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Racial Uplift and Self-Determination: the African Methodist Episcopal Church and Its Pursuit of Higher Education

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Racial Uplift and Self-Determination: the African Methodist Episcopal Church and Its Pursuit of Higher Education Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Educational Policy Studies Dissertations Department of Educational Policy Studies Fall 12-2010 Racial Uplift and Self-Determination: The African Methodist Episcopal Church and its Pursuit of Higher Education Shannon A. Butler-Mokoro Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss Part of the Education Commons, and the Education Policy Commons Recommended Citation Butler-Mokoro, Shannon A., "Racial Uplift and Self-Determination: The African Methodist Episcopal Church and its Pursuit of Higher Education." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2010. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/eps_diss/64 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Educational Policy Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Policy Studies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ACCEPTANCE This dissertation, RACIAL UPLIFT AND SELF-DETERMINATION: THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH AND ITS PURSUIT OF HIGHER EDUCATION, by SHANNON AKIBA BUTLER-MOKORO, was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s Dissertation Advisory Committee. It is accepted by the committee members in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Education, Georgia State University. The Dissertation Advisory Committee and the student’s Department Chair, as representatives of the faculty, certify that this dissertation has met all standards of excellence and scholarship as determined by the faculty. The Dean of the College of Education concurs. _________________________ _________________________ Philo Hutcheson, Ph.D. Michael Bieze, Ph.D. Committee Chair Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Deron Boyles, Ph.D. Joyce King, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ Date _________________________ Sheryl Gowen, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Educational Policy Studies _________________________ R.W. Kamphaus, Ph.D. Dean and Distinguished Research Professor College of Education AUTHOR’S STATEMENT By presenting this dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the advanced degree from Georgia State University, I agree that the library of Georgia State University shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission to quote, to copy from, or to publish this dissertation may be granted by the professor under whose direction it was written, by the College of Education's director of graduate studies and research, or by me. Such quoting, copying, or publishing must be solely for scholarly purposes and will not involve potential financial gain. It is understood that any copying from or publication of this dissertation which involves potential financial gain will not be allowed without my written permission. ____________________________________ Shannon Akiba Butler-Mokoro NOTICE TO BORROWERS All dissertations deposited in the Georgia State University library must be used in accordance with the stipulations prescribed by the author in the preceding statement. The author of this dissertation is: Shannon A. Butler-Mokoro 83 A Street Lowell, MA 01851 The director of this dissertation is: Dr. Philo Hutcheson Department of Educational Policy Studies College of Education Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083 VITA Shannon Akbia Butler-Mokoro ADDRESS: 83 A Street Lowell, MA 01851 EDUCATION: Ph.D. 2010 Georgia State University Educational Policy Studies M.S.W. 1996 Clark Atlanta University B.A. 1992 University of California, Santa Barbara Sociology PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2007-Present Assistant Professor Salem State College, School of Social Work Salem, MA 2005-2007 Assistant Professor North Shore Community College, Division of Human Services Danvers, MA 2004-2005 Assistant Professor Endicott College Beverly, MA 2002-2004 Director of Student Activities Marist School Atlanta, GA 1997-2002 Director of Student and Community Services Georgia State University, School of Social Work Atlanta, GA PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS: 2008-Present Council for Social Work Education (CSWE) 2007-Present National Association of Social Workers (NASW) 2008-Present National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) PEER-REVIEWED PRESENTATIONS: Helm, K.M. and Mokoro, S.A. (July 2009). The Challenges of Teaching Cultural Competencies with African-Descent Couples, Families, and Individuals at Predominantly White Institutions. Paper presentation at the Association of Black Psychologists Annual National Conference; Atlanta, Georgia. Helm, K.M. and Butler-Mokoro, S.A. (May 2009). Emotional Processing in the Classroom: Successful Teaching Strategies for Multicultural Courses at Predominantly White Institutions. Paper presentation at the National Conference on Race and Ethnicity; San Diego, California. Butler-Mokoro, S.A. and Helm, K.M. (April 2009). Teaching Cultural Competencies with Black Families at Predominately White Institutions, Paper Presentation at National Association of Black Social Workers Annual Meeting; Louisville, Kentucky. Butler-Mokoro, S.A. (November 2008). Live and In Color: Using Popular Culture and Technology to Teach Cultural Competency Electronic poster presented at Council on Social Work Education Annual Meeting; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Butler-Mokoro, S.A. and Connolly, P. (November 2008). Reaffirming the Reaccreditation Process: A Tool for Socializing New and Returning Faculty Paper session presentation at Council on Social Work Education Annual Meeting; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Butler, S.A. and Messina, L. (October 2006). Creating an Interactive-Intercampus Social Learning Environment. Paper presented at the Annual Two-Year College Showcase of Best Practices, Innovations, and Teaching Excellence conference sponsored by the College Board of New England; Worcester, Massachusetts. Butler, S.A. (April 2004). Racial Uplift, Social Progress, and Self-Determination: The creation of education institutions by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association; San Diego, California. Butler, S.A. (April 2003). Carter G. Woodson: Black Curriculum Theorist. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association; Chicago, Illinois. Butler, S.A. (2002). Carter G. Woodson: Black Curriculum Theorist. Paper presented at the Higher Education Symposium, Georgia State University; Atlanta, Georgia. ABSTRACT RACIAL UPLIFT AND SELF-DETERMINATION: THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH AND ITS PURSUIT OF HIGHE EDUCATION by Shannon A. Butler-Mokoro The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church, like many historically black denomination over the years, has been actively involved in social change and racial uplift. The concepts of racial uplift and self-determination dominated black social, political, and economic thought throughout the late-eighteenth into the nineteenth century. Having created many firsts for blacks in America, the A.M.E. Church is recognized as leading blacks in implementing the rhetoric of racial uplift and self- determination. Racial uplift was a broad concept that covered issues such as equal rights, moral, spiritual, and intellectual development, and institutional and organizational building. The rhetoric of racial uplift and self-determination help to create many black leaders and institutions such as churches, schools, and newspapers. This is a historical study in which I examined how education and educational institutions sponsored by a black church can be methods of social change and racial uplift. The A.M.E. Church was the first black institution (secular or religious) to create, support, and maintain institutions of higher education for blacks. I explored the question of why before slavery had even ended and it was legal for blacks to learn to read and write, the A.M.E. Church became interested in and created institution of learning. I answer this question by looking at the creation of these institutions as the A.M.E. Church’s way of promoting and implementing racial uplift and self-determination. This examination includes the analysis of language used in articles, sermons, and speeches given by various A.M.E. Church-affiliated persons who promoted education as a method to uplift the Negro race. RACIAL UPLIFT AND SELF-DETERMINATION: THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH AND ITS PURSUIT OF HIGHE EDUCATION by Shannon A. Butler-Mokoro A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Policy Studies in the Department of Educational Policy Studies in the College of Education Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 2010 Copyright by Shannon A. Butler-Mokoro 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to my mother, Racine Allen Butler-Dorsey for promoting the importance of education, for constant support and encouragement, and for walking the walk you spoke. You are the best mommie any daughter could ever ask for! Thank God for your insistence on always doing my best and never giving up. Look what you have helped me do! Thank you to my husband, Julius Mokoro who in his silent and patient way made room for me to do what I needed to do in order to get done. Your calm, steady demeanor and your tendency
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