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Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe ŚWIAT ARABSKI pod redakcją ANDRZEJA KAPISZEWSKIEGO u u numer 2 (VI) Kraków 2005 Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe SPIS TREŚCI 7 Od Redakcji 9 Aleksandra Kasznik-Chrisłian: U źródeł niepodległej państwowości algierskiej 23 Krzysztof Bojko: Autonomia Palestyńska po śmierci Jasera Arafata. Wybory prezydenckie 2005 r. 31 Magdalena Góra: Umiędzynarodowienie Jerozolimy i jej miejsc świętych wiatach 1945-1950 45 Walter Posch: Iran and the Shia of Iraq 61 Andrzej Kapiszewski: Non-indigenous citizens and “stateless” residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun 79 Mark N. Katz: Assessing the political stability of Oman 91 Jerzy Zdanowski: Umiarkowany islamizm. Niedoceniana siła arabskiego Bliskiego Wschodu 107 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem: Promoting a Peaceful Coexistence: John Paul II and the Middle East 121 Ibrahim El-Cheikh: Uchodźcy palestyńscy. Stan dzisiejszy i perspektywy varia 149 Olivier Da Lage: Saudi Arabia and the smaller Gulf States, the vassals take their revenge recenzje 157 Andrzej Kapiszewski, Milad Hanna: O dialogu cywilizacji, czyli o potrzebie akceptowania innych 159 Ida Balwierz: Islam i dialog między cywilizacjami 163 Krzysztof Bojko: Czesław Kącki, Izrael jego wpływ na rozwój sytuacji w regionie Bliskiego Wschodu 169 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem, K. Górak-Sosnowska, I. Szybilska (red.): Kuwejt: historia i współczesność 173 Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska, Gilles Kepel: The war for Muslim minds. Islam and the West H Krakowskie I Studia I Międzynarodowe |TABŁE OF CONTENTS 7 From the editor 9 Aleksandra Kasznik-Christian: Algeria: at the sources of its independent statehood 23 Krzysztof Bojko: Palestinian Autonomy after the death of Yasser Arafat. The presidential election of 2005 31 Magdalena Góra: The ąuestion of internationalising Jerusalem and its Holy Places in the years 1945-1950 45 Walter Posch: Iran and the Shia of Iraq 61 Andrzej Kapiszewski: Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless” residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun 79 Mark N. Katz: Assessing the political stability of Oman 91 Jerzy Zdanowski: Moderate Islamism. Underestimated power of the Arab Middle East 107 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem: Promoting a Peaceful Coexistence: John Paul II and the Middle East 121 Ibrahim El Cheikh: Palestinian refugees. Status quo and prospects Varia 149 Olivier Da Lage: Saudi Arabia and the smaller Gulf States, the vassals take their revenge Reviews 157 Andrzej Kapiszewski, Milad Hanna: On the dialogue of civilisations or on the need to accept others 159 Ida Balwierz: Islam and the dialogue of civilisations 163 Krzysztof Bojko, Czesław Kqcki: Israel and its influence on the situation in the Middle East 169 Dorota Rudnicka-Kassem, K. Górak-Sosnowska, I. Szybilska (ed.): Kuwait: the past and the present 173 Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska, Gilles Kepel: The war for Muslim minds. Islam and the West OD REDAKCJI Oddajemy do druku szósty już numer „Krakowskich Studiów Międzynarodowych”, wydawanego od ubiegłego roku kwartalnika Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej im. An­ drzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego. Cieszymy się, że czasopismo spotkało się z uznaniem środowiska naukowego i czytelników, o czym świadczy między innymi stale wzrasta­ jąca liczba prenumeratorów czy napływające do druku artykuły z innych ośrodków, tak z kraju, jak i z zagranicy. Wspomniane uznanie związane jest oczywiście także z tym, że szeroko rozumiana problematyka stosunków międzynarodowych cieszy się w Polsce coraz większym zainteresowaniem. Zapewne jest to spowodowane kontak­ tami zagranicznymi, jakie umożliwiła transformacja ustrojowa 1989 roku, wejściem Polski do NATO i Unii Europejskiej, aktywnym włączeniem się Polski do wielu różnych działań na arenie międzynarodowej, czy intensyfikacją wymiany gospodar­ czej z innymi państwami. Wydawany obecnie numer specjalny jest kolejnym tomem „tematycznym”, tym razem prezentującym problematykę Bliskiego Wschodu. Dodajmy, że to już drugi numer poświęcony sprawom regionu, który nie schodzi z pola widzenia wielu uczestników relacji międzynarodowych (pierwszym był KSM nr 3 z 2004 ro­ ku). Znajdą w nim Państwo między innymi artykuły analizujące źródła państwo­ wości algierskiej, omawiające kwestię umiędzynarodowienia Jerozolimy, sprawy autonomii palestyńskiej po śmierci Jasera Arafata, sytuację w Omanie, znaczenie umiarkowanego islamizmu - niedocenianej siły arabskiego Bliskiego Wschodu czy koncentrujące się na problematyce pokoju w regionie i relacjach Iran - Irak a także recenzje wybranych książek poświęconych jakże bogatej, nie tylko z racji tradycji historycznych, problematyce Bliskiego Wschodu. Zapraszamy do lektury. Kraków, czerwiec 2005 FROM THE EDITOR Lying before you is already the 6th issue of Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe ąuarterly published sińce 2004 by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków College (KSW). We are proud to see that our periodical has found recognition of the academic milieu and is enjoyed by its readers, a fact conformed by the constantly growing number of subscribers as well as the number of articles submitted from other Poland and abroad. The recognition mentioned above results quite naturally also from the fact that the broad rangę of ąuestions pertaining to intemational relations enjoy a growing interest in Poland. A probable cause are foreign contacts allowed by the system transformation of 1989, Poland’s membership in NATO, accession to the European Union, and active participation in numerous activities on the intemational stage and increase in Polish intemational trade. This special issue is another theme-based volume in our series offering a careful insight into Middle Eastem subjects. This is the second issue (after KSM No. 3 of 2004) devoted to the affairs of the region that continues to stay in the focus of attention of many participants of intemational relations. Inside, there are papers analysing the sources of independent statehood of Algeria, the ąuestion of intemationalising Jerusalem, the situation of Palestinian Autonomy after the death of Yasser Arafat, as well as reviews of selected books devoted to Middle Eastem affairs that are interested not only for their rich traditions. We wish you pleasant reading. Kraków, June 2005 Aleksandra Kasznik-Christian U ŹRÓDEŁ NIEPODLEGŁEJ PAŃSTWOWOŚCI ALGIERSKIEJ* Na młodą państwowość algierską do dnia dzisiejszego kładą się cieniem wypadki wojny wyzwoleńczej z lat 1954-1962 i specyfika algierskiego ruchu narodowego. Ruch narodowy w krajach kolonialnych - a do takich zaliczała się Algieria - miał inne oblicze aniżeli ruchy europejskie, zrodzone w innej epoce i pod wpływem innych czynników. Powstawanie państw narodowych w Europie było przede wszystkim skut­ kiem polityki mieszczaństwa, a nie etapem rozwoju. To burżuazja, posiadając wi­ zję przyszłości oraz ideologię, powołała do życia instytucje polityczne, które po­ zwoliły jej zrealizować własne ambicje ekonomiczne, społeczne i polityczne. Natomiast w ruchach narodowych pozaeuropejskich ekonomia i burżuazja miały dużo mniejsze znaczenie. Nacjonalizm w tych krajach rozwinął się dopiero w wie­ ku XX i oparciem dlań były warstwy ludowe, wiejskie. Ruch narodowy miał cha­ rakter wyzwoleńczy, jego celem było uniezależnienie od kolonialnych zaborców. W istocie nacjonalizm był manifestacją kultury tradycyjnej, żywej i aktualnej. Wprawdzie z Zachodu zostały zaczerpnięte pewne pojęcia, takie jak naród, pań­ stwo narodowe, partie, demokracja, socjalizm, ale częstokroć kryły się pod nimi odmienne treści, wytłumaczalne tylko wtedy, gdy uwzględni się historyczny roz­ wój owych narodów. W kraju takim jak Algieria ogromną rolę odegrała tradycyjna, islamska kultura polityczna. Algierski nacjonalizm wpisał się w nacjonalizm arabski, lecz jednocześnie zachował swoją odrębność. Jego istotą były arabo-islamizm i popu- Artykuł jest owocem przemyśleń i wieloletnich badań nad dziejami nowożytnej i współczesnej Algierii. Czytelnika zainteresowanego bliższymi szczegółami odsyłam do swych dwóch książek, które zaopatrzone są we wskazówki bibliograficzne: A. K asznik-Christian, Wojna algierska 1954-1962, u źródeł niepodległej pań­ stwowości, Łódź 2001; Algieria, Warszawa 2005 (w druku). lizm. Czasy kolonialne (132 lata) to bardzo istotny okres algierskiej ewolucji histo­ rycznej, Francuzi dokonali bowiem destrukcji tradycyjnej społeczności. Narodziło się nowe społeczeństwo o silnym poczuciu narodowym. Dla Algierczyków kultura islamska była zawsze ostatnim schronieniem przed utratą własnej tożsamości. Po­ zwalała przetrwać, a w XX w. ukształtowała solidarność nowego typu, która wy­ kraczała już poza tradycyjne struktury społeczne - prowadziła zatem do świado­ mości narodowej. W XVIII i XIX w. zapleczem politycznym każdego ruchu były plemiona i bractwa religijne; to one prowadziły najpierw rewolty antytureckie, zaś później powstania antyfrancuskie. Ich ideologia posiłkowała się przede wszystkim pojęciami proweniencji religijnej, takimi jak dżihad (święta wojna) i asakir mo- hammadia (armia Mohammeda) oraz watan (mała ojczyzna). Dżihad przez cały wiek XIX mobilizował do walki z obcymi - niewiernymi. Na początku XX w. doszło do masowego, politycznego ruchu antyfrancuskiego. Był to już ruch o no­ wym charakterze, z pojęciami ojczyzny, narodu i państwa narodowego, w którym mobilizacja polityczna dokonywała się nie poprzez bractwa, a poprzez partie polityczne. Jednak islam wciąż odgrywał fundamentalną rolę polityczną, nieporówny­ walną do żadnej innej. Zintegrował różnorodne grupy ruchu narodowego, lecz jednocześnie postawił trudny problem stosunków między sferą polityczną - pań­ stwem i polityką, a sferą religijną
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