UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE DI MILANO Scuola Di Dottorato in Scienze Linguistiche E Letterarie Ciclo XXX S.S.D.: L-LIN/11 L-FIL-LET/14

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UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE DI MILANO Scuola Di Dottorato in Scienze Linguistiche E Letterarie Ciclo XXX S.S.D.: L-LIN/11 L-FIL-LET/14 UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE DI MILANO Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Linguistiche e Letterarie Ciclo XXX S.S.D.: L-LIN/11 L-FIL-LET/14 Coordinatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Dante José LIANO THE AMERICAN COMEDY. TEMI, INNOVAZIONI E RELIGIONE NELL’OPERA DI ELMORE LEONARD Tesi di Dottorato di: Giulio SEGATO Matr. Nº 4411571 Anno Accademico 2016/2017 2 UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE DI MILANO Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Linguistiche e Letterarie Ciclo XXX S.S.D.: L-LIN/11 L-FIL-LET/14 Coordinatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Dante José LIANO THE AMERICAN COMEDY. TEMI, INNOVAZIONI E RELIGIONE NELL’OPERA DI ELMORE LEONARD Tesi di Dottorato di: Giulio SEGATO Matr. Nº 4411571 Anno Accademico 2016/2017 3 4 Abstract (Versione italiana) Il giudizio di molti critici e biografi nei confronti di Elmore Leonard è stato tanto positivo quanto un po’ superficiale: è uno dei più validi scrittori di crime fiction americani grazie alla sua particolare ‘prosa cinematografica’ e al suo orecchio per i dialoghi dei personaggi. Credo che invece nelle narrazioni di Leonard ci siano molti altri aspetti degni d’interesse che il mio lavoro cercherà di indagare. Prima di scrivere ‘romanzi del crimine’ (dal 1969, con la pubblicazione di The Big Bounce) Leonard si era specializzato in racconti e romanzi western con cui sperimentò la sua distintiva tecnica narrativa basta sul discorso indiretto libero e altre innovazioni tematiche. Questa tesi esamina principalmente tre caratteristiche fondamentali dell’opera di Leonard. Anzitutto, nei suoi libri non c’è mai una vera e propria indagine. I lettori sanno già dalle prime pagine chi è il colpevole del crimine e il detective stesso lo scopre poco dopo. Tuttavia, l’eroe non riesce ad arrestare il responsabile a causa di continui impedimenti burocratici. La ricerca delle prove necessarie a incastrare il delinquente si trasforma quindi in una sfida personale che metterà a dura prova l’eroe e la sua coscienza. La seconda caratteristica riguarda le scelte narratologiche dello scrittore, che ha sviluppato un uso singolare del punto di vista. Leonard racconta le sue storie attraverso un narratore onnisciente in terza persona, solo apparentemente neutrale. In realtà, il punto di vista della narrazione continua spostarsi durante la storia, per cui ogni capitolo può essere narrato dal punto di vista di ogni personaggio (anche di un morto, come avviene in Glitz). La scelta di usare un particolare punto di vista non è solo una mera faccenda tecnica ma è anche e soprattutto una questione morale, che rende i libri di Leonard piuttosto disturbanti per il lettore attento. Infine, Leonard, che ha avuto un’educazione cattolica, tende a nascondere dilemmi teologici nelle intercapedini delle sue storie grottesche. Ad esempio, nei suoi romanzi la violenza non è mai la soluzione più giusta – non si configura una violenza 5 necessaria – per cui i suoi eroi preferiscono dialogare con i criminali, o abbandonare la scena, piuttosto che sparare. Abstract (Versione inglese) Critics and biographers have summarized Elmore Leonard’s work too easily: he was one of the best crime novels writers in America because of his “cinematic” prose and his unerring ear for the voices of the characters. I think there are much more issues in Leonard’s narratives, so my thesis is focused on investigating other distinctive traits of his novels. Leonard actually wrote westerns for many years before first trying his hand at crime fiction (in The Big Bounce 1969), the genre that gave him great fame. My thesis basically examines three distinguishing features. First, in Leonard’s books there is almost never any process of detection. Readers generally know from the very beginning who the murderer is, and in many cases the detective finds out soon after, but he is always prevented from arresting or killing him at once. What prolongs his pursuit is generally not a process of investigation but rather a frustrating combination of legal procedural constraints that are often portrayed as arbitrary, and the killer’s own animal willingness and absurd good luck. Secondly, Leonard, in his narrative, develops a very distinctive point of view. The writer always tells his stories from the omniscient point of view in the third person, only apparently neutral. In Leonard’s novels any chapter can be narrated from the perspective of any character (even a murder victim as in Glitz). This issue is not only a technical problem, it is a moral one, who makes Leonard’s novels disturbing to the reader. Finally Leonard, who had a catholic education and a deep knowledge of the Bible, hides theological issues in his grotesque crime stories. For example, in his novels violence is never the right solution, never necessary, as his heroes prefer talking with the villain or leaving, instead of shooting him. 6 I am a serious writer but I don’t take it seriously Elmore Leonard 7 8 INTRODUZIONE 11 1. GENERI ED ECCENTRICITÀ 17 1.1 Leonard prima di Leonard: le fonti dello scrittore 21 1.2 Prime sovversioni. Leonard e il western 45 1.3 Una detection senza indagine 61 2. NEI ROMANZI 81 2.1 Il western-eastern: City Primeval o della sconfitta del detective 83 2.2 Glitz o del detective insicuro 99 2.3 Freaky Deaky o del reduce ottimista 111 2.4 Killshot o della famiglia 123 3. RIFLESSI RELIGIOSI 141 3.1 L’educazione cattolica 145 3.2 Rileggere Leonard come autore di romanzi di formazione: dai racconti 153 western ai ‘romanzi cattolici’ 3.3 Pistoleri esitanti. Violenza antisacrificale in Leonard 177 CONCLUSIONI 185 BIBLIOGRAFIA 189 9 10 INTRODUZIONE La frase riportata in epigrafe è tratta da un’intervista di circa quindici anni fa,1 una delle pochissime in cui Elmore Leonard non si sottrae alla necessità di esporsi in prima persona. D’altronde, che fosse ‘uno scrittore serio’ era ormai assodato. Altrettanto seri – in alcuni casi serissimi – sono i romanzieri e poeti che ne avevano apprezzato l’opera e lo stile: fra gli altri, Saul Bellow, Martin Amis, Robert Pinsky. E Walker Percy, il quale, in una recensione a Bandits, si era chiesto con una certa ironia (ma non troppa): «Why is Elmore Leonard so good?».2 Oggi quindi non sembrerebbe necessario difendere Leonard come fece il critico James Devlin quasi vent’anni fa, quando, nello scriverne la biografia, ebbe a rimarcare: «he is a serious writer».3 Eppure l’obiettivo di questo lavoro è proprio tentare di rispondere alla domanda di Percy, che quest’ultimo lascia sostanzialmente insoluta. Difficile biasimarlo: la risposta alla questione non è affatto semplice e non si può certo affrontare in una recensione, a maggior ragione poiché Leonard è un abilissimo dissimulatore: una qualità che si rivela sia nell’analizzare la struttura delle sue narrazioni, in cui evita di palesarsi, sia nel leggere le numerose interviste concesse nel corso della sua lunghissima carriera, interrotta solo dalla morte nel 2013.4 Ogni volta che qualche intervistatore prova a entrare nel merito di alcune sue scelte stilistiche o tematiche, Leonard risponde «I don’t remember» oppure «That’s not important»; se invece si tratta di rievocare aneddoti autobiografici, specie se umoristici, la sua memoria tende a dimostrarsi assai più puntuale, anche a dispetto della distanza temporale. Sbaglia però chi crede che questa scarsa propensione a manifestare le chiavi della propria opera sia un vezzo o un atteggiamento snobistico. Al contrario, si 1 Lawrence Grobel, Endangered Species: Writers Talk About Their Craft, Their Visions, Their Lives (2001), p. 98. 2 Walker Percy, There’s a Contra in My Grub, «New York Times Book Review», 4 Jan. 1987, p. 7. 3 James Devlin, Elmore Leonard (1999), p. 129. 4 Leonard stava ancora lavorando poche settimane prima di morire, a 87 anni, come autore e produttore esecutivo della serie televisiva Justified, da cui lui stesso aveva tratto un romanzo nel 2012. 11 tratta solo di riservatezza. Leonard ha fatto dell’understatement il proprio tratto distintivo, nella vita così come nella scrittura. Una delle espressioni predilette da critici e recensori che abbiano per le mani un testo di Leonard è ‘the Dickens of Detroit’. Un epiteto la cui origine viene spesso ricondotta a J. D. Reed, autore di in un articolo apparso sul «Time» e intitolato appunto A Dickens From Detroit.5 In realtà, il titolo fu deciso da un caporedattore della rivista americana, Ray Cave, che però non aveva una gran dimestichezza con i romanzi di Leonard.6 Non sorprende, dunque, che l’espressione adottata, per quanto suggestiva e accattivante, sia piuttosto ingannevole. Certo, con un po’ d’ingegno è possibile trovare qualche analogia tra i due scrittori – ad esempio la particolare attenzione per la caratterizzazione dei personaggi – ma se a un cultore del grande romanziere vittoriano si consegnasse un libro di Leonard difficilmente ne rimarrebbe soddisfatto. Restando nell’Ottocento, però, c’è un altro scrittore che mi sembra più ragionevole accostare a Leonard, benché appartenga a una diversa tradizione letteraria: Honoré de Balzac con la sua Comédie humaine. Balzac, attraverso l’insieme delle opere che vanno a formare la Comédie,7 intendeva comporre un mosaico della società francese del proprio tempo, illustrandone tutte le figure, anche le più marginali, e mostrando l’uomo e la donna in tutte le trasformazioni morali del loro carattere. Questa sintesi, pur sommaria, potrebbe descrivere con buona accuratezza anche l’opera di Leonard. È pacifico che sussistano non poche difformità, e tutt’altro che trascurabili, come è inevitabile nel proporre la suggestione di un confronto fra autori il cui rispettivo contesto è radicalmente diverso, anzitutto in termini storici. Eppure, anche i quarantaquattro romanzi pubblicati da Leonard8 possono essere letti come un’unica grande narrazione che vuole seguire il groviglio di esistenze lungo le strade della provincia americana, attraverso gli occhi di detective disorientati e killer immaturi.
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