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Sibilant Mergers in the Case of Basque-Spanish Contact

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The Role of Bilingualism in Phonological Neutralization: Sibilant Mergers in the Case of Basque-Spanish Contact Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Oihane Muxika Loitzate Graduate Program in Spanish & Portuguese The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza, Advisor Terrell A. Morgan Fernando Martínez-Gil Copyrighted by Oihane Muxika Loitzate 2020 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the production of Basque sibilants among bilingual speakers from Bizkaia. Traditionally, Basque has had three voiceless affricates that are different in their place of articulation. More precisely, affricates can have a lamino-alveolar, apico- alveolar, and prepalatal place of articulation and the graphemes used to represent them are <tz, ts, tx> respectively. Likewise, Basque has been described as having three fricatives with the same places of articulation as the affricates and they are represented by the graphemes <z, s, x> (Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina 2003, Gaminde et al. 2013, Iglesias et al. 2016). However, speakers tend to merge their Basque affricates on the one hand and fricatives on the other (Hualde 2010, Urrutia et al. 1988, Gaminde et al. 2013, Muxika- Loitzate 2017, Beristain 2018a). This dissertation analyzes the pronunciation of Basque sibilants in the merging variety of Basque spoken in Amorebieta-Etxano and it explores the effects of different factors on the merger, focusing on the effect of Basque-Spanish linguistic contact. In order to explore Basque sibilants in detail, the data of 28 bilingual informants who were between 20 and 66 years old was analyzed acoustically. More precisely, informants’ production data was analyzed in an interview and a read-aloud task in Basque. The role of linguistic contact was explored by measuring informants’ degree of linguistic dominance through the Bilingual Language Profile Questionnaire (Birdsong et al. 2012) ii and by comparing their production of sibilants in Basque and Spanish. In order to explore informants’ sibilants in Spanish, the production data from 24 bilingual informants who were between 21 and 74 years old was analyzed in an interview and a read-aloud task. Informants’ data was analyzed acoustically by using the Center of Gravity (or CoG) of fricatives and of the fricative phase of affricates. Additionally, the duration of fricatives and affricates was measured. This dissertation carried out separate statistical analyses to determine the most important factors influencing the production of Basque sibilants on the one hand and Spanish sibilants on the other. The production data of 14 informants who completed all tasks in Basque and Spanish was used to explore the effects of language contact in more detail. The results of the CoG showed that a higher degree of linguistic dominance in Spanish accelerated the merger of Basque affricates on the one hand and of Basque fricatives on the other. Moreover, informants pronounced their Basque sibilants in the front of their oral cavity, which suggested that the Basque sibilants represented by the graphemes <tx, x> may not have a palatal component as previous descriptions have claimed. The results also showed that there were generational differences among informants. More precisely, the merger was more widespread among younger speakers than among older speakers. The analysis of the interviews also showed that speakers who were older than 43 years old used two types of Basque sibilants that younger speakers did not use: an epenthetic fricative and a palatalized /t/ that was pronounced as an affricate. With regards to Spanish sibilants, their place of articulation was more stable and it was not affected by informants’ BLP or age. The comparison of Basque and Spanish sibilants iii showed that the majority of Spanish dominant speakers pronounced their Basque affricates with a more fronted place of articulation than their Spanish affricate and this pattern also occurred with their fricatives. Consequently, most informants did not use the same sibilants in Basque and Spanish, but rather they created separate categories for them (as in Simonet 2010). Overall, this dissertation focused on the effects of Basque-Spanish linguistic contact and contributed to the analysis of the current state of the Basque sibilant merger. Moreover, it determined the effects of factors that had not been analyzed in detail previously, such as informants’ age or the type of task that they completed. iv DEDICATION A mis padres, por estar conmigo siempre a pesar de la distancia. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I feel grateful for all the help and encouragement that I received from different people during my MA and PhD program at OSU, especially during the writing process of this dissertation. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza, who supported me in all the different stages of my graduate studies. I really admire her teaching philosophy, her efforts to support all students, and her ability to create impactful research projects, and I feel honored to be her student and advisee. Muchas gracias, Rebeka, por toda tu ayuda durante estos años. I am also very thankful for all the help that I received from Dr. Terrell Morgan, who has taught me so much about pronunciation and the best ways to teach this to students. I would also like to thank Dr. Fernando Martínez-Gil for his support during my PhD and for his helpful feedback in this project. A los tres, muchas gracias por todo vuestro apoyo en este proyecto, desde que era solamente una idea hasta que pude llevarlo a cabo. I would also like to thank all the professors at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and other departments at OSU, who have encouraged me to carry out research projects in different areas. Special thanks to Dr. Anna Babel and Dr. Glenn Martínez, who guided me in research projects in the areas of linguistic landscapes and heritage languages, which I enjoyed greatly and I am hoping to develop more in the future. vi It is very important for me to thank all the informants in this dissertation for their time and contributions. This project would not have been possible without their help. Eskerrik asko proiektu honetan parte hartu duzuen guztioi! Doktoretza tesi honetako datuak biltzea oso esperientzia polita izan da zuoi esker. I was able to collect the data in this dissertation and receive feedback from other linguists and scholars thanks to the Mario Iglesias Award and the Graduate Student Travel Support at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Arts and Humanities Small Grant at OSU. I am thankful for the help that I received from OSU as well as the feedback that I received from linguists and researchers at the university and at conferences. All those comments helped me have a deeper understanding of linguistics in general and they allowed me to reflect on ways to improve this project. Special thanks goes to everyone who has very kindly offered to answer my questions or help me with data visualization and statistical analyses. Por supuesto, me gustaría agradecer a mis amigos y compañeros todo su apoyo en este proceso. Cuando llegué a Columbus me di cuenta de que Lorena, Celia, Aintzane, Fernando, Miguel, Laura, Elena, y John se referían a este grupo como su segunda familia. Pronto me hicieron sentir parte de esa gran familia, me apoyaron y me siguen apoyando cada día desde distintos lugares del mundo. Cada año se han unido a esa familia más y más personas, y estoy muy agradecida por toda la ayuda que he recibido de todas ellas: Mariona, Ernest, Palo, Kristen, Sebas, Melissa, Ane, Héctor, Lucía, Anthony, Hugo, Luana, y muchos más. Me siento muy afortunada de ser vuestra compañera y amiga. Gracias también a todas las personas que me han animado desde vii España, en especial a Ainhoa por estar siempre disponible para charlar, mandarme fuerzas, y también por contestar a todas mis preguntas sobre sus intuiciones en euskera. También me gustaría darle las gracias a Dann por ayudarme y animarme tanto durante estos años. Finalmente, gracias a mis padres por hacer que este proceso de escritura fuera mucho más llevadero y por enviarme sus ánimos y fuerzas cada día. Eskerrik asko aita eta ama! viii VITA 2014............................................ B.A. in Modern Languages, University of Deusto 2016............................................ M.A. in Hispanic Linguistics, The Ohio State University Publications Muxika-Loitzate, Oihane. 2017. Sibilant Merger in the Variety of Basque Spoken in Amorebieta-Etxano. Proceedings of the Bilingualism in the Hispanic and Lusophone World. Online: https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/2/4/25. Fields of Study Major field: Spanish and Portuguese ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... II DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ VI VITA ................................................................................................................................... IX TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... X LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................
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  • Dative Overmarking in Basque: Evidence of Spanish-Basque Convergence

    Dative Overmarking in Basque: Evidence of Spanish-Basque Convergence

    Dative Overmarking in Basque: Evidence of Spanish-Basque Convergence Jennifer Austin University of New Jersey, Rutgers. [email protected] Abstract This paper investigates a recent change in the grammar of spoken Basque which results in the substitution of dative case and agreement for absolutive case and agreement in marking animate, specific direct objects. I argue that this pattern of use is due to convergence between the feature matrix of the functional category AGR in Spanish and Basque. In contrast to previous studies which point to interface areas as the locus of syntactic convergence, I argue that this is a change affecting the core grammar of Basque. Furthermore, I suggest that the appearance of this case marking pattern in spoken Basque is probably attributable to recent changes in the demographics of Basque speakers and that its use is related to the degree of proficiency in each language of adult bilingual speakers. Laburpena Lan honetan euskara mintzatuaren gramatikan gertatu berri den aldaketa bat ikertzen da, hain zuzen ere, kasu datiboa eta aditz komunztaduraren ordezkapena kasu absolutiboa eta aditz komunztaduraren ordez objektu zuzenak --animatuak eta zehatzak—markatzen direnean. Nire iritziz, erabilera hori gazteleraz eta euskaraz dagoen AGR delako kategori funtzionalaren ezaugarri taulen bateratzeari zor zaio. Aurreko ikerketa batzuetan hizkuntza arteko ukipen eremuak bateratze sintaktikoaren gunetzat jotzen badira ere, nire iritziz aldaketa horrek euskararen gramatika oinarrizkoari eragiten dio. Areago, esango nuke kasu marka erabilera hori, ziurrenik, euskal hiztunen artean gertatu berri diren aldaketa demografikoen ondorioz agertzen dela euskara mintzatuan eta hiztun elebidun helduek hizkuntza bakoitzean daukaten gaitasun mailari lotuta dagoela. Keywods: Bilingualism, syntactic convergence, language contact.