Significant People Significant People inAUSTRALIA’S HISTORY Contents in Significant People Significant People in Australia’s History profiles the people who brought AUSTRALIA’S HISTORY History makers 4 Boom times and the Great Depression 5 about important events or changes to Australian society through their in A snapshot of history 6 knowledge, actions or achievements. Explore the fascinating story of Australia, AUSTRALIA’S HISTORY Hudson Fysh, Pilot 8 from its ancient Indigenous past to the present day, through the biographies of Ross Smith and Keith Smith, Pilots 9 Raymond Longford and Lottie Lyell, Film stars 10 these significant people. Charles Bean, Journalist 12 Edith Cowan, Politician 14 Volume 6 Stanley Bruce, Prime Minister 16 Each volume focuses on a particular Special features include: Jimmy Clements, Indigenous leader 17 period in Australia’s history and includes: Volume 6 John Flynn, Religious leader 18 ‘life facts’ mini timeline Charles Kingsford Smith, Pilot 20 Life Facts background information about the of each person’s life Alf Traeger, Inventor 21 1580 Born in Holland 1920 –1938 featured time period and achievements 1615 Becomes commander 22 David Unaipon, Writer a timeline of main events of the Eendrach 1920 Grace Cossington Smith, Artist 23 1616 Lands on the western ‘more about …’ Morecoast about of Australia ... illustrated biographies of a wide range – Margaret Preston, Artist 24 information boxes Dirk Hartog1618 Island Returns to the 1938 Netherlands on the Jack Davey, Radio star 25 of significant people Hartog had landed in an area that was about related Eendrach home to the Malkana people, near Boom Times Don Bradman, Sportsperson 26 a glossary of terms * events and places modern-day Shark Bay in Western Australia. Depression Great the and Times Boom Douglas Mawson, Explorer 28 The place where Hartog left the metal a comprehensive index. plate is now called Cape Inscription and Isaac Isaacs, Governor-General 30 ‘see also’ the island is called Dirk Hartog Island. and the Hubert Opperman, Sportsperson 31 cross-references to Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister 32 The nine volumes in the series are: relevant information Walter Lindrum, Sportsperson 33 in other entries. Great Michael Leahy, Explorer 34 R. M. Williams, Entrepreneur 35 Jack Lang, Politician 36 Depression John Bradfield, Engineer 37 Lores Bonney, Pilot 38 Elizabeth Kenny, Nurse 39 Nancy Bird Walton, Pilot 40 Eileen Joyce, Musician 41 Muriel Heagney, Union leader 42 Rees Barrett Jessie Street, Activist 43 Daisy Bates, Journalist 44 William Cooper, Activist 45 Albert Namitjira, Artist 46 Glossary 47 Index 48 Glossary words When a word is written in bold, click on Rees Barrett it to find its meaning. History makers Boom times and the Great Depression Significant People in Australia’s History is about those men and women who have contributed remarkably to Australia’s identity and heritage. They are significant because they were pioneers in their field or because their knowledge, actions or achievements brought about important events or changes in Australian society. They represent the wide range of people who have contributed to the story Volume 6: Boom Times and the Great Depression 1920–1938 consists of the of Australia. biographies of the people who entertained Australians during the boom of the This series describes the history of Australia, from Indigenous beginnings to 1920s and inspired them during the depression of the 1930s. These significant modern-day Australia, through the life stories of these significant people. Each people include religious and political leaders, inventors, journalists, film stars, pilots, volume consists of biographies of people from a particular period in Australia’s sportspeople, artists, explorers and activists. history or descriptions of Indigenous Australian cultural groups. The roaring twenties and the lean thirties World War I had an enormous impact on Australian society. War memorials were built throughout the nation and Anzac Day became a time for remembering. Energy and confidence in Australia grew.T he 1920s were called the ‘roaring twenties’ because they brought great wealth. The aviation and film industries thrived in Australia. The 1930s, however, became the ‘lean thirties’ and were a time of great hardship. Australian people relied more on their working-class heroes for inspiration. In 1938, at the end of this period, world events were moving towards another world war.

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Australians lived wherever they could find shelter, such as this family who lived in a cave in New South Wales.

4 5 A snapshot of history 1920–1938

After the sacrifices of World War I, Australia A Great Depression began in the United States Don Bradman, a great moved into a time of growth. Building projects in 1929, however, and it soon affected Australia. sporting champion of the started and created more employment. Radios, Unemployment increased and many people 1930s, is carried from the cricket field after a ‘talking pictures’ and planes brought the world were forced from their homes. Men roamed record-breaking game. closer. Parliament House in Canberra finally bush tracks and railway lines looking for work. opened. Despite the hardship, great sporting champions brought people together and activists kept working for equal rights for all.

1920–1938

1920 Hudson Fysh begins Australia’s first airline, 1928 Christian minister John Flynn starts the first 1931 The Great Depression starts to affect 1933 Lores Bonney flies solo from Australia to Qantas. Ross Smith and Keith Smith tour Flying Doctor Service. Charles Kingsford Australia greatly. Jack Davey begins England. Australia as winners of the Great Air Race. Smith flies from the United States to working in radio, Douglas Mawson claims 1934 Elizabeth Kenny starts polio clinic in Australia across the Pacific. part of Antarctica for Australia and 1920s Raymond Longford and Lottie Lyell make Townsville, Queensland. Isaac Isaacs is appointed as the first their successful ‘Dad and Dave’ films. 1929 The Wall Street stock market crashes and Australian-born Governor-General. Hubert 1935 Nancy Bird Walton becomes first female the Great Depression begins in the United 1921 Historian Charles Bean publishes The Opperman is named Sportsman of the commercial pilot. States. The Flying Doctor Service uses Story of Anzac. Edith Cowan becomes Year in France. Alf Traeger’s pedal-generated radios. 1936 King George V dies. King Edward VIII the first woman elected to aparliament David Unaipon publishes Native Legends, 1932 Joseph Lyons becomes Australia’s tenth leaves the throne and passes it to his in Australia. Australia is given control of a collection of stories from different Prime Minister. Walter Lindrum sets the brother. Pianist Eileen Joyce conducts her former German New Guinea. Indigenous Australian communities. billiards world record. Michael Leahy first world tour. 1923 Stanley Bruce becomes Prime Minister of explores the New Guinea Highlands. 1930s Grace Cossington Smith and Margaret 1937 Muriel Heagney starts Council of Action a booming economy. Entrepreneur R. M. Williams starts his Preston make modernist art. for Equal Pay. 1924 Compulsory voting is introduced. The first leatherwork business. The ‘Bodyline’ Test 1930 Don Bradman sets new batting records 1938 Jessie Street attends the League of Australian radio stations start in Sydney. cricket series is played. during the Ashes cricket tour of England. Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. Daisy 1927 Federal Government is transferred The Sydney Harbour Bridge, designed by Bates publishes The Passing of the to Canberra. Jimmy Clements is an John Bradfield, is opened by New South Aborigines. The Indigenous civil rights unplanned guest at the opening of Wales Premier, Jack Lang. Not long after, movement begins when William Cooper Parliament House. Lang is dismissed by the Governor. leads Day of Mourning. Albert Namatjira’s first exhibition is held in Melbourne.

6 7 Hudson Fysh Ross Smith and Keith Smith Pilot Pilots

Wilmot Hudson Fysh, known as Fysh flew for the The Smith brothers won the Great company until 1930 Hudson Fysh, co-founded Qantas. and then became the Air Race, becoming the first people He led it through many changes full-time manager. to fly from Britain to Australia. He expanded the and it became one of the world’s Keith and Ross company in the face Life facts Smith grew up on major airlines. of stiff competition. sheep stations in He remained leader of Ross Smith Before enlisting to Born in South Australia, Life facts the company, through 4 December 1892 fight in World War I, Adelaide before going on to many changes, until 7 January 1895 Born in Fysh worked in 1915 Lands at Gallipoli, Turkey boarding school. Launceston, Tasmania he retired. the wool industry. 1917 Joins Australian Flying They became pilots 1915 Lands at Gallipoli, During the war, he Corps Turkey in World War I. Their landed at Gallipoli Fysh was the manager 1918 Flies from Cairo, Egypt, 1919 Drives overland from to Calcutta, India wartime experiences and later transferred of Australia’s first Longreach to Darwin airline. 1919 Wins Great Air Race helped them become Ross Smith (left) and Keith Smith (second from 1920 Starts Qantas with four to the Australian 1920 Tours Australia as Great aviation pioneers. left) stand in front of the plane that they flew from other men Flying Corps. While Air Race winner Britain to Australia. 1923 Becomes manager of flying in Palestine as Fysh described his time in Gallipoli during World War I: 13 April 1922 Dies in London, A race to Qantas a gunner, he earned ‘We lived like rats in their holes, and hung on to England They were immediately knighted and toured Retires as Chairman of Australia 1966 the Distinguished Australia in victory in 1920. Qantas our hillside with the enemy on one side and the Prime Minister Billy Flying Cross award. beach a few hundred yards away on the other.’ 6 April 1974 Dies in Sydney Life facts Hughes announced In 1922, the brothers planned a trip flying around He trained as a pilot a Great Air Race, the world. Ross Smith was killed testing their in 1919. Keith Smith plane. Keith Smith later worked with airline 20 December 1890 Born in and the Smith companies in Australia, including Qantas. Forming an airline company Adelaide brothers decided 1914 Joins Royal Flying Corps to enter. They left When the Federal Government announced a 1919 Wins Great Air Race London, England, More about ... Great Air Race from Britain to Australia, Fysh 1920 Tours Australia as Great on 12 November The Great Air Race decided to enter with his wartime pilot Paul Air Race winner 1919 on a Vickers In 1919, the Australian Government offered £10 000 19 December 1955 Dies in McGinness. Money for their entry fell through, Vimy bomber plane to the first plane to fly from England to Australia Sydney however, so they pulled out. with two mechanics in 30 days. It was to be awarded for the ‘first successful flight to Australia from Great Britain in a Instead, Fysh and McGuinness won a onboard. machine manned by Australians’. government contract to survey the overland Torrential rain almost brought disaster. At Aircraft and airports were very primitive at that route from Longreach, Queensland, to Darwin. time. It took great courage and endurance to Surabaya, in modern-day Indonesia, the plane undertake the journey. Only two of the six planes in It took 51 days for them to complete the journey, was bogged and all looked lost, but the brothers Fysh cleans the first Qantas aeroplane. the race finished the journey. in a Model T Ford car. used bamboo mats to cover the mud and make Realising the importance of aircraft to See also an airstrip. See also Australia’s future, Fysh and four others formed John ‘Simpson’ Kirkpatrick (Gallipoli campaign), John ‘Simpson’ Kirkpatrick (Gallipoli campaign), a small airline company called Queensland and Volume 5 Victorious heroes Volume 5 Northern Territory Aerial Services (Qantas). It Ross Smith and Keith Smith (the Great Air Race), Less than 28 days after leaving London, the Smith Albert Jacka (Gallipoli), Volume 5 was based in Longreach. Volume 6 brothers landed in Darwin and won first prize. Keith Murdoch (Gallipoli Letter), Volume 5

8 9 Raymond Longford and Lottie Lyell Film stars

Raymond Longford and Lottie It was about a female convict transported to Lyell were stars of the Australian Australia. Longford and Lyell also made films that made film industry. Both were actors and people think about social issues. The Woman directors. Suffers was shot in South Australia. It was about unfair treatment of women. After running for Longford and two months, it was banned in New South Wales. Life facts Lyell started acting Raymond Longford together in 1909. 23 September 1878 Born in When Longford More about ... Melbourne started making Australian film industry 1899 Serves as a sailor in films, Lyell became Australia was a world leader in the film industry the Boer War, southern from the 1900s until the 1920s. The world’s first Africa his female leading Lyell starred as Doreen in the silent movie The Sentimental Bloke. short films were made and screened by the 1907 Becomes a stage actor actor. The films they Lumière brothers of France in 1895. A film industry 1911 Stars in three Australian made were silent developed quickly in Australia. Longford and Lyell invented many techniques Films about life in the bush films films. ‘Talkie films’ Australia made the world’s first feature-length film that were copied by filmmakers in other parts Lyell developed Steele Rudd’s stories about 1919 Directs The Sentimental were not introduced in 1899. It was called Soldiers of the Cross. Australia of the world. They developed a realistic style Bloke also made the first narrative film in 1906, which was Australian bush life into two films. She was until 1927. 1920 Directs On Our The Story of the Kelly Gang. By 1928, the Australian that suited their audience. Australians were too ill to star in the first,On Our Selection. It Selection film industry had collapsed. interested in sharing their own stories through brought to the screen two favourite Australian 1934 Directs The Man They Creating film. Films were helping to build a common characters, Dad and Dave. Longford directed the Could Not Hang films about Australian culture. films.T hey included stories about challenges 2 April 1959 Dies in Sydney Australians faced by Australian small farmers, such as Many of Longford Films about the working class battles with drought and bushfires. Life facts and Lyell’s films The Sentimental Bloke was one of the most Lottie Lyell were about people famous films directed by Longford and it Decline of the Australian film 23 February 1890 Born in in Australian history starred Lyell. Ginger Mick followed the next industry Sydney year. Lyell wrote the script for both films.T he and literature. In By 1924, American films were dominant in 1909 Becomes a stage actor scripts were based on poems by C. J. Dennis 1911, they made Australia. Longford and Lyell started their own 1911 Stars in films about and were about a ‘bloke’, his girlfriend Doreen a film about a production company, but their films were hardly bushrangers and and his friend Ginger Mick. The ‘bloke’ gives up convicts bushranger, called shown in cinemas. After Lyell died of lung gambling and drinking for the love of Doreen, 1919 Stars in The Sentimental Captain Midnight. disease, Longford made very few films. Bloke Later that year, who works in a pickle factory. The humorous Longford was an 1920 Stars in Ginger Mick adventures of these people from the working Lyell starred in actor and director See also Directs Blue Mountains class made the films smash-hits.T hey suited 1921 a film calledThe in the booming Chips Rafferty (film actor), Volume 7 Mystery Romantic Story of Australian film a young democratic nation that took pride in Robert Tudawali (film actor), Volume 8 21 December 1925 Dies in industry. class equality. Mel Gibson (film actor), Volume 9 Sydney Margaret Catchpole.

10 11 Charles Bean Journalist

Charles Bean was Australia’s war Writing the official history of A British war historian said Bean’s history was World War I ‘deplorable’ and bad for the British Empire. For correspondent during World War I. Australians, however, Bean helped build the His record of that time helped create Bean filled 226 notebooks with his observations Anzac legend. of battles. He planned a five-year project to the Anzac legend. write a history of the war. The first volume of this project, The Story of Anzac, was published After working as a More about ... Life facts lawyer, Bean became in 1921. The twelfth, and last, volume of the Official History of Australia in the War of The Anzac spirit 18 November 1879 Born in a journalist for The Bean had admired Australian bush-workers since Bathurst, New South Sydney Morning 1914–1918 was published 21 years later. Wales he had researched stories on the wool industry Herald in 1908. Traditionally, official histories were about heroes early in his career. They were undisciplined, but 1889 Moves to England Other journalists and the glory of war, but Bean was determined Bean thought they represented the best of British 1904 Returns to Australia and chose Bean to be to tell the whole story. He wrote about ordinary values. Standing by your mates ‘through thick and works as a lawyer thin’ was essential in the bush. During World War I, 1908 Becomes a journalist Australia’s war Australian soldiers and their experiences. He Bean saw this same ‘mateship’ among Australian 1910 Publishes On the Wool correspondent. He also wrote about confused communication soldiers. This was called the Anzac spirit. Track travelled to Egypt Bean watches a battle through his telescope during during battles, which he called ‘the fog of war’. 1914 Chosen as war with the troops. World War I. correspondent He was unpopular 1915 Lands at Gallipoli, at first because he Turkey Slaughter on the Western Front 1916 Goes to Western Front wrote about soldiers sent home for The large-scale slaughter of men on the Western 1921 Publishes The Story of Front horrified Bean. He witnessed all but one Anzac discipline problems. 1946 Publishes Anzac to of the battles that involved Australians. He Amiens Recording the became determined to make sure people would 30 August 1968 Dies in Gallipoli story always remember the sacrifice.T he objects left Sydney behind on the battlefields weresacred relics to Several hours after Bean. He wrote about his idea of a national war the dawn landings on 25 April 1915, Bean arrived museum to display them. at Gallipoli. He lived like the soldiers and was honoured for saving a wounded man. Later, Collecting relics for a memorial Bean was wounded but he insisted on staying In 1917, Bean travelled to Pozières, France, where until the evacuation in December 1915. 23 000 Australian soldiers had been killed the Bean observed battles through his military year before. Bean collected the first relics for a See also telescope. He filled his notebooks and wrote museum. In 1919, he returned to Gallipoli to do John ‘Simpson’ articles on his portable typewriter. His accurate the same. Kirkpatrick (Gallipoli and detailed stories were less popular than Work commenced on the Australian War campaign), Volume 5 the more lively stories written by the British Albert Jacka Memorial in Canberra. Bean started the War correspondent. (Gallipoli), Volume 5 Records section. In 1941, the War Memorial was Keith Murdoch opened. It was a shrine to those who had died (Gallipoli Letter), in war and were buried in distant battlefields. Bean works on his official history of World War I in 1935. Volume 5

12 13 Edith Cowan Politician

Edith Cowan was the first female Promoting women’s health issues Member of Parliament in Australia. Women’s health issues were a top priority for Cowan. She was a leader in the building of the She was a pioneer for the rights of King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women. women and children. Cowan was also concerned about serious health Edith Brown was issues for women in the sex industry. Cowan Life facts raised on a sheep openly spoke with these women and tried to 2 August 1861 Born Edith station. She was help. This took courage and determination at a Brown near Geraldton, sent to boarding time when these women were often ignored. Western Australia school in Perth 1894 Helps start Karrakatta Club for women after her mother Supporting the war effort 1906 Helps start Children’s died in childbirth. Cowan supported Australia’s war effort by Protection Society When Edith was 15 collecting food and clothing for soldiers and 1909 Helps start Women’s years old, her father helping to care for them when they returned Services Guild shot and killed his from war. Cowan became a leader in the Red 1915 Appointed as judge in Children’s Court second wife. He was Cross, an international organisation that cares 1916 Leads founding of King hanged for murder. for the sick and wounded. Edward Hospital for These events caused Women great sadness for Elected to Parliament 1921 Elected to Western Australian Parliament Edith. She became At the age of 59, Cowan stood for the seat of 1924 Loses her seat in determined to West Perth in the Western Australian Legislative Parliament change society Assembly. She became the first woman elected 1925 Represents Australia at and work against to any parliament in Australia. Some people International Women’s were shocked when she won. Some criticised Conference unfairness. It also Cowan stood for Western Australian Parliament in her for not looking after her family properly, 9 June 1932 Dies in Perth convinced her of 1921, when she was 59 years old. the importance of because they believed that a woman could not education. have a career and a family. Cowan became very active in community groups. She: In Parliament, Cowan argued strongly for the Working for the community rights of women and children. She succeeded in Edith married James Cowan and had five supported schools run by the government winning equal rights for women whose children children. In the 1890s, women in the Australian worked to support disadvantaged children had died without making a will. She also led colonies were campaigning to win the right worked to improve foster care the passing of a law allowing women to become to vote. Edith Cowan became involved and lawyers and judges. started the Children’s Protection Society A memorial to Cowan stands in King’s Park in Perth. helped start the Karrakatta Club. Its role was to fought for the introduction of children’s educate women and to campaign for change. courts. In 1899, Cowan and the other members See also celebrated the granting of the vote to Western Cowan was the first woman appointed to judge Mary Lee (suffrage in Australia), Volume 4 Australian women. cases in the Children’s Court. Later, she became Vida Goldstein (standing for Parliament), Volume 5 one of the first female Justices of the Peace. Jessie Street (equal rights), Volume 6

14 15 Stanley Bruce Jimmy Clements Prime Minister Indigenous leader

Stanley Bruce was Australia’s eighth Achievements as Prime Minister Jimmy Clements, also known as Journalists were very interested in Clements. He was described as ‘very old and grey’ and ‘a well- Bruce was the first Prime Minister not to have Prime Minister. He led Australia Nangar or Yangur, was a Wiradjuri known character in the district’. They called been involved in Federation and the first Federal him ‘King Billy’. during the boom times of the 1920s. Parliament. Bruce’s government concentrated on: man who was present at the opening Less than four months later, Clements died. His Bruce spent most managing the booming economy of Parliament House in Canberra. Life facts of his early life in unplanned presence at the opening ceremony is supporting farming exports Clements walked England. He joined a reminder that traditional land ownership was 15 April 1883 Born in Life facts for about a week Melbourne the British Army encouraging British migration ignored at this time. Around 1847 Born in New to get to Canberra 1914 Joins British Army resettling soldiers on farms when World War I South Wales for the opening of 1917 Wounded in France A Melbourne newspaper reported at the time: started. He fought moving Federal Parliament from Melbourne Goes to Parliament and returns to Australia 1927 Parliament House. at Gallipoli and was to Canberra House opening ‘an ancient aborigine, who calls himself King 1918 Elected to Federal He walked from 28 August 1927 Dies in Billy and who claims sovereign rights to the Parliament wounded on the introducing compulsory voting. Brungle Mission, Western Front. Back Queanbeyan, New Federal Territory, walked slowly forward alone, 1921 Becomes Federal After the communist revolution in Russia in South Wales near Tumut in the Treasurer in Australia, he was and saluted the Duke and Duchess. They 1917, some people believed Australian trade Snowy Mountains. 1923 Becomes Prime Minister elected to Federal cheerily acknowledged his greeting’. unions were communist. Bruce took advantage John Noble, another Wiradjuri man, came 1924 Introduces compulsory Parliament with the of these fears and tried to crack down on with him. voting Nationalists, led by industrial actions such as strikes, where people 1929 Loses his seat in Billy Hughes. Clements, and his dogs, attended the opening of Parliament refused to work until their demands were met. The opening of Parliament House Parliament House in 1927. 25 August 1967 Dies in Bruce was very There was a huge backlash. In 1929, only 17 days On 9 May 1927, the Duke of York, London, England British in his before the Wall Street crash, he became the first heir to the throne of England, opened manners and dress. Prime Minister to lose his seat, meaning he Parliament House. Prime Minister At the 1922 Federal elections, the Nationalist failed to be re-elected in his own area. Stanley Bruce led the speeches. Party needed Country Party support to form a Dame Nellie Melba sang ‘God Save government. The More about ... the King’. Country Party Four hundred invited guests gathered leader refused to Wall Street crash of 1929 to witness the grand occasion. No work with Billy The Wall Street stock market in New York, United Indigenous Australians had been Hughes. Instead, States, is one of the most important stock markets in the world. Shares, or parts, of listed companies invited. Clements decided to join the Bruce became are bought and sold on stock markets. On 29 invited guests. leader of the October 1929, now known as Black Tuesday, the Nationalists and prices of company shares fell rapidly. This ‘crash’ A policeman asked Clements to leave became Prime marked the start of the Great Depression, which because he thought Clements was lasted until 1939. Minister. not properly dressed and he had his dogs with him. People in the crowd took Clements’ side. Someone called See also out that Clements had more right than anyone See also Billy Hughes, Volume 5 to be there. He was allowed to stay. Later, when Nellie Melba (opening of Parliament House), John Monash (resettling of soldiers), Volume 5 Bruce was Prime invited guests paraded before the Duke and Volume 5 Minister from 1923 Jimmy Clements (opening of Parliament House), Stanley Bruce (opening of Parliament House), to 1929. Volume 6 Duchess of York, Clements joined them. Volume 6

16 17 John Flynn Religious leader

Wyndham John Flynn was a Christian minister who pioneered the Royal Port Hedland Cloncurry Alice Springs

Flying Doctor Service, which was Meekatharra Charleville the world’s first aerial medical Kalgoorlie service. Broken Hill When he was Life facts growing up, Flynn 25 November 1880 Born loved helping near Bendigo, Victoria and talking with A patient is carried to a waiting Flying Doctor The eight Flying Doctor bases plane in 1956. started by Flynn 1899 Starts teaching people. He was 1907 Trains as Presbyterian very religious and, Minister By the time Flynn died, his Flying Doctor after teaching for a Starting the Flying Doctor Service 1910 Publishes Bushman’s Service was famous world-wide. He was buried while, he trained to Flynn developed an idea while on his many Companion in the outback near Alice Springs. At his funeral, be a minister in the outback journeys. He dreamed of setting 1911 Moves to South the padre said, ‘Across the lonely places of Australian mission Presbyterian Church. up a system so people on outback stations the land he planted kindness, and from the 1912 Leads Australian Inland could radio for help and doctors could fly to hearts of those who call those places home, he Mission them from outback bases. Since World War I, Starts The Inlander Helping people gathered love.’ Wreaths were dropped from a 1913 Australians had become aviation leaders and magazine in the outback Flying Doctor plane. radio, called the wireless, had become popular 1928 Starts first flying doctor Flynn was Flynn wanted to help Indigenous Australians and service new Australians living in the outback. in the cities. Nowhere else in the world had 1939 Leads Presbyterian passionate about anyone tried such an idea. More about ... Church in Australia helping people Leading the Australian Inland Indigenous Australian health 5 May 1951 Dies in Sydney who lived in the Flynn needed to find practical solutions to many Australian bush. He Mission problems and raise money for the idea. He: Flynn was concerned about the health of outback Indigenous Australians. He reminded people raised money for them with an appeal called Flynn was sent to a mission in outback South built public support through his magazine how much Australians had done to help people ‘Quarter Mile of Threepenny Pieces’. Australia. He travelled widely on camel and The Inlander who were dispossessed in the war in Europe. He by horse and buggy. He visited the Northern urged them to show the same understanding to In 1909, Flynn read a letter from Mrs Litchfield won the support of businessmen such as Territory and reported on the desperate needs Indigenous Australians who had been dispossessed from West Arm, near Darwin. She described the Hudson Fysh and H. V. Mackay by European colonisation. of both Indigenous Australians and new problems faced by outback pioneers. Isolation Australians. identified locations for bases and hostels meant they had no churches, doctors or schools. designed and built nursing hostels and hired She was desperate for help. Flynn immediately Flynn’s church started the Australian Inland staff started thinking of ways he could help. He Mission and appointed him leader. The mission organised the first Flying Doctor Service wrote Bushman’s Companion, which gave started with one padre, one nursing sister from Cloncurry, Queensland See also practical advice on first aid and religion. and a hostel, which provided cheap food and hired engineers, such as Alf Traeger, to H. V. Mackay, Volume 5 beds. From this small beginning, Flynn built Hudson Fysh, Volume 6 develop radios for isolated stations a network of hostels and hospitals stretching Alf Traeger (pedal radio), Volume 6 across Australia. He remained leader for the rest convinced the State and Federal governments Nancy Bird Walton (Flying Doctor Service), of his life. to carry on his work. Volume 6

18 19 Charles Kingsford Smith Alf Traeger Pilot Inventor

Charles Kingsford Smith, known as Alfred Traeger was an engineer who ‘Smithy’, made the first flight from invented the pedal radio for the the United States to Australia. Flying Doctor Service. This helped Kingsford Smith people communicate with each other Life facts nearly drowned at all over the outback. 9 February 1897 Born in Bondi Beach when Brisbane When he was twelve he was ten. He Life facts 1915 Fights at Gallipoli, Turkey always feared the years old, Traeger 1917 Transfers to Royal Flying ocean and suffered 2 August 1895 Born in made a telephone Corps panic attacks Dimboola, Victoria receiver. He was 1921 Flies for West Australian 1912 Starts training as an always interested in Airways flying over it. After engineer Kingsford Smith (second from left) stands with his engineering, and his 1928 Flies across the Pacific fighting at Gallipoli, 1926 Starts working for John crew in front of the Southern Cross. hobby was working 1930 Wins London to however, he joined Flynn Australia air race the Royal Flying 1929 Invents pedal radio with radios. John 8 November 1935 Dies in Corps. He was shot Crossing the Pacific 1933 Invents Morse keyboard Flynn hired Traeger the Bay of Bengal, near down, wounded Kingsford Smith was the first to fly from the 31 July 1980 Dies in to invent a simple Burma and awarded the United States to Australia. He left Oakland, in Adelaide radio for the Flying Military Cross. California, the United States, in a three-engine Doctor Service. At plane called Southern Cross. With three others, the time, many people in the outback could not After the war, Kingsford Smith became a stunt he flew to Brisbane via Hawaii and Fiji.T he communicate with a hospital because they were Traeger demonstrates his invention, the pedal radio. pilot in Hollywood. After returning to Australia, plane survived severe storms, and the journey far away from telephone lines. breaking records and flying new routes helped took nearly 84 hours flying time. Kingsford In 1933, Traeger also invented a keyboard him earn money. He set a record time for flying Smith was welcomed like royalty when he Developing a radio transmitter that changed typed letters into around Australia in 1926. reached Australia. Traeger’s job was to develop a radio that was Morse code.

[continent labels] both a transmitter and a receiver, meaning Flying aroundEurope the world it could both send a message and receive a Asia More about ... Kingsford AfricaSmith flewSouthern Cross back to message. The radio had to be small, easy to use Australia London, England America via England, becoming the first to fly and cheap enough for outback people to afford. Communication in the outback EUROPE [sea labels] ASIA NORTH AMERICA The pedal radio was introduced in Queensland in around theAtlantic world. Ocean He was the first to fly from Traeger conducted experiments and set up a Baghdad, Iraq 1929. Pedal radios were used by: Athens, Greece Oakland, United States Australia toIndian New Ocean Zealand, and he flew from small radio network linked to Alice Springs. Allahabad, India Pacific Ocean • the Flying Doctor Service Southern Ocean AFRICA Hawaii London, England, to Australia in record time. • neighbours and friends, who could now Burma Arctic Ocean Traeger also had to work out how to generate communicate socially Kingsford [tSowmith’sn labels] luck ran out flying between the power to run the radio. He developed a • the School of the Air, which brought education SOUTH AMERICA London, England Fiji London andBrisbane Australia in 1935. He crashed off grinder that was turned by hand, but the radio to children all over the outback. AUSTRALIA the coast ofFiji Burma, also called Myanmar. His Brisbane Hawaii needed both hands to operate it, too. He came plane was never recovered. up with a simple and cheap solution. He used [key labels] See also Kingsford Smith’s flight 1928 bicycle pedals to generate power, leaving the Kingsford Smith’s flight 1935 See also John Flynn (Flying Doctor Service), Volume 6 hands free. John ‘Simpson’ Kirkpatrick (Gallipoli campaign), Nancy Bird Walton (Flying Doctor Service), Kingsford Smith’s famous flights Volume 5 Volume 6

20 21 David Unaipon Grace Cossington Smith Writer Artist

Cossington Smith David Unaipon, a Ngarrindjeri Grace Cossington Smith was was a leader in man, was a leader, preacher, writer an artist and a leader in the the modernist art and inventor. He encouraged racial development of Australian art movement. equality in Australia. during the 1900s. Unaipon was born Grace Smith was Life facts and educated at Life facts born and lived most The first painting Cossington Smith 28 September 1872 Born in Point McLeay 22 April 1892 Born Grace of her life in Sydney. Port McLeay Mission, Mission on the Smith in Sydney After leaving school, exhibited was of South Australia Murray River, South 1910 Starts training as an she studied drawing her sister knitting artist 1909 Invents a shearing Australia. Religion and travelled to socks for soldiers. machine 1912–14 Travels in Europe and education were Europe. By 1920, This was a typical scene in an Australian 1913 Gives evidence at a 1915 Paints The Sock Knitter household during World War I. Later in Royal Commission very important to she was a full-time, 1928 First solo exhibition Cossington Smith’s career, this painting became 1929 Publishes Native him. professional artist in 1930 Paints The bridge famous. It is considered the first modernist Legends in-curve Australia. She added Dies at Australian painting. 7 February 1967 Inventing 1971 Finishes career as an Cossington, which is Tailem Bend, South artist Australia machines a place in England, Cossington Smith painted many Sydney 10 December 1984 Dies in to her surname. scenes. Her paintings captured the energy and Unaipon was Unaipon had a wide range of interests, including Sydney interested in physics, the science that deals with religion, culture and science. excitement of the rapidly changing city. Her matter and energy. He made several of his own Painting her surroundings most famous paintings were of the Sydney inventions. One was an improved handpiece for Unaipon believed education and Christian Harbour Bridge. Cossington Smith was only Cossington Smith drew and painted everyday shearing. Others were different kinds of motors, living provided a brighter future for Indigenous recognised as a leader in Australian art late in scenes from her family life. She also painted wheels and machines. He researched perpetual Australians. Although he experienced racial her career. the changing world around her, such as motion, which is movement that goes on forever. discrimination, he preached a message of soldiers marching off to war and people in the Newspapers compared him with Leonardo Da harmony. Unaipon wanted white Australians city dwarfed by tall buildings. Her paintings More about ... Vinci. By 1930, he was well known. to understand his race. He travelled widely to preach his messages until he was 87 years old. were filled with bright colour.Y ellow was her Modernism Writing and preaching favourite colour. Modernism was a trend in people’s thinking that Unaipon said the Bible showed him: grew rapidly in the 1920s. Modernism meant Writing about his culture was another passion replacing old, traditional ways of doing things with ‘that God made all nations of one blood and for Unaipon. He wrote articles arguing for equal new, modern ways. Technology was changing in Christ Jesus colour and racial distinctions people’s lives. Cars, air travel, telephone and rights and articles about Aboriginal culture. disappeared.’ ‘talking pictures’ were all becoming popular. Governments asked for his ideas on how to Some people were bitterly opposed to modernism. improve conditions for Indigenous Australians. They attacked modernist paintings and organised See also protests. Unaipon was the first Indigenous Australian Jessie Street (equal rights for Indigenous writer to be published. His book Native Legends Australians), Volume 6 See also was a collection of stories from different William Cooper (equal rights for Indigenous Margaret Preston (modernism), Volume 6 Indigenous Australian communities. Australians), Volume 6 Charles Perkins (Freedom Rides and the civil rights Cossington’s painting The bridge in-curve shows Russell Drysdale (modernist painting), Volume 8 movement), Volume 8 the Harbour Bridge in Sydney. Fred Williams (modernist painting), Volume 8

22 23 Margaret Preston Jack Davey Artist Radio star

Margaret Preston was a leading John Davey, known as Jack, became artist and writer who promoted an Australia’s biggest radio star in the Australian style of art. 1930s and was called ‘Mr Radio’. After training at After trying many Life facts art school, Preston Life facts different jobs in 29 April 1875 Born Margaret lived in Europe 8 February 1907 Born New Zealand, McPherson in Port and England. She in Auckland, New Davey came to Adelaide Zealand studied famous Sydney and started 1893 Starts training as an 1931 Arrives in Sydney and artist artists and their begins work in radio working in radio. 1904 Travels to Europe ideas. Throughout 1933 Starts compering Most Australian 1919 Returns to Australia and her life, she travelled newsreels households had a marries to increase her 1957 Starts working in radio. It was the 1927 Promotes her work in understanding of television shows main form of home Art in Australia 14 October 1959 Dies in other cultures. This Sydney entertainment. 1930 Publishes Application of helped her develop Aboriginal Designs Davey had a rich, 1953 Holds last major her own art. warm voice and he was hired first as a crooner, exhibition Preston promoted which is a singer of popular songs. Davey’s big 28 May 1963 Dies in Sydney her work in breakthrough came when he switched radio magazines such stations. as Art in Australia. She became a leader of Australian modernism. She used art to make Australia’s first radio star people think. Preston was a working artist for around 60 years. Davey soon became Australia’s highest paid During the 1920s, Preston became famous and most popular radio star. Hosting breakfast, for her prints of Australian flowers, birds and Art represented the spirit of a country, said quiz and variety shows suited Davey’s talents Preston. Without its own style, Australia would perfectly. He liked telling jokes and had a talent animals. She would cut a drawing into wood Davey performs on a radio program in 1945. and then use it to make a print with black ink, lose its spirit. for ad-libbing, which is making humorous comments on the spot and without a script. adding colour later. Preston wanted to lead the development of Fans listened for his famous greeting, ‘Hi, Ho! a unique Australian ‘look’. She promoted Charity work Everybody!’. At the peak of his career in the Developing an Australian style Aboriginal art as the central part of Australian Charity work also made Davey famous. He 1940s, Davey was known as ‘Mr Radio’. Preston believed Australia had to develop its style. Her last exhibition featured prints of generously donated his time and money for own art style. People were turning to mass- Australia’s ancient landscapes. Davey’s rich voice also suited the commentary hospitals, disabled children and other needy produced goods such as cars and household in newsreels. Newsreels were shown at movie causes. During World War II, his fame grew machines in the new ‘machine age’. Preston See also theatres before the feature films were shown. when he joined the American Red Cross and thought they risked losing their spirit. She Henry Lawson (being Australian), Volume 4 Davey’s voice was recorded over film of entertained the troops. thought the Sydney Harbour Bridge was Grace Cossington Smith (modernism) important news events. Davey did this job for ‘meccano art’ imported from the industrial cities Volume 6 over 25 years, as well as his radio work. of Europe. Meccano was a model engineering Russell Drysdale (modernist painting), Volume 8 See also kit and a popular toy at the time. Fred Williams (modernist painting), Volume 8 Eileen Joyce (radio and the Jazz Age), Volume 6

24 25 Don Bradman Sportsperson

Donald Bradman was considered On the tour of England in 1930, Bradman set new world records for batting. Some of these the world’s greatest cricket batsman. records still stand today. At Leeds, he scored ‘Bradmania’ hit Australia in the 309 runs not out in one day. Bradman’s batting 1930s. was the main reason Australia won the Ashes in 1930. He returned home a national hero. Bradman grew up in Bradman’s success brought great pride and Life facts Bowral, New South enjoyment during the misery of the Great Wales. He was very 27 August 1908 Born in Depression, which started in 1929. In January Cootamundra, New talented at sport. He 1930, crowds watched as he scored 452 not out South Wales practised batting at 1911 Moves to Bowral, New at a Sheffield Shield game in Sydney. South Wales every opportunity. 1927 Makes Sheffield Shield He used a cricket debut stump to hit a golf More about ... 1928 Makes Test cricket ball at the water The Great Depression debut tank behind his The Great Depression hit Australia after the Wall 1930 Sets new world batting family home. The records Street crash of 1929. It continued until the late ball rebounded 1930s. Wool and wheat prices slumped. Businesses 1932–33 Features in Bodyline series at unpredictable collapsed and many people lost their jobs. In 1932, almost one-third of the Australian workforce was Leads Australians to speeds and angles. 1934 unemployed. People who could not pay rent were Ashes victory and His reactions forced out of their homes. Often, they camped in moves to South and coordination shacks in groups called shanty towns. It was a time Australia Bradman was an exceptional cricketer who became an Australian legend. of great hardship for many Australians. 1937 Leads Australians to improved Ashes victory enormously. By the After the tour, Bradman became seriously ill 1947 Leads Australians to time Bradman was More about ... Ashes victory 19, he was playing The controversial Bodyline series but he recovered to play many more times for 1948 Captains The for his State in the Australia. The ‘Boy from Bowral’ was now called The Ashes and the Sheffield Shield Invincibles cricket team When England toured Australia in 1932–33, they Australian Sheffield ‘The Don’. The Ashes is a series of Test cricket matches played 5 February 2001 Dies in used a new tactic to stop Bradman. The English between Australia and England. Competition Adelaide Shield cricket bowlers aimed for the batsman, instead of the between the two teams has always been fierce. competition. wicket. This was called ‘Bodyline’. The tactic The Invincibles When Australia won in 1882, the English were so was very controversial, and several Australian In 1948, Australia’s greatest cricket team, called upset they burned a cricket bail and put the ashes Playing Test cricket in an urn. They said it represented the death of batsmen were injured. Australians were angry, ‘The Invincibles’, was undefeated in England. Bradman was selected to play cricket against English cricket. This is how the Ashes series got its but England regained the Ashes. This was Bradman’s farewell tour and crowds name. England in 1928–29. He became the youngest flocked to see him play. Bradman went out with The Sheffield Shield is a series of cricket matches batsman to score 100 runs, called a century, in Becoming the Don a score of zero, called a duck, in his last innings played between the Australian State teams. It Test cricket. His batting was exciting to watch. began in 1892. Some people were shocked when Bradman of cricket. This robbed him of a Test average of His incredible powers of concentration helped moved to South Australia to play. Crowds over 100. him to build very large scores. flocked to see him. He starred again in England After cricket, Bradman worked in business and See also in 1934 and Australia regained the Ashes. then in cricket administration. His Test average Stanley Bruce (Wall Street crash), Volume 6 of 99.94 has never been beaten. Walter Lindrum (heroes in hard times), Volume 6

26 27 Douglas Mawson South America Explorer Australian Antarctic expedition 1911–14

Douglas Mawson was a famous They were the first people to explore the part of Mount Erebus + South Pole Antarctica that is directly south of Australia. Australian explorer who led Macquarie Island They established their main base at Cape scientific expeditions to Antarctica. Denison on Commonwealth Bay. Aurora carried Australian Australia Antarctic French claimNinnis dies His work led to the formation of the another group to establish a base, called the Territory Australian Antarctic Territory. western base, 2400 kilometres further along the Mertz dies coast. The men gathered scientific information. Base Map of Antarctica Africa Mawson was an They were the first to use radio in Antarctica. showing Mawson’s trek Life facts expert in geology, At the end of 1912, five groups of men left the the study of the 5 May 1882 Born in Yorkshire, main base on sleds to explore the surrounding England Earth and its area. Each group had to return to base by 1905 Becomes geology formation. He was Finally, Mawson reached the main base. Despair lecturer in Adelaide 15 January 1913 to meet the Aurora. Mawson More about ... selected for the struck him as he saw Aurora on the horizon, 1907 Joins British Antarctic travelled with two men, Xavier Mertz and British expedition to Antarctic exploration sailing back to Australia. Then, out of the hut expedition Belgrave Ninnis. 1911–14 Leads the Antarctica in 1907. Antarctica was first explored in the early 1900s. came one of the men who had been left behind Australian Antarctic This expedition Important dates in this period were: to search for Mawson’s remains. expedition • December 1911, when Norwegian explorer was the first to Roald Amunsden became the first man to reach 1915 Publishes The Home of It was another ten months before Aurora could climb Mount the South Pole the Blizzard return. When Mawson reached Adelaide again, Erebus, a volcano • January 1912, when British explorer Robert Scott 1916 Serves in World War I he was hailed as one of the nation’s greatest in Antarctica, reached the South Pole and died on the return 1929 Leads Antarctic journey heroes. His scientific expedition had been a expedition and to reach the • February 1913, when Mawson survived the huge success. 1931 Claims 42 per cent of South Magnetic Australian Antarctic expedition Antarctica for Australia Pole. When • January 1915, when British explorer Ernest After Mertz died, Mawson wrote: 1936 Helps start Australian Mawson returned Shackleton’s ship became trapped in the ice. Antarctic Territory ‘I seemed to stand alone on the wide shores of to Australia, he 14 October 1958 Dies in the world. My physical condition was such that Adelaide organised the Fighting for survival I felt I might collapse at any moment … Several first Australian of my toes commenced to blacken and fester expedition to Antarctica. Ninnis and his sled and dog team disappeared near the tips and the nails worked loose. There into a deep crack in the ice 500 kilometres appeared to be little hope.’ Leading the Australian Antarctic from base. Mawson and Mertz had to make it expedition back to base with only one sled and six dogs. Creating the Australian Antarctic They had a cooker and limited food but no The expedition left from Hobart in 1911 on Territory tent. They killed and ate the dogs, one by one. Aurora, a wooden sailing ship. The explorers Each day, Mertz grew sicker. He died about After leading two more expeditions, Mawson faced extremely rough conditions in the 200 kilometres from base. helped start the Australian Antarctic Territory. Southern Ocean. Mawson reached Macquarie Through his leadership, Australia was trusted to Island and built a scientific research base.T he Struggling onwards, Mawson fell into another protect 42 per cent of Antarctica. expedition then sailed through 1500 kilometres crack in the ice. He was tied to his sled and it of pack ice before reaching the frozen continent. wedged into the opening, saving him. See also Michael Leahy (exploring Australian territories), Mawson was both an explorer and a scientist. Volume 6

28 29 Isaac Isaacs Hubert Opperman Governor-General Sportsperson

Isaac Isaacs was the first Hubert Opperman was an Australian-born person to become Australian sporting hero in the Governor-General. 1920s and 1930s. He was one of Isaacs was the son the greatest cyclists the world has Life facts of poor Jewish ever seen. 6 August 1855 Born in migrants from Melbourne Poland. He grew up Opperman started 1882 Becomes a lawyer in northern Victoria Life facts riding bicycles as 1892 Elected to Victorian and achieved 29 May 1904 Born in a messenger boy Parliament excellent results at Rochester, Victoria for the Post Office 1897 Attends Federal school. 1924 Wins his first Australian when he was eight Convention Road Cycling title years old. When 1901 Elected to first Federal Isaacs was a brilliant 1931 Named France’s Parliament Sportsman of the Year he was older, he lawyer and he was went to work for 1906 Joins High Court of elected to Victorian 1937 Sets Perth to Sydney Australia record Malvern Star Cycles. Parliament. He 1931 Becomes Governor- 1949 Elected to Federal His success helped General helped to write Parliament make Malvern Star a 12 February 1948 Dies in the Australian 1963 Becomes Minister for household name. Melbourne Constitution and Immigration 1996 Dies in Melbourne Opperman was a sporting hero to Australians was elected to the during the Great Depression. first Federal Parliament in 1901. After five years, he was appointed as one of the judges on the International champion and High Court of Australia. record-breaker Opperman was voted France’s Sportsman of In 1924, Opperman won the Australian Road From a controversial to a Isaacs inspects a line of mounted troops in 1935. the Year in 1931. He rode from Perth to Sydney Cycling title for the first of four times. By the setting a record time of 13 days, 10 hours, 11 popular leader end of his career, he had set nearly 100 distance minutes in 1937. This record stood for 30 years. When Prime Minister James Scullin appointed He warned that Isaacs would not be a popular records. Isaacs as Governor-General, it was very appointment. He was wrong. In Paris, in 1928, Opperman was forced out of a controversial. The Governor-General is the Life after racing long-distance race for about an hour. Someone representative of the King or Queen of England. Australians liked Isaacs because during the During World War II, Opperman joined the had deliberately damaged both his racing bikes. Many people believed that only important Great Depression, when many people were Royal Australian Air Force. Afterwards, he When a replacement could not be found, he British people should be appointed to the living in poverty, Isaacs agreed to a reduction was elected to Federal Parliament and became had to use an old bicycle. He rode 17 hours position. They thought it was wrong to appoint in his salary. He also saved money by closing Minister for Immigration. He convinced the without stopping and won by 30 minutes. The someone born in Australia. official houses in Sydney and Melbourne. He Liberal Government to start changing the was extremely fair in the way he behaved in this French crowd cheered for ‘Oppy’. When he White Australia policy. The Prime Minister had to go to London, important role. arrived home in Melbourne, he received a hero’s England, to convince King George V of the welcome. See also appointment. In the end, the King agreed. See also Edmund Barton (White Australia policy), Volume 5 Don Bradman (Great Depression), Volume 6 Walter Lindrum (heroes in hard times), Volume 6

30 31 Joseph Lyons Walter Lindrum Prime Minister Sportsperson

Joseph Lyons was the tenth Prime Leaving the Labor Party Walter Lindrum was a world- By the end of his career, Lindrum had set 57 world records for the number of points scored Two weeks after Lyons entered Federal Minister of Australia. He led the champion billiards player who set and the speed of scoring in billiards. He was so Parliament, the Wall Street crash happened. good at the sport, officials changed the rules to nation out of the Great Depression. Businesses closed and people lost their jobs in more than 57 world records. limit his scoring. Lyons was a the Great Depression that followed. Lindrum came Life facts successful teacher Life facts from a family of Labor Prime Minister James Scullin faced More about ... 15 September 1879 Born in who joined the the difficult task of leading Australia. Labor 29 August 1898 Born in billiards champions. Stanley, Tasmania Labor Party and Kalgoorlie, Western His father started Heroes in hard times politicians did not agree on the best way to Australia 1901 Starts teaching rose to become coaching him as Australians were hit hard by the Great Depression. deal with the crisis. Lyons supported careful 1911 Becomes a professional 1909 Elected to Tasmanian Australia was famous as a sporting nation, and Premier of Tasmania. billiards player soon as he could Parliament management and less spending. He decided they relied even more on their heroes during the He built a good 1932 Sets world record for hold a billiard cue. 1923 Becomes Premier of to leave the Labor Party and four others hard times. These three men and a horse lifted the highest score Tasmania reputation for followed him. He was naturally spirit of the nation: 1933 Becomes world • Don Bradman, the world’s greatest cricketer 1929 Elected to Federal careful management right-handed, but champion Parliament of the economy. The Labor Party split led to a new election. he lost the top of a • Hubert Opperman, the world’s greatest cyclist 1950 Retires • Walter Lindrum, the world’s greatest billiards 1931 Leaves Labor Party Lyons and his followers joined with the finger on his right 30 July 1960 Dies in Surfers player 1932 Becomes Prime Minister Nationalist Party. They formed the United Paradise, Queensland hand in an accident • Phar Lap, the winner of the Melbourne Cup in 7 April 1939 Dies in Sydney Australia Party and won the election. when he was three 1930, called ‘Australia’s wonder horse’. years old. He then trained to play Prime Minister during left-handed. difficult times Lindrum was only 13 years Lyons became Australia’s tenth Prime old when he played his first Minister. He worked hard to lead professional game. Soon he was Australia out of the Depression. He was setting world records. Practice, he a very popular Prime Minister, partly said, was the secret to his success. because of his family values. He raised eleven children with his wife, Enid. World champion Another major issue at the time was the In 1933, Lindrum won the worsening situation in Europe. Hitler’s billiards world championship. Germany had started to invade other The following year, he repeated European countries. War was looming. this achievement in a match that Lyons supported a peaceful solution. was part of Melbourne’s 100th Before World War II started, Lyons died anniversary celebrations. of a heart attack. During World War II, Lindrum played exhibition games and Lindrum takes a shot, watched by a crowd of people See also raised over one million dollars for the war in Sydney in 1935. Billy Hughes (political parties), Volume 5 effort. He remained world champion until his Stanley Bruce (Wall Street crash), Volume 6 retirement in 1950. No one was prepared to See also Don Bradman (Great Depression), Volume 6 challenge him. Don Bradman (Great Depression), Volume 6 Lyons meets with Brisbane waterside workers. Enid Lyons (family), Volume 7 Hubert Opperman, Volume 6

32 33 Michael Leahy R. M. Williams Explorer Entrepreneur

Michael Leahy was the first Reginald Murray Williams started European to explore the highlands an Australian leatherwork business of New Guinea, now Papua New that became very successful. Guinea. This made him famous as an Leahy was first Australian icon. Life facts attracted to New When he was 26 February 1901 Born Guinea by gold Life facts 15 years old, in Toowoomba, and adventure. He Queensland 24 May 1908 Born near Williams packed his trekked into the Jamestown, South 1930 Begins explorations in belongings in a swag Australia New Guinea Central Highlands and travelled the 1923 Leaves school for the 1932 Explores New Guinea in 1932. Outsiders bush Australian outback. Highlands thought no 1926 Works as a camel driver He became a camel 1934 Climbs Mount Giluwe, humans could live in the desert driver, living off the New Guinea’s highest there because the mountain 1932 Starts leatherwork land with Aboriginal mountains were so business 1936 Receives recognition Leahy is pictured in New Guinea in 1934. Australians. Other from British Royal huge and rugged. 1943 Publishes The jobs were cattle Geographic Society Bushman’s Handcrafts One night, as Leahy droving and sinking 1937 Publishes The Land That 1960 Moves to Queensland Time Forgot looked down the Opening up New Guinea 1988 Helps start Stockman’s wells. During the 1942 Joins Air Force Goroka Valley, he Leahy crossed the Owen Stanley Ranges, which Hall of Fame Great Depression, 1971 Receives recognition watched it sparkle later became famous for the Kokoda Track. He 4 November 2003 Dies he headed into the from United States with the cooking pioneered the use of aircraft in the Highlands. in Darling Downs, Flinders’ Ranges As a young man, Williams travelled and worked Explorers Club Queensland in the outback. fires of thousands During World War II, he joined the Royal of South Australia 7 March 1979 Dies in Papua New Guinea of villagers. The Australian Air Force and led the building of with his wife and fertile valleys in the airstrips in New Guinea. children. They lived on rabbits and kangaroos. He developed cattle stations in Queensland and Highlands were a tea plantation in Papua New Guinea. Other Australians followed as Leahy helped home to one million people. The Highlanders pioneer gold mining and coffee-growing Working with leather thought white men were spirits of ancestors An Australian icon industries. He used his diaries and photographs A bushman called ‘Dollar Mick’ taught returned from the dead. They tried to rub off In his later years, Williams and his leather bush to publish books about his explorations. His Williams leatherworking skills. Through trial the white skin. wear business became so famous that people achievements were recognised in Australia, and error, Williams perfected stockman’s riding called them Australian icons. He published Britain and the United States. boots made from a single piece of leather. He set Leahy described how he left Queensland for the New up a small business at the back of his father’s books and helped start organisations to keep Guinea gold rush: After Leahy died, the motion pictures he took house in Adelaide in 1932. He also made saddles. the bushman tradition alive. He was the driving ‘In 1926 I was cutting wood blocks and hauling were made into a film, calledFirst Contact. They Gradually, the business expanded into making force behind the Rough Riders Association in a T model Ford truck … when news of the were a unique record of the meeting of two Australian bush wear. and the Australian Stockman’s Hall of Fame in fabulous gold strike of Edie Creek in New civilisations. Queensland. Guinea reached me. I left my truck by the side Williams became a millionaire through a gold of the road in Townsville … and caught the first See also mine at Tennant Creek, Northern Territory. See also steamer to New Guinea.’ Bruce Kingsbury (Kokoda Track), Volume 7 Don Bradman (Great Depression), Volume 6

34 35 Jack Lang John Bradfield Politician Engineer

Jack Lang was the controversial Tackling the Great Depression John Bradfield designed the Sydney State Premier who opened the During the Depression, Lang led those who Harbour Bridge and supervised its believed governments had to keep spending Sydney Harbour Bridge. to create jobs and provide welfare. Other construction. Lang came from people believed governments should spend Bradfield trained Life facts a very poor less. Lang refused to pay interest on money the Life facts as an engineer. 21 December 1876 Born in background. He Government had borrowed from British banks. 26 December 1867 Born in His career started Sydney left school early He thought the money was needed for welfare. Brisbane when many dams, 1913 Elected to New South to support his People were bitterly divided, and his actions 1890 Starts engineering roads, bridges and career Wales Parliament family. He became a split the Labor Party. He was finally sacked by railways were being 1912 Starts designing the 1920 Becomes Treasurer successful real estate the Governor of New South Wales. built in Australia. 1925 Becomes Premier Sydney Harbour Bridge agent. He joined He was a tireless 1927 Leads the Opposition 1922 Finishes design the Labor Party Opening the Bridge worker and brilliant 1930 Becomes Premier for 1923 Starts supervising the the second time and was elected to These divisions erupted during the opening of building of the Harbour engineer. He was Bridge 1931 Forms Lang Labor State Parliament. the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was Australia’s associated with 1932 Honoured at Harbour 1932 Opens Sydney Harbour After building a greatest engineering achievement and Premier Bridge opening great engineering Bridge and is later good reputation Lang insisted he should open it. The New 1933 Retires works during his dismissed by the as Treasurer, Lang 40-year career, such Governor Guard, a group that disagreed with Lang’s 23 September 1943 Dies in became Premier of policies, believed the British Royal Family Sydney as Sydney’s railway Bradfield worked for more than 20 years on the 27 September 1975 Dies in design and construction of the Sydney Harbour Sydney New South Wales. should open the bridge. At the opening system and the Story Bridge. He introduced many ceremony, the New Guard’s Captain Francis Bridge in Brisbane. welfare benefits to help poor people. De Groot slashed the ribbon before Lang could Bradfield was honoured as ‘Father of the Bridge’ cut it. Designing and building the Bridge and his name was given to the highway running Bradfield’s most famous achievement was the across it. In his speech opening the Sydney Harbour Bridge, design and construction of the Sydney Harbour Lang said: Bridge. Bradfield started designing the bridge More about ... ‘The achievement of this bridge is symbolic of in 1912. It took ten years to finalise his ideas. the things Australians strive for but have not Advances in light steel made a giant arch Sydney Harbour Bridge yet achieved. Just as Sydney has completed this structure possible. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was Australia’s largest material bridge, which will unite her people, so engineering project. It cost over £4.2 million. At the will Australia ultimately perfect the bridge which Bradfield prepared drawings and companies time, the bridge carried the heaviest weight of any it commenced 30 years ago at Federation … the competed to build the bridge. Dorman Long in the world. Many features, such as the metal pins bridge of understanding among the Australian and Company, an English firm, won the job. holding it together, were being tried for the first time. Over 1500 workers were employed each year people will yet be built.’ Their engineer Ralph Freeman prepared during the building of the bridge. Sixteen lost their detailed drawings of Bradfield’s ideas. lives. The Harbour Bridge was called ‘Iron Lung’, because it was made of iron and breathed life into It took nine years to build the bridge. Bradfield Australia during the Great Depression. supervised the construction. Over one million See also people gathered to watch the opening ceremony Lang is the only Premier to have been sacked by Don Bradman (Great Depression), Volume 6 and parade. See also a Governor. John Bradfield (Sydney Harbour Bridge), Volume 6 Jack Lang (opening the Bridge), Volume 6

36 37 Lores Bonney Elizabeth Kenny Pilot Nurse

Maude Bonney, known as Lores, Elizabeth Kenny was an Australian was the first woman to fly around nurse who became famous for the Australia and from Brisbane to way she treated polio patients. London, England. After leaving school, Life facts A flight over Kenny made a living Life facts Brisbane with her 20 September 1880 Born selling agricultural near Warialda, New products, but her 20 November 1897 Born husband’s cousin South Wales as Maude Rubens in passion was for convinced Bonney 1911 Begins working as a Pretoria, South Africa to learn to fly. She bush nurse nursing. She had 1906 Migrates to Australia learned in secret 1915 Starts nursing in World no formal training 1928 Takes first flying lesson because she feared War I but she started 1932 Flies around Australia her husband would 1934 Starts polio clinic in voluntary bush 1933 Flies from Australia to Townsville nursing. She would England not approve. When 1940 Teaches Kenny method ride her horse to 1937 Flies from Australia to she announced in America isolated bush huts South Africa she had her pilot’s 1946 Becomes famous after Hollywood film to deliver babies and 24 February 1994 Dies licence, however, he Kenny demonstrates her method of treating polio in Gold Coast, bought her a Gipsy 30 November 1952 Dies care for sick women patients in Queensland around 1939. Queensland in Toowoomba, and children. Moth plane. Queensland Most doctors disagreed with her ideas, saying Flying around Australia she lacked proper training. In 1932, Bonney became the first woman to Becoming Sister Kenny The Queensland Government supported fly around Australia. Before the trip, she asked During World War I, Kenny volunteered and Kenny’s polio clinic in Townsville and started Charles Kingsford Smith for advice. He refused was accepted to nurse wounded soldiers. There another in Brisbane. She travelled to America to give her any advice saying, ‘You might make was a desperate shortage of nurses. She was where fear of polio was gripping the nation. it if you’ve got the guts’. She completed the flight Bonney called her plane My Little Ship. promoted to Sister, a title she proudly used for Kenny’s methods proved successful. Sister in 95 hours, beating mechanical problems and the rest of her career. After the war, she nursed Kenny, a Hollywood movie about her work, aircraft damage. Newspapers called her ‘the people suffering in the Spanish influenza made her famous. never-give-up-airwoman’. Bonney also flew from Brisbane to CapeT own, epidemic, a flu virus that was widespread in 1919 South Africa, via India. She battled heat across and killed 12 000 Australians. Flights across the world Asia, the Middle East and Africa. More about ... Bonney made a daring solo flight from Brisbane World War II ended Bonney’s flying career. Her Treating polio patients Polio to London in 1933. There were 17 refuelling aviation achievements were only later given the Polio was sweeping across Australia. Standard Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disease that attacks the stops along the way. She had no radio and recognition they deserved. medical treatment required patients to be nervous system and can cause paralysis. It is an she did her own repairs. She survived a crash- infectious disease, which means that it can spread strapped into metal braces to prevent movement from person to person. landing after leaving Singapore, repaired her of their arms and legs. Kenny experimented plane and continued the flight. Her achievement See also and found that many patients recovered if their was honoured by King George V but received Charles Kingsford Smith, Volume 6 arms and legs were moved and massaged. Word See also little recognition in Australia. Nancy Bird Walton (female pilot), Volume 6 spread about Kenny’s miraculous treatments. Macfarlane Burnet (polio), Volume 8

38 39 Nancy Bird Walton Eileen Joyce Pilot Musician

Nancy Bird Walton became the first Eileen Joyce was from a very poor female commercial pilot, carrying family in Tasmania but became passengers as a service. She also a world-famous concert pianist. helped isolated people by flying a Her ‘rags-to-riches’ story made medical service in the outback. Australians very proud. Nancy Bird was four Joyce’s Irish father Life facts years old when the Life facts and Spanish mother 16 October 1915 Born Smith brothers won 21 November 1912 Born in encouraged the Nancy Bird in Sydney the Great Air Race. Zeehan, Tasmania development of her 1933 Learns to fly She would climb the 1921 Starts piano lessons in musical talent. She Western Australia 1935 Becomes first female backyard fence, jump was taught to play commercial pilot 1926 Spotted by Percy and pretend she was piano by nuns at her 1936 Wins Adelaide to Grainger Brisbane Air Race an ‘eppyplane’. 1927 Studies piano in Kalgoorlie convent 1939 Marries Joy-flights were Germany school. Five years Joyce poses with a plaster mask of her face and a 1950 Starts Australian popular at country 1930 Debuts in London, later, in 1926, Percy England cast of her hands. Women Pilots’ shows, and Bird Grainger, a famous Association 1936 Starts world tours with Australian composer, Gramophone recordings, radio concerts and 13 January 2009 Dies in Walton took one at ABC Sydney the age of 15. After 1945 Appears in the film heard her playing. films also increased Joyce’s popularity. In 1936, that, she set herself Battle for Music He said, ‘she is in the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) the goal of learning to fly. Her first lesson was 1953 Appears in the film every way the most sponsored a tour of Australia. She started in Wherever She Goes with Charles Kingsford Smith. … gifted young Perth and travelled around the country, playing 1962 Retires from concert piano student I have performances to excited audiences. She returned to Australia heard in the last Flying in the outback Dies in again in 1948, more famous than ever. Bird Walton earned her living by flying planes. 25 March 1991 Unlike Lores Bonney, who flew for the England twenty-five years’. adventure, Bird Walton used flying to earn a People donated More about ... living. She became Australia’s first female pilot Maps were poor so Bird Walton often had to money to send Joyce to a special school in Radio and the Jazz Age licensed to carry passengers. follow landmarks, such as the dingo-proof fence. Germany. Nine years after her first lessons, she The 1920s were called the Jazz Age. Radio and Her family helped Bird Walton buy a Gipsy Her greatest fear was getting lost and never made a sensational debut in London, England. gramophone records brought music into many Moth plane. She took it to country shows and being found in the vast Australian outback. Bird She quickly became an international star. homes. The first Australian radio stations started in 1923 race meetings for joy-flights. It was the first time Walton helped many isolated people and was in Sydney. Stations in every capital city soon many people in the outback had ever seen a called ‘Angel of the Outback’. A glamorous international star followed. In 1932, the Federal Government created the publicly owned Australian plane. People paid money for a flight over the The Australian public adored Joyce’s musical local area. brilliance and glamour. On stage, she wore Broadcasting Commission (ABC) with twelve radio stations. There were another 43 radio stations that See also beautiful gowns colour-coded for composers, After an outback woman died in childbirth were privately owned. Ross Smith and Keith Smith, Volume 6 such as blue for Beethoven, green for Chopin Bird Walton was hired to fly a medical service. Charles Kingsford Smith, Volume 6 and red for Tchaikovsky. Some critics hated this The Flying Doctor Service had not yet reached John Flynn (Flying Doctor Service), Volume 6 See also ‘common touch’ but it increased her popularity. far enough into the outback. Lores Bonney (female pilot), Volume 6 Jack Davey (radio), Volume 6

40 41 Muriel Heagney Jessie Street Union leader Activist

Muriel Heagney dedicated her life Jessie Street was a feminist who to the union movement and worked fought for the fair treatment of to win equal pay for women. women and Indigenous Australians. Heagney started She was also a leader of the peace Life facts work as a teacher. movement. Born in During World War I, 31 December 1885 Street came from a Brisbane she became the first Life facts 1916 Opposes conscription female office worker wealthy background. 1919 Writes Basic Wage 18 April 1889 Born in Bihar, She dedicated her for the Defence India Betrayal Department. She life to working for 1924 Works for International 1911 Attends women’s human rights and was paid the same conference in Rome Labour Organisation, world peace. She Geneva, Switzerland as male workers who 1918 Starts League of was a leading figure 1930 Starts Unemployed were doing the same Nations Union in Sydney Street (centre) worked for the rights of all women. Girls’ Relief job, which was very 1929 Starts United in Australian public Associations of Women 1935 Publishes Are Women unusual. Women life for 50 years, and Street also worked hard to achieve equal rights Taking Men’s Jobs? 1938 Attends League of usually received only she was well-known for Australia’s Indigenous peoples. She believed 1937 Starts Council of Action Nations internationally. for Equal Pay half the men’s wage. 1945 Attends United Nations it was wrong that Indigenous Australians conference were not counted as citizens of Australia. 1948 Writes Equal Pay for the Heagney fought Working for Sexes 1967 Campaigns for She suggested changes, which were passed in hard to win union 14 May 1974 Dies in Indigenous rights during world peace the 1967 referendum, that gave Indigenous support for equal the 1967 referendum Melbourne Street was a pacifist. Australians the right to vote. pay for women. She 2 July 1970 Dies in Sydney This meant she also argued strongly opposed using More about ... for the basic wage. Since 1907, this had been a war or violence to settle disagreements. Street key idea in Australian, but union leaders such as attended meetings of the League of Nations in The League of Nations Heagney had to work hard to keep it going. Heagney helped women achieve equal pay for Geneva, Switzerland, in 1930 and 1938. She was The League of Nations was the international body equal work. that formed after World War I to promote world the only female Australian representative at its peace. It was based in Geneva, Switzerland. Helping women early meetings. During the 1930s, tensions increased as Germany During the Great Depression, working women and Japan invaded other countries. The League were blamed for men losing jobs. Heagney Heagney also helped start the Council of Fighting for women’s rights and of Nations failed to keep the peace and prevent World War II. After the war, the League was published a book showing that this was not Action for Equal Pay in 1937. In 1974, just weeks Indigenous Australian rights replaced by the United Nations. true. She showed how women were forced into before Heagney died, Australia committed to an The right to vote was only the first step to equal jobs that men did not want. International Labour Organisation agreement rights for women. Street joined the struggle for See also to make sure that women and men were paid Heagney started the Unemployed Girls’ Relief equal pay and equal opportunities. She believed Mary Lee (suffrage in Australia), Volume 4 equally for work of equal value. Movement to help young women who lost their all adults had the right to independence. She Muriel Heagney (equal pay), Volume 6 jobs. Most people did not understand that paid linked women’s organisations in Australia with William Cooper (equal rights for Indigenous work was just as important for independent See also international groups, such as the League of Australians), Volume 6 women as it was for men. Vida Goldstein (women’s rights), Volume 5 Nations. She started the United Associations of Harold Holt (1967 referendum), Volume 8 Jessie Street (equal rights), Volume 6 Women. Germaine Greer (feminism), Volume 8

42 43 Daisy Bates William Cooper Journalist Activist

Daisy Bates was a journalist who William Cooper was an Indigenous became famous in the 1930s for Australian leader who organised living with and writing about peaceful protests and the Day of Indigenous Australians. Mourning in 1938. Bates was an Irish Cooper was a Yorta Life facts woman. She trained Life facts Yorta man who 16 October 1859 Born Daisy as a journalist before Around 1861 Born near spent most of his life O’Dwyer in Tipperary, moving to Beagle Cummeragunja, New on Cummeragunja Ireland Bay Mission near South Wales Station on the Migrates to 1882 Broome, Western 1933 Leaves Cummeragunja Murray River. He Queensland 1934 Starts Australian 1899 Moves to Beagle Bay Australia. Later, she Aborigines’ League worked as a shearer Mission, near Broome, set up camps at 1938 Leads Day of Mourning and handyman, and Western Australia Bates became famous during the 1930s. Eucla and Ooldea 1939 Walks off he learned to read 1904 Researches Aboriginal on the Nullarbor Cummeragunja and write when he customs for Western It was later proven, however, that there was no 29 March 1941 Dies in Australian Government Plain. Bates lived was an adult. with Indigenous evidence to support some of her stories. Bates Mooroopna, Victoria 1912 Moves to Eucla, had invented many stories, even about her Cooper started a Western Australia Australians for over group called the 1918 Moves to Ooldea, 40 years. People own life. South Australia Australian Aborigines’ League and organised Cooper’s leadership inspired others to follow him. called her Kabbarli, Bates also did good things for Aboriginal protest meetings. These meetings highlighted 1938 Publishes The Passing of meaning ‘woman Australians. She opposed welfare workers who the Aborigines the unfair treatment of Indigenous Australians. The Day of Mourning marked the beginning 18 April 1951 Dies in like a grandmother’. removed children from their families. She Adelaide respected the human rights of the Indigenous Over 1800 people signed a petition organised of the Indigenous civil rights movement in Australians she lived with. by Cooper. It demanded political representatives Australia. Sensational stories for Indigenous Australians, the right to vote and land rights. The Commonwealth Government On the Day of Mourning, the group declared: More about ... Bates recorded her observations of Indigenous refused to pass the petition to King George V. ‘This festival of 150 years’ so-called “progress” Australian languages, customs and legends. She The Stolen Generations in Australia commemorates also 150 years of wrote articles and sold them to newspapers. Her Some people in Australian society, such as Bates, A day of mourning misery and degradation imposed on the original life story, called My Natives and I, was published believed that Aboriginal Australians were dying Australians celebrated 150 years, called a sesqui- native inhabitants by white invaders of this in several newspapers. out. Some people thought that Aboriginal people country.’ of mixed racial descent should be absorbed into centenary, of British settlement on 26 January The Passing of the Aborigines was Bates’ white society. Welfare workers started to remove 1938. Cooper led a protest meeting of more than most famous book. She believed Aboriginal children from their families. The children separated 1000 Indigenous Australians. They demanded to See also Australians were a dying race. She falsely from their parents became known as the Stolen be treated as equal citizens and be given rights Yorta Yorta people, Volume 1 Generations. claimed that young women ate their own babies. to land. Cooper made people aware that this Jessie Street (equal rights for Indigenous Her sensational claims made it a bestseller. was not a day of celebration for everyone. Some Australians), Volume 6 See also people saw it as a Day of Mourning. Charles Perkins (Freedom Rides and the civil rights Many Australians thought Bates was a John Flynn (Indigenous health), Volume 6 movement), Volume 8 courageous woman who was risking her own Burnum Burnum (Stolen Generations), Volume 9 Vincent Lingiari (Indigenous Australian land life to help Aboriginal Australians. Lowitja O’Donohue (Stolen Generations), Volume 9 rights), Volume 8

44 45 Albert Namatjira Glossary Artist

Albert Namatjira, an Arrernte man, Gaining fame and fortune activists people who work to bring about political Gallipoli piece of land in Europe, now part of or social change modern-day Turkey, where Anzacs and other was the first Indigenous Australian In 1938, Namatjira held his first exhibition in aviation flying or operating aircraft soldiers fought between 25 April 1915 and Melbourne. It was a huge success. His paintings January 1916 to become a world-famous artist. sold quickly and he soon became famous. basic wage lowest amount of money that can be heritage traditions and objects that have been Namatjira was paid to a worker Life facts Success brought Namatjira wealth. He passed down from previous generations born and raised boom a time of great wealth completed more than 2000 paintings. Despite icon person or thing that is an instantly recognised 28 July 1902 Born at at Hermannsburg his success, he was happiest back in his bushrangers people who break the law and hide Hermannsburg, Mission. He was a symbol traditional Country. in the bush Northern Territory Christian, but he mixed racial descent coming from a family 1938 First exhibition in campaigning working in an organised way to background of different races Melbourne also experienced Granted citizenship traditional initiation achieve a goal Morse code a communication system that uses 1957 Gains Australian Although he had money and fame, Namatjira citizenship and became a tribal Christian belonging to the religion based on the short and long signals for different letters and could not buy land because Indigenous 1958 Imprisoned elder of his people. teachings of Jesus Christ numbers Australians were not considered Australian 8 August 1959 Dies in Alice Melbourne artist citizens. He tried to buy a cattle station and build civil rights rights of people to freedom and social parliament body of elected representatives that Springs makes laws Rex Battarbee taught a house but he was stopped from doing so. and political equality Namatjira how to use watercolours. Namatjira class equality equal rights and opportunities for petition written request for government action that The Government gave Namatjira citizenship, quickly started to paint the landscapes of all social groups is signed by many people as a special case. He now had the right to central Australia. His paintings were in a unique pioneers people who lead the way forward for buy alcohol, too. His friends and relatives, colonisation settlement of a group of people in a style. They combined his spiritual connection others however, did not have the same rights and he place in order to take control of the land with the land with a European style of painting. was expected to share what he had with his communist using a system of government in referendum general vote on a political question family. He was imprisoned which all property is owned by the people and by all voters in Australia for providing alcohol to all business is run by the government sacred relics objects from the past that are Indigenous Australians. He constitution document stating the rules for worthy of deep respect lost the will to paint and government shrine place for storing sacred relics died soon after. democratic using a system of government in social issues concerns about society about which which all citizens vote people disagree trade unions organisations formed by workers to Namatjira creates a painting depression time when many businesses fail and at Hermannsburg Mission, people lose employment bargain with employers Northern Territory. dispossessed to have had something taken away, unemployment number of people who are especially land available to work but who do not have a job entrepreneur someone who organises and welfare benefits government payments for people operates a new businesses with low incomes or disabilities See also Western Front zone of fighting in western Jessie Street (equal rights evacuation moving away of people because of Europe, across France and Belgium, during for Indigenous Australians), danger World War I Volume 6 feminist person trying to change unfair treatment William Cooper (equal rights of women in the community working class group of people in society who for Indigenous Australians), work for wages, especially in factories or doing Volume 6 manual work

46 47 Albert Namatjira Glossary Artist

Albert Namatjira, an Arrernte man, Gaining fame and fortune activists people who work to bring about political Gallipoli piece of land in Europe, now part of or social change modern-day Turkey, where Anzacs and other was the first Indigenous Australian In 1938, Namatjira held his first exhibition in aviation flying or operating aircraft soldiers fought between 25 April 1915 and Melbourne. It was a huge success. His paintings January 1916 to become a world-famous artist. sold quickly and he soon became famous. basic wage lowest amount of money that can be heritage traditions and objects that have been Namatjira was paid to a worker Life facts Success brought Namatjira wealth. He passed down from previous generations born and raised boom a time of great wealth completed more than 2000 paintings. Despite icon person or thing that is an instantly recognised 28 July 1902 Born at at Hermannsburg his success, he was happiest back in his bushrangers people who break the law and hide Hermannsburg, Mission. He was a symbol traditional Country. in the bush Northern Territory Christian, but he mixed racial descent coming from a family 1938 First exhibition in campaigning working in an organised way to background of different races Melbourne also experienced Granted citizenship traditional initiation achieve a goal Morse code a communication system that uses 1957 Gains Australian Although he had money and fame, Namatjira citizenship and became a tribal Christian belonging to the religion based on the short and long signals for different letters and could not buy land because Indigenous 1958 Imprisoned elder of his people. teachings of Jesus Christ numbers Australians were not considered Australian 8 August 1959 Dies in Alice Melbourne artist citizens. He tried to buy a cattle station and build civil rights rights of people to freedom and social parliament body of elected representatives that Springs makes laws Rex Battarbee taught a house but he was stopped from doing so. and political equality Namatjira how to use watercolours. Namatjira class equality equal rights and opportunities for petition written request for government action that The Government gave Namatjira citizenship, quickly started to paint the landscapes of all social groups is signed by many people as a special case. He now had the right to central Australia. His paintings were in a unique pioneers people who lead the way forward for buy alcohol, too. His friends and relatives, colonisation settlement of a group of people in a style. They combined his spiritual connection others however, did not have the same rights and he place in order to take control of the land with the land with a European style of painting. was expected to share what he had with his communist using a system of government in referendum general vote on a political question family. He was imprisoned which all property is owned by the people and by all voters in Australia for providing alcohol to all business is run by the government sacred relics objects from the past that are Indigenous Australians. He constitution document stating the rules for worthy of deep respect lost the will to paint and government shrine place for storing sacred relics died soon after. democratic using a system of government in social issues concerns about society about which which all citizens vote people disagree trade unions organisations formed by workers to Namatjira creates a painting depression time when many businesses fail and at Hermannsburg Mission, people lose employment bargain with employers Northern Territory. dispossessed to have had something taken away, unemployment number of people who are especially land available to work but who do not have a job entrepreneur someone who organises and welfare benefits government payments for people operates a new businesses with low incomes or disabilities See also Western Front zone of fighting in western Jessie Street (equal rights evacuation moving away of people because of Europe, across France and Belgium, during for Indigenous Australians), danger World War I Volume 6 feminist person trying to change unfair treatment William Cooper (equal rights of women in the community working class group of people in society who for Indigenous Australians), work for wages, especially in factories or doing Volume 6 manual work

46 47 Index

A G pilots 5 activists 5, 6 Gallipoli campaign 8, 9, 12, 13, Bird Walton, Nancy 40 Cooper, William 45 16, 20 Bonney, Lores 38, 40 Street, Jessie 43 governors-general Fysh, Hudson 8, 19 Anzac spirit 13 Isaacs, Isaac 30 Kingsford Smith, Charles 20, artists 5 Great Air Race 8, 9, 40 38, 40 Cossington Smith, Grace 23 Great Depression 6, 16, 26, 27, 30, Smith, Keith 9 Namitjira, Albert 46 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 42 Smith, Ross 9 polio 39 Preston, Margaret 24 I Ashes series 26 politicians 32 Indigenous Australian groups Australian Antarctic Territory 28, Cowan, Edith 14–15 Arrernte 46 29 Lang, Jack 36 Ngarrindjeri 22 Australian art styles 24, 46 prime ministers Wiradjuri 17 Australian Constitution 30 Bruce, Stanley 16, 17 Yo r t a Yo r t a 45 Australian film industry 10, 11 Lyons, Joseph 32 Indigenous Australian health 19 Australian War Memorial 13 Indigenous Australian leaders Q B Clements, Jimmy 17 Queensland and Northern billiards 33 Cooper, William 45 Territory Aerial Services Bodyline series 26, 27 Unaipon, David 22 (Qantas) 8, 9 C inventors R Traeger, Alf 19, 21 communism 16 radio 19, 21, 25, 28, 41 Unaipon, David 22 cricket 26, 27 radio stars cycling 31 J Davey, Jack 25 religious leaders D journalists 17 Bates, Daisy 44 Flynn, John 18–19, 21 Day of Mourning 45 Bean, Charles 12–13 S E K Sheffield Shield 26 engineers 19 Kokoda Track 34 sportspeople 5 Bradfield, John 37 Bradman, Don 26–27, 33 L Traeger, Alf 19, 21 Lindrum, Walter 33 entrepreneurs League of Nations 43 Opperman, Hubert 31, 33 Williams, R. M. 35 M Stolen Generations 44 equal rights 15, 22, 43 modernism 23, 24 Sydney Harbour Bridge 23, 24, explorers 5, 28 musicians 36, 37 Leahy, Michael 34 Joyce, Eileen 41 Mawson, Douglas 28–29 U N union leaders 42 F New Guinea 34 Heagney, Muriel 42 film stars 5 nurses unions 16, 42 Longford, Raymond 10–11 Kenny, Elizabeth 39 Lyell, Lottie 10–11 W Flying Doctor Service 18, 19, 21, P Wall Street crash 16, 27, 32 40 Parliament House 6, 17 Western Front 12, 16 pedal radio 21 White Australia policy 31 Phar Lap 33 writers Unaipon, David 22

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