braun (1850–1918) for wireless telegraphy. *S. Dasgupta, Jagadis Chandra Bose and the Indian Response to Western. 9 OPNC Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Wired and Wireless Communication Electrical telegraph (invented in 1836-37) telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for high-power applications The electrical telegraph owned and built by Samuel F. B. Morse Acharya Sir J.C. Bose gave the first demonstration of wireless communication in 1895. In Calcutta Town Hall, in the presence of the Lt. Governor of Bengal, he transmitted electromagnetic waves from the lecture hall through intervening walls - covering a total distance of 25 meters tripping a relay which threw a heavy iron ball, fired off a pistol and blew a small mine. J.C. Bose with Apparatus Set up Ref: D.T. Emerson(NRAO), THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE: 10 OPNC 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Bose’s Experimental Set Up for Wireless Communication The Microwave transmitter and receiver developed by Bose Apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves of wavelengths 25 to 5 mm The Galena detector developed by Bose 12 OPNC Image Courtesy :www.qsl.net 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.He is complete setup considered the father of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali Two of Bose's point contact science fiction. He was the first detectors, removed from the from the Indian subcontinent to receiving antennas. get a US patent, in 1904. 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 13 OPNC Ref: D.T. Emerson(NRAO), THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE: 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH ICRS Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions One of Bose's free-space radiation receivers, recently described [3] as a "space-irradiated multi-contact the twisted-jute polarizers used by Bose. semiconductor (using the natural oxide of the springs)." The springs are kept in place in their tray by a sheet of glass, seen to be partly broken in this photograph. One of Bose's polarizers was a cut-off metal plate grating, consisting of a book (Bradshaw's Railway Timetable) with sheets of tinfoil interleaved in the pages. 14 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Sir J.C. Bose and Plants - Biophysics He Invented Crescograph- to measure the rate of growth of a plant and the death recorder to record the exact moment of death of a plant. 15 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Effect of Radio waves on Plant Growth 16 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Acharya MEETS Swami ji (Aversion to Patenting) Swami Vivekananda gave the documents of Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions to one of his disciples Sara Chapman Bull who filed application of patent for "Detector for Electrical Disturbances" of Sir J.C. Bose on 30th September 1901 and was granted as US 755840 on 29 March 1904. Swami Vivekananda Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902) Ref: Wikipedia 17 OPNC 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS The Poet & Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore “Across the oceans, on the western The Scientist shore, Reigns the temple of the Goddess Tagore, the lifelong friend of Bose Of wealth of science. There you have journeyed, my friend, 7th May 1861- 7th August, 1941 And returned richly crowned. You anointed the motherland, Modest at heart, poor and shy. Sir J.C. Bose had an equipment fabricated The great and the gloried to turn oxygen into ozone Or those far off lands Assembled and acclaimed (by electric sparks) which Your work in unison, Helped Tagore’s second The words resounding their message, daughter for breathing. Far and wide, the seas beyond. Tagore had very high regards for Her eyes welled up in tears. Abala Bose who Mother sends you the blessings Of her jumbled heart, reciprocated his feelings. Through a poet of whom It was only to Tagore that he would, The world of science has never heard. at moments of deep despair, pour Only in the inner self of yours, Will these words echo out his heart. Magnolia As gentle murmurs of Mother’s whispered tone.” 18 OPNC As translated by Sujata Basu Sengupta 17th J.C. B. M L- 30/11/11 ICRS Some Honors to Sir J.C. BOSE Sister Nivedita Indian Stamp: (1867–1911) Birth Centenary close friend of the of Bose couple Sir J. C. Bose (Botanist & Physicist)(15np) Date Of Issue:- 30.11.1958.