The Government of Thailand's National Review
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Frequently Asked Questions
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS About the Sex Industry in Thailand Is prostitution legal in Thailand? Prostitution is NOT legal in Thailand. However, due to the billions of dollars it feeds into the country’s tourism industry, prostitution is being considered for legalization. Where do women in prostitution in Thailand come from? The majority of Thai women migrating to Bangkok to work in prostitution are from rice farming areas in Northeast Thailand. The majority of women we see being trafficked into Thailand from other countries are coming from Eastern Europe, Africa, and South America. How old are most of the women? The age range of Thai women working in the bars is between 17 and 50 years old. The average age is around 27. Although the legal age to work in a bar is 18, many girls start at 17. Younger women also work on the streets or in other venues. What factors push Thai women to enter the sex industry? A number of factors may push a woman in Thailand to enter the sex industry. ● Culture: In Thailand, a son’s duty is to “make merit” for his parents’ next life by serving time as a monk. By contrast, once a daughter is “of age,” she is culturally obligated to care for her parents. When a young woman’s marriage dissolves—usually due to adultery, alcohol, and domestic violence—there is no longer enough support by the husband for a woman to support her parents or her own children. As a result, when the opportunity to work in the city arises, she is often relieved to be able to meet her financial obligations through that work, no matter the sacrifice. -
COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 54177-001 June 2020 Proposed Countercyclical Support Facility Loans Kingdom of Thailand: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program Distribution of this document is restricted until it has been approved by the Board of Directors. Following such approval, ADB will disclose the document to the public in accordance with ADB’s Access to Information Policy after excluding information that is subject to exceptions to disclosure set forth in the policy. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 7 June 2020) Currency unit – baht (B) B1.00 = $0.03173 $1.00 = B31.50 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations BOT – Bank of Thailand CARES – COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support CLMV – Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Viet Nam COVID-19 – coronavirus disease CPS – country partnership strategy GDP – gross domestic product GMS – Greater Mekong Subregion IMF – International Monetary Fund MOF – Ministry of Finance MOPH – Ministry of Public Health SMEs – small and medium-sized enterprises WHO – World Health Organization NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Thailand and its agencies ends on 30 September. "FY" before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2020 ends on 30 September 2020. (ii) In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars. Vice-President Ahmed M. Saeed, Operations 2 Director General Ramesh Subramaniam, Southeast Asia Department (SERD) Directors Jose Antonio R. Tan III, Public Management, Financial Sector and Trade Division (SEPF), SERD Ayako Inagaki, Human and Social Development Division (SEHS), SERD Hideaki Iwasaki, Thailand Resident Mission (TRM), SERD Team leaders Duong T. -
Women in the Workforce an Unmet Potential in Asia and the Pacific
WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE AN UNMET POTENTIAL IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE AN UNMET POTENTIAL IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2015 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org; openaccess.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2015. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-913-8 (Print), 978-92-9254-914-5 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT157205-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank Women in the workforce: An unmet potential in Asia and the Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2015. 1. Economics of gender. 2. Female labor force participation. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. -
Migration, Trafficking & Exploitation of Women In
NO STATUS: MIGRATION, TRAFFICKING & EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN IN THAILAND Health and HIV/AIDS Risks for Burmese and Hill Tribe Women and Girls A Report by Physicians for Human Rights © Physicians for Human Rights, Boston, MA June 2004 Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved Report Design: Visual Communications/www.vizcom.org Cover Photo: Paula Bronstein/Liaison CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................v Glossary ....................................................................................vii I. Executive Summary ...........................................................1 II. Introduction.......................................................................7 III. Thailand Background......................................................11 IV. Burma Background..........................................................19 V. Project Methodology .......................................................25 VI. Findings...........................................................................27 Hill Tribe Women and Girls in Thailand..........................28 Burmese Migrant Women and Girls in Thailand..............33 VII. Law and Policy – Thailand..............................................45 VIII. Applicable International Human Rights Law ..................51 IX. Law and Policy – United States .......................................55 X. Conclusion and Expanded Recommendations .................59 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Karen Leiter, JD, -
I INSOMNIA and SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG THAI WOMEN WHO HAVE
INSOMNIA AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG THAI WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE A dissertation submitted to Kent State University College of Nursing in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By: Muntaha M. Alibrahim July 2018 i Dissertation written by Muntaha Alibrahim BSN, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 2002 M.S.N, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 2005 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _______________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Patricia Vermeersch _______________________________, Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Ya-Fen Wang _______________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Ratchneewan Ross ______________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Marlene Huff _____________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Donna Bernert Accepted by _______________________________, Director, Joint Ph.D. in Nursing Program Patricia Vermeersch ______________________________, Associate Dean for Graduate Programs Wendy Umberger ii ALIBRAHIM, MUNTAHA, Ph.D., August 2018 Nursing INSOMNIA AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG THAI WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (131 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Patricia Vermeersch Yafen Wang Insomnia is the most common of all sleep problems. Long-term insomnia affects an individual’s overall quality of life. Insomnia can arise from physiological, psychological, or environmental factors. Exposure to stressors such as Intimate Partner -
Ida Fan Lindbergh High School Saint Louis, MO, USA Thailand, Food Spoilage and Waste
Ida Fan Lindbergh High School Saint Louis, MO, USA Thailand, Food Spoilage and Waste Thailand: The Pathway to Reduced Food Spoilage As of 2020, more than 69 million people inhabit Thailand (“Thailand Population”). In the center of Southeast Asia, Thailand had various ecosystems, such as the forests in the North, level grounds in the Northeast, and rocky coasts in the South (Keyes). Thailand's climate consists of extreme humidity, the key to its success in farming, and a mean annual temperature of 82°F taking into regard the three distinct seasons. Due to its location in the tropics and its climate, Thailand was almost entirely an agricultural nation for the majority of its existence. Recent changes still reflect the importance of farming in the country: Half of the population is rural, living in small villages and growing much of their own food with occasional trips to larger towns for necessities, and arable land made 43.28% of Thailand in 2016 (“Thailand - Rural Population”). The average farm size is 4.5 ha, 450% larger than the size of farms in the country’s neighbor, Japan. Most of Thailand’s farms grow rice, one of the most key crops in Asia, and while sugarcane and tobacco are some of the country’s main crops and exports, rice is the most major crop and export with around 60% of Thailand farmers growing it (Hays). In 1932, Thailand became a constitutional monarchy. With a monarch as the head of state, this change of government paved the way to an increasing number of people who moved to the capital of Thailand, Bangkok, and other urban cities in the 1960s (Ouyyanont). -
Increased Efforts by Modern States to Improve Their Reputations for Enforcing Women’S Human Rights
International Journal of Communication 10(2016), 2481–2500 1932–8036/20160005 Increased Efforts by Modern States to Improve Their Reputations for Enforcing Women’s Human Rights KARA ALAIMO1 Hofstra University, USA This study suggests that, since the year 2000, governments have been making greater claims and efforts to enforce women’s human rights. However, their motivations appear to be to improve their reputations in the international community rather than to protect women. The findings indicate that states are submitting reports to the United Nations on their progress eliminating discrimination against women on a timelier basis. Case studies of Eritrea, Thailand, and Yemen find that they report greater efforts to combat human trafficking—which spills across national borders and is thus visible to the international community—than to combat violence against women, a crime that is heinous and pervasive but often happens behind closed doors. This suggests that the nations’ motivations are largely reputational. Keywords: state reputations, women’s human rights, United Nations, violence against women, human trafficking This study finds that, since the year 2000, governments have been making increased claims and efforts to enforce women’s human rights; however, the primary motivations behind their heightened efforts appear to be to enhance their reputations rather than to actually protect women. States today depend heavily on international cooperation in order to achieve their domestic goals, ranging from national security to economic growth. Therefore, one of the most dangerous things that can happen to a country is to be branded as a pariah and cut off from the benefits of international cooperation. -
A Case Study of Empowering Women in Politics Sirirat Tamrongterakul1
การประชุมนาเสนอผลงานวิจัย ระดับบัณฑิตศึกษา ครั้งที่ ๑๖ ปีการศึกษา ๒๕๖๔ The Feminist movement in Thailand: A case study of empowering women in politics Sirirat Tamrongterakul1 and Witchayanee Ocha2 1Department of International Political Economy and Development, Faculty of Economics, Rangsit University, [email protected] 2The Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, Rangsit University, [email protected] --------------------------------- ABSTRACT Thailand’s history revealed that women have small space within the political sphere or as decision-making accomplices within the political parties, before and after the democratic bureaucracy since 1932. This paper focuses on the knowledge extracted from the secondary research documents along with focus group discussion to signifying the women’s role in participating directly in politics, to figure out the obstacles and what would be the government’ political initiatives under the constitution towards the empowerment of women in legislative issues, augmented with the proposition to enhance the women’s political enthusiasm and involvement. The results showed that for many reasons, Thai women have a little level of interest in politics and a low participation level in parliament. Finally, this paper proposes some recommendations to the government for future development and strategies to inspire more women's participation in politics. Keywords: Democratic bureaucracy, Government’ political initiatives, Women’s political enthusiasm, Women’s participation in politics 1. Introduction Feminism is a woman center approach to think about human nature through investigation of femininity and masculinity ranging from political movement philosophy and community movement that share overall objectives which are to define progressive political, financial, individual, and social right for women includes pursuing to provide equal choice for women in literacy and occupation. -
HIV/AIDS Problem of Migrants from Burma in Thailand
Alternative Report The Situation of Migrant Lao Women in Thailand and Their Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS For the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 44th CEDAW Session, 2009 Lao PDR CEDAW Articles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14 Submitted by International Women’s Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific (IWRAW Asia Pacific) based on information received from an independent researcher 2009 HIV/AIDS problem of migrants from Laos in Thailand 1. Introduction Seeking for the better of life is the human wants, and migration is one of the choices for the peoples who living in less developing country is to migrate to better developed country and sometimes it becomes worse. Mostly, Lao migrants are in Thailand where is the better place and more understandable about languages, traditions and the feelings but still limited on access heath care service and information related to vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, contagious diseases and other heath problems by their survival struggle in earning “golden dream income”. Mostly, migrants are from rural area perceive their tenuous legal status and many treats that limited to accessing to healthcare services and legal mechanisms, migrants endure poor working and living conditions without being able to receive suitable treatment for related health conditions. “The health status of migrants in Thailand is influenced by the health conditions they confront in Laos. In addition, low GDP, the three source countries have poor health systems that provide only limited treatment and preventative health. There is also an AIDS epidemic in Laos, for migrants that come to Thailand are known to have high prevalence rates of HIV. -
Female Headship, Poverty and Vulnerability in Thailand and Vietnam
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Klasen, Stephan; Lechtenfeld, Tobias; Povel, Felix Conference Paper What about the Women? Female Headship, Poverty and Vulnerability in Thailand and Vietnam Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Hannover 2010, No. 43 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Committee on Development Economics (AEL), German Economic Association Suggested Citation: Klasen, Stephan; Lechtenfeld, Tobias; Povel, Felix (2010) : What about the Women? Female Headship, Poverty and Vulnerability in Thailand and Vietnam, Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Hannover 2010, No. 43, Verein für Socialpolitik, Ausschuss für Entwicklungsländer, Göttingen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/39987 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. -
Women's Political Participation in Southeast Asia
Worrying Flattening Curve: Women’s Political Participation in Southeast Asia Bridget Welsh While the goal of public health officials has been to flatten the curve of Covid-19, another, less positive, flattening has been taking place over the past few years – the political empowerment of women in Southeast Asia. After decades of gains in the numbers of women in national executives and legislatures and among ordinary women participating in politics, a plateau pattern has emerged. In fact, in some countries – accompanying rising authoritarianism and populism tinged with anti-women rhetoric – we see outright backsliding in female political representation and participation. This chapter examines trends in female political participation/inclu- sion in the ten ASEAN countries and Timor-Leste over the last five years, 2015-2020. It builds on and incorporates the discussion of a similar chapter in an earlier publication, updating numbers and pointing to important developments in recent years.1 The problems for female political par- ticipation noted earlier – exclusionary cultural norms, resistant patriarchal political parties and “dirty” politics – have been compounded by narrowing political spaces and less welcoming environments for female participation. Once again, however, there continues to be conflicting trends. While levels of representation and attitudes towards women participating in politics plateau and even in some places decline, data shows the importance of ordinary women in politics and a modest narrowing of gender gaps in the political participation of ordinary citizens. 1 Bridget Welsh, “Promoting Inclusion: Women’s Political Participation in Southeast Asia,” in Women, Policy and Political Leadership, (Singapore: Konrad Adenaur Stiftung, 2014), pp. 9-25. -
Achieving the Sdgs for All and Leaving No Woman Or Girl Behind
ASEAN Gender AchievingOutlook the SDGs for all and leaving no woman or girl behind ABOUT THIS REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the result of the collaborative efforts and UN Women would like to thank the Governments of Australia, partnership of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Ireland, Mexico, Sweden, the United States and the United Achieving the SDGs for all and leaving (ASEAN), ASEAN Committee on Women (ACW), ASEAN Kingdom and Alwaleed Philanthropies, Alibaba Foundation, no woman or girl behind Secretariat, and the United Nations Entity for Gender the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Elizabeth Arden Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). for their generous contributions to the Making Every Woman and Girl Count Programme, which provided support in the The publication also brings into focus the paucity of gender preparation of the ASEAN Gender Outlook data and calls for greater investment and prioritization of data for tracking progress towards gender equality and Report lead: Sara Duerto-Valero achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Report authors: Sara Duerto-Valero, in ASEAN in line with the ASEAN Complementarities Initiative Sneha Kaul, and Ryce Chanchai between the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 and the 2030 Statistics: Sara Duerto-Valero and Sneha Kaul with special Agenda for Sustainable Development. thanks to ASEAN Member States, particularly ACW, ASEAN Division for Statistics and ASEAN Community The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors Statistical System (ACSS) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, Strategic guidance and substantive contributions: the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations.