Innovation in Europe’s Cities A report by LSE Cities on Bloomberg Philanthropies’ 2014 Mayors Challenge Cascai Sintra Brag Po rt s Odiv a K o Lisbon Coimbr Guimarãe Dublin elas Pl Cádiz Cardif ymouth Santander irkle a B Bournemout Brighton irmingham León To Manche Pa s Li Va Ne Blackpool rrejón ve Malaga Le Bristo Madr rl Bres lladolid wc a rpoo iceste Burgo Granad Southampto f Murcia

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1 Sub heading LSE Cities report team LSE Cities Ricky Burdett, Editor London School of Economics Peter Griffiths,Writer and Researcher and Political Science Catarina Heeckt, Coordinator Houghton Street Francis Moss, Information Designer London WC2A 2AE Shan Vahidy, Copy Editor United Kingdom

+44 (0)20 7955 7706 LSE Cities evaluation team [email protected] Ricky Burdett, Director, LSE Cities www.lsecities.net Peter Griffiths,Researcher, LSE Cities Catarina Heeckt, Researcher, LSE Cities This report is intended as a basis for discussion. Philipp Rode, Executive Director, LSE Cities While every effort has been made to ensure the Tony Travers, Professor, Department of accuracy of the material in this report, the authors Government, LSE and/or LSE Cities will not be liable for any loss or damage incurred through the use of this report. Special thanks The 13 judges we interviewed for this report Design The 15 LSE students, from across Europe, Atelier Works, London who provided invaluable language support, particularly during the early stages of research Photography Greg Clark, City and Regional Development Page 4: Amos Chapple Advisor Page 23, 31: Marcus Bredt Page 27: Olga Lutina Page 29: Ocean/Corbis Page 35: Tupungato

Press contact information For more information on the Mayors Challenge or for requests for interviews or to republish parts of this report, please contact: [email protected] Sub heading

2 Contents Bloomberg Philanthropies About Conclusion Innovation collaboration and Tools and approaches Reflections Warsaw Stockholm Europe: an urban continent An Urban Age Foreword About this report Bibliography Proposals Finalist International Jury The Mayors Challenge LSE Cities Kirklees Athens Barcelona (Grand Prize Winner) Winners Environment: securing the future Health and Well-being: aiding healthy living Social Inclusion: building trust and value Civic Engagement: facilitating citizen action Economy: doing more with less Five Core Themes Participation in the Mayors Challenge 2014 European Mayors Challenge 36 46

42 5 32 40 45 49

44 20 16 44 44 46 46 34 30 48 24 22 47 47 38 28 26 18 6 8 5 With its dense urban fabric, iconic monuments and continually evolving cityscape, Barcelona epitomises the European city. Sub heading

4 About this report Foreword James Anderson Government Innovation Programme Lead, Innovation in European Cities sets out the context for Bloomberg Philanthropies Bloomberg Philanthropies’ European Mayors Challenge. It gives an overview of the key themes One of the many things that comes across We are grateful to have partnered with LSE Cities facing European cities today and provides an powerfully in this LSE Cities report is the near on the competition and this report. We benefited independent analysis of the 155 submissions to the universal need for local governments to adapt. greatly from the rigorous analysis provided by LSE award and a detailed review of the five winning Whether a result of the continued fall-out of Cities' researchers and from the strategic guidance proposals. It has been carried out by LSE Cities, the economic crisis, changing demographics or of its leadership. a research centre based at the London School of the widening trust gap between citizens and their The final pages of this report conclude that Economics and Political Science, which specialises leaders, Europe’s cities are today being asked to the Mayors Challenge “confirms that at a time of in understanding the dynamics between the urban change what they do, change what they fund and general disillusionment with systems of governance, form and urban society. change how they work. local government has the capacity to be resilient Throughout 2014, researchers from LSE Cities It is against this backdrop that Bloomberg and pro-active in ways that national governments provided input to Bloomberg Philanthropies on Philanthropies launched the European Mayors and international institutions find difficult.” the political and demographic make-up of selected Challenge, a competition for bold ideas that solve We couldn’t agree more. In times of great European cities, and carried out an objective major challenges and improve city life and have the change, that’s a capacity we want to continue to assessment of the level of innovation shown by the potential to spread to other cities. The programme elevate, celebrate and support. shortlisted proposals. In writing this report, we also is a celebration of the tremendous creativity that interviewed representatives from the winning cities. exists within local governments, as well as a call The report draws on this work as well as research to arms for cities to push further and faster to on the social, economic and political dynamics anticipate the changing needs and expectations of of cities at a global and European level, a wider their citizens. lens through which to better view and understand And push they did. In generating new the themes uncovered by the European Mayors approaches, cities utilised open innovation strategies Challenge. that broadly engaged organisations, industry and The report is organised into four parts. The first individual citizens to define problems and co-create offers an overview of global dynamics in an urban solutions. They thought strategically about building age, the second identifies the key themes addressed support for their innovations, developed robust by the submissions for the award and the third metric and measurement plans, and took advantage focuses on the five winning proposals. The report of Europe’s strong intra-city networks by leveraging concludes by offering a series of reflections on what the experience of other people in other places when the European Mayors Challenge tells us about some considering new approaches. One of the notable of the key issues facing city governments across (and inspiring) themes observed is that practically Europe today, and what lessons might be drawn every solution was concerned with connecting from the Challenge, worldwide. people to each other, either through the institutions of local government or through the better use of public spaces.

5 Moscow

London

Seattle

Ürümqi Chicago Madrid Istanbul New York Beijing Tehran Los Angeles Tokyo Cities are growing larger at an unprecedented rate, Dallas Shanghai Chongqing Delhi but the pattern of growth is unequally distributed Cairo Riyadh Karachi across the surface of the globe. Europe and North Dhaka America had their major growth spurt in the Havana Kolkata Mexico City Hong Kong th 19 century; Latin American and Japanese cities Mumbai grew exponentially at the end of the 20th century. Manila Over the next 15 years, Asia will see a dramatic Ho Chi Minh City expansion in urban populations, followed by sub-Saharan Africa (where income levels are still Lagos 50% of population is urban Bogotá very low). At the same time, European and North Kuala Lumpur American cities are adapting to different challenges 80% of GDP is produced by cities caused by deindustrialisation, globalisation and – in 70% of energy is consumed by cities Fortaleza some cases – shrinking urban populations. Jakarta Kinshasa Dar es Salaam Cities have always been based around the flow fast-changing world. Some Asian cities are models of people, goods and capital. The information of sustainable growth. Some North American cities Lima

age has accelerated the process of urbanisation, are leading the field in environmental planning and Brasília rather than reducing its pace. We know that over economic regeneration. Certain Latin American 50% of the world’s people are urban dwellers. cities in particular have demonstrated innovation by São Paulo But together they punch well above their weight, pioneering new transport and governance systems. Johannesburg generating about 80% of global Gross Domestic European cities are responding to a variety of Brisbane Product (GDP). Cities are the engines of the global political, social and economic conditions that reflect Santiago Cape Town An Urban Age economy and contribute significantly to poverty a period of uneven growth and varying stability. Buenos Aires Sydney alleviation, but risk becoming seething cauldrons of Across the globe, cities are reinventing models of social inequality. At the environmental level, cities urban governance and civic engagement that reflect are responsible for around 60% of global energy the major environmental, social and economic consumption and over 70% of global greenhouse challenges of our time. Bloomberg Philanthropies’ gas emissions. Mayors Challenge has been designed to capture Whether they are growing or shrinking, cities and encourage innovation in cities, starting with and their governments have always shown resilience cities in the United States in 2012-2013 and moving in finding new solutions, adapting quickly to a to European cities in 2013-2014.

6

0 1,250 2,500 5,000 Kilometers

717_popgdp_popun

Population Growth

0.000000 - 1.000000

1.000001 - 2.000000

2.000001 - 3.000000

3.000001 - 4.000000

4.000001 - 5.000000

5.000001 - 5.813572

717_popgdp_popun

Population Growth

-1.354104 - 1.000000

1.000001 - 0.000000 Patterns of Cityglobal Population change (2012)

Population (2012)

38m 20m 10m 0.5m Moscow

London Average annual population Seattle growth forecast 2012-2030 (%)

-2 Ürümqi Chicago Istanbul -1 Madrid Beijing New York 0 Tehran 1 Los Angeles Tokyo 2 Dallas Shanghai 3 Chongqing Delhi 4 Cairo 5 Riyadh Karachi Dhaka 6 Havana Kolkata Mexico City Hong Kong Mumbai

Manila Ho Chi Minh City

Lagos Bogotá Kuala Lumpur

Fortaleza Jakarta Kinshasa Dar es Salaam

Lima

Brasília

São Paulo Johannesburg Brisbane

Santiago Cape Town Buenos Aires Sydney

7

0 1,250 2,500 5,000 Kilometers

717_popgdp_popun

Population Growth

0.000000 - 1.000000

1.000001 - 2.000000

2.000001 - 3.000000

3.000001 - 4.000000

4.000001 - 5.000000

5.000001 - 5.813572

717_popgdp_popun

Population Growth

-1.354104 - 1.000000

1.000001 - 0.000000 A unique urban tradition innovate and work together if they are not to be Bloomberg Philanthropies has focused its lens on left behind. a region of the world where the majority of cities The towns and cities of Europe reflect and often concentrate these national, regional and An Urban Age Urban An have long and established histories. At different periods over the last 2,500 years, Athens, Rome, global trends. Many are still undergoing a process Venice, Istanbul, Vienna, Madrid and London of deindustrialisation, leading to structural were all centres of vast empires that stretched across unemployment and increasing the need to invest the Continent and beyond. Europe also witnessed in research and development to improve on low the consolidation of the city-state which for many productivity levels, and also the need to grow centuries dominated the political and economic new industries. This is the case across Europe. dynamics of the Continent – especially in Italy, However, southern and eastern European nations Europe Germany and the Netherlands – leaving a distinct tend to perform poorly in terms of regional imprint on the structure and identity of urban entrepreneurship and competitiveness. regions today. Though united by tradition and geography, the Economic performance recent past of European cities is a very chequered Cities, especially globally connected ones, one. Two World Wars, the creation and gradual frequently out-perform their national contexts expansion of the European Union (EU) to cultivate for productivity, competitiveness, innovation and unity, the collapse of the Berlin Wall only 25 economic growth. Evidence from the EU suggests years ago and the re-construction of post-Soviet that cities with high R&D spend have reaped economies in eastern Europe have all left their mark the benefits of such investment, in the form of on the Continent in different ways. The 2008 global sustained growth and higher levels of job creation. recession hit many European nations hard, and However, R&D spending is not the only driver: a the ongoing Euro-Crisis can still be felt in many flexible workforce matters too. Cities in states with different regions. consistently higher proficiency in mathematics, science and reading generally showed greater Fragmented scenarios resilience against the economic crisis. While it is difficult to generalise, northern and The 2008 global recession wiped out many of western European countries – like Sweden, the gains made in previous decades and reversed a Denmark, the Netherlands, Britain and Germany long trend of converging GDP. Unemployment rates

An urban continent – have stabilised and grown in confidence, while within the EU, affecting in particular regions in some southern and eastern European countries southern Europe. Between 2008 and 2011, regional are dealing with weakening economies, high disparities widened and unemployment figures are unemployment and shrinking populations. The now worse than in 2000; youth unemployment is entire Eurozone has been affected by globalisation particularly high, exceeding 60% in some southern and increased competition from Asia, requiring European cities. This slow recovery also means that a process of political, economic and social unemployment remains persistent in some areas, restructuring which is currently in full swing. At further aggravating the associated negative social the heart of this transformation is a debate on impacts of the economic crisis. the importance of cities as economic engines, the autonomy of urban governance, the need for increased citizen participation in problem-solving and a growing awareness that European cities must

8 Where Europe lives Population density (people/km2) North and South America are the most 0 urbanised continents on the globe, Rural 200 with more than 80% of people living Urban 500 1,000 in towns and cities. Europe also has 10,000 a very high urbanisation level with 30,000 nearly 73% of people living in towns 63,000 and cities. The patterns of urbanisation within Europe vary significantly – with a large number of highly connected smaller cities and towns across parts Stockholm of northern Italy, Germany and the Benelux countries reflecting the strong tradition of the city-state. Other areas, including Spain, France and Copenhagen Scandinavia are still dominated by large expanses of rural or unpopulated Manchester Hamburg land. England and the Randstad Dublin region in Holland stand out as some of Amsterdam Berlin Warsaw the densest urban areas in the world. London Cologne

Paris

Budapest

Milan

Sofia Rome Barcelona Istanbul

Madrid

Lisbon

Athens

9 Growing EU voter apathy: voter turnout in national elections 1990-2014

100% An Urban Age Urban An 90% Denmark

80%

European 70% Average Greece 60% Slovakia

50% Switzerland EU Parliament 40% Lithuania 30%

20%

10%

0% 0 4 8 2 6 0 4 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

Lack of trust Ageing and welfare Health Austerity measures have led to further job losses Most noticeably, Europeans are ageing. By 2030, a Loneliness and social disconnection, traditionally but have also forced citizens to take on more third of the population will be over 60 – a situation associated only with old age, are on the rise. High responsibility within their communities. This shift that is mirrored in Asian countries like Japan and unemployment has particularly affected youth, in dependency and loss of certainty has had a deep South Korea. London and Istanbul, perhaps the negatively impacting mental and physical health effect on many European urban dwellers who have most global of European cities, stand out for the and increasing the burden on welfare budgets had to learn to rely less on government and more on high numbers of young people who make up the and the provision of health services. Another by- their own resources to survive the tough economic local population. Fertility rates are generally below product of inactivity and reduced income – and circumstances. the replacement rate, and an insufficient supply poor levels of medical prevention – is the increase This has in turn led to an increased sense of of migrant labour means the dependency ratio in obesity and diabetes amongst European urban mistrust in government institutions – at all levels across Europe is on the rise. This places enormous citizens, fuelled by poor diet and a lack of exercise. across the EU – leading to low voter turn-outs, strain on funding benefits, especially in countries While obesity increases the risk of diseases of the wide-spread disillusionment with conventional that have established and expensive national health circulatory system, (the most common cause of political parties and the growth of extremist groups and welfare systems, including state pensions and death in the EU), diabetes has become the fourth that are effective in vocalising feelings of anger free health care. Reduced tax revenues and longer most devastating killer disease. Roughly one in ten and vulnerability. However, local governments life expectancies contribute to a highly volatile Europeans lives with diabetes and the Continent able to bridge this trust gap may be able to partner situation across European cities. As low fertility has the highest prevalence in the world of Type-1 with citizens to solve many of the local challenges results in population shrinkage in many European diabetes in children, suggesting that already- affecting European cities. countries, migration becomes the main source of burdened healthcare budgets will be further population growth. stretched in the future.

10 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 job losses, shrinking populations and urban decay. urban and populations shrinking job losses, of cycle vicious the with cope to reinvent themselves Turin, Gda Liverpool, like cities post-industrial many scale, end of the other the At vitality. urban optimising and footprint environmental the away of reducing promoted as is of uses amix and contained is sprawl car, urban the over precedence takes transport public cities, these In growth. economic promote and environment the of how manage to exemplars positive provides – Berlin and London adegree, to and, Barcelona Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, by epitomised model city – European compact, well-connected the one At scale, end of the cities. European many DNA of the to intrinsic is of life quality and bility sustaina environmental between connection The Environment projections. comparable have region European in the countries other Several in Europe. seniors of percentage highest the have to projected are Herzegovina and Bosnia and Portugal over citizens of by 60 2050 percentage projected world: the ageing An 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 % % % % % % % % %

1950

1970 ń sk and Bilbao have had to to have had Bilbao and sk

1990 -

economic growth and energy consumption. energy and growth economic of trajectory of the a‘decoupling’ to leading cities, of some European metabolism the transforming are lanes bus priority and bike-sharing charging, congestion systems, heating district generation, energy renewable consumption, collaborative growth, Zero-carbon challenges. significant remain old buildings retrofit to techniques friendly environmentally affordable, find to need the and dependency car Reducing citizens. urban European of patterns behavioural the change –to leaders city of by green anumber championed level and policy EU at the – promoted by the effort a concerted been has there standards, American and African Asian, below well are Europe in of pollution levels While 2010

2030

2050 A W A L T N I E I B r t u a a o u e f s o r l l o sn r t r y ke a i r i a i o r n n c i t l y a p d h a d

A e a A m n m d e e H r r i e c i r c a z a e g o v i n a

11 An Urban Age An unequal continent GDP growth City GDP per capita (€) % average annual growth (2013) The range of GDP per capita in (2003 -2013) 80,000 Europe is so broad that cities in -2% 40,000

An Urban Age Urban An 20,000 eastern Europe are far closer to many -1% 2,300 0 developing African and Asian cities 1 than to those situated in western and 2 northern Europe. Groningen in the 3 Finland Netherlands (€53,810); London in 4 5 the UK (€54,600); Dublin in Ireland Norway 6 (€55,330); and Copenhagen in Sweden Stockholm 3.2% 7 Denmark (€56,100) are significantly

wealthier in per capita terms than Estonia Romania’s Botoșani (€2,260) and Russia

Cluj-Napoca (€5,840), or Bulgaria’s United Kingdom Latvia Burgas (€3,100), Stara Zagora Denmark Lithunania (€3,500) and Varna (€3,610). Cities York -0.2% Kaunas 3.8% with GDP per capita over €50,000 Gdańsk 5.6% are concentrated in northern and Belarus western Europe. Regionally, the Ireland Netherlands Poland relationship between city and country- Warsaw 4.5% Halle -0.5% level GDP growth varies. In the east, Germany Gliwice 5.2%

cities are growing slower than the Belgium Czech Republic Luxembourg comparatively high growth seen at Mannheim -0.3% Ukraine national level, while in the south this Slovakia

trend is largely reversed. However, Austria Bratislava 5.2% Hungary the general pattern for Europe overall Slovenia Moldova France Switzerland is that cities either match or exceed Cluj-Napoca 4.1% Romania national growth, with the clear outlier Croatia being Italy, where several individual Ferrara -1.2% Serbia cities are contracting more rapidly Bosnia and Herzegovina Sofia 6.9% than the level shown by the state. Montenegro Bulgaria Eastern Europe continues to grow Kosovo more quickly than the rest of the Latina -1% Macedonia Italy Albania Continent despite the rate of growth Larissa -1.7% having slowed since 2009. However, Coimbra -0.5% Greece the relatively low base of these Spain Messina -1.7% Turkey

economies and the poor performance Portugal Athens -0.9% of many Mediterranean states mean Europe will continue to have significant regional disparities. Cyprus

12 having higheryouthunemployment. schemes goagainstthetrend of or highlydevelopedapprenticeship with establisheduniversitypopulations sometownsandcities Nevertheless, for innovationatthelocallevel. a keyissue,withpressingneed qualifications–becomes tertiary workforce –manyofwhomhave absorbing youngpeopleintothe and shrinkingworkingpopulations), sustaining welfareforEurope’s ageing crisis (andfacesthechallengeof region emergesfromthefinancial which hoveraround40%.Asthe andKošice,Slovakia, Lisbon, Portugal Italy; Limassol,Cyprus;Niš,Serbia; also comparefavourablytoRome, Barcelona, Spain(58%),andthey high asAthens,Greece(60%)and Sweden (30%).Noneoftheseareas Kirklees (30%);andStockholm, Sheffield (35%),Cardiff(33%)and Belgium (38%);theUKcitiesof Dublin, Ireland(43%);Schaerbeek, include, Charleroi,Belgium(44%); have consistentlyhighfigures.These where moreadvancedeconomies although thereareseveralexamples young adultsintothelabourmarket, the greatestdifficultyintegrating statesgenerallyhave Southern even withinindividualcountries. unemployment variessignificantly, unemployment, althoughoverallyouth youth unemploymentthangeneral Nine intencitiesfacehigher Europe’s potential lost labour (most recentyearavailable) Youth unemploymentrate Portugal 63% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Ireland Spain M á laga 55% laga United Kingdom Plymouth 4.8% Edinburgh 2.5% Edinburgh Rennes 7.3% Cambridge 1.3%Cambridge France Netherlands Barcelona 58.8% Barcelona Luxembourg Belgium Switzerland Norway Denmark Germany Mannheim 4.2%Mannheim Trondheim 4.9% Hamburg 7.3% Sweden Copenhagen 5.9% Czech Republic Austria Slovenia Italy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia Croatia Slovakia Montenegro Hungary Poland Albania Serbia Kosovo Macedonia Lithunania Greece Finland Estonia Latvia Helsinki 6.3% Helsinki Kaunas 5.3% Kaunas Romania Bulgaria Athens 60% Belarus Moldova Ukraine Turkey Russia Cyprus 13 An Urban Age Growing on a Population growth City population borrowed population % average annual growth (most recent year available) (most recent available range) 8.3m On the whole, eastern European -1.6% An Urban Age Urban An -1.0% countries are experiencing markedly 3.0m -0.5% lower population growth than the rest 0.0% 1.0m of Europe even though their fertility 0.5% 0.1m rates are comparable. The outlier 1.0% Finland is Poland, which – despite relative 1.5% 2.0% economic success in the region and 2.5% Norway Sweden marginal population growth at the 3.0% Stockholm 1.9% national level – is still experiencing decline in many of its bigger cities as Estonia residents migrate to opportunities in Russia richer countries. However, citizens are United Kingdom Latvia not only being ‘lost’ to foreign states. Denmark In most countries, only smaller cities Malmö 1.8% Lithunania Kaunas -0.8% are shrinking – for example Brest, Dublin 1.4% France; Sunderland, United Kingdom Manchester 2.1% Belarus Ireland Poland or Bilbao, Spain – suggesting that Utrecht 2.1% residents also leave for larger cities Netherlands Herne -0.4% Łódź -0.8% within their country. Athens, Greece Brussels 2.1% – where recent economic shocks have Belgium Germany Luxembourg Czech Republic led to reduced opportunities – is one Ukraine of the few examples of a shrinking Slovakia Bratislava -0.5% capital city. In contrast, Tirana, the Austria Hungary Moldova neighbouring capital city of post- Switzerland France Slovenia communist Albania, is growing rapidly Romania despite general depopulation at Saint-Étienne -0.5% Croatia Rijeka -1.1% country level. Acharnes, a suburban Serbia town adjoining Athens, is growing, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ruse -0.7% highlighting how growth and decline Montenegro Bulgaria can differ even at a local level. The Kosovo Italy Macedonia European Union’s overall fertility Tirana 2.8% rate has been below the replacement Albania rate of 2.1 live births per woman for Coimbra -1.6% Portugal Larissa 2.2% several decades, and almost 2.4 Spain Greece Turkey million fewer babies were born in Acharnes 3% Athens -1.6% 2011 than in 1961. Since 2000, Murcia 1.8% none of the countries highlighted above have achieved a replacement Cyprus birth rate, swelling the proportion of older people and increasing the need for migration to support growth.

14 the planet. on country residents fromalmostevery London, Europe’s mostglobalcity, has integrate intoglobalpopulationflows. these citieshavemanagedtobetter Stockholm, Swedenalsohighlighthow as cities, andevenasfarnorth populationsinwestern foreign-born The percentageandscaleofthe to becomemoregloballycompetitive. perhaps evenattractmigranttalent acute needtoretainlocaltalent,and exceed 5%.Thismeansthereisamore of thepopulationnumberdoesnot percentage cities, theforeignborn to linkglobalmarkets.Ineastern forthesecities increased opportunities than 40%ofthepopulation,providing residentsmakeupmore foreign-born Switzerland andMannheim,Germany In London,UnitedKingdom;Lausanne, European cities. several otherwestern by migration.Thesameimpactisfeltin aresustainedpartly shrinking country) Germany’s growingcities(withina contributedtothetrend. have further inthesouth-eastofEurope, particularly unemployment ratesinthisregion, in unemploymentandyouth east. Recession-inducedincreases comparatively poorercitiesofthe for shrinkingpopulationsinthe responsible emigration ispartly ofthe Continent,suggesting parts Migration islargelytothewealthier north-west Migrating (most recent year available) year recent (most % foreign-born residents 42% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Portugal Ireland Porto 3.7% Porto (most recent year available) year recent (most population migrant City Spain United Kingdom Newcastle 2.8% 500,000 3,000,000 500 10,000 100,000 France London 36.7% Netherlands Luxembourg Brussels 35% Belgium Amsterdam 28.5% Switzerland Lausanne 41.9% Norway Denmark Germany Mannheim 38.7% Sweden Czech Republic Halle 3.9% Malmö 30.0% Austria Slovenia Italy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia Croatia Siracusa 2.7% Bratislava 1.2% Stockholm 28.7% Montenegro Hungary Slovakia Poland Albania Serbia Kraków 1% Kosovo Macedonia Warsaw 1% Lithunania Tirana 3.1% Greece Finland Estonia Latvia Romania Bulgaria Belarus Moldova Varna 1% Ukraine Turkey Russia Cyprus 15 An Urban Age It is into this multifaceted European context that submissions came from cities with populations Bloomberg Philanthropies' 2013-2014 European of between 100,000 and 250,000 residents, 28% Mayors Challenge enters. It was designed to had populations between 250,000 and 500,000 encourage cities to develop bold ideas that solve residents, and 23% came from cities with more than major problems and improve city life – and that 500,000 residents. The participation rate exceeded could be shared with other cities. European cities that of the Mayors Challenge in the US, with 26% are some of the most innovative in the world, of eligible cities submitting applications in Europe routinely looked to by other global cities for versus 24% in the US. Participating cities spanned inspiration. Yet with tighter budgets, higher citizen the continent: 35% from southern Europe, 25% expectations and national gridlock, many city from western Europe, 19% from eastern Europe, leaders must become more agile and resourceful 15% from the British Isles and 6% from northern in responding to local challenges. The Mayors Europe. 19 European capital cities submitted ideas Challenge encourages city leaders to do just that. to the competition, from Stockholm to Athens, Paris Submissions for the award require a degree of to Warsaw. backing and promotion from municipal leaders 21 cities from 11 countries were shortlisted in in order to qualify, ensuring political buy-in and April 2014, and five winners, including the winner deliverability. of the grand prize of € 5 million, were announced The programme was especially timely for in September 2014. An independent jury of 13 Europe; the 2008 crisis prompted an extensive international experts evaluated the proposals process of rethinking urban governance throughout against the four key criteria: vision, potential the region. The diverse range of proposals discussed for impact, quality of implementation plan and potential for transferring the scheme to other cities. “The 2008 crisis prompted an When considering the full range of submissions to the European Mayors Challenge, a number 2014 European 2014 extensive process of rethinking of key themes, identified in this report, begin to urban governance.” emerge. This report also focuses on the 21 cities that were invited to develop their initial ideas further. in these pages demonstrate not only how local These shortlisted cities, highlighted on pages

Mayors ChallengeMayors governments across Europe are developing new 22-31, took part in an Ideas Camp organised by solutions to innovate out of the financial crisis – Bloomberg Philanthropies in Berlin in July 2014, in addressing large problems with less money – but an effort to refine their ideas. The proposals of the also how they are responding to many social, five winning cities are described on pages 34-43. environmental and economic concerns relevant to the region today. Following the inaugural competition in the United States, the European Mayors Challenge was launched in September 2013 and was open to cities across Europe (not just the EU) with populations of at least 100,000 residents.* 155 cities from 28 countries responded to the call for submissions. From Amiens to Zaragoza, they *Five of the countries represented by the applicants are not part of the European Union (EU): collectively represent over 71 million Europeans, Norway and Switzerland are both closely associated with the EU; Serbia, Albania and Turkey are candidate countries to join the EU. For more details on the Mayors Challenge, roughly 10% of the total population. 49% of the please refer to page 47.

16 Oulu Participating cities Umeå Trondheim Finland

Tampere Norway Sweden Helsinki

Stockholm Tallinn Estonia

Russia United Kingdom Latvia

Denmark Helsingborg Edinburgh Copenhagen Frederiksberg Malmö Lithunania Newcastle Sunderland Kaunas Gdynia Kirklees York Gdańsk Blackpool Kingston-upon-Hull Amersfoort Belarus Liverpool Hamburg Dublin Sheffield Groningen Manchester Nottingham Amsterdam Bydgoszcz Ireland Netherlandss-Hertogenbosch Birmingham Peterborough Utrecht Enschede Berlin Poznań Poland Leicester Cambridge Warsaw The Hague Herne Łódź Cardiff Bristol London Rotterdam Dortmund Halle Bruges Antwerp Leipzig Gelsenkirchen Wrocław Bournemouth Dąbrowa Górnicza Ghent Cologne Germany Plymouth Brussels Belgium Gliwice Maastricht Southampton Amiens Charleroi Kraków Brighton & Hove Schaerbeek Liége Czech Republic Luxembourg Mannheim Ukraine Caen Brno Paris Boulogne-Billancourt Slovakia Košice Brest Rennes Bratislava Mulhouse Austria Baia Mare Botoșani Moldova Nantes Hungary Switzerland Cluj-Napoca France Lausanne Slovenia Bergamo Ljubljana Lyon Romania Saint-Étienne Milan Venice Croatia Grenoble Rijeka Novi Sad Verona Ferrara Genoa Bologna Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Ruse Bilbao Florence Ancona Santander Montpellier Prato San Sebastián Niš Varna Vitoria-Gasteiz Montenegro Bulgaria León Kosovo Sofia Burgas Burgos Sabadell Plovdiv Rome Stara Zagora Braga Valladolid Zaragoza Mataró Macedonia Guimarães Latina Tirana Lüleburgaz Porto Tarragona Italy Madrid Barcelona Albania Torrejón de Ardoz Coimbra Parla Greece Ioannina Portugal València Palma de Mallorca Larissa Sintra Odivelas Spain Turkey Alicante Lisbon Messina Cascais Murcia Palermo Athens Acharnes Elche Catania Granada Siracusa Málaga Cádiz Malta Chania Cyprus Limassol Participating and eligible cities by country 8.3M Spain United Kingdom Italy 5M France Netherlands 1 in 4Poland eligible cities 1One in 10 in tenEuropeans Europeans represented represented participatedGermany inin the the MayorsMayors ChallengeChallenge Portugal 2014 European Mayors Challenge2014 Belgium Bulgaria Greece Sweden 4M Finland Romania 1One in 4in eligible four eligible cities cities 1 in 10 Europeans represented Denmark participated in the Mayors Challenge Serbia Slovakia Albania Croatia Cyprus 3M Czech Republic Estonia Ireland Lithuania Norway Slovenia Switzerland Turkey 2M Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Hungary

Mayors Challenge Mayors Iceland

Participation in the Latvia Macedonia Population of Moldova Applications participating cities Montenegro Other eligible cities 1M (only for cities with all comparable 01020304050607080 data available) Applications Other Eligible Cities Total population growth (over ten year period) -1.6% -1.0% - 0.5% 1 in 4 eligible cities 1 in 10 Europeans represented l l i t t t t i

f 0 r r s s

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1.0% nn ki Ét Lo Vero ra Fe ik Amiens Chania wc Kaunas Za Ma in an ve rp ub nh Po Kraków in Ga Kirklees Gd Br Helsinki Ca nt Málaga & Ho rr on Al nc po n- Li t- Bolo Fl Le Antwer ne Siracusa Colo Boto tt e Wa on dh Sheffiel Ta València Io Coim Pl Sabadell le nd Li Lj Bergam rb er La Wrocła Gó Charlero Hambur En Gr a Mulh en Do Bratislava -u Za pe Barcel Stockhol Ed 1.5% Vallad ur Tr Ta Ne on Ma Gr Bydg ria- -Bill Th Lü te ls Amsterda Mo Cambridg Su a Ma Schaer ed No Birmin Helsingbor ht on Sain Co Bo

2.0% Pe Star Fr st Ge ow Vito og ne

2.5% Brig br ul ą King

3.0% D 18 Bo Migrants (over tenyearperiod) Total populationgrowth data available) (only forcitieswithallcomparable participating cities Population of Migrants 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% - 0.5% -1.0% -1.6%

Limassol Frederiksberg Botoșani Chania Caen Halle Ioannina Mulhouse Boulogne-Billancourt Umeå Siracusa Latina Bergamo Cambridge Dąbrowa Górnicza Rijeka Schaerbeek Ferrara Helsingborg Tarragona Amiens Stara Zagora Lüleburgaz Coimbra Lausanne Brest Grenoble Enschede Herne Brussels Saint-Étienne Trondheim Peterborough Bournemouth Groningen York Charleroi Sabadell are electedfor4years 1 in3Europeanlocalgovernments Rennes 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years government aligned withtheirnational governments arepolitically Six intenparticipatinglocal mayors aredirectlyelected Five intenparticipating Cascais Tampere 2% Porto

Košice 16% 17% Vitoria-Gasteiz Ghent Verona Gelsenkirchen Kingston-upon-Hull Montpellier 6% Plymouth

Venice a significantpoliticalmandate,providinggreaterlegitimacytotheirdecisions. divergent local,regionalandstateaspirations.Directlyelectedmayors,especiallyinlargecities,mayhave Thesetrendscanresultinconflictingpoliciesthatreflect inlocalgovernance. forparticipation opportunities local democracy, areunderpressuretoprovidecitizenswithincreased isincreasing.Citiesinturn inordertostrengthen Pressure toshiftfiscalandpoliticalpowerfromstatelowertiersofgovernment, Devolution

Brighton & Hove U C n i z t L local revenueasapercentageofoveralltax Revenue raisingpowersoflocalgovernment: e

Sunderland e N u d ch x e

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S h H m S i B Ljubljana B R S i N t o e e l E F e n h l A G C u e u I e P o w b F o r m i n r r st g u L o l l n o S p n M e r v u m l y o v g g r a m e a a a d o r a g e l l p l u e st a p I

Nantes u a i a a w d a t a t a n n n o u n n a n v b a e a a ki r r r r n n n e d n i ce l m i m a i u i i g i ce r l r i i l a t a a a a a d d i n d a a y k n a y y s s y Newcastle c 0% Mannheim

Kaunas 1 0% Nottingham

Malmö 2 0% Valladolid 3

Utrecht 0% Leicester 4 Alicante 0% Varna 5 Cardiff 0%

Bilbao 6 0% Bydgoszcz 7

Florence 0% Brno 8

Bologna 0% Bratislava government aligned withtheirnational arepolitically governments local Six intenparticipating mayors aredirectlyelected Five intenparticipating Tallinn government aligned withtheirnational government governments arepolitically aligned withtheirnational Six intenparticipatinglocal governments arepolitically Six intenparticipatinglocal mayors aredirectlyelected Five intenparticipating mayors aredirectlyelected Five intenparticipating Kirklees Bristol Murcia Gdańsk Liverpool Lyon Edinburgh

The Hague Antwerp Manchester Leipzig Lisbon Pozna Sheffield Copenhagen Málaga Dortmund Helsinki Genoa Wrocław Athens Zaragoza Łódź Kraków Tirana

València (over tenyearperiod) Total populationgrowth data available) (only forcitieswithallcomparable participating cities Population of Amsterdam Migrants

Stockholm 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% - -1.0% -1.6% 0.5% Cologne Birmingham Dublin Milan Barcelona Warsaw Hamburg Paris Rome

Madrid 8.3M Berlin London 0 1M 2M 3M 4M 5M 19 2014 European Mayors Challenge The submissions from 155 cities demonstrated Economy a predictably wide spectrum of responses to the Doing more with less call for innovation in urban governance aimed at 25% 12% Youth development solving local challenges and improving quality of life. In order to better understand the key issues addressed by each city and to support the process of evaluation, LSE Cities identified five core themes that captured the concerns of European citizens 11% Urban redevelopment and local governments in this self-selected group of cities. These themes are: the economy; civic engagement; social inclusion; health and well- 2% Productivity being; and the environment. The themes provide Civic Engagement important insights into the perspectives of the Facilitating citizen action leaders who participated in the European 10% Participating in governance 16% “Practically every solution was concerned with connecting 6% Community involvement people to each other.” Social Inclusion Building trust and value Mayors Challenge, but it is important to remember 33% that they do not represent the full range of urban 16% Equalising themes prioritised across Europe’s towns and cities. Across the broad range of submissions, what stands out is that practically every solution was concerned with connecting people to each other – either through the institutions of local government Five Core Themes Core Five or by the (better) use of urban spaces. The issue of 10% Stabilising connection becomes particularly acute when the individuals who are at the heart of the significant processes of urban change and growth feel left 7% Sharing behind or isolated. This applies equally to young or older citizens who lack jobs or a sense of purpose, Health and Well-being 6% Exercise & well-being and to new migrant communities who have not Aiding healthy living yet settled in their host environments. The quest 12% for improved communication, the simplification of 4% Obesity & food obtuse bureaucratic language, and greater openness 2% Distributed healthcare and transparency of municipal institutions cut Environment across many of the initiatives, with the potential of Securing the future 6% Energy efficiency & green buildings new technology, apps and gamification techniques playing a key role in forming new alliances and 14% 5% Clean energy & transport connections across many layers of European urban society. 3% Resilience & safety

20 Oulu

Participating cities Umeå Trondheim Finland Economy Civic Engagement Tampere Social Inclusion Norway Sweden Health and Well-being Helsinki Environment Stockholm Tallinn Estonia

United Kingdom Latvia Russia

Denmark Helsingborg Edinburgh Copenhagen Frederiksberg Malmö Lithunania Newcastle Sunderland Kaunas Gdynia Kirklees York Gdańsk Blackpool Kingston-upon-Hull Amersfoort Liverpool Hamburg Dublin Sheffield Groningen Manchester Nottingham Amsterdam Bydgoszcz Belarus Ireland Netherlandss-Hertogenbosch Birmingham Peterborough Utrecht Enschede Berlin Poznań Poland Leicester Cambridge Warsaw Herne The Hague Łódź Rotterdam Dortmund Cardiff Bristol London Halle Leipzig Bruges Antwerp Wrocław Bournemouth Gelsenkirchen Dąbrowa Górnicza Ghent Cologne Germany Plymouth Brussels Belgium Gliwice Maastricht Southampton Amiens Charleroi Kraków Schaerbeek Liége Czech Republic Brighton & Hove Mannheim Caen Brno Paris Ukraine Boulogne-Billancourt Slovakia Košice Brest Rennes Bratislava Mulhouse Austria Baia Mare Botoșani Moldova Nantes Hungary Switzerland Cluj-Napoca France Lausanne Slovenia Bergamo Ljubljana Lyon Romania Saint-Étienne Milan Venice Croatia Grenoble Rijeka Novi Sad Verona Ferrara Genoa Bologna Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Ruse Bilbao Florence Ancona Santander Montpellier Prato San Sebastián Niš Varna Bulgaria Vitoria-Gasteiz Montenegro León Kosovo Sofia Burgas Burgos Sabadell Plovdiv Rome Stara Zagora Braga Valladolid Zaragoza Mataró Macedonia Guimarães Latina Tirana Lüleburgaz Porto Tarragona Italy Madrid Barcelona Albania Torrejón de Ardoz Coimbra Parla Greece Ioannina Portugal València Palma de Mallorca Larissa Sintra Odivelas Spain Turkey Alicante Cascais Lisbon Messina Murcia Palermo Athens Acharnes Elche Catania Granada Siracusa Málaga Cádiz

Chania Cyprus Limassol 21

One in five proposals to the European Mayors given the emphasis on re-using vacant lots of empty identified the negative impact of the lack of foreign Challenge identified youth or youth unemployment urban land – a classic indicator of pervasive urban language skills on their economies, and proposed as key areas of concern for the city administration. dereliction. Adapting space for social and economic teaching native populations foreign languages to A significant number of cities suggested school- benefit featured regularly across the proposals, increase global competitiveness. Gliwice, Poland

Five CoreFive Themes level training to prepare students for employment demonstrating a growing recognition by European proposed using mathematical modelling to and connect them to the future job market cities that smart and sustainable urban planning reorganise public and private transport resources to (including Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland and Rijeka, can help to solve a range of structural issues efficiently manage capacity and routes on demand. Croatia). Other cities, including Newcastle, simultaneously. Prato, Italy proposed developing Across the board, the proposals indicate United Kingdom and Herne, Germany proposed an urban park to integrate an immigrant enclave. a growing recognition amongst municipal training opportunities in deprived or migrant Amiens, France suggested giving new life to governments that more needs to be done locally areas. Košice, Slovakia wanted to promote access abandoned public spaces by introducing shared, to foster economic prosperity through the efficient to the local job market in an effort to reverse the self-navigated river transport; Zaragoza, Spain management of resources, people and time. In this brain drain to western Europe. The challenges proposed to negotiate bulk supplier contracts regard, cities in Europe are taking matters into of deindustrialisation led the famous port city of to regenerate entire neighbourhoods, while their own hands in areas that were traditionally the

Economy Economy Plymouth, United Kingdom to propose an app to participatory design was seen as a tool to involve responsibility of regional and national government. help youths from families who had worked in the unemployed youth in redeveloping a deprived In an era of reduced budgets and increased (now redundant) docks for generations access the suburb of Tampere, Finland. responsibility, innovative responses are enabling broader labour market, while Kaunas, Lithuania Proposals to temporarily use abandoned cities to do more with less. planned to include young people in generating buildings or vacant lots, or programmes to solutions. re-invigorate post-industrial or post-Soviet In general, these proposals aimed to provide neighbourhoods with new activities all demonstrate Finalist proposals support where national government and EU policies and programmes have not sufficiently tackled “The proposals indicate a Bologna, Italy youth unemployment in cities. These innovative With a youth unemployment rate of 17.5%, approaches largely focused on providing city- growing recognition amongst Bologna identified the rise in the number specific skills that are not supplied by the national municipal governments that of NEETs (Young People Not in Education, curriculum. Many suggested reducing the structural more needs to be done locally Employment or Training) as one of the core skills deficit (retaining and growing talent) by challenges to its economic revitalisation. providing training, entrepreneurship advice, and to foster economic prosperity #Angels4Bologna is a mentorship scheme language and local-market specific coaching. through the efficient manage- designed to increase the capacity of school- There was a strong focus on the need to intervene going students (aged 8-16) to enter the job early in the education process, before it’s too late. ment of resources, people market or become entrepreneurs. Around 3,500 Rather than seeing this as a post-schooling issue, and time.” students would receive extra-curricular training

Doing moreDoing with less many cities proposed creative add-ons to traditional from a broad range of private and public experts education by drawing on local resources to support a growing appetite among city administrations to target a structural skills mismatch, but also to young people throughout their formative years. A to invest in sustainable initiatives that bolster the grow relationships with people in industry. The perceived ‘generation gap’ was also defined as a key economy, improve connectivity and keep the city initiative shows how local authorities can respond concern by many cities; programmes to link the healthy. to the need to develop specific local skills, young and old looked to provide potential solutions While some cities put forward projects that supplementing knowledge and skills acquired to this, as did approaches using new technologies to prioritised the need to participate meaningfully through the national education curriculum. ‘speak the language’ of young people. in a globally competitive world, others specifically A number of submissions provided evidence that targeted productivity within the city. Liège, the economic crisis may not have left Europe yet, Belgium and Maastricht, the Netherlands both

22 that measures important qualities outside of qualities outside important measures that digital by providing recruitment aplatform Europe aims positively disrupt to traditional skills their in being despite Play2Work demand. find to arework who youths unable educated agrowing has of Amsterdam population Netherlands the Amsterdam, funding and start-up support at this at scale. support start-up and funding provide and entrepreneurshipwide competition acity- support to centres research and sector municipality, the in bringing together private European nation, thiseastern is novel proposal For an opportunities. employment local to people link would that younger anetwork envisages in businesses Stara Zagora. idea The locate to drain, incentivise entrepreneurs to young also but brain reverse youth only not to the start-ups local to platform, via and acrowd-sourced directly provide to plans financial support, city talent. The grow and cities retain,creative to local attract ofnurturing Town! category broad into falls the 19%). (nearly unemployment in My ISucceeded high and youth opportunities employment local of alack to due emigrate home who never return market. graduates 90% ofBulgarian global Over in youth a ofretaining challenge talented the has European cities,Like eastern Stara Zagora other Zagora, Bulgaria Stara jobentrants. young for mobility employment greater jobmarketinto encourage and alarger tap to network into aEurope-wide platform the expand to hopes rate. city The unemployment 15.3% its reduce city helping the and youth fatigue jobseeker for potential reducing the character, qualifications their and match that linked be opportunities to then would seekers skills. gaming develop to sophisticated Job innovationgaming. use ofmore is the Afurther character, ambition and –through talent –including knowledge and experience work marginal gains’. of‘aggregation concept of the on based outcomes health and increasing educational €1.3 add to economy, billion local the to while iscitizens’ It expected participation. voluntary on based approach comprehensive city-wide a through entire in the population productivity innovationthe ofCardiff’s is improve to proposal demographic; specific avery on only focus or sector private by the are led productivity increase programmes to Most them. implement then and improvements, small identify to networks their and byresidents training connectors community improve to skills the of amajor effort constitutes by 10%, city’sthe capacity productive and aims increase to Push Productivity Our UK. the for average below be to tends measures of economic WelshThe capital’s arange across performance Kingdom Cardiff, United organisation. private or by an NGO led than rather municipality-driven being for out iselsewhere, ambitious, scale its but it and stands Florence’s builds similar on proposal initiatives repair and buildings. improveto work-spaces €15,000 and services vouchers support start-up receive would business small entrepreneurs new business activity.encourage 200aspiring and facilitate to regulations employment and planning local modify to government plans city landlords. The to artisans connect in to order city the across spaces vacant map to is an idea industry. Third The Workshop Millennium Urban centre, ashrinking and around city its artisanal in rates Florence historic high has areas vacancy touristic and appeal, unique its heritage Despite Florence, Italy 23 Five Core Themes As the layer of government closest to citizens, city complete city projects. Several ideas focused Finalist proposals authorities are best positioned to build partnerships specifically on how to galvanise citizens to take and encourage greater involvement in improving responsibility for projects normally in the domain the quality of life in cities. Cities are investing in of local government. These tended to be localised Gdańsk, Poland Gdańsk is trying to improve public trust and Five CoreFive Themes this opportunity. At the same time, civil society efforts to beautify the area, improve community has played an increasingly important role in co- safety or support local voices. Genoa, Italy involvement in local government and community creating and implementing solutions that form developed proposals to use community brainpower projects. Democracy Accelerator is a website part of a growing movement of citizen engagement to find new functions for the former port and heavy that will allow citizens to submit ideas for across Europe. Many proposals reflect this wider industrial areas with the aim of retaining young enhancing the city. It envisages training movement, with novel ideas to give citizens and residents in the city, while Montpellier, France assistance, which may include offers of financial residents the tools to collaborate more effectively support or volunteered time, to increase the strength of proposals before allowing the public with each other and with government to strengthen “Resident participation is local democracy, and also to unlock latent citizen to further develop projects and ultimately to capacity as a resource for solving city problems. necessary to successfully vote on their inclusion in the city budget. As an Despite very different socio-economic contexts, deliver ambitious city projects, example of co-governance, this project would Ruse, Bulgaria; Gdańsk, Poland and Oulu, require the city council to vote on the projects Finland proposed using smartphone applications involving residents to reduce proposed by citizens and subsequently work to enable citizens to vote on projects or propose costs, improving user experi- with them to implement the most popular ideas. solutions that could then be voted on, while Athens, City employees would also receive training to Greece aimed to encourage a volunteer culture ence and creating an increased better engage with citizens to help successfully to reform local government from the bottom up. sense of public ownership.” implement promising solutions. The Hague, the Netherlands suggested ways of allowing citizens to allocate taxes by direct voting, planned to use public garden improvements as The Hague, the Netherlands while Berlin, Germany and Wrocław, Poland a way of integrating more young people into the The Hague is keen to reverse growing apathy considered using gamification to encourage citizens city’s social life. Collaboration projects like the towards government and has suggested Citizens to invest in democratic opportunities. Milan, Italy municipal WebTV proposed by Botoșani, Romania in Action – Democracy 3.0 as a tool to give looked at incorporating public input to improve were designed to increase citizen input in local citizens power over the allocation of 2-3% of public services, while Ghent, Belgium focused on politics, and Novi Sad, Serbia investigated the self- local taxes by allowing citizen proposals to Civic Engagement Engagement Civic co-creation projects between citizens and local digitising of historical materials to promote resident be subject to vote. Unlike an individual tax government. Sponsoring start-ups to solve city awareness and the preservation of local culture. break, this idea would encourage citizens to problems in València, Spain and Messina, Italy These examples confirm the growing engage with each other to influence how their were suggested as ways of bringing organisations recognition that resident participation is necessary city develops. Additional revenue could be and citizens closer to local government. Umeå, to successfully deliver ambitious city projects, at generated through crowd-funding or crowd- Sweden proposed using open data to increase the the same time as capitalising on local resources, sourcing, further encouraging ownership and potential of citizens and NGOs to participate in involving residents to reduce costs, improving user collaboration. The capacity to implement this areas of government, while Dublin, Ireland and experience and creating an increased sense of public project is supported by DIGID (Digital Identity), Peterborough, United Kingdom sought to provide ownership of spaces and projects. which helps identify Dutch citizens on the Internet infrastructure to enable participation. An approach and is mandatory for electronic tax returns, that went across municipal borders in Catania, Italy highlighting how local governance innovation Facilitating citizen action imagined effectively linking to neighbouring towns may require national support and infrastructure. to share solutions and resources. A significant proportion of cities required some form of resident participation to successfully

24 this by enabling citizens to play a pro-active this by apro-active citizens enabling play to city. GeniUS! Right to Solve proposes to address by the faced issues in the addressing partake are to empowered they not that perceptions residents’ from government stems of local York ofinvolvement mistrust and alack believes York, Kingdom United redefine public space. publicspace. redefine centres, by and using community and events to initiatives,local like associations neighbourhood existing with by collaborating achieved partly be environment community. the urban for This would municipality, the and residents improving and the increasing between communication trust and other, each to and isolation, reducing urban spaces their to relate how people aims affect to innovation The experts. and artists to by access be supported projects would civic beautification implement use to to community the for tools with improve to then areas. ofavan Use equipped and need by mobilising identify to them efforts take to residents ownershipencourage ofthese would Sofia DIY spaces. public quality poor World its War define that residential II blocks post- large-scale the to beauty and colour bringto is government ofSofia keen city The Bulgaria Sofia, ofprocurement. cost the reduce and up dependency, aims this speed scheme to relationship reverse to more direct council-citizen fromfacilitating a Apart projects. financing city council’sthe of budget, increasing challenge the significantly have measures reduced Austerity government. the and platform the with engage citizens for to potential the increase further solutions. Trainingcitizens would co-create to up, allowing opened Procurement be also would problems. city solving and role in identifying interpret risk, increasing their effectiveness. risk,interpret increasing effectiveness. their are more likely properly to neighbourhood the area. are who the familiar Concierges with premiums while of increasing desirability the in insurance result in adecrease could that a way in community programme rebrand to Address the this for Safe opportunity the up risks sets manage and to respond communities more capably to in local embedded are who already concierges elsewhere. training Systematically found policing initiatives community extending estates, living residents train to at-risk on designed local is crime prevention approach city. This bottom-up the across ofneighbourhoods inclusivity and cohesion social transforming promote role to their by housing estates levels in large-scale its safety perceived realand increase wants to Brno Brno, Republic Czech 25 Five Core Themes

Amongst all 155 submissions, the most pervasive make cities more accessible to blind residents, while technologies, which make it easier for people to ambition was to increase the capacity of individuals Barcelona, Spain sought to strengthen connections buy, trade, rent, share or simply give away goods or communities that are socially excluded to both within and to their ageing population. and services. While numerous initiatives are participate in society at the same level as everyone Reflecting the general trend of an ageing associated with transport-share schemes, many

Five CoreFive Themes else. These innovations generally target ‘at-risk’ Europe, the European Mayors Challenge has others focus on the sharing of social capital to groups – for example, elderly citizens, individuals provided concrete evidence that municipal encourage collaboration, or even on making city suffering from mental health disorders, high governments have deep concerns for the well- assets available to the public when not in use. For accessibility needs or loneliness – to encourage them being of large elderly populations. Łódź, Poland example, Latina, Italy; Sabadell, Spain and Paris, to remain an active part of society. Projects range and Sintra, Portugal came up with fresh ideas on France developed schemes to share electric bicycles from balancing resources like housing, energy or how to use retired residents’ skills to train younger and electric vehicles, while Venice, Italy focused on dental care, to re-habilitating former drug users, people. Sunderland, United Kingdom co-created sharing electric boats. Kirklees, United Kingdom integrating migrants or staging able-bodied and new products that enable seniors to retain an conceived a platform to broadly share municipal disabled sports events. These initiatives suggest that independent lifestyle, and Helsingborg, Sweden and private resources, while Copenhagen, Denmark local governments in Europe have recognised the developed ways of keeping its elders active and and Antwerp, Belgium suggested investing in need to reduce the negative social and economic open data systems that would provide access to impact of inequality and exclusion in order to “Local governments have information that could improve the development of create strong and resilient communities. National city services. governments are not well-equipped to respond recognised the need to reduce to these, often complex, local challenges. City inequality and exclusion in governments, however, are trying to turn areas of weakness into strengths by building connections to order to create strong and alienated groups and isolated individuals. resilient communities.” Utrecht, the Netherlands recognised that foreign language speakers from migrant communities face involved in the community. Gelsenkirchen, Social Inclusion a range of prejudices, and proposed measures to Germany imagined neighbourhood-level promote language diversity as a valuable resource, connecters, residents who would actively provide while Varna, Bulgaria suggested introducing links between the young and the old, and to life-long learning opportunities. Valladolid, Spain immigrant communities. Amersfoort, the suggested that greater inclusivity might be promoted Netherlands and Liverpool, United Kingdom by crowd-sourcing interpreters to make public suggested using technology to connect people texts more accessible, while Braga, Portugal aimed struggling with loneliness, while Cascais, Portugal to reduce isolation and increase employability proposed that previously employed people could be for residents with dental conditions by providing easily re-integrated into the job market by using an free dental care. To reduce the disadvantages app that would keep them socially active with daily to children from deprived homes with minimal tasks. adult supervision, Mannheim, Germany proposed Several cities proposed ideas based on the ‘smart bags’ containing everything required to emerging concept of the collaborative or sharing meaningfully participate at school. Cluj-Napoca, economy, where the city provides a platform or Building trust and value Romania proposed to make public spaces feel safer network for a range of services or resources that can for children to increase accessibility. Beyond school, be shared. This marks a societal shift away from Malmö, Sweden planned to target inequalities in individual ownership and towards a shared model health – life expectancy can differ by up to 6.5 of consumption. These developments have been years across the city. Warsaw, Poland wanted to facilitated by the rise of the Internet and mobile

26 27 Five Core Themes Cities across Europe are increasingly concerned healthy menus or improved eating habits. Coimbra, grown by themselves or by people they know. that the health and well-being of their residents does Portugal planned to teach children how to eat well This feeds into plans to partner with local chefs not live up to what might fairly be expected of one in social, family-style environments, while Gdynia, and school growing projects to teach residents of the most economically advanced regions of the Poland wanted to use experimental gardens to help how to cook healthier meals. While some

Five CoreFive Themes world. A number of proposals focused on promoting children develop a taste for fresh produce. Other elements of the idea are fairly established in improvements in physical and mental health to ideas to promote the benefits of a healthy diet were other cities, the scale and complexity proposed enable a better quality of life and – at the same time put forward by San Sebastián, Spain and Leicester, in Bristol would increase the innovativeness of – reduce healthcare costs and increase productivity. United Kingdom, which suggested ways of tackling this comprehensive farm-to-fork programme. Cities like Saint-Étienne, France wanted food security through local growing which – as the to stimulate demand for exercise by installing plans put forward by Alicante, Spain confirmed – London, United Kingdom infrastructure to support more active lifestyles. could help grow the local economy. Half of Londoners are clinically obese and Sheffield, United Kingdom proposed distributing Several cities proposed measures that would the next generation is showing signs that free activity-monitoring devices and running focus on the requirements of individuals with the trend will worsen. This will likely increase the mass events with prizes to encourage walking and special needs. This would save lives while also risk of Type-2 diabetes, and place additional social cohesion. Lyon, France planned to provide saving money by reducing the cost burden on strain on an already stretched healthcare personalised walking routes via a website, while welfare services. Elche, Spain presented an idea system. London Lives is a home-based care Larissa, Greece proposed using NFC (near-field of training 50% of the population in cardio- programme that proposes using technology pulmonary resuscitation to reduce the risk of dying already available in people’s homes to develop from cardiac arrest outside hospitals. Bruges, “Improvements in physical a hyper-local understanding of chronic and Belgium and Edinburgh, United Kingdom made at-risk patients, including children. This will and mental health enable a plans to use technology and citizen support to make reduce the cost of treating patients and reduce their cities dementia-friendly by helping patients better quality of life, reduce the likelihood that the technology implemented navigate the city. Helsinki, Finland sought to allow will become obsolete. It will also target healthcare costs and increase psychiatric patients to fill in their own ‘transfer prevention and use data collection to improve ticket’ when transferring to out-based care. This productivity.” the quality of treatment. An open source would give patients more control over an often platform is expected to make it easier to expand difficult process. communication) technology to track and develop the programme to include other at-risk groups better walking routes. Brighton & Hove, United in future. While many cities have established Kingdom even suggested a smartphone application diabetes prevention programmes that work Finalist proposals that could be used to avoid mental health problems with the families of diabetes sufferers, few have by encouraging positive behavioural changes started to comprehensively integrate these Bristol, United Kingdom in at-risk people. A slightly different approach new technologies into municipal healthcare to improving happiness was Limassol, Cyprus’s Bristol identified a lack of access to quality food Aiding healthy living strategies at the scale that London proposes. Ministry of Laughter, a dedicated department that as a major source of inequality, and is con- would increase well-being by helping people to cerned about the consequences of increased laugh more. obesity in poorer areas. The Learn, Grow, Eat Health and Well-being Prevailing concerns about obesity, increasing Revolution proposes encouraging local food levels of diabetes and a lack of access to healthy production and the establishment of healthy food is reflected in a series of proposals for grow- food shops at existing community project sites, your-own schemes and partnerships with local and also new food outlets and pop-up shops in farms to increase access to affordable and healthy deprived areas. Local growing decreases ‘food food. Programmes often featured an educational miles’, reducing carbon emissions and also component that would increase the uptake of increasing the number of people who eat food

28 29 Five Core Themes

Some European cities have pioneered sustainable Other cities focused less on reducing energy use Tallinn, Estonia’s proposed extension to its solutions to planning, transport and energy, often and more on generating and consuming it in more existing free public transport for residents is an doing more than their respective nation-states sustainable ways. Cities concentrated on various attempt to get residents to abandon cars, not just to achieve a greener future. Despite the fact renewable energy sources, with ideas that mostly to improve air quality but also to reinvigorate the

Five CoreFive Themes that cities consume a major percentage of world focused on collecting or recycling energy that city centre, while Ljubljana, Slovenia's proposed energy and contribute heavily to pollution, it is would otherwise be wasted. Birmingham, United effort to use park-and-ride facilities to keep motor at the metropolitan level that more direct action Kingdom and Palma de Mallorca, Spain planned vehicles away would not only reduce congestion can be taken to have an immediate impact on the to reuse waste to generate electricity, while and pollution, but also to free up public space. environment, reduce risks and combat climate Burgos, Spain addressed the question of change. Consequently, it is city governments – “Despite the fact that cities sustainable living by parking private cars under many of them across Europe – that have led the a green park with non-motorised transport paths, way in introducing programmes to encourage contribute heavily to pollution, while Guimarães, Portugal proposed a green, reduced consumer energy consumption, it is at the metropolitan scale non-motorised transport path to link nine villages investment in smart grids to enforce efficiencies, that more direct action can be together, strengthening economic ties and social the implementation of green forms of transport cohesion to neighbours beyond municipal borders. and the retrofitting of buildings with sustainable taken to have an immediate Ancona, Italy and Frederiksberg, Denmark materials and technologies. While it is politically impact on the environment.” proposed increasing livability in their cities by difficult for national governments to introduce creating new green recreation spaces as buffers measures required to combat climate change, Stockholm, Sweden sought to use resident biowaste against environmental shocks; a false coastal many cities have managed to aggressively to produce biochar for carbon sequestration. island to reduce landslide risk and city-wide Environment Environment implement local programmes. Niš, Serbia developed plans to use concentrated deployment of ground level reservoirs to protect In this vein, Groningen, the Netherlands solar power to generate municipal savings that against floods. Expanding non-motorised proposed changing consumer behaviour through could be reallocated toward social investment. transport is central to most cities’ sustainability smart grids, Boulogne-Billancourt, France Málaga, Spain promoted greening its existing plans too: Bournemouth, United Kingdom and promoted smart metering and community voting public transport system, while Kraków, Poland Burgas, Bulgaria sought to use radio-frequency on energy policies, while Brest, France planned considered personalised incentives and a unified identification (RFID) technology to alert motorists to co-design an interface with citizens to track payment system to entice more people to use to the presence of cyclists, disabled pedestrians individual carbon emissions and to incentivise public transport. All these initiatives have and children. behavioural change. Bilbao, Spain even suggested clear environmental benefits and would also that energy ‘savings’ may be helpful in dealing improve residents’ health and promote economic Securing the future future the Securing with fuel poverty. Torrejón de Ardoz and productivity. Mataró, Spain looked at new low-energy lighting technologies but also targeted inefficient housing typologies, much like Hamburg, Germany’s plans to deal with single tenement houses, or the proposal to restore heritage buildings in Siracusa, Italy using sustainable materials.

30 thermal cameras to map the energy efficiency efficiency energy the map to cameras thermal are by with using cars equipped and drones theirbuildings recognise howto heat-inefficient make owners to plans it for easier Greenovate Schaerbeek, Belgium Finalist proposals broader potential. broader by ofrenewable investigatingthis energy form its of exploration the to related barriers down break underground energy. Madrid’s innovation aims to of type particular one on programmes focused flows. sewage Manyand cities have similar supply water from hydroelectricity generating air hot ofrecycling subways from possibility or environment. The cites Mediterranean the city underground built exploit the to potential the resources, investigating also but geothermal a business case. into tapping This natural includes into sustainability for need turning the effectively underground from resources, energy harvesting Spanish into capital of area aspecialist in the the E+ turn would that is an idea Subterra Madrid, Spain measures. reduction expensive energy otherwise city. installation of Tax the will incentives support the in retrofitting ofenergy process the accelerate which will homeowners to consultations personalised and data provides detailed that online afree mapping with service 3D thermal innovative is this combination ofcomprehensive makes What Shaerbeek’s interventions. idea retrofitting ensure and more targeted losses heat identify mapping as to away thermal using of buildings. cities started also have Other through green savings. green through generated points loyalty options with payment by incorporating incentivise transport to public systems smartcard contactless and applications innovating planning ofexisting top on transport is city The revenues transport. public from city while greater generating commuting experience emissions. improve to the This is plan expected in carbon reduction resultant by the air created journey, city toward contribution the cleaner and the of gains fromcyclingpart fitness walkingor and savings, the as well as health estimate also routes, to but transport public plot only not to allow would registered users that application is an integrated Services Mobility Urban Smart ofchoice. mode the by making transport public sustainable mobility is encourage keen to city The Kraków, Poland times. environmental journey savings, reduce also to but builtthe environment to not only encourage reconfigure how pro-actively cities to are seeking ‘recycling’. from generated highlights idea The sustainedscheme by energy the savings aunique with financing scale untested a currently innovation at solutions various combines mobility Lisbon’s pedestrians. and cyclists to accessible bikes, more hilly electric and making the city ramps road walkways car power assisted to from kinetic energy is capture to envisaged by Movement Energy congestion. associated the and transport private reliance motorised on energy,unexploited while citizens’ reducing its harvest to plans developed has Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal 31 Five Core Themes Five cities – Barcelona, Athens, Kirklees, Stockholm, Warsaw – were rewarded for putting forward innovative ideas and visions that, according to the jury members, could be implemented, would have a significant impact and could potentially be transferred to other cities in Europe or across the world. The judges were impressed by how relatively simple initiatives could have transformative effects on the way governments and people connect, with measurable impacts on the daily lives of urban dwellers who share common problems. The relatively small Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, United Kingdom aimed to harness the potential capacity of the shared economy to build social cohesion, while the historic yet fragile city of Athens, Greece wanted to use collaborative engagement to address the negative social consequences of reduced budgets and government inefficiency. Stockholm, Sweden targeted the challenges of climate change, suggesting new techniques for generating green energy. Both Barcelona, Spain, the winner of the Grand Prize, and Warsaw, Poland focused on at-risk groups, proposing innovative approaches to improving quality of life for, respectively, the elderly and the blind. Winners

32 Participating cities Oulu Winner Umeå Finalist Trondheim Participant

Tampere

Helsinki StockholTallinn m

Edinburgh Helsingborg Copenhagen Newcastle Sunderland Frederiksberg Malmö Kaunas BlackpoolYoKingston-upon-Hullrk Gdynia KirkleLiverpool esAmsterdaGroningem n Gdansk Dublin Manchester Sheffield Amersfoort Hamburg Nottingham Birmingham Bydgoszcz LeicesterPeterborough Utrecht s-Hertogenbosch Cardiff Cambridge The Hague Enschede Berlin Poznan Rotterdam Herne Halle Łódz BristolLondon Gelsenkirchen Bournemouth Bruges Antwerp Leipzig Wrocław Warsaw Dortmund Plymouth Southampton Ghent Brussels Dabrowa Górnicza Cologne Gliwice Brighton & Hove Amiens Charleroi Maastricht Kraków Caen PaSchaerbeekris Brno Boulogne-Billancourt Liège Brest Mannheim Bratislava Košice Rennes Baia Mare Mulhouse Boto ani Nantes ș Cluj-Napoca Lausanne Bergamo Lyon Ljubljana Saint-Étienne Milan Grenoble Verona Venice Rijeka Novi Sad Genoa Ferrara Bilbao Bologna Santander Montpellier Ruse San Sebastián Prato Florence Niš Vitoria-Gasteiz Sofia Varna León Ancona Burgos Sabadell Burgas Zaragoza Rome Stara Zagora Braga Valladolid Mataró Plovdiv Guimarães Tarragona Latina Tirana Lüleburgaz Porto Torrejón de Ardoz Coimbra MadrBarcelonid a Parla València Palma de Mallorca Ioannina Larissa Odivelas Alicante Sintra Elche Messina CascaisLisbon Murcia Palermo Acharnes Catania Granada Athens Siracusa Cádiz Malaga

Chania Limassol 33

Spanish and The capital of Catalonia and Spain’s second city, also supports video calling) for professional care, 1,620,243 Catalan Barcelona is internationally recognised for its thus reducing the burden on walk-in facilities and Population (2012) Winners Official languages dynamic and forward-looking governance, which providing more regular monitoring. Evidence Indirectly has pioneered innovation since the mid-1980s. shows that loneliness, often related to isolation, 0.27% Despite being hit by the recent economic crisis, the increases the likelihood of developing health Population growth per annum elected mayor city has, over the last three decades, transformed complications, including depression, dementia and (2009-2012) (four-year term) Metropolitan governance its economy into one of Europe’s most productive, obesity. Sharing care of the elderly across family €22,720 capable of attracting foreign direct investment. It members and community members increases the GDP per capita (2013) has also actively promoted entrepreneurship and potential for contact. tourism. In 2014, it became the first European 0.49% Capital of Innovation. Implementation Annual GDP growth (2003-2013) Barcelona’s project is designed to keep costs down Vision by negotiating bulk discounts with tablet providers According to Josep Mari, Barcelona’s Director and encouraging neighbours to share Wi-Fi. The Winning proposal of Social Innovation Projects, when Bloomberg city also plans to identify individuals who find Vincles BCN: building a social media Philanthropies launched the European Mayors adopting technology difficult and link them to network to support senior citizens Challenge, the city was already exploring the formal and community-based systems of support, potential use of Vincles to build a stronger care which might include ‘second-degree access’ (e.g. Barcelona, Spain estimates that one in four of its network for its ageing population. Barcelona going online with a relative). The Vincles app Grand Winner Prize citizens will be over 65 by 2040. The city believes isolation is a fertile breeding ground for will be available to anyone who requires it but the believes that dependence on fragile informal poor health, and plans to use Vincles to distribute programme targets citizens over 65 who live alone. networks results in an increasingly isolated healthcare across the city’s population, thus It will take three years of usability testing and ageing population. This not only reduces quality reducing some of the associated costs of caring piloting before Vincles scales up to support 20,000 of life, but also creates a healthcare burden: for the aged. With its human-centred approach, citizens with tablets and free connectivity. lonely individuals are more likely to develop the social initiative stood out as a project that health complications. Vincles BCN: Collaborative “puts people at the centre of technology-based Transferability Care Networks for Better Ageing aims to use a innovation,” by creating care networks made up of The challenges associated with an ageing customised social media application on web- informal and formal caregivers for the elderly. It population extend far beyond Barcelona. Many enabled tablet computers to more tightly connect was also recognised that Vincles had the potential European countries are ‘getting older’ as birth rates the senior population. Vincles means ‘social ties’ to encourage synergies between public health and decline and people live longer. In Europe, fertility in Catalan – ties to family, caregivers, neighbours. social service units, effectively networking local rates are generally below the replacement rate, and While many existing initiatives across Europe government departments that frequently operate in there is an insufficient supply of migrant workers – focus on tapping into local support networks in isolation. meaning that the dependency ratio across Europe order to reduce the isolation of the elderly, is on the rise. In Spain, it is projected that by 2050 Barcelona Vincles adds to this by providing a dedicated city- Impact every 10 taxpayers will support nine economically wide platform that facilitates the activation of Currently, 20% of Barcelona’s population is inactive seniors. This places enormous strain on these existing networks in a way that significantly over 65 years old. As people age, their social funding welfare benefits, particularly pensions increases the well-being of – and support for – connections weaken, as peers pass away and as and health care, threatening their very viability. both the person being cared for and their carers. mobility decreases. Vincles aims to make social To encourage other cities to engage with these By connecting older citizens to informal and networks more robust by connecting elderly people problems, Barcelona will license Vincles and offer formal caregivers at scale, the project has the to individuals who are physically close to them, like its services to national and international municipal potential to support other vulnerable individuals, family members and neighbourhood volunteers. governments. and also to be exported to other cities. It also uses the same tablet-based platform (which

34 percentage (38%)percentage ofseniors globally. By 2050, highest fourth Spain will the have 65 by 2040. ofBarcelona's in four One citizens over will be 100,000Over are residents 80+. 88,000 live alone. 300,000Over are residents 65+ (20%); innumbers population Ageing A Q Barcelona of Innovation Projects, Social City of Mari, Josep Director with Interview A Q A Q    

social innovation projects already under under innovationsocial already projects launch to We opportunities for were looking Challenge? Why Mayors did the you enter concisely with qualitative with data. concisely and explainidea, to it also clearly but our stretch only not to encouraged Being challenge? the of aspect beneficial Most tourism city. in the ofmass growth the despite habits and citizens maintain identity, their customs local Yes, ensuring aimed aproject at local Were ideas? any there other development in city. the

A  Q A Q   departmental structures. departmental across go that thinking proposals about government by city as one together citizenry. is innovate to challenge The amore connected to way it’ll the that pave We’re building hope in the infrastructure five years? after your city on Impact significant encouragement. recognition is international a while the prize allows faster, and bigger us go to The regardless. We ahead go to planned you hadn’tIf won?

35 Winners Greek Six years of GDP contraction has seen Greece’s Impact 664,046 Official language economy shrink by almost a quarter, but a record Athens hopes the project will give visibility and Population (2012) Winners Directly tourist season in 2014 helped push the country coordination to volunteer efforts as the capital elected mayor back into the black. During this time, Greece positions itself to benefit from the potential of -1.58% has undertaken the biggest government debt co-created solutions. Amalia Zepou, an activist- Population growth per annum (five-year term) (2002-2012) Metropolitan governance restructuring in history, with bailouts far larger turned-civil-servant, has been championing the than annual GDP. With a high debt-to-GDP ratio project for more than a year. Her inclusion in €18,770 and unemployment rate, especially amongst the the city’s government already signals a desire to GDP per capita (2013) youth who represent significant lost potential, experiment with new forms of governance and an Greece is unable to fund many projects at a openness to partner with citizens. -0.92% national or local level. Health care budgets, for Annual GDP growth (2003-2013) example, have been reduced by 40% as part of Implementation austerity measures. In this environment, regular Athens has already worked to create a network protests have shown a growing mistrust between of activists operating within the city, and the Winning proposal citizens and government; Greeks are the most likely municipality plans to increase the sustainability in Europe to believe their government is corrupt. synAthina: changing government of the project by hiring external experts to train from the bottom up by encouraging city staff and by involving city officials more Vision broadly. A pilot phase has shown some positive a volunteer culture In this environment, synAthina is an attempt to results and, in the future, open data will be used synAthina is an initiative aimed at the entire rebuild Europe’s oldest capital city from the bottom to increase transparency by allowing citizens city. Austerity measures hit Greece harder up by employing citizen engagement as a lever for to measure the success of specific projects. The than any other European nation, significantly promoting government transparency and reform. creation of a department for civil society further reducing the operational capacity of Athens. The project is supported by a website, which highlights the municipality’s desire to have citizens

Athens SynAthina is supported by a central municipal allows citizens to list (on a map) projects aimed drive government innovation. In doing so, local platform and a new department that will promote at improving the quality of city life in categories government wants to connect with citizens, but social innovation. The initiative supports and ranging from urban improvements to education, Zepou believes that Athens also benefited from encourages community and business-sponsored culture and children. A matchmaking service links “being part of, and seeing itself as equal to, a group projects, while aiming to reduce the distance volunteers and funders, which can be made up of of other cities from other European countries.” between citizens and government through citizens, NGOs or private businesses. However, citizen participation in problem-solving. Open this masks the big steps Athens has had to take Transferability data is expected to facilitate transparency and politically. Many of the informal activities, like synAthina contributes to resolving the challenge of provide tangible measurements of the project’s gardening abandoned plots or street exchange inadequate operational capacity at the municipal success, increasing residents’ levels of trust. As is bazaars, are technically illegal, and Athens is using level, particularly when it comes to responding to the case with many applicant cities, discussions the suggestions as feedback to rewrite a “complex the smaller scale day-to-day needs of its citizens are already being developed to export the system of administrative obstacles that repeatedly in an open and transparent way. The perceived technology to other European cities, highlighting inhibits citizens”. By providing official recognition distance between citizens and government is a a desire to not only participate in city innovation, to community efforts, no matter how small, the problem affecting many European cities, as is but profit from it too. municipality wants to build a relationship of trust the need to find alternative methods to fund local between local government and citizens while projects and services. However, the feedback fostering volunteerism. loop of using citizen proposals to impact by-laws, regulation and policy is relatively rare and suggests opportunities to involve citizens in local governance in ways that go beyond initiatives to expand voting.

36 volunteers. 45,000 attracted 2004 Olympics Athens The Greece. 0.1% than Volunteering less contributes in GDP to EU’s the has rate. lowest volunteering Lithuania) and Bulgaria, with (along Italy Greece Ukraine is ranked lower in Europe. only Barometer; EUin Corruption the its on lowestTransparency ranks Greece International and take government inefficiency as a given. while 98% amajor problem consider corruption 13%Only citizens institutions public ofGreek trust Volunteering innumbers A Q Society Civil for Mayor Deputy Zepou, Amalia Athens with Interview A Q A Q   

volunteerism because it Athenians is for easier because volunteerism encourage to use Citiesto ofService astrategy with coincided competition The Challenge? Why Mayors did the you enter solution. ofprovidingEuropean cities part a and many so to other as equal Athens see to also robust and application, and thought-out aclearly develop to tools us gave the It challenge? the of aspect beneficial Most synAthina. into interestingmost ofwhich were incorporated ideas,We the for team ofour asked members Were ideas? any there other is and recognised. abroad done been already has that something accept to

A  Q A Q 

important to reinforce to European their identity.important is That very citizens countries. other from other the to closer but government maybe, Europeans... other to closer the to closer Not Contributing sharing and makes citizens feel five years? after your city on Impact work. would even ifwe that we knew didn’t win, this tools... us gave the application The team. by the expanding increasing impact the sponsorships;scale prize allows money the for small on focus continue would to idea The you hadn’tIf won?

37 Winners English The UK government wants to become a leader in help citizens and businesses to tap into the benefits 425,517 Official language the sharing economy and has recently launched of agglomeration more easily, whilst simultaneously Population (2012) Winners Indirectly a review to better understand how to be part of testing an economic model that may limit the need elected mayor a booming market. The annual global sharing to accumulate. Carre believes that the disruptive 0.95% economy is expected to grow from € 12 billion qualities of Comoodle will ultimately benefit Population growth per annum (one-year term) (2001-2012) Metropolitan governance in 2014 to € 300 billion by 2025. Initiatives like traditional businesses by increasing demand for Airbnb, Uber and Hailo have caused controversy their services. €23,160 because of their disruptive impact on traditional GDP per capita (2013) operating systems. Governments have tried to Implementation update policy to either legalise or ban sharing It will take three years to have full city coverage 1.26% services while several countries have left it to the for Comoodle. Kirklees will provide a critical Annual GDP growth (2003-2013) courts to decide. Unlike French and German cities, mass of physical resources, while citizens, NGOs UK local governments have generally chosen not and businesses will also need to contribute these, to oppose ride and house-sharing services, allowing plus their time and/or skills. A time-bank allows Winning proposal opportunities for the sharing economy to grow. opportunities for trade through virtual payment Comoodle: a municipal platform in instances where services or assets cannot be to collaboratively share public and Vision procured or provided for free. While user trust private resources Kirklees is a metropolitan borough in the north and reputation will limit abuse, Kirklees is also of England made up of three towns and several engaging with new partners to overcome insurance Comoodle is a comprehensive platform designed villages. The city council intends to be one and regulatory issues. However, the team struggled to disrupt the traditional economy in Kirklees, of the first urban areas in the UK to build a most with a non-technical aspect of implementation: United Kingdom by allowing private, municipal comprehensive public sharing platform. According branding. Kirklees outsourced the branding to an and NGO assets and skills to be shared. The to Kirklees’ Innovation Hub Project Officer Duggs agency that came up with the name and helped scheme is an extension of a wider shared Carre, “We are, as an authority, quite ambitious.” speed up the process. Carre says the name the economy movement. It includes various private Being a winner alongside major European cities council came up with, ‘Kirklees Shares’ “wasn’t sector and community-based initiatives, and confirms that smaller towns have an innovation a strong enough brand to sell to the public or repositions the local authority as a facilitator role to play, too. Kirklees believes that a single ultimately internationally which is where we want

Kirklees rather than simply as a provider of services. municipal platform will not only help to share this to go.” Collaborative consumption is imagined as a way surplus public and private resources, but will also of making better use of municipal resources, and build a sense of community. For the platform to Transferability encouraging citizens and businesses to solve succeed, it “needs to be everybody sharing and The Mayor of Kirklees has already spoken local problems, reducing demand on increasingly putting some equity in,” says Cath Bottomley, Head to organisations like Airbnb, who are keen to limited tax resources. of Area Working and Safety, Kirklees Council. understand how a public sharing platform might influence the collaborative economy. Kirklees Impact has developed a non-UK prototype, aimed at For Kirklees, Comoodle will encourage citizens demonstrating its global potential, and plans to to use public assets like tools or buildings to engage with several European cities in the near look after and improve public spaces or provide future to investigate how to effectively export community support services that are increasingly Comoodle. There is potential to scale up Comoodle outside budget capacity. Carre says, “We knew for neighbouring cities, creating a significant we were trying to do something quite brave and opportunity for collaborative consumption in the different. It’s quite difficult to know what impact region and beyond. If successful this would not it’s ultimately going to have.” A collaborative only disrupt traditional business models but also consumption platform at a municipal level may positively impact how cities work.

38 lifetime. estimated 12 13 to minutes over its entire and apowera day drill hours is an for used average sits car the UK, 23 unused the for In and rental car by 2025. 50% market share in holiday accommodation reach to sharing UK The economy is expected €300 reach billion could but by 2025. sharing economy:Global €12 billion (2014), sharingUK economy: €0.7 billion (2014). innumbers economy Sharing Q Council Kirklees Working and Area Safety, of Head Bottomley, and Cath Council Kirklees Officer,Innovation Project Hub Carre, Duggs with Interview A Q A  

Most beneficial aspect of the challenge? the of aspect beneficial Most and knew we wanted to use it. to we knew and wanted brand Comoodle into the developing effort we we’d knew won; we’d time and the put before We in project budget our the included you hadn’tIf won? people. want how and we connect people what to us respond solution, which helped [technological] the on less and problem the more on us focus to encouraged coach Our

A Q 

able to help.” to able council; the to I’m speak and go sure they’ll be they’ll an say, idea has if somebody “I should distant: I’d less be like think to in five timeyears Council Borough will The housingand estates. streets their on happens what direction about skills and –will more have stuff,shared spaces by –supported ofKirklees residents The We’ll aprovider. than more ofafacilitator be five years? after your city on Impact 39 Winners Swedish Sweden has already reached its EU 2020 target for eight in 10 residents desire to be more active in the 881,235 Official language renewable energy and is also on track to achieve the fight against climate change, and this project plans Population (2012) Winners Indirectly greenhouse gas 2020 reduction target. Stockholm’s to expand e-services, allowing citizens to calculate elected mayor Vision 2030 is directed at becoming entirely fossil how much biochar needs to be produced to ‘offset’ 1.92% fuel-free, and being the green capital of the world personal emissions, such as going on holiday or Population growth per annum (four-year term) (2004-2013) Metropolitan governance by 2050. During the 1950s, the city was heavily choosing to drive to work. This helps increase the dependent on fossil fuels and air pollution was high. sense of tangibility for individual citizen action. €51,560 Since then, strategic planning has been put in place GDP per capita (2013) to simultaneously improve the city’s environmental Implementation performance and help the city transition into a Stockholm already has significant green 3.2% low-carbon economy. This plan has been supported infrastructure in place and is in the process of Annual GDP growth (2003-2013) by stringent new building codes and retrofitting developing a municipal eco-plant for recycling and standards. The availability of new technology, waste; a biochar facility will be added to this. The coupled with the willingness of the business and facility will be partly funded by selling biochar (for Winning proposal residential communities to become early adopters, use in soil production) and excess gas (to produce increases opportunities for green innovation in the bio-fuel). To promote urban farming, the city will Grow Stockholm: converting citizen city. provide professional advice and start-up gardening bio-waste into biochar to remove CO 2 kits to citizens who provide bio-waste. The Biochar Project developed by Stockholm, Vision Sweden aims to reduce carbon emissions Stockholm’s local government wants to change the Transferability by enabling citizens to be part of carbon city’s ecological footprint by revitalising an ancient Many cities may not have the infrastructure to but effective technology. The city plans to collect support a city-wide biochar project; however, it is sequestration (CO2 ‘removal’). Residents can provide plant waste for the city to produce bio-waste from residents to produce biochar, which fairly easy to develop small-scale projects. This may biochar – a stable, solid charcoal product, rich can then be used in public and private gardens. help to overcome the trend of richer cities investing in carbon which can endure in soil for thousands Biochar is an organic substance produced from more in being green than poorer ones. Recognising of years – which encourages plant growth by plant waste, which can be used to increase plant the difficulty of measuring the local benefits of enhancing the soil’s capacity to retain water growth, sequester carbon and purify storm water green projects, Stockholm is eager to export the and nutrients. An e-service allows citizens to run-off. The process will have positive side effects: biochar scheme to other cities to raise global calculate how much biochar they need to use a by-product of the biochar production process is awareness of the need for every city to contribute to in their soil to ‘offset’ their carbon footprint – synthesis gas, which will be used to generate energy reducing the risks associated with climate change. impacting positively on behaviour. A municipal for the city’s district heating system. biochar facility will add to the Swedish capital’s expanding waste and recycling capacity. While Impact there are many examples of biochar use across Assuming that the waste collection and distribution Europe, Stockholm’s proposed use of biochar systems remain carbon neutral, Stockholm believes

Stockholm for its urban storm water purification and that every tonne of biochar will sequester 3.6 tonnes

management system appears to be unique, of CO2. The local government will weigh output as does its large-scale collaboration between to build a very public and visible evidence base for local authorities and citizens in the generation how such innovations can promote greener living. of the product. Malin Parmander, the city’s International Affairs Officer, believes the project will further increase citizens’ awareness of climate change issues, and also increase happiness. City surveys show that

40 3.6 dioxide. ofcarbon tonnes sequester to is expected ofbiochar tonne One conditions.favourable Swedishthe 200% in to up and more climate by 30% to up growth will in plant increase using in beds plant biochar expects city The trillion. €5 at estimated currently services and goods green market for Global innumbers economy Green A Q of Stockholm Officer, Affairs City International Parmander, Malin with Interview A Q A Q    

to good, strategic competitions or awards or – competitions good, strategic to apply to Visibility City It’s Strategy ofthe part Challenge? Why Mayors did the you enter globally. ofthinking politicians importance ofthe local award persuade helps international cities’ other Hearing winning and ideas an challenge? the of aspect beneficial Most implemented. ofbeing process the arefrom, or in ofwhich now have three been Yes, choose to projects other were there four Were ideas? any there other leader. win –gaining as a hopefully green profile and

A  Q A Q 

change issues. climate with more citizenswhere are engaged healthier; acity and greener will be Stockholm five years? after your city on Impact however, scale. asmaller on as acity, project We the funded have would you hadn’tIf won?

41 Winners Polish Since joining the EU in 2004, Poland has moved Impact 1,715,500 Official language towards policy and economic convergence with The city hopes more than half of visually impaired Population (2012) Winners Directly the rest of Europe. While real GDP per capita is residents will make use of Virtual Warsaw. Reduced elected mayor still catching up with western European countries, dependency will not only liberate citizens to 0.08% it more than doubled between 1989 and 2013, more freely access Warsaw, it is likely to reduce Population growth per annum (four-year term) (2003-2012) Metropolitan governance following the revolutions that toppled communism the burden of care, enabling family helpers or in central and eastern Europe. In 2012, Poland’s volunteers to access employment opportunities €26,100 R&D investment budget was 0.9% of GDP, while that otherwise wouldn’t be available to them. GDP per capita (2013) the EU average was 2%, with only Finland and Importantly, the project also plans to improve Sweden above 3%, the European 2020 target. the quality of e-government services by adopting 4.54% Poland is the only EU member to have escaped WCAG 2.0, which aims to increase the robustness Annual GDP growth (2003-2013) recession following the 2008 financial crisis and has of assistive technologies, and create a central identified innovation as critical to further closing support line for the visually impaired. For Tomasz the wage gap with richer nations and reaching Pactwa, Director of Welfare and Social Projects, it Winning proposal sustainable income growth for the bottom 40% is about teaching employers to “trust the element of of its population. To achieve this, Poland plans to Virtual Warsaw: giving the visually self-sufficiency for blind people,” allowing visually increase its research spend to 1.7% of GDP as part impaired greater access to the city impaired individuals to move, enjoy and operate of its Europe 2020 target, but also recognises the more freely in Warsaw “in a more holistic way”. Virtual Warsaw aims to give the visually impaired need to use government funds to strategically ignite greater freedom of movement across the city, its lagging private sector. Poland plans to use € 10 Implementation particularly in the use of public transport and billion in EU structural funds, upgraded research A successful indoor pilot with blind users in an public facilities. Thousands of Bluetooth Low infrastructure and international partnerships to administrative building has already demonstrated Energy (BLE) beacons will be installed around stimulate commercially oriented innovation. As the feasibility of the scheme. The city will install the the Polish capital to provide indoor and outdoor wages rise, Poland’s low-cost manufacturing model technology in public transport, public buildings, micro-navigation by communicating location needs to be replaced with more skilled and leisure and cultural sites across the city, each of data to smartphones. Using technology to productive jobs to remain competitive. which will be preceded by a smaller scale pilot and improve universal access at an individual level extensive testing with users. The technology will highlights the city’s capacity to make uniform Vision then be tailored to suit the significantly different public transport more specific to the needs of Virtual Warsaw is an ambitious plan to use Blue- operating environments, which include indoor and Warsaw its users. This freedom of movement is designed tooth technology to make the Polish capital more outdoor, churches and theatres. to reduce unemployment amongst the city’s accessible to the visually impaired. Micro-navi- blind population, currently at 81%. Warsaw gation beacons will communicate changes in the Transferability will provide an application program interface urban environment to increase safety and improve Warsaw then hopes to use what it has learnt to (APIs make it easier for technologies to ‘talk’ to access to public transport, leisure facilities like help other cities ensure accessibility for people each other) to increase the potential for further parks and theatres, and public buildings. Career with visual disabilities. This includes combining innovation by residents and businesses around training and employer awareness programmes will technology with employment and skills training to the infrastructure. The project borrows technology further improve the independence and employa- develop best practice. The city will also provide an generally used by the private sector at a bility of people with visual impairments; currently open API to enable local organisations to create significantly smaller scale, scaling it up to cover 81% of the blind population is without work. The other uses for the BLE infrastructure. Witnessing an entire city. innovation fits with the adopted Europe 2020 the government spending more on innovation is Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth an open invitation to encourage the tertiary and by reducing the degree of social exclusion while private sectors to invest their own time and effort. fostering new skills. In the future, Pactwa believes that “anybody who

42 also to visitors. visitors. to also but citizens, to not only Warsaw more accessible make to desire a strong echoing language,” own their in get information will city the enters unemployment statistic. unemployment –20% above Europe’spopulation highest youth 81% in Warsaw’s unemployment blind Warsaw. visual with 40,000 impairment live in people ageing world population. the despite Visual impairment decrease is the on livepeople in low-income environments. world’s 90% ofthe About visually impaired impaired; 39 million are blind. Globally, 285 are visually million people Visual impairment innumbers Visual impairment A Q Warsaw of Projects, City and Social Welfare of Director Tomasz with Pactwa, Interview A Q   

our idea to find out whether or not not or it was whether findout to idea our We institution judge to an external wanted Challenge? Why Mayors did the you enter healthcare, whilehealthcare, cost. reducing its of quality the increase to telemedicine byinitiative; work to cycling transport and increasing citizen participation; agreener planning implementation: at and looking Yes, were innovations there several other in Were ideas? any there other innovative level. an international at

A  Q A Q A Q  

but for other groups too. other for but visually impaired, the only not oflife for quality We Warsaw will use Virtual improve to the five years? after your city on Impact donations. grants and other access to easier it much Winningwe proceeded. makes have would finance, to easy but less been have would It you hadn’tIf won? quickerwill makeimplement. projects to future pilot, apre-launch and research with through the methodology, including thinking the problem solutions: different with respond but challenges, similarRealising cities face other that challenge? the of aspect beneficial Most 43 Winners Tools and approaches Innovation and collaboration A common – and welcome – trend within the Despite targeting a range of different urban social, Innovation is a process – every city’s need for submissions is the way in which several projects re- structural and economic problems, the tools and innovation and capacity to innovate is based on framed vulnerable individuals as valuable resources approaches proposed by the 155 cities demonstrated unique circumstances. Despite this, every local for the city rather than as burdens on society, a number of commonalities. Innovation was seldom government was able to suggest new approaches while others ensured resources were available to about pure invention and more about considering to improve the quality of life in their cities. The facilitate ‘normal’ living. In the face of continued how existing systems or technologies might be shortlisted and winning cities felt that the Mayors cuts to pensions and other welfare benefits, and repurposed to improve the quality of urban life. Challenge gave them the time and focus to develop the rise in the dependency ratio across Europe, As with most sectors of society, local governments the potential of their innovations in a more mature applicant cities proposed creative responses to have responded to the promise of the digital way. In particular, the stimulus to engage with the issues of loneliness and isolation. The strong revolution. 63% of all cities intended to directly private sector tools and find partners to facilitate emphasis on community as a way to deal with these exploit new information technology to support delivery was appreciated and absorbed by many issues underscore the benefits of urban density and their innovations. Democratising and evolving of the finalist cities. More importantly, the process proximity of individuals as an asset in combating data was found in 15% of applications in the form helped cities to more clearly and concisely articulate isolation and solving complex social issues. of open data (transparently opening up data for their concepts, encouraging citizens to trust and re-use in any way) and big data (which aims to find support brave ideas. relationships between large amounts of seemingly Collaboration and partnership matter to local unrelated data). Gamification, which uses gaming governments, and as they try to build stronger techniques in the ‘real’ world to encourage citizens networks with residents, (and other local and non- to solve problems and increase awareness to change local partners, including other cities), the potential behaviour, also featured regularly. to share ideas grows. However, the value lies not All the winning proposals make use of only in sharing innovations and know-how, but smartphones and information technology, also in helping cities to identify problems that they recognising that the world is more digitally may not have been aware of and in encouraging connected than ever before. Co-design, a tool cities to believe that these problems can be solved. that involves people in highlighting and solving Strategically using the media to extend this

Reflections specific problems, played a key role in 20% of dialogue increases awareness of the challenges faced the applications. A significant number of cities and provides more opportunity for transferring planned to use crowd-sourcing and crowd- ideas. It also gives citizens the chance to provide funding, highlighting their desire to benefit from feedback. One of the greatest benefits of more the unconventional approaches to supporting open local government innovation is the potential innovation and democracy that the Internet for greater input from citizens in solving city-level potentially facilitates. problems, and possibly even in affecting how Yet, even with a strong focus on finding ways government works. to use citizens as a resource (43% of applications included citizens as implementation partners or as volunteers), traditional partnerships dominated. This included private sector funding and expertise (75%), expert knowledge and support from universities (73%) and non-profit partnerships (50%). In addition, the European Union was often referred to as a potential source for funding or implementation support.

44 Conclusion However, widely sharing best practices through a The Mayors Challenge is itself an innovation. By competition like the Mayors Challenge requires considering bottom-up initiatives at the city level, time to produce results. Many of the projects from it confirms that at a time of general disillusionment the American and European challenges may only with systems of governance, local government produce tangible outcomes in a number of years. has the capacity to be resilient and pro-active in As the Mayors Challenge plans a third round ways that national governments and international of the competition, the choice of geography institutions find difficult. The Mayors Challenge will provide valuable insight into the capacity provides an opportunity for cities to recognise the to transfer innovations not only between cities need to think through potential innovations clearly within a given region, but also between cities in without immediately closing down the conversation significantly different political, social, economic by considering only the budget implications. Time and environmental contexts. It will undoubtably is another scarce commodity in budget-strapped continue to provide an invaluable platform for local local councils, and many of the finalist cities felt the governments to influence how regional and national competition freed up the time and space needed to governments engage partnerships to improve the think through ideas. The encouragement to work quality of life for their citizens. across government departments that, by their own admission, seldom interacted further enriched these ideas. The whole application process – including the feedback, coaching sessions and Ideas Camp – is a carefully constructed practice that helps cities embrace new innovation techniques. Examples from the private sector provided important and helpful design models for some. The process itself yields an in-depth understanding that, despite the extent to which existing political systems place limitations on local government, cities still have significant potential to be innovative. When trying to do more with less, having a good idea of what has already been shown to be possible certainly helps, and the media exposure and sharing of information through the network of finalists works to support this. All scales of government can benefit from exploring new approaches to solving problems, and competitions like the Mayors Challenge can play a significant role in encouraging new types of relationships between local governments and their citizens.

45 Bloomberg Philanthropies LSE Cities

About Bloomberg Philanthropies’ mission is to ensure LSE Cities is an international centre at the London better, longer lives for the greatest number of School of Economics and Political Science that people. The organisation focuses on five key carries out research, education and outreach areas for creating lasting change: Public Health, activities in London and abroad. Its mission the Environment, Education, Government is to study how people and cities interact in a Innovation and the Arts. Bloomberg Philanthropies rapidly urbanising world, focusing on how the encompasses all of Michael R. Bloomberg’s design of cities impacts on society, culture and charitable activities, including his foundation the environment. Through research, conferences, and his personal giving. In 2014, Bloomberg teaching and projects, the centre aims to shape new Philanthropies distributed $462 million (€ 409m). thinking and practice on how to make cities fairer The Government Innovation programme and more sustainable for the next generation of promotes public sector innovation capacity and urban dwellers, who will make up 70% of the global spreads proven and promising solutions among population by 2050. cities worldwide. Through diverse initiatives, LSE Cities is one of a small number of research About Government Innovation tests and refines urban centres that contribute to the LSE’s reputation as innovations, equipping mayors and local leaders one of the foremost social science universities in with practical tools and approaches to tackle tough the world. With the support of Deutsche Bank’s issues and enable civic innovation. Alfred Herrhausen Society, the centre builds on the interdisciplinary work of the Urban Age Programme, an international investigation of cities around the world that since 2005 has studied the social and spatial dynamics of metropolitan areas such as Istanbul, São Paulo, Mumbai, Johannesburg, New York City and London.

46 made up of urban, technology and governance governance and technology upof urban, made committee by aselection supported is challenge the scenes, the Behind input on this. further provided – Cities LSE and EuroCities Nesta, instance this –in partners Local cities. other in exists innovation whether asimilar research to required are and application of their part as solutions possible. as broadly as shared be can ideas best the that so clearly ideas explain and pitch to cities teaching involves task of this portion Asignificant cities. other to transferred be might idea how the contextualising implemented and be how it can demonstrating impact, meaningful have a how it will acity,problem clarifying in a solving to anew approach idea is how the asking includes This participating. from benefit to city for every potential the manner, increasing astructured in innovation consider governments help local to intended is team, Challenge Mayors the from assistance technical strong includes which process, application the and coaches, sector private and experts input from received cities 16 other funding, receive cities five only While cities. other in peers with engage to opportunities and cities winning and for short-listed publicity prizes, cash including participation, encourage residents. for life city improve to new ways seek to governments for local potential of the awareness public increase to also solve problemsand actively to cities encourage to competition the use to is intention The strategic. as at acity-level issues economic and social pressing the tackle to innovation sees Philanthropies Bloomberg innovation. governance local strengthen to designed is competition The yet confirmed. be to has location but the investigated, being is round for athird potential 2013-2014. in Europe in Challenge Mayors The the replicated 2012,in Philanthropies Bloomberg States United the in competition inaugural an After MayorsThe Challenge City governments identify challenges and and challenges identify governments City to of incentives arange uses competition The implementation options and challenging their their challenging and options implementation their discussing of change, theory their through think to cities finalist helping with were tasked winners. the overall and picking 21 the finalists for selecting responsible is committee The network. extensive Philanthropies’ Bloomberg leveraging experts, other cities. cities. other with information that sharing and learnt lessons capturing to acommitment is efforts of these all Across progress. their encourage to support other and training with of 16 group finalists the provides also Philanthropies Bloomberg implementation. accelerate to assistance intensive as well as grants, implementation receive cities winning five The applications. stronger more produce to focused, designed was This ideas. their strengthen and expand to experts from and other each from input received cities which during workshop two-day a Camp, an Ideas in part took finalists application, updated an Before submitting concept. final of the quality the increase to assumptions Strategy consultants from Monitor Deloitte Monitor Deloitte from consultants Strategy Christian Bason, Jury International Bruno Giussani,Bruno States) (United &Company McKinsey Partner, Former and Managing Philanthropies Bertin Nahum, Bertin Kingdom) (United of Nesta Executive Mulgan, Chief Geoff (Austria) Economy and for Research Science, Ministry Federal Austrian Research Institute (Hungary) Institute Research Tosics,Iván (Norway) of TechnoRocks Director Managing Member and Board and Investor Seres, Independent Silvija (Italy) Associati Founderand Ratti of Carlo Ratti, Carlo SA (France) Ron Daniel, Kingdom) (United Cities of LSE Director and Science Political and Economics of School London Burdett, Ricky (Germany) Foundation Millicom The of Head Behnke,Till and Founder of betterplace.org Christine Leitner, (Portugal) Modernisation for Administrative State of Former and Secretary of Coimbra University of the of Economics Faculty at the Professor Marques, Full Leitão Manuel Maria (France) Development) and Co-operation Economic for (Organisation OECD at the Programme Former Urban and of the Head Secretary-General the to Kamal-Chaoui, Advisor Lamia (Switzerland)

Director of MIT Senseable City Lab Lab City Senseable of MIT Director Managing Director of Metropolitan of Metropolitan Director Managing Board Member, Bloomberg Member, Bloomberg Board Professor of Urban Studies at the at the of Studies Urban Professor

President and CEO of Medtech of Medtech CEO and President

Director of MindLab (Denmark) of MindLab Director European Director of TED of TED Director European

Senior Policy Advisor at the at the Advisor Policy Senior 47 About Finalist Proposals About Amsterdam, the Netherlands - Play2Work Gdańsk, Poland - Democracy Accelerator Schaerbeek, Belgium - Greenovate will Europe is a platform seeking to disrupt traditional increases public involvement in city improvement use 3D mapping to show owners how thermally recruitment by matching skilled but inexperienced by allowing citizens to propose, develop and inefficient their buildings are. An online service youth with job opportunities. vote on projects. Training assistance is given to and personalised consultations will help accelerate strengthen the quality of their proposals. retrofitting. Athens, Greece - synAthina is a platform to encourage community volunteering and business- The Hague, the Netherlands - Citizens in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria - I Succeeded in sponsored projects to increase the municipality’s Action – Democracy 3.0 is a tool to give citizens My Town! is a financial incentive to reverse the operational capacity. the power to decide on how 2-3% of their local youth brain drain and to encourage talented taxes are spent. Barcelona, Spain - Vincles BCN: Collaborative entrepreneurs to locate their businesses in the city. Care Networks for Better Ageing uses social media Kirklees, United Kingdom - Comoodle is a Stockholm, Sweden - Grow Stockholm to more tightly network the senior population to comprehensive platform designed to disrupt the reduces carbon emissions by using residents’ plant family, caregivers and neighbours. traditional economy by allowing private, municipal waste to produce biochar, which both sequesters and NGO assets and skills to be shared. Bologna, Italy - #Angels4Bologna is a carbon and encourages plant growth. mentorship training programme designed to Kraków, Poland - Smart Urban Mobility Sofia, Bulgaria - DIY Sofia is project to increase the capacity of school students (aged 8-16) Services estimates savings, health and fitness gains bring colour and beauty to poor quality public to enter the job market or become entrepreneurs. from walking or cycling part of a public transport spaces. Use of a van equipped with tools for the journey, and the contribution made towards community to use will be supported by artists and Bristol, United Kingdom - The Learn, Grow, cleaner city air. Eat Revolution targets obesity by encouraging experts. local food production and establishing healthy food London, United Kingdom - London Lives Warsaw, Poland - Virtual Warsaw will enable shops. Chefs will help residents cook healthier food. uses existing technology to facilitate at-home greater freedom of movement for visually impaired monitoring of at-risk and diabetes patients. Brno, Czech Republic - Toward a Safer and residents, particularly in the use of public transport Integrating this into healthcare is expected to and public facilities. Engaged Community wants to increase real and reduce costs. perceived safety levels in Brno’s large housing York, United Kingdom - GeniUS! Right to estates by employing a trained concierge in each Lisbon, Portugal - Movement by Energy will Solve empowers citizens to play a pro-active role in building. capture kinetic energy harvested from car road identifying and solving city problems. Procurement ramps to power assisted walkways and electric Cardiff, United Kingdom - Push Our is opened up, allowing citizens to co-create bikes to reduce reliance on motorised private solutions. Productivity plans to train 10% of the population transport. to identify small improvements, and then implement them in order to improve the entire Madrid, Spain - E+ Subterra will broadly population’s productivity. explore the potential of harvesting energy from underground resources. This includes Florence, Italy - The Third Millennium Urban natural geothermal resources, but also the built Workshop is an urban regeneration project to environment. connect artisans to vacant properties in the historic city centre.

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- . - 49 About Maps and Graphs About p.6-7 Patterns of global change p.14 Growing on a borrowed Total population (2012) population Average annual population growth forecast Population growth (percentage average annual (2012-2030) growth, 2004-2013) LSE Cities analysis based on UN DESA World Urbanisa- City population (most recent years available) tion Prospects, 2014 Revision http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ Map based on LSE Cities analysis of Eurostat population default.aspx statistics at country and city level. p.9 Where Europe lives p.15 Migrating north-west Population Density (people/km2) Percentage of foreign-born population at country LSE Cities analysis based on LandScan 2010TM High and city level (most recent years available) Resolution Global Population Data Set City migrant population (most recent years available) p.10 Growing EU voter apathy Map based on LSE Cities analysis of Eurostat migration Voter Turn-out (1990-2014) statistics and multiple other official sources. Eurostat (2013). IDEA Voter turn-out database (IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assis- p.19 Devolution tance) http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=ta- Local revenue as a percentage of overall revenue ble&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdgo310 OECD Revenue Statistics Database (2014) http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=REV p.11 An ageing world Projected percentage of citizens over 60 by 2050 World Economic Forum (2012). Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise? Geneva, Switzerland http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalPopu- lationAgeing_Report_2012.pdf p.12 An unequal continent GDP growth (percentage average annual growth at country and city level, 2003-2013) City GDP per capita (€, 2013) Map based on LSE Cities analysis of Oxford Economics and Eurostat data, using NUTS3 regions as a proxy for each city. p.13 Europe’s lost labour potential Youth unemployment rate (most recent years available) Map based on LSE Cities analysis of Eurostat unemployment statistics and multiple other official sources.

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