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Current Cooperation, 1976–2008

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Current Cooperation, 1976–2008 Part Three / Current Cooperation, 1976–2008 EE&Efinal.indd&Efinal.indd Sec1:99Sec1:99 55/17/09/17/09 99:00:21:00:21 AAMM His Majesty King Bhumipol Adulyadej was presented the fi rst Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Medallion, awarded by the World Food Prize Foundation. The medallion was presented by Mr. Robert D. Ray, former Governor of Iowa, on July 23, 2007, at the Chitralada Palace in Thailand. EE&Efinal.indd&Efinal.indd Sec1:100Sec1:100 55/17/09/17/09 99:00:21:00:21 AAMM Equal Partners withdrawal of U.S. troops from Thailand was just one of the developments heralding a new relationship between Thailand Theand the United 1976 States. What was once a relationship centered on security and economic aid has evolved into a partnership and increased cooperation in many fi elds. Challenges are addressed in negotiations, which have resulted in agreements on such issues as aviation rights and taxation. While military-to-military ties remain important, both nations are engaging as equals in a wider range of interests than ever before, and people-to-people contacts and cooperation—whether economic, scientifi c, educational, or cultural—have grown rapidly in recent years. This cooperation has been sustained by the two countries largely because of shared values related to freedom, security, and the well-being of its citizens. Thai Domestic Politics Thailand is a constitutional monarchy headed by King Bhumipol Adulyadej (Rama IX), who celebrated the sixtieth anniversary of his accession to the throne on June 9, 2006. His legal powers are limited, but his moral authority and potential infl uence in periods of crisis are signifi cant. According to the Constitution, real day- to-day political power lies in the hands of the democratically elected government led by a prime minister. Since World War II, Thailand has alternated periods of free- ly elected civilian government with authoritarian military rule. The military last seized power in September 2006, more than fi f- teen years after its previous attempt in 1991. The 1991 coup was short-lived, and civilian rule was restored the following year after bloody pro-democracy demonstrations and intervention from the royal palace. Following a protracted political crisis, the 2006 coup was peaceful. The military leadership appointed an interim civil- ian government and legislature, as well as a committee to draft a new constitution. The new constitution was accepted through The Eagle and the Elephant 101 EE&Efinal.indd&Efinal.indd Sec1:101Sec1:101 55/17/09/17/09 99:00:22:00:22 AAMM a national referendum in August 2007 and elections followed in December that year, restoring civilian rule. During the fi fteen-year period of uninterrupted civilian rule there were six elections that provided peaceful transitions to new civilian governments. In addition, there was an exemplary process involving widespread public participation in developing and approving a new constitution, which established some, and strengthened all, democratic institutions in 1997. The 2007 con- stitution is designed to address some of the perceived weaknesses in the 1997 constitution. Thai External Relations in the Region Along with ties to the United States, Thailand’s foreign policy primarily stresses securing stable and constructive relations with border neighbors, other Southeast Asian states, and China and Japan as major Asian powers. These efforts are complemented by an active Thai role in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which now encompasses ten states, with Vietnam, Burma, Laos, and Cambodia as its newest members. Thailand was instrumental in founding ASEAN in 1967, and it led ASEAN’s efforts to marshal international isolation of the Vietnamese- installed regime in Cambodia during the late 1970s and 1980s. Among issues on ASEAN’s current agenda is an evolving free trade mechanism, which is aiming for regional trade liberalization, both Their Majesties host a dinner for on general principle and to obtain access to neighboring markets President George W. Bush and Mrs. for its competitively priced agricultural products. ASEAN holds Laura Bush at the Grand Palace during frequent internal meetings to reconcile the ten members’ positions the President’s State Visit to Thailand on political and security issues, and it has developed regular following the APEC Leaders’ Summit in November 2003. structured group dialogues with major outside powers, including the United States. Thailand and fellow members invest energy in ASEAN to enhance their leverage externally through collective action and stabilize their mutual relations by building patterns of cooperation. A signifi cant offshoot of the ASEAN process was the inauguration in 1994 of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Asia-Pacifi c’s only region-wide forum for security discussions, which 102 The Eagle and the Elephant EE&Efinal.indd&Efinal.indd Sec1:102Sec1:102 55/17/09/17/09 99:00:22:00:22 AAMM encompasses all major players, including the United States, China, Japan, Russia, and India. Thailand was arguably the intellectual godfather, with ASEAN, in establishing the ARF, and it remains an enthusiastic supporter. The ARF sponsors working group meet- ings intended to give concrete substance to the organization’s goals of building mutual confi dence and cooperation on security matters within the region. Thailand sponsored one such meeting focusing on disaster relief early in the ARF’s existence, a topic that became reality just a few years later with the massive tsunami of December 2004, centered in Southeast Asia. The close bilat- eral cooperation between the United States and Thailand enabled them to take joint action and a leadership role in the massive re- lief operation conducted not just in the hard-hit areas of southern Thailand, but throughout the region. Thailand’s relations with three of its four border neighbors underwent major shifts in the mid 1990s. Changes of government in Cambodia and Burma, post-Cold War mellowing in communist Laos, and economic liberalization by all three nations have opened up opportunities for improved relations and Thai economic pen- etration. Thailand has pursued bilateral ties and championed in- clusion of these states in ASEAN, dropping its previous support of border insurgent movements that provided a hedge and a geo- graphic buffer against once unfriendly regimes. While its policy toward Burma differs from that of the United States, Thailand has been receptive to efforts aimed at encouraging political reconcili- Pesident George H. Bush, President ation and discouraging a crackdown on dissent there. The Thai Bill J. Clinton, and President and Mrs. George W. Bush paid condolences to the accept that political stability in Burma benefi ts the entire region, 2005 tsunami victims at the Royal Thai and they recognize the need to encourage Burmese cooperation Embassy in Washington, D.C. on counter-narcotics issues. Thailand has been acutely aware of China’s recent burgeoning economic infl uence and future po- tential as a nearby major power and has taken care to cultivate excellent relations with Beijing, while at the same time encouraging responsible Chinese behavior in the region through dialogue with ASEAN and through China’s participation in its regional security forum. Refl ect- ing Japan’s limited regional politi- cal role to date, Thai relations with Tokyo have long focused on eco- nomic issues. The Eagle and the Elephant 103 EE&Efinal.indd&Efinal.indd Sec1:103Sec1:103 55/17/09/17/09 99:00:25:00:25 AAMM Bilateral Relations In the second half of the 20th century, Thailand and the U.S. enjoyed closer relations and exchange in many dimensions. In recent years, economic and trade relations have grown in importance. The United States has become a major economic partner of Thailand. It is one of Thailand’s largest export markets and an important source of imports. American investment and know-how have propelled businesses and provided signifi cant employment in Thailand. Thailand and the United States had also initiated Free Trade Area (FTA) negotiations, although these have been suspended due to political uncertainties in Thailand. Whether the negotiations will be revived will depend on political developments in both countries. From 1988 to 2008, Thailand and the United States built on foundations laid earlier. Military ties have remained strong. Thailand and the United States have conducted over 40 joint military exercises every year. Joint counter-narcotics operations are well organized and extend beyond the Thai border. In October 2003, the United States designated Thailand a Major Non-NATO Ally, the legal status allowing Thailand to be treated as a NATO ally in terms of arms trade. Thailand has also cooperated closely with the United States in anti-terrorism efforts. The high profi le arrests of Hambali in 2003 and Victor Bout in 2008, among others, stand as a testimony to this cooperation. The United States and Thailand also cooperate through anti-terrorism organizations such as the Secure Trade in the APEC Region (STAR), Bangkok/ Laem Chabang Effi cient and Secure Trade (BEST), Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Personal Identifi cation, Secured Comparison and Evaluation System (PISCES). Thailand extended its anti-terrorism efforts into military cooperation when it sent its soldiers to Afghanistan and Iraq for humanitarian and reconstruction missions. Thailand’s Mae Fah Luang Foundation, a royal-sponsored organization, has assisted Afghanistan in its efforts in alternative development and crop substitution. The two countries aid each other during natural disasters. In 2004, the United States was one of the fi rst countries to con- tribute assistance to Thailand and other countries affected by the Tsunami, in which the South of Thailand was severely affected. A year later, Thailand sent aid to those who suffered from the hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast area of the United States. In 2008, Thailand became the fi rst country to deliver humanitarian assistance to victims affected by the Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.
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