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The Physical Activity of Parturition in Ancient Egypt: Textual and Epigraphical Sources

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The physical activity of parturition in ancient Egypt: textual and epigraphical sources Susanne Töpfer (*) (*) Institute of Egyptology, University of Heidelberg. [email protected] Dynamis Fecha de recepción: 4 de diciembre de 2012 [0211-9536] 2014; 34 (2): 317-335 Fecha de aceptación: 4 de febrero de 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0211-95362014000200003 SUMMARY: 1.—Introduction. 2.—Sources. 2.1.—Temples and birth-houses. 2.2.—Astronomical and mythological texts. 2.3.—Birth brick. 2.4.—Magical texts. 3.—Conclusion. ABSTRACT: Many medical and magical texts concerning childbirth and delivery are known from ancient Egypt. Most of them are spells, incantations, remedies and prescriptions for the woman in labour in order to accelerate the delivery or protect the unborn child and parturient. The medical and magical texts do not contain any descriptions of parturition itself, but there are some literary, astronomical and mythological texts, as well as a few incantations, which describe the biological act of childbirth and also miscarriage in more detail. Besides the textual sources, the decoration of temple walls and mammisis (birth houses), as well as illustrations on a birth brick provide an insight into the moment of delivery. In this paper, I focus on the «scientific» depiction of the biological act of childbirth, on how it is described in non-medical sources. Although the main sources are mythological-theological texts with numerous analogies, it is remarkable how many details they provide. They contain descriptions that would be expected in the context of medical sources. PALABRAS CLAVE: aborto espontáneo, cordón umbilical, parteras, casas de parto, ladrillo de parto. KEY WORDS: miscarriage, umbilical cord, midwives, mammisi, birth brick. 1. Introduction Gynaecological concepts including fertility and sexuality as well as childbirth and children’s health are the topic in numerous sources from Pharaonic till Roman times (2nd millennium BC till the 3rd century AD). Most of them 318 Susanne Töpfer Dynamis 2014; 34 (2): 317-335 are medical and magical or rather medical-magical papyri 1 . The medical- magical manuscripts contain spells, incantations, remedies and prescriptions for women’s and children’s diseases —mainly of the womb, the vulva, the bladder and the stomach— for the woman in labour, to accelerate the delivery or to protect the unborn child and the parturient as well as prognoses about fertility, contraception and delivery. In general, the focus of these texts lies on the health and the protection of the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal woman and the unborn foetus, the newborn child or the infant. Remarkably, the medical texts do not contain any description of the parturition itself and as well there are no magical incantations and spells which have to be recited at the moment of delivery. The gynaecological texts do not deal with parturition, but only with the problems before and afterwards. It is astonishing that this fundamental activity is not being treated at any length in these texts since there is even a hieroglyph of a woman giving birth: . On the basis of some literary, astronomical and mythological texts, however, we learn in more detail about the biological act of childbirth and also miscarriage and premature birth in Ancient Egypt. Although these sources contain numerous analogies and explain a divine birth, it is remarkable how many details they provide. Besides the textual sources, the decoration of temple walls and mammisis 2 as well as the illustration on one single birth brick provide an insight into the moment of delivery. 1. There was no separation of medicine and magic in the Egyptian belief. With a separation in medical and magical texts I want to accentuate the key aspect of the text. In a «medical text» no apparent magical actions are performed or drugs with magical connotation are applied. In the opposite sense «magical texts» are spells or charms without explicit medication. On the topic: Ritner, Robert K. The mechanics of ancient Egyptian magical practice. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; 1993; Quack, Joachim F. Rezension zu Westendorf «Handbuch der altägyptischen Medizin». Orientalische Literaturzeitung. 1999; 94: 455-462; Schneider, Thomas. Die Waffe der Analogie. Altägyptische Magie als System. In: Gloy, Karen; Bachmann, Manuel, eds. Das Analogiedenken. Vorstöße in ein neues Gebiet der Rationalitätstheorie. Freiburg: Alber; 2000, p. 37-85; Fischer-Elfert, Hans-Werner. Altägyptische Zaubersprüche. Stuttgart: Reclam; 2005, p. 9-32. See also for Mesopotamian texts: Geller, Markham J. Ancient Babylonian Medicine. Theory and Practice. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010, p. 161-167. 2. An Egyptological term for a birth house inside a temple complex where the birth of the divine child was celebrated. On the term: Daumas, François. Les mammisis des temples égyptiens. Paris: Les Belles Lettres; 1958, p. 15-27; Kockelmann, Holger. Mammisi (Birth House). In: Wendrich, Willeke, ed. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Los Angeles; 2011. Available from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xj4k0ww [accessed 30 Nov 2012]. The physical activity of parturition in ancient Egypt: textual and epigraphical sources 319 Dynamis 2014; 34 (2): 317-335 In this paper I want to focus on the physical act of childbirth and how it is described in non-medical sources. What can we find out about the obstetric position of the parturient and the posture of the midwives? In which way is the parturition described and displayed? Which terms are used? What can be said on the management of the afterbirth and the umbilical cord? Why do we have the physical description of childbirth in mythological and astronomical sources but not in medical texts? 2. Sources The initial text for the research is from papyrus Westcar (around 1600 BC), which comprises five stories 3 . The fifth story is a prophecy of the birth of three kings. The description of the birth-scene is as follows (col. IX.21-X.13): «One of these days it happened that Reddedet took sick and it was with difficulty that she gave birth. The Majesty of Ra (=the sun-god) (...) said to Isis, Nephthys, Meskhenet, Heket, and Khnum: May you proceed that you may deliver Reddedet of the three children who are in her womb (...) These goddesses proceed, and they transformed themselves into musicians, with Khnum accompanying them carrying the pack. When they reached the house of Rawosre, they found him standing with his apron untied (...) he said to them: My ladies, see, there is a woman in labor, and her bearing is difficult. They said to him: Let [us] see her, for we are knowledgeable about childbirth (...) Then they locked the room on her and on themselves. Isis placed herself in front of her, Nephthys behind her, and Heket hastened the childbirth. Isis then said: Do not be strong in her womb in this your name of Wosref. This child slipped forth upon her hands as a child one cubit long (...) They washed him after his umbilical cord had been cut, and he was placed upon a cushion on bricks. Then Meskhenet approached him, and she said: A king who will exercise the kingship in this entire land!» 4 3. Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, inv.-no. P. 3033. For the edition of the manuscript see: Blackmann, Aylward M. The Story of King Kheops and the magicans. Reading: JV Books; 1988; Lepper, Verena. Untersuchungen zu pWestcar. Eine philologische und literaturwissenschaftliche (Neu-) Analyse. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz; 2008. On the problematic of the dating of the text: Burkhard, Günther; Thissen, Heinz J. Einführung in die Altägyptische Literaturgeschichte. Altes und Mittleres Reich. Münster: Lit; 2003, p. 178-180. 4. Translation after: Simpson, William Kelly. King Cheops and the magicians. In: Simpson, William Kelly, ed. The literature of ancient Egypt. An anthology of stories, instructions, stelae, 320 Susanne Töpfer Dynamis 2014; 34 (2): 317-335 In this tale we are told three important things, on which I will focus in more detail: 1. the position of the divine midwives; 2. the acceleration of the childbirth; 3. the management of the newborn. 2.1.1. Temples and Birth-Houses An interesting depiction of the first scene is a sequence of reliefs showing the myth of the birth of the god king in some temples of the New Kingdom (14th century BC) 5 as well as at the mammisis of the temples of the Ptolemaic-Roman period (332 BC-1st century AD) 6 . The reliefs illustrate the procreation of the child by the god Amun and the queen, the creation of the child in the womb by the god Khnum, the childbirth as well as the aftercare and rendition of destiny to the godlike king. The birth-scene is nearly the same in the temples of the New Kingdom and the mammisis of the Ptolemaic-Roman period. In the version of the temple at Luxor (see figure 1), the parturient is sitting on a throne in the middle of the upper level of a bed, supported by two kneeling midwives behind and in front of her, surrounded by genii and apotropaic beings. Behind the two midwives are further supportive servants or midwives. Two cowering women on the right side hold the newborn child. The third cowering woman seems to be an intermediary between these two sequences: with the left hand she holds the infant and the lost right was possible stretched out to the kneeling midwife in front of her. Therefore, the topmost scene shows two stages of child-birth: the woman in labour at the moment of delivery (ejection phase), and the post-partum moment, in which the newborn child is in the hands of the nurses (afterbirth stage). autobiographies and poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2003, p. 21-22. The description of the birth is the same for the two other kings.
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