Energy Audits Audits

Home , Ton of refrigeration

ASHRAE: Energy Efficiency/Audit Principles Producing Higher Performing Buildings Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 2017

Ross D. Montgomery, P.E. AGENDA Learning Objectives

Who What

1 ASHRAE and Energy 5 Level 1,2,3 Energy Audits Audits

Why How

2 Are NZEB Possible??? 6 How do we find energy saving opportunities

What How

3 Videos and How do we calculate Publications 7 savings

How Where ECM Examples and 4 How do we perform 8 Calculations energy audits

PRESENTER NAME COMPANY NAME 2 I Are NZEB possible? YES THEY ARE !!!>>>> Net(Near)-Zero-Energy Buildings

Buildings which, on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on-site renewable energy sources. NREL Assessment of NZEBs

• USA - (National Renewable Energy Labs) • “Not everyone can be Net- Zero” – Maybe 10-30% goal – Assuming 50% roof can be PV – Technology that is available or nearly available in the market place Energy Positive Bldg-Norway • An office building in Norway has been renovated to produce (Net-zero +) more energy that it consumes.

Powerhouse Kjørbo is located near Oslo, and according to Powerhouse, it is Norway’s first energy-positive building and the first in the world to be renovated into an energy-positive structure. • June 2014 Newsletter; Vol. 2 Issue 6; ww.hpbmagazine.org Net Zero Energy Buildings Zero Net Energy ; Greenfield, Mass. USA.

• John Oliver Transit Center • 24,000 SF • $11M cost

Strategies: Chilled beams, GSHP’s, Solar, PV, Lighting, Lighting controls, Energy recovery, Variable speed drives, premium motors, demand controlled ventilation, automated shading. • http://www.csemag.com/single-article/case-study-zero-net-energy-transit- center/6f8b2c1532aa3bfaf3e73a474994bf71.html NZEB Case Studies

• Science House, Science Museum of Minnesota (2003) – St Paul, Mn • 0 net site energy use • 1,530 ft² • Geothermal, PV • NEUI = 0 kBtu/ft² NZEB Case Studies

• Oberlin College Lewis Center (2000) – Oberlin Oh • Net zero site energy use • 13,950 ft² – $535/ ft² • 59 kW solar array • Geothermal • EUI = 32.94 kBtu/ ft² • NEUI = - 0.52 kBtu/ ft²

Article in High Performance Buildings Winter 2011 NZEB Case Studies

• Cambria Office Center (2000) – Ebensburg, Pa • 66% energy cost savings • 34,500 ft² • Geothermal, 14.3 kW PV • NEUI = 41.9 kBtu/ ft² NZEB Case Studies

• Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF) (2000) – Annapolis, Md • LEED Platinum • 32,000 ft² • NEUI = 37.1 kBtu/ft² NZEB Case Studies

• Thermal Test Facility (TTF) (1996) – Golden Co • 70% energy cost savings • 10,000 ft² • NEUI = 28 ktu/ft² NZEB Case Studies

• Science House, Science Museum of Minnesota (2003) – St Paul, Mn • 0 net site energy use • 1,530 ft² • Geothermal, PV • NEUI = 0 kBtu/ft² Vision 2020

NZEBs by 2030 Contents of NZEB Video: a. Water Heating b. Biomass c. Photovoltaics d. Solar e. Geo-thermal f. Envelope

Energy Efficiency is an uphill struggle-Nothing comes easy without sacrifice PRIMARY PUBLICATIONS WE USE Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems, I-P & SI units

This book provides a thorough introduction and a practical guide to the principles and characteristics of HVAC controls. It describes how to use, select, specify and design control systems.

This book will help you understand: • Control theory, the basics of electricity, input and output devices, and the influence of input and output characteristics on control possibilities and performance • How to use written specifications, schedules, and control diagrams to identify what is to be installed, how it is to be installed, and how it is expected to operate • DDC (direct digital controls) system components, interoperability of controllers, network and data protocols • Replacement, modification and maintenance of pneumatic and electric controls

Visit www.ashrae.org/bookstore to purchase this publication. ASHRAE’s “Green Book”

• 2nd Edition of "Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits“ • Recently updated by TC 7.6 – Building Energy Performance • Source for information in this presentation ASHRAE 211P • Basis of the New ASHRAE Standard 211P • Standard Methodology • Consistent reports • Credible requirements • Reliable Basis and criteria Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels I, II, and III

Preliminary Energy Use Analysis • Gather information • Calculate kBTU/sf • Compare to similar

•No cost/low cost items Level I: •Rough costs and savings for EEM’s Walk Through •Identify Capital projects

Level II: •End-use Energy breakdowns Energy Survey & Analysis •Cost & Savings analysis of major ECM measures •O&M Changes •Capital project outlines •Detailed Analysis • Level III: Detailed Analysis of Capital Projects (includes modeling and simulation) Refined Analysis, Additional Measurements, Hourly Simulation, Detailed Business and Investment Planning 24 Engineering Formulas and equivalents used:

HVAC ENGINEERING FORMULA (SI UNITS) METRIC EQUIVALENTS AIR EQUATIONS QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT IP RELATIONSHIP • A. V = 1.414 ● (VP/d)½ where • 1 m/s² = 3.281 ft/sec² • V = Velocity • 1 m³/s = 2118.88 cfm • d = density, “d” = 3.48 (Pb/T) • 1 L/s = 2.12 cfm • B. V = (1.66 ● VP)½ for Std. air (d = 1.204 kg/m3) • 1 m³/hr = 0.589 cfm • C. TP = VP + SP • 1 m² = 10.76 ft² • D. V = VM (d / 1.204) • 1 mm² = 0.0016 in² • E. Airflow Volume (L/s) = 1000 ● Area ● Volume • 101.325 kPa = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psi • 1 Bar = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psi HVAC ENGINEERING FORMULA (IP UNITS) • 1 m = 3.281 ft. • 1 m = 39.37 inches AIR EQUATIONS • 1 mm = 0.039 inches, 1 inch = 25.4 mm • A. V = 1096 • (VP/d)½ where • 1 lux = 0.0929 fc • V = Velocity • 1 lm/m² = 0.0931 fc • d = density, “d” = 1.325 (Pb/T) • 1 Lm = 0.001496 watts • B. V = 4005 • (VP)½ for Std. air (d = .075 lbs/ft3) • 1000 Pascals 1 kPa = 0.296 in. Hg = 0.145 psi • C. TP = VP + SP • 1 Pa = 0.004015 in.w.g. • D. V = VM (d / 0.075) • °C = (°F – 32)/1.8 • E. Airflow Volume (cfm) = Area ● Volume • 1 m/s = 196.9 fpm • 1 m³ = 35.31 ft³ • • ? You cannot Control what you cannot measure ?

KW THERMS BTU’S ANNUAL MONTH TO YEAR TO DATE ENERGY ENERGY DATE ENERGY ENERGY TARGET ELECTRIC KW 350 KWHR 31 KWHR 234 KWHR NATURAL GAS 2M THERMS 156,000 THERMS 1,430,000 THERMS

26 I COMPANY NAME PRESENTER NAME Energy Reports and Audits Table of Contents

– Part-1: Defining the “Levels of Effort” for Commercial Building Energy Audits • Describes the Phases of an ASHRAE Energy Audit – Preliminary; Level 1 – Level 2 – Level 3 – Part-2: Best Practices for Conducting Energy Audits • Process and Deliverables – Part-3: Resources for Conducting Energy Audits • Forms to be used, References and Conversions

27 Building Audit Levels

• Level 1 – establishing the building’s general energy savings potential • Level 2 – provides enough detail to act on typical energy savings recommendations • Level 3 – investigates capital-intensive measures and their life-cycle cost analysis Methods Used to Analyze EEMs • Estimates of both energy and costs savings are necessary for all EEMs • Calculation methods vary and typically should start at a ‘best-case’ feasibility evaluation and then to a more detailed estimate as needed. • The greater the potential impact and implementation cost, the more attention and accuracy needed. Single Electricity Calculations

푘푊ℎ – 퐸푛푒푟푔푦 푈푠푒 = 푃표푤푒푟 퐼푛푝푢푡, 푘푊 × 푦푟 (푂푝푒푟푎푡𝑖푛푔 푇𝑖푚푒, ℎ/푦푟) • For determining power input, consider – Direct power input measurements, – Measure volts, amps, and estimated power factor, or – Nameplate power, efficiency, and estimated load factor • Multiple calculations for variable load system • Careful not to overestimate actual operating hours Single Fuel Calculations

– Manufacturer’s published system capacity/output data 퐵푡푢 푐푎푝푎푐𝑖푡푦 • 퐸푛푒푟푔푦 푢푠푒 푚𝑖푙푙𝑖표푛 = × ℎ표푢푟푠 푦푟 푒푓푓𝑖푐𝑖푒푛푐푦 – Equipment full-load nameplate input data 퐵푡푢 • 퐸푛푒푟푔푦 푢푠푒 푚𝑖푙푙𝑖표푛 = 푓푢푒푙 𝑖푛푝푢푡 푟푎푡푒 × ℎ표푢푟푠 푦푟

• Note – be careful with conversion factors Summary=Level 1 ASHRAE Energy Audit 2014

Preliminary energy- Identification of low- use analysis (PEA) with cost/no-cost energy review of utility bills, improvement rates classes, and peak measures with energy demand estimated costs and savings

Level 1 Energy Audit

Recommended Space function capital analysis and improvements energy end use with estimated summary costs and savings

32 I COMPANY NAME PRESENTER NAME Forms that can be used in Energy Audits www.ashrae.org/PCBEA • Envelope • Laundry • Lighting • Food Prep • Plug loads • Refrigeration • Pools , saunas, spas • HVAC • Process Loads • Domestic Hot • Conveyers Water

33 Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels I, II, and III

Level II: •End-use Energy breakdowns Energy Survey & Analysis •Cost & Savings analysis of major ECM measures •O&M Changes •Capital project outlines •Detailed Analysis

34 Energy Audits-Level 2 (1 of 2) • More detailed building survey and energy analysis. – Level II audit to verify the Level I assumptions – Review mechanical and electrical system design, installed conditions, maintenance practices, and operating methods – Detailed walk thru with photos and detailed notes – Detailed examination of design drawings and specs – Detailed study of control systems and sequences. • Discusses any maintenance and operational changes required. • Review staff knowledge and practices in energy conservation. • Cont’d.

35 Level 2 Audits cont’d (2 of 2) • Level II audits : ▪ Provide the savings and cost analysis of all practical measures to meet the owners constraints, available technologies, and economic criteria. ▪ Lists more capital intensive improvements that will require more detailed data collection, site visits, and analysis in the future. o Includes a qualitative and quantitative analysis geared towards funds appropriation; this analysis uses calculated savings and partial instrumentation measurements with a cursory level of analysis. o Includes an in-depth analysis in which the most crucial assumptions are verified. ▪ The end product will be a group of “appropriation grade” energy and process improvement “Energy Conservation Measures” ECM’s, for funding and implementation. Energy flows to the Process (Courtesy US Army)

37 Energy flows to the Building (Courtesy US Army)

38 Sample Graph of Energy Distribution

Lighting Cooling Heating Pumps Plug Loads Fans Other

39 Plug Load Energy Use

• Computers, copiers, electronic devices, appliances, and the like can account for an average 50% of a commercial building’s total electricity use

• And because Building Teams are rarely involved in office equipment procurement decisions, the responsibility to keep these plug loads controlled correctly falls on the owner/facility manager. Relationship of ASHRAE Energy Audit Levels I, II, and III

• Level III: Detailed Analysis of Capital Projects (includes modeling and simulation): Refined Analysis, Additional Measurements, Hourly Simulation, Detailed41 Business and Investment Planning Energy Audits – Level 3 (1 of 2) • Finally, the Level III audit is a • An integrated TEAM approach-very important ! • focuses on ideas identified during Level 1/2 audits. • detailed engineering analysis/implementation with – (M&V) measurement and verification assessment – modeling – fully instrumented diagnostic measurements (long term measurements) – rigorous engineering analysis, design, alternative studies, – utility incentives, – economic costing, large capital project scoping, and exploration of financing options. 42 Energy Audits-Level 3 (2 of 2)

• Requires detailed project cost and savings calculations sufficient for major capital improvement decisions and approvals from Lending Institutions. • Involves meeting with all owners and materially affected parties, consultants, designers and contractors, to advise options and financing alternatives, and to help make decisions.

• (For Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) projects, the Level III audit is prolonged until the end of the contract to guarantee (and prove) that all installed systems and their components operate correctly over their useful lifetimes.) Determining Cost Effectiveness

• Energy efficient technologies offer choices that need analysis • Single project against company requirements • Project alternatives comparison • Account for economic variables • Initial cost, operation, maintenance, repair, lifespan, inflation, discount rate, disposal, … • Common Feasibility Methods • Simple Payback • Present Worth • Internal Rate of Return • Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)

Resource: White, J A., et al., Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, 1st edition, Wiley, 2014 Simple Payback Method

• Very common metric for determining project threshold/hurdle • Determines number of years required to recover initial investment through project returns

• Does not take into account time-value of money Present Worth (PW) & Internal Rate of Return (IRR) • Present worth analyses can incorporate variable cash flows and time value of money • IRR is an iterative PW analysis that determines the discount rate which makes the present worth zero. Example PW Analysis:

• Example: A constant volume HVAC system can be retrofitted for with a new VAV system for $100,000 and save 450,000 kWh/year for a considered economic life of 10 years. The cost of electricity is $0.06/kWh. The company’s discount rate (minimum attractive rate of return, MARR) is 10%. Determine the project’s present worth and IRR. Note – analysis does not include electrical demand savings. Present Worth – HVAC System Change-Out Solution: Compute the present worth (PW) when energy savings is $27,000 per year.

PW = -$100k + $27k(P/A10%,10) + $500(P/F10%,10) = -$100k + $27k(6.1446) $500 = $65,904 $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k $27k Conclusion: Present worth (PW) well 0 exceeds $0 with MARR of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10%, thus this is a cost CASH FLOW DIAGRAM effective project!

IRR calculations yield 24%. $100k Definition ; LCA; LCCA;Life Cycle Analysis • Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis)[1] is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Designers use this process to help critique their products. LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by: • Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases; • Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases; • Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision Simple Life Cycle Costing “elements” The total cost of ownership of an asset is often far greater than the initial capital outlay cost and can vary significantly between different alternative solutions to a given operational need. Consideration of the costs over the whole life of an asset provides a sound basis for decision-making. With this information, it is possible to: • Assess future resource requirements (through projection of projected itemized line item costs for relevant assets); • Assess comparative costs of potential acquisitions (investment evaluation or appraisal); • Decide between sources of supply (source selection); • Account for resources used now or in the past (reporting and auditing); • Improve system design (through improved understanding of input trends such as manpower and utilities over the expected life cycle); • Optimize operational and maintenance support; through more detailed understanding of input requirements over the expected life cycle) • Assess when assets reach the end of their economic life and if renewal is required (through understanding of changes in input requirements such as manpower, chemicals, and utilities as the asset ages). “Simple” Life Cycle of an Asset What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis; LCCA? Life Cycle Cost; Typical Comparison Looking for Thermal Bridges/ Breaks and Energy Waste Looking for the “perfect” Building Performance What are Energy targets?

ANSWER…SIMPLY, AN APPROXIMATION OR ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE BUILDING FOR THE YEAR EXPRESSED IN UNITS SUCH AS KBTU(KW)/SQ FT(SM)/ YEAR Two Common Sense Issues

• The 80/20 rule as applied to energy assessments: – 80% of the energy/utility savings comes from… – 20% of the buildings and/or systems. • Building characteristics need to be considered – Type – Age – Systems – Operation – … Understand Your Building Systems Energy Use -- Outcomes Understand Your Building Systems Energy Use -- Outcomes Target Audits

• A target audit is an energy assessment of a specific system or device or end use at a facility. • It “targets” a narrow focus subject….

60 Target Measures for Energy Audits Looking for WAYS to Save Energy and TARGETS for Energy Audits

Target HVAC Examples IAQ,IEQ

Refrigeration

Lighting Enclosures/ Envelope

Process Renewables Systems What do the Acronyms mean?: EEM,ECM,ECO,EEO, ECRM, etc.

–Energy Efficiency Measure –Energy Conservation Measure –Energy Conservation Opportunity –Energy Efficiency Opportunity –Energy Cost Reduction Measure

63 Broad “Target ECM” Ideas for Consideration

• Controls The best opportunities related to controls include making systems automatic and with sequences that save energy • Electrical Replacement of electric motors with high efficient ones and adding VFDs are always good ideas. • Internal and Plug Loads Many opportunities to consider these to be able to turn off when not necessary • HVAC Maintaining and repair/replacement of defective and in-efficient equipment including air handlers, fan coils, kitchen and make up hoods, ventilation devices, etc. • Domestic Hot Water using energy efficient production equipment and deliver devices, and incorporating solar heating where applicable. • Lighting. Lighting usually always pay back fast. • Envelope. Tightening air leakage rates, and replacement of defective fenestrations including windows, doors, etc. • Fuel changes. Consider using more efficient and cost-effective fuel types. • Renewables Such as photovoltaics, solar heating, wind, bio-mass, cisterns, new products coming out every day. 64 Other Ideas for EEM’s to Consider • Photovoltaics-Add to roofs • LED lighting change-outs from Fluorescents • Re-Zoning of HVAC systems to match occupancy trends in practice at the building • Utilize NG/Propane for water heating, cooking, drying where appropriate to reduce energy cost and efficiencies. • Re-calculation of ventilation (and resultant Exhaust) loads to current ASHRAE Standard 62.1 • Adding motion detectors to regulate lights and loads • Whole building Testing and Pressurizations • Thermal Storage (Ice and Water) Ideas for Consideration in Control Systems - Temperature, Humidity, Pressure setpoint reset - Night setbacks/ Morning warm-up/cool-downs + Optimal start-stop - Outside air temperature reset - CO2 based Demand based ventilation system - Recalculation of ventilation requirements based on up to date standards, actual conditions at the site, and technology advances - Energy recovery and transfer systems / Economizers / Natural ventilation - Occupancy and non-occupancy/holiday scheduling - Daylight Harvesting and Dimmers • Variable Speed Drive tuning EEMs to Consider (1/2)

• Annex E Energy Efficiency Measures from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015 • EEM Categories • Building Envelop (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors) • HVAC Systems • Ventilation • Distribution system • Building automation and control • Refrigeration • Water Systems EEMs to Consider (2/2)

• Annex E Energy Efficiency Measures from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015 • EEM Categories (CONTINUED) • Energy Generation and Distribution • Boilers • Chiller system • Thermal storage and heat pumps • Lighting • Electrical Systems and Motors • Appliances (i.e., plug loads) Major Categories of EEM’s

• E1. BUILDING ENVELOPE • E5. ENERGY GENERATION AND – E1.1 Walls DISTRIBUTION – E1.2 Roofs – E5.1 Boiler System – E1.3 Floors – E5.2 Chiller System – E1.4 Windows – E5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps – E1.5 Doors • E6. NONRESIDENTIAL LIGHTING – E1.7 Moisture Penetration – E6.2 Daylighting • E2. HVAC SYSTEMS – E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades – E2.1 Ventilation – E6.4 Signage – E2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems – E6.5 Lighting Controls – E2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems – E6.6 Exterior Lighting • E3. REFRIGERATION – E6.7 Luminaire Layout – E3.1 Reduce Loads – E6.8 Other – E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency • E7. RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING • E4. WATER SYSTEMS – E7.2 Interior – E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems – E7.3 Exterior – E4.2 Water Conservation • E8. ELECTRIC SYSTEMS, MOTORS • E9. APPLIANCES E1,2,3 Walls,Roofs,Floors

• E1.1 Walls • E1.2 Roofs • E1.1.1 Insulate Walls. Retrofit insulation can be • E1.2.1 Use “cool roof” (high-reflectance external and internal. roofing material) with reroofing projects. • E1.1.1.1 External post insulation makes large savings possible, as this type of insulation • E1.2.2 Determine roof insulation values contributes not only to a reduction of the heat and recommend roof insulation as loss through large wall surfaces but also appropriate. eliminates the traditional thermal bridges where • E1.2.3 Insulate ceilings and roofs using floor and internal wall are anchored in the spray-on insulation. exterior wall. • • E1.1.1.2 Internal insulation is typically used E1.2.4 Where appropriate, exhaust hot air when external insulation is not allowed (e.g., for from attics. historical buildings). • E1.3 Floors • E1.1.2 Insulate cavity walls using spray-in • E1.3.1 Insulate floors. insulation. • E1.3.2 Insulate floors using spray-on • E1.1.3 Consider converting internal courtyard into an atrium to reduce external wall surface. insulation. • E1.3.3 Insulate basement wall with a slab over unheated basement. E1 Windows

• E1.4 Windows • E1.4.5 Replace existing fenestration • E1.4.1 Replace single-pane and leaky (top lighting and/or side lighting) windows with thermal/operable with dual-glazed low-e glass windows to minimize cooling and wherever possible to reduce thermal heating loss. gain. • E1.4.2 Install exterior shading, such • E1.4.6 Adopt as blinds or awnings, to cut down on weatherization/fenestration heat loss and to reduce heat gain. improvements. • E1.4.3 Install storm windows and • E1.4.7 Consider replacing exterior multiple glazed windows. windows with insulated glass block • E1.4.4 Use tinted or reflective glazing when visibility is not required but or energy control/solar window films. light is required. • E1.4.8 Landscape/plant trees to create shade and reduce air- conditioning loads. E1 Doors, Moisture Protection

• E1.5 Doors • E1.5.5 Install separate smaller doors for • E1.5.1 Prevent heat loss through doors by people near the area of large vehicle draft sealing and thermal insulation. doors air leakage (see Informative • E1.5.2 Install automatic doors, air Appendix E). curtains, or strip doors at high-traffic • E1.5.6 Seal top and bottom of building. passages between conditioned and • E1.5.7 Seal vertical shafts, stairways, unconditioned spaces. outside walls, and openings. • E1.5.3 Use self-closing or revolving doors • E1.5.8 Compartmentalize garage doors and vestibules if possible. and mechanical and vented internal and • E1.5.4 Install high-speed doors between special-purpose rooms. heated/cooled building space and unconditioned space in the areas with • E1.7 Moisture Penetration high-traffic passages. • E1.7.1 Reduce air leakage. • E1.7.2 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs. E2. HVAC SYSTEMS

• E2.1 Ventilation • E2.1.5 Eliminate outside air ventilation during • E2.1.1 Reduce HVAC systems outdoor airflow unoccupied building morning warm up. rates when possible. Minimum outdoor airflow • E2.1.6 Convert mixing air supply systems into rates should comply with ANSI/ASHRAE displacement ventilation systems to create a Standard 62.1 or local code requirements. temperature stratification in spaces with high • E2.1.2 Reduce minimum flow settings in single- ceilings and predominant cooling needs. duct and dual-duct variable-air-volume (VAV) • E2.1.7 Consider replacement of all-air HVAC terminals as low as is practical to meet system with ventilation requirements. • a combination of a dedicated outdoor air system • E2.1.3 Minimize exhaust and makeup coupled with radiant cooling and heating (ventilation) rates when possible by complying systems. with the most stringent federal, state, and/or • E2.1.8 Convert constant-volume central exhaust local code requirements. systems • E2.1.4 When available, use operable windows • into demand-based controlled central exhaust for ventilation during mild weather (natural systems when possible. ventilation) when outdoor conditions are • E2.1.9 Convert HVAC systems to provide optimal. Confirm that the facility has been ventilation in designed for natural ventilation and that control • strategies are available to operate the facility in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 the natural ventilation mode. E2 Distribution

• E2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems • E2.2.6 Install higher efficiency air filters/cleaners • E2.2.1 Convert a constant-air-volume system (CAV) in HVAC system. Size ducts and select filter sizes (including dual duct, multizone, and constant-volume for low face velocity to reduce pressure drop reheat systems) into a VAV system with variable speed where available space permits. drives (VFDs) on fan motors. A VAV system is designed to deliver only the volume of air needed for conditioning • E2.2.7 Insulate HVAC ducts and pipes, the actual load. particularly where they are outside the • E2.2.2 Control VAV system VFD speed based on the conditioned space. Ensure that duct insulation static pressure needs in the system. Reset the static and vapor barrier is maintained or enhanced to pressure set point dynamically, as low as is practical to ensure thermal performance and avoid water meet the zone setpoints. vapor intrusion. • E2.2.3 Reset VAV system supply air temperature setpoint when system is at minimum speed to provide adequate • E2.2.8 Check for air leaks in HVAC duct systems, ventilation. and seal ductwork as indicated. • E2.2.4 If conversion to VAV from CAV systems is • E2.2.9 Rebalance ducting and piping systems. impractical, reset supply air temperatures in response to • E2.2.10 Provide cooling effect by creating air load. movement with fans. • Dynamically control heating duct temperatures as low as possible, and cooling duct temperatures as high as • E2.2.11 Select cooling coils with a face velocity possible, while meeting the load. range of 300 to 350 fpm (1.5 to 1.75 m/s) to • E2.2.5 Use high-efficiency fans and pumps; replace or reduce the air pressure drop across the cooling trim impellers of existing fans if they have excessive coil and increase the chilled-water system capacity relative to peak demand. temperature differential across the system. E2 cont’d

• E2.2.12 Replace standard fan belts with • E2.2.16 Replace forced-air heaters with fan belts designed for minimum energy low- or medium temperature radiant losses, such as cog belts. heaters. • E2.2.13 Eliminate or downsize existing • E2.2.17 Replace inefficient window air HVAC equipment in an existing building or conditioners with high-efficiency (i.e., high group of buildings when improvements in SEER rating) modular units or central building envelope, reductions in lighting systems. or plug loads, and other EEMs that reduce cooling or heating loads have been implemented. • E2.2.14 Eliminate HVAC usage in vestibules and unoccupied spaces. • E2.2.15 Minimize direct cooling/heating of unoccupied areas by system zone controls, occupancy sensors or by turning off fan-coil units and unit heaters. E2 cont’d

• E2.2.18 Employ heat recovery from exhaust air • E2.2.24 Insulate fan-coil units and avoid their and processes for preheating or precooling installation in unconditioned spaces. incoming outdoor air or supply air. • E2.2.25 Clean heat exchangers (to maintain heat • E2.2.19 Install transpired air heating collector exchange efficiency) in the evaporators and (solar wall) for ventilation air preheating. condensers of refrigeration equipment on a • E2.2.20 Modify controls and/or systems to seasonal basis. implement night precooling to reduce cooling • E2.2.26 Use high-efficiency dehumidification energy consumption the following day. systems based on either dedicated outdoor air • E2.2.21 Use waste heat (e.g., hot gas, return air systems (DOAS) or VAV systems. heat, return hot water) as an energy source for • E2.2.27 Identify if there are any rogue zones reheating for humidity control.(Often air is (i.e., zones that determine the cooling or cooled to dew-point to remove moisture and heating demand on the entire system) in a then must be reheated to desired temperature multiple-zone air-handling system, and modify and humidity.) them to eliminate their negative impact. • E2.2.22 Avoid temperature stratification with • E2.2.28 Modify supply duct systems to eliminate heating, either by proper air supply system duct configurations that impose high friction design or by using temperature destratifiers losses on the system. (e.g., ceiling fans). • E2.2.29 Convert three-pipe heating/cooling • E2.2.23 In humid climates, supply air with a distribution systems to four-pipe or two-pipe temperature above the dew point to prevent systems. Eliminate simultaneous heating and condensation on cold surfaces. cooling through mixed returns. E2 cont’d

• E2.2.30 Convert steam or compressed air • E2.2.34 Replace unitary systems with humidifiers to ultrasonic or high-pressure newer units with high-efficiency and high humidifiers. SEER ratings. • E2.2.31 Replace mechanical • E2.2.35 Install evaporative precooling for dehumidification with desiccant systems direct-expansion (DX) systems. using heat-recovery regeneration. • E2.2.36 Install air-side heat recovery for • E2.2.32 Consider small unitary systems for systems using 100% makeup air (e.g., run- small zones with long or continuous around piping or energy exchange occupancy. Avoid running large wheels). distribution systems to meet needs of • E2.2.37 In reheat systems, making small, continuously occupied spaces. adjustments as necessary to minimize reheat energy consumption while • E2.2.33 Install thermostatic control valves maintaining indoor environmental quality. on uncontrolled or manually controlled • E2.2.38 In multiple-zone systems, identify radiators. any rogue zones that consistently cause the reset of system level setpoints in order to satisfy that one zone’s heating or cooling demands. E2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems

• E2.3.1 Create building/air-conditioned space • E2.3.8 Retrofit multiple-zone VAV systems with direct zones with separate controls to suit solar digital controls (DDC) controllers at the zone level, and exposure and occupancy. implement supply air duct pressure reset to reduce supply air duct pressure until at least one zone damper • E2.3.2 Use night setback, or turn off HVAC is nearly wide open. equipment when building is unoccupied. • E2.3.9 Eliminate duplicative zone controls (e.g., multiple • E2.3.3 Install occupancy sensors with VAV thermostats serving a single zone with independent systems; set back temperatures and shut off controls). boxes. • E2.3.10 Adjust hot-water and chilled-water temperature to develop peak-shaving strategies based on an outside • E2.3.4 Install system controls to reduce air temperature reset schedule. cooling/heating of unoccupied space. • E2.3.11 Adjust housekeeping schedule to minimize • E2.3.5 Lower heating and raise cooling HVAC use. temperature setpoints to match the comfort • E2.3.12 Install programmable zone thermostats with range prescribed in ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 55.8 appropriate dead bands. • E2.3.6 Install an air-side and/or water-side • E2.3.13 Use variable-speed drives (VSDs) and DDC on water circulation pump and fan motors and controls. economizer cycle with enthalpy switchover • E2.3.14 Reduce operating hours of complementing when compatible with the existing equipment, heating and cooling systems. Ensure proper location of space occupancy, and distribution system thermostat to provide balanced space conditioning. • E2.3.7 Schedule off-hour meetings in a location • E2.3.15 Implement an energy management system that does not require HVAC in the entire facility. (EMS) designed to optimize and adjust HVAC operations based on environmental conditions, changing uses, and timing. E3. REFRIGERATION

• E3.1 Reduce Loads • E3.1.8 Install humidity-responsive antisweat • E3.1.1 Install strip curtains or automatic heating (ASH) controls on refrigerated case fast open and close doors on refrigerated doors. space doorways. • E3.1.9 Install refrigerated case, walk-in, or • E3.1.2 Replace open refrigerated cases storage space lighting controls (scheduled with reach-in refrigerated cases. and/or occupancy sensors). • E3.1.3 Replace old refrigerated cases with • E3.1.10 Install night covers to reduce infiltration new high-efficiency models (improved in open cases. glazing, insulation, motor efficiency, and • E3.1.11 Install low/no ASH refrigerated case reduced anti-sweat requirements). doors. • E3.1.4 Replace worn door gaskets. • E3.1.12 Replace lights with LED strip lights with • E3.1.5 Replace broken or missing motion sensors in refrigerated cases and automatic door closers. spaces. • E3.1.6 Check defrost schedules and avoid • E3.1.13 Increase insulation on walk-in boxes excessive defrost. and storage spaces that have visible moisture or • E3.1.7 Repair/install refrigeration piping ice on walls, corners, etc. Ensure that insulation insulation on suction lines. and vapor barrier are maintained or enhanced to ensure thermal performance and avoid water vapor intrusion. E3 cont’d

• E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency • E3.2.8 Replace three-phase evaporator • E3.2.1 Clean condenser coils. and condenser motors with premium • E3.2.2 Check the refrigerant charge and add efficiency motors. when needed. • E3.2.9 Replace single compressor • E3.2.3 Reclaim heat from hot gas line for systems with multiplex systems and domestic water heating or space heating. control system. • E3.2.4 Install floating-head pressure controls, • E3.2.10 Install mechanical sub cooling. adjustable head pressure control valve, and balanced port expansion valves for DX • E3.2.11 Install mechanical unloaders on systems. appropriate multiplex reciprocating semi • E3.2.5 Install floating suction pressure hermetic compressors. controls on DX systems. • E3.2.12 Install VFD on ammonia screw • E3.2.6 Install evaporator fan motor VSDs and compressors. controllers in walk-ins and refrigerated • E3.2.13 Install high specific-efficiency storage spaces. (Btu/W) condensers. • E3.2.7 Replace single-phase, less than 1-hp evaporator fan motors with electrically • E3.2.14 Install hybrid air- cooled/evaporative-cooled condensers. commutated motors. E4. WATER SYSTEMS

• E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems • E4.1.7 Install solar heating where • E4.1.1 Lower domestic water applicable. setpoint temperatures to 120°F • E4.1.8 Replace dishwashers by installing (49°C) low-temperature systems that sanitize primarily through chemical agents rather • E4.1.2 Install point-of-use gas or than high water temperatures. electric water heaters. • E4.1.9 Retrofit dishwashers by installing • E4.1.3 Install water-heater blankets electric-eye or sensor systems in on water heaters. conveyor-type machines so that the presence of dishes moving along the • E4.1.4 Where permitted by the conveyor activates the water flow. manufacturer, and in conjunction • E4.1.10 Reduce operating hours for water- with the manufacturer’s control heating systems. system, install automatic flue • E4.1.11 Install gray water heat recovery dampers on fuel-fired water heaters. from showers, dishwashers, and washing • E4.1.5 Insulate hot-water pipes. machines. • E4.1.6 Reclaim heat from waste • E4.1.12 Install low-flow dishwashing water, refrigeration systems, prewash spray nozzles. cogeneration, or chillers. • E4.1.13 Replace outdated laundry equipment with newer models. E4 cont’d

• E4.2 Water Conservation • E4.2.6 Install landscape irrigation timers to • E4.2.1 Replace faucets with units that schedule sprinkler use to off-peak, night, or early morning hours when water rates are have infrared sensors or automatic cheaper and water used is less likely to shutoff. evaporate. • E4.2.2 Install water flow restrictors • E4.2.7 Use low-flow sprinkler heads for on shower heads and faucets. landscape irrigation instead of turf sprinklers in • E4.2.3 Install covers on swimming areas with plants, trees, and shrubs. pools and tanks. • E4.2.8 Use sprinkler controls for landscape irrigation that employ soil tensiometers or • E4.2.4 Install devices to save hot electric moisture sensors to help determine water by pumping water in the when soil is dry and to gauge the amount of distribution lines back to the water water needed. heater so that hot water is not • E4.2.9 Use trickle or subsurface drip systems for wasted. Install industrial landscape irrigation that provide water directly waste/sewage metering. to turf roots, preventing water loss by • E4.2.5 Install water metering. evaporation and runoff. • E4.2.10 Install low-flow toilets and waterless urinals • E4.2.11 Use water reclamation techniques. E5. ENERGY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION • E5.1 Boiler System • E5.1.4 Review operation of steam • E5.1.1 Install air-atomizing and low systems used only for occasional NOx burners for oil-fired boiler services, such as winter-only tracing • E5.1.2 Investigate economics of lines. adding insulation on presently • E5.1.5 Review pressure-level insulated or uninsulated lines. If pipe requirements of steam-driven or duct insulation is missing, replace mechanical equipment to consider it with new material. Ensure that the using lower exhaust pressure levels. pipe insulation and vapor barrier is • E5.1.6 Survey condensate presently maintained or enhanced to ensure being discharged to waste drains for thermal performance and avoid feasibility of reclaim or heat recovery. water vapor intrusion. • E5.1.7 Reduce boiler operating • E5.1.3 Review mechanical standby pressure to minimize heat losses turbines presently left in the idling through leakage. mode. E5 Chillers

• E5.2 Chiller System • E5.2.5 Isolate offline chillers and cooling • E5.2.1 Chiller retrofits with towers. equipment that has high efficiency at • E5.2.6 Reduce over pumping on chilled- full and part load. water systems. • E5.2.2 Cooling tower retrofits • E5.2.7 Replace single compressor with including high-efficiency fill, VSD multiple different size staged fans, fiberglass fans, hyperbolic stack compressors. extensions, fan controls, VSD pump • E5.2.8 Compressor motors. drives, and improved distribution • E5.2.9 Use of absorption chiller when nozzles. there is cogeneration system, waste • E5.2.3 Install economizer cooling heat, or solar thermal available. systems (HX between cooling tower • E5.2.10 Install double-bundle chillers for loop and chilled-water loop before heat recovery. the chiller). • E5.2.11 Free cooling cycle by piping • E5.2.4 Install evaporative cooled, chilled water to condenser during cold evaporative precooled, or water- weather. cooled condensers in place of air- cooled condensers. E5 cont’d

• E5.2.12 Prevent chilled water or condenser water flowing • E5.2.19 Optimize plant controls to raise evaporator temperature through the offline chiller. Chillers can be isolated by turning as high as possible while meeting system loads. Also optimize off pumps and closing valves. condenser water temperature control to achieve best • E5.2.13 For equipment cooling, control makeup water and combination of chiller and tower efficiency. reduce blowdown by adding temperature control valves to • E5.2.20 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. cooling water discharge lines in equipment such as air • E5.2.21 Control crankcase heaters off when they’re not needed. compressors and refrigeration systems. • E5.2.22 Raise evaporator or lower condenser water • E5.2.14 For evaporative cooling systems, install drift temperature. eliminators or repair existing equipment. • E5.2.23 Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. • E5.2.15 For evaporative cooling systems, install softeners for • E5.2.24 Use two-speed or variable-speed fans instead of water makeup water, side-stream filtration (including nanofiltration, bypass to modulate the cooling tower capacity. a form of low-pressure reverse osmosis), and side stream • injection of ozone. E5.2.25 Balance water flow in the chilled-water system. • • E5.2.16 For evaporative cooling systems, install sub meters for E5.2.26 Use VFDs for the primary chilled-water pumps above 5 makeup water and bleed-off water for equipment such as hp (3.7 kW). Consult chiller and tower manufacturers’ cooling towers that use large volumes of water. specifications to set appropriate minimum flow limits. • • E5.2.17 Evaporative cooling systems control cooling tower E5.2.27 Apply cooling load-based optimization strategies. bleed off based on conductivity by allowing bleed off within a • E5.2.28 Install water-source heat pumps (WSHPs) to augment high and narrow conductivity range. This will achieve high the capacity of the hot-water boiler and to reduce the cooling cycles of concentration in the cooling system and reduce water load on the existing chiller systems when heat is required. use in cooling towers. • E5.2.29 Trim impellers on all condenser water and chilled water • E5.2.18 Clean evaporator and condenser surfaces of fouling. pumps that are oversized. • E5.2.30 Replace all pump and fan motors with premium efficiency motors. E5 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps • E5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat • E5.3.6 With cool storage and VFDs on Pumps fans and pumps, consider use of low- • E5.3.1 Install cool storage to reduce temperature chilled water to reduce fan peak demand and lower electric bills. and pump energy. • E5.3.2 Install hot-water storage to • E5.3.7 Replace electrically powered air shave peaks of hot-water usage or to conditioning and heating units with heat store reclaimed energy from pumps. Consider geothermal or ground- combined heat and power systems or source heat pumps. waste heat from chillers for later use. • E5.3.8 Replace electric water heaters • E5.3.3 Install add-on heat pumps. with electric heat pump water heaters. • E5.3.4 Install secondary pumping • E5.3.9 The application of cogeneration systems. should be considered where use of both • E5.3.5 Install VFDs on secondary electrical and thermal energy can be pumps and replace most three-way achieved on a cost-effective basis. valves with two-way valves. E6 Lighting

• E6. NONRESIDENTIAL LIGHTING In implementing any of • E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades these EEMs, care should be taken to not compromise the • E6.3.1 Upgrade incandescent lamps in existing photometric distribution or any required light levels. luminaires with more effective sources, such as halogen, • E6.1 General. Check the current IES recommended light integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, solid state levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than (LED), or metal halide retrofit lamps. Alternatively, when the original lighting system was designed. Use these replace incandescent luminaires with luminaires using current recommended light levels to help shape all future these sources. lighting decisions, including those enumerated here. • E6.3.2 Upgrade T12 fluorescent luminaires with more • E6.2 Daylighting effective sources, such as high-performance T8 or T5 • E6.2.1 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate systems, by replacing lamps and ballasts, utilizing opportunities for daylight harvesting by determining the luminaire upgrade kits, or installing new luminaires. spatial daylight autonomy(ssDA) in accordance with IES LM- • E6.3.3 If the lighting system is already a high- 83. In spaces where sDA300,50% is greater than 55%, performance fluorescent system, consider replacing the consider installing daylight switching or daylight dimming lamps with reduced wattage lamps (where appropriate). controls (and appropriate ballasts if the lighting system is • E6.3.4 For fluorescent lighting, install high-performance fluorescent or HID) to reduce use of electric lighting. electronic ballasts that are multilevel or continuously • E6.2.2 In any spaces with fenestration, evaluate the need for dimmable with the appropriate controls. shading by determining the annual sunlight exposure (ASE) • E6.3.5 Replace mercury vapor or probe-start metal in accordance with IES LM-83. In spaces where ASE1000,250 halide HID luminaires with pulse-start metal halide or is greater than 10%, interior and/or exterior shading should high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent luminaires. be installed to reduce solar heat gain and cut down on heat • E6.3.6 Upgrade task and display lighting, including loss and control the amount of light entering the space from lighting in refrigeration and freezer cases, to more the exterior. effective sources such as LED. • E6.2.3 Install a skylight, tubular daylighting device, or sunlight delivery system to reduce the use of electric lighting and provide natural daylight to the internal spaces of the building. E6 Signage

• E6.4 Signage • E6.4.1 Evaluate upgrading standard fluorescent or neon • signage with more effective sources, such as high- performance • T8 or T5 fluorescent systems or solid-state (LED) systems. • E6.4.2 Upgrade all exit signs to solid state (LED). Supplemental • lighting may need to be added if the existing exit sign • also provided general lighting. E6 cont’d

• E6.5 Lighting Controls • E6.5.4 Use occupancy, vacancy, or motion sensors. Wherever applicable, these sensors should either be • E6.5.1 Reduce lighting use through manual-on or turn lighting on to no more than 50% of management and controlled systems. In lighting power. general, consider bringing the lighting control protocols for the building up to ASHRAE/IES • E6.5.5 Use controls to provide multiple light levels or Standard 90.1-2010 (Section 9.4.1) standards; dimming where appropriate. this includes the following. • E6.5.6 Recircuit or rezone lighting to allow personnel to • E6.5.2 Reduce operating hours for lighting only turn on zones based on use rather than operating systems through the use of controls and the entire lighting system. building management systems. This includes • E6.5.7 Install personal lighting controls so individual the use of shut-off controls, such as time occupants can vary the light levels within their spaces. switches. • E6.5.8 Consider installation of lighting systems that • E6.5.3 Use reduced lighting levels, including facilitate load shed requests from the electric utility or off, when spaces are unoccupied, during energy aggregator. nighttime hours, for restocking, cleaning and security. Whenever possible move restocking • E6.5.9 Evaluate turning emergency lighting off or to a and cleaning operations to normal operating lower level when a building or portion of a building is hours. completely unoccupied, without sacrificing safety requirements. E6 Lighting

• E6.6 Exterior Lighting • E6.6.2.1 Signs that are meant to be on for • E6.6.1 Use automatic controls that can some part of daylight hours should be reduce outdoor lighting levels or turn reduced in power by at least 65% during lights off when either sufficient daylight is nighttime hours. All other sign lighting should available or when lighting is not needed. automatically turn off during daylight hours All façade and landscape lighting should and reduced in power by at least 30% from an be off from an hour after closing until an hour after closing until an hour before hour before opening. All other lighting opening. These controls are not applicable to should be reduced by at least 30% during sign lighting using metal halide, high-pressure that same time frame or when a motion sodium, induction, cold cathode, or neon sensor detects no activity for 15 minutes. lamps that are automatically reduced by at These controls are not applicable to least 30% during nighttime hours. lighting for covered vehicle entrances or • E6.6.3 When selecting new outdoor exits from buildings or parking structures luminaires, consider the amount of backlight, where required for safety, security, or eye uplight, and glare delivered by each luminaire adaptation. type to improve functionality and minimize • E6.6.2 Reduce power levels or turn environmental impacts. See Section 5.3.3 of exterior signage off when appropriate. ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1- 2011, Standard for the Design of High- Performance Green Buildings. E6 Luminaires

• E6.7 Luminaire Layout • E6.8.1 Implement a plan to • E6.7.1 Consider using lower levels recycle lamps, ballasts, and of general illumination overall luminaires removed from the and then supplement with task building. lighting where needed. • E6.8.2 Consider updating lighting • E6.7.2 Consider new layouts that systems to provide for demand may maximize efficiency and response capability so that reduce the total connected lighting loads are reduced during lighting load. Consider plug and- periods of peak electricity play systems to provide flexibility demand. These types of systems as space use changes. can provide day-to-day energy • E6.8 Other savings in addition to demand response capability. E7. RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING

• E7.1 General • E7.1.3 Select lamps appropriate for use in • E7.1.1 Replace incandescent lamps with enclosed luminaires, outdoor applications, halogen, integrally ballasted compact and cold temperature applications, and fluorescent, or solid state (LED) retrofit lamps in for use with dimming controls. Check the existing luminaires. packaging or manufacturer’s website for • E7.1.2 Color temperature indicates the color guidance. appearance of the light produced by the lamp. Halogen lamps are a more energy-efficient form of incandescent technology and will deliver light similar to incandescent lamps. Linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and solid state (LED) lamps are available in a variety of color temperatures. Lamps with color temperatures of 2700 K and 3000 K will deliver the most incandescent-like light. Lamps with a color temperature of 3500 K deliver a neutral, white light. Lamps with color temperatures of 4000 K and higher will deliver cooler, white light; the higher the color temperature number, the cooler the light. E7’cont.

• E7.1.4 Use energy efficient technologies such as • E7.2.4 When replacing fluorescent ballasts or fluorescent, compact fluorescent, or solid state installing new fluorescent luminaires, evaluate (LED) in applications with the longest operating using electronic dimming ballasts with the times. appropriate dimming controls. • E7.1.5 Use a whole-home lighting control • E7.2.5 Evaluate adding daylight-sensing controls system that provides energy-saving features, for general illumination lighting in rooms with such as dimming, occupancy sensing, and windows or skylights. Use in combination with daylight harvesting, and allows occupants to dimming systems so that the electric light level turn all the lights off from a single location or can be adjusted based on the amount of remotely. daylight available. • E7.2 Interior • E7.2.6 Install vacancy sensors to automatically • E7.2.1 Replace on/off switches with dimming turn off lighting in closets, storage, work rooms, controls, vacancy sensors, or count-down garages, and exterior buildings when the space timers. Use dimming controls, vacancy sensors, has been vacated for 15 minutes. or count-down timers for lights or fans in • E7.2.7 Add task lighting that utilizes energy- bathrooms. Use vacancy sensors in garages, efficient technologies, such as fluorescent and laundry rooms, closets, and utility rooms. solid state (LED), and reduce or eliminate • E7.2.2 By replacing lamps and ballasts or overhead lighting. installing new luminaires. Ballasts should be FCC • E7.3 Exterior rated for residential use. • E7.3.1 Install time switches and/or motion • E7.2.3 Evaluate replacing incandescent and sensors to control outdoor lighting. halogen luminaires with dedicated compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) luminaires. E8. ELECTRIC SYSTEMS, MOTORS

• E8.1 Install energy-efficient • E8.6 Replace existing one-phase, 1 hp transformers. Use infrared cameras (746 W) and less motors with to identify high-heat-loss electrically commutated motors. transformers. • E9. APPLIANCES • E8.2 Install electrical meters for sub • E9.1 Install appliances (clothes metering lighting, elevators, plug washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, loads, and HVAC equipment. freezers, refrigerators, room air • E8.3 Reduce demand charges cleaners and purifiers, office through load shedding, operational equipment, and televisions) that are changes, and procedural changes. certified as ENERGY STAR® compliant. • E8.4 Replace oversized electric • E9.2 Reduce plug loads, using devices motors with right-sized or slightly to shut off equipment not being used oversized motors. (use occupancy sensors or timers). • E8.5 Replace existing three-phase, 1 • E9.3 Install vending-machine hp (746 W) and greater electric controllers. motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors). ASHRAE Journal 2006

Coil Cleaning (Chemical) Saves Energy ▪ 14% improvement pressure drop across coil ▪ 25% increase in thermal efficiency of coil sensible heat transfer ▪ 10% increase in latent heat transfer ▪ Better “comfort” and set point approach for occupants ▪ De-fouling and cleaning of coil surfaces ▪ Large AHU resulted in $10K savings per year per AHU ASHRAE Conference Paper 2015

Coil Cleaning (UVGI) “Ultra-violet germicidal irradiation” Saves Energy: Preliminary findings are: o Approximate 12% decrease in pressure drops across coil o De-fouling and cleaning of surface of coil o UVC light inactivates biological organisms o Increase in heat transfer coefficient of approximately 14% Clean or replace Dirty Coils Inspect Mechanical Rooms and Dirty Coils During and After…..

EXAMPLES AND PHOTOS OF ECMS, EEMS, ETC.

101 DOAS setup (With Enthalpy Wheels) VFD’s –Variable Speed Drives

• A VFD often is specified to reduce operational cost for pumps, fans, compressors, or any similar equipment with variable load profiles that may be found in a typical building. Power varies inversely as cube root of speed - ^ Big Savings^ Radiant Heating/Cooling-Slab and Panels

104 Radiant ceiling panels Natural Ventilation

Natural Ventilation • During mild weather, operable windows allow for natural ventilation.

• Automatic windows are controlled and operated primarily to support nighttime pre-cooling.

• Occupants are notified when conditions allow for manual windows to be opened.

106 Taj Mahal and Natural Ventilation Energy Management is Essential Labyrinth Thermal Storage • Massive, staggered concrete structures in the basement crawl space stores thermal energy to provide passive heating and cooling of the building.

109 Thermal Storage (cold water) Ice Storage Seal Leaky pipes and holes in Enclosures Adjust Hot water Distribution Repair Broken AHU parts Re-install disconnected parts Schedule Dedicated Outside Air Unit timings, calibrations and dampering Regulate Toilet and Kitchen Exhaust Install Window, Door, Building Shading Use Solar Thermal Water Heating when practical Use Thermal Imaging to spot Energy Loss “Renewables” Concept ??? Renewables ???

• Solar • Wind • Geothermal • Biomass • And others (including Hydroelectricity, Ocean Power, etc.) Renewables such as Solar PV Solar Water Heating

• Deliver hot water • Reliable, low maintenance • Low Temperature – Swimming pool heating • Medium Temperature – Domestic water and space heating – Commercial cafeterias, laundries, hotels – Industrial process heating • High Temperature – Industrial process heating – Electricity generation • Guideline for PV apply to solar thermal systems Grid-connected PV System

• Photovoltaic cells directly transform solar energy to an electrical energy • DC converted to AC by inverter • Solid‐state electronics, no‐moving parts •

PV cell efficiency ranges by type Jim NREL Source: Leyshon, Single Crystal Multi-Crystal Thin Film Cadmium Telluride CIGS

14 to 23% 13 to 17% 6 to 11% 10% to 11% 12% to 14% Photovoltaic System Renewables such as Solar PV Geothermal Technology Applications

• Direct Use - Using hot water from springs or reservoirs near the surface.

• Electricity generation – Using steam, heat or hot water from deep inside the earth to drive turbines.

• Geothermal heat pumps – Using the earth, groundwater, or surface water as a heat source and heat sink Bioenergy Technology Applications

• Types of biomass – Organic matter (plants, residues from agriculture, forestry) – Organic components of municipal and industrial wastes

• Biomass technology breaks down organic matter to release stored energy

• Biomass can heat buildings and produce electricity.

• Consider this resource if there is a permanent, steady stream of biomass resource within a 80-km radius

• Especially good for Combined Heat and Power needs Biofuels Innovations Energy Systems Integration (Smart-Grid) Daylighting CALCULATIONS Sample-Examples of calculations (1 of 6)

• Start Stop Savings (cooling) involves using the building thermal transmission factor x area x (Avg. summer setpoint-summer setpoint) x hrs/week x weeks of summer x rate of energy per ton of refrigeration x load factor, all divided by 12,000 BTU/hr conversion factor. Electricity cost is used at $0.07/kw-hr: 0.10 BTU/hr F sq ft x 41603 sq ft x (78-74) F x 56 hrs x 24 weeks x 1.5kw/ton x $0.07/kwhr/ 12,000 BTU/hr ton =$195/yr • Start Stop Savings (heating) involves using the building thermal transmission factor x area x (Avg. winter setpoint-winter low limit setpoint) x hrs/wk x weeks of winter x load factor, all divided by heating efficiency of the system x energy value of the fuel used. Fuel cost is used at $2.89/gal:0.10 BTU/hr F sq ft x 41603 sq ft x (72-55) F x 56 hrs x 27 weeks x $2.89/ gal/0.7 x 145,000 BTU/ gal =$3,044/yr • Start Stop Savings (Aux) involves using the cumulative horsepower of fans/pumps/motors x (0.746 kW/HP) x hrs/wk x (weeks of summer + winter) x load factor x fraction of availability x $0.07/kwhr: 25 HP x 0.746 kW/HP x 56 hours/week x 52 weeks/yr x.5 x.75 x $0.07/kwhr = $1,425/yr • Cont’d.

134 More Samples-Examples of calculations (cont’ 2 of 6 )

• For hot water reset and optimization at the boilers, calculations use the Annual full- load equivalent hours of heating x factor of efficiency increase (0.04 as base) x maximum capacity of boiler/all divided by heating efficiency of the system x energy value of the fuel used. Fuel cost is used at $2.89/gal: 525 hours x 0.04 x 5.5MBTU/hr x $2.89/gal/0.65 x 145,000 BTU/gal = $354/yr • Cont’d.

135 Adjust Hot Water Tempering Valves More Samples-Examples of calculations (cont’ 2 of 6 )

• Outside air limit operations for these buildings are useful for the heating energy to be saved. Summer time does not offer much savings. For the winter curtailment operations, calculations use the average number of hours in daytime during the heating months when the OAT was above 65-70 °F x factor x HP affected x 0.746kw/HP x $0.07/kw-hr: 800 hours x.3 x 25HP x.746kw/HP x $0.07 = $313/yr • Optimal Start-stop based on holding off cooling and heating operations until conditions are met are calculated to be the average number of hours saved from operating the cooling/heating equipment per building per yr, using $2.89 for fuel savings and $0.07/kw-hr electrical costs: 80 hours x (25HP x 0.746 kW/HP at pumps and fans) + (1M BTU/hr at boiler) + (20 ton at chiller) x $0.07 = $2,174/yr • Cont’d.

137 More Samples--Examples of calculations (cont’ 3 of 6)

• For chiller water reset and chiller optimization at the chillers, calculations use the Annual full-load equivalent hours of cooling x factor of efficiency increase (0.022/°F as base) x # degrees of reset x maximum ton capacity of chiller x rate of energy per ton of refrigeration. Electricity cost is used at $0.07/kw-hr: 170 tons x 1.5 kW/ton x 0.022 x 2 °F x 762 hours x $0.07/kwhr=$598/yr • Morning Warm-up can be calculated using, the amount of cfm of AHUs on the site x the percent OA average x (winter setpoint – average winter temperature) x 1.09 BTU/cfm- F-hr x days that warm up is required x (warm up hours -.25) hrs/divided by Heating efficiency x heating value of fuel: 300,000 cfm x.15 x (72-50) F x 1.08 BTU/cfm-hr-F x 234 days x (2-.25) hours x $2.89/gal /0.7 x 145,000 BTU/gal = $12,446/yr

• Cont’d. 138 More Samples--Examples of calculations (4 of 6)

• Economizer operations can be calculated as, 1.08 x cfm available at the air handling units x Delta T of the air (use 5 °F) x the# of hours during occupied times that the OAT is between 50-64 °F x $0.07 /kWh/divided by 3413 kW/BTU/hr: 1.08 x 20,000cfm x 5 °F x 320 hours/yr x $0.07/3413 kW/BTU/hr=$708/yr • Maintenance and Alarming Savings can be calculated by, one-man-visit (2-4 hours) per major system per building: 4 hours x 12 major systems x $30/hour= 1,440/yr • Common area energy savings due to turning on/off fan coil units are calculated using # of fan coil units x HP energy value saved x (0.746 kW/HP) x $0.07/kw-hr: 10 FCUs x 0.5 HP/FCU x.746kw/HP x 4 hours/day x 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr = $381/yr

139 More Samples--Examples of calculations (5 of 6 )

• Recalculation of ventilation requirements; involves recalculating ventilation requirements from one version of ASHRAE Std. 62.1 to another; Original ventilation required 4000 cfm; Recalculated at 2500 cfm. Savings is 1.08 x cfm available at the (DOAS) air handling units x Delta T of the air (use average of 20 °F) x the# of hours during occupied times x $0.07 /kWh/divided by 3413 kW/BTU/hr: 1.08 x (4000-2500 cfm) x 20 °F x 2080 hours/yr x $0.07/3413 kW/BTU/hr=$1,382/yr

140 T-8 and T-5 Fluorescents (ceiling) Retrofits More Samples--Examples of calculations (6 of 6 )

• Lighting savings (turned off) are calculated using, # kW of lights that can be saved x # of hours to save per day x 365 days per yr x $0.07/kw-hr: 2 kW x 10 hours/day x 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr=$511/yr • Change of Lighting (fluorescent to LCD) are calculated by the change in the KW of the old bulbs versus the new bulb x number of bulbs per x number of fixtures x # of hours to save per day x 365 days per yr x $0.07/kw-hr: (28-18) W x 4 x 100 fixtures x 10 hours/day 365 days/yr x $0.07/kwhr / (1000) = $1,022/yr

142 Sample-Summary of ECM’s

ELECTRICAL THERMAL MAINTENANCE Total All; Electrical , Simple KW MBtu/ Maintenan Thermal, payback ECM# DESCRIPTION KW/h per year Demand $$/year year $$/year ce/ year Maintenance Investment($) (years)

BAS to large CON-1 buildings 1.8M N/A 130K 14.5K 288.5K 1.5K 420K $US-2.2M. 5.3

CON-2 BAS to rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.6M 16.4

Thermostats to CON-3 rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.25M 12.8

PC + basewide BAS ADDS- 0.3- communication 1.6 TO CON- CON-4 system N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $US-155K 1&2

143 Sample Summary of ECM’s Sample-Summary of ECM’s

ELECTRICAL THERMAL MAINTENANCE Total All; Electrical , Simple KW MBtu/ Maintenan Thermal, payback ECM# DESCRIPTION KW/h per year Demand $$/year year $$/year ce/ year Maintenance Investment($) (years)

BAS to large CON-1 buildings 1.8M N/A 130K 14.5K 288.5K 1.5K 420K $US-2.2M. 5.3

CON-2 BAS to rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.6M 16.4

Thermostats to CON-3 rooms 428K N/A 30K 3,411 68K 0 98K $US-1.25M 12.8

PC + basewide BAS ADDS- 0.3- communication 1.6 TO CON- CON-4 system N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A $US-155K 1&2

145 Summarize Energy: Opportunities

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Documenting

146 I Thank you very much for inviting me to Speak about Energy Conservation & Efficiency, Energy Audits, and Examples