Species of the Lichen Genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacidia

Proc. lndian Ac.ad. Sci. (Plant Sci.), Vol. 97, No. 6, December 1987, pp. 481-503. P¡ in India.

Species of the lichen genera Bacidia, Badimia, Felihanera and Mycobi/imbia from India

D D AWASTHI and R MATHUR Dr of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226 007, India MS received4 November 1986; revised 17 September 1987 Abstract. Morpho-taxonomic studies of 18 species of Bacidia, 1 species of Badimia, 4 species of Fellhanera and 3 species of Mycobilimbia known from India have bee'n presr in the paper. A new variety, Bacidiafusconiorescens var. oleosa Awas. is desc¡ and2 new combinations in the genus Mycobilimbia, Mycobilimbia humma (Zahlbr. in Handel- Mazzetti) Awas., Mycobilimbiaphilippina (Vain.) Awas. and Mycobilimbia sphaeroides Awas. nona. hOy. have been made. Keywords. Indianlichens; Bacidia; Badimia; Fellhanera; Mycobilimbia.

1. lntroduction

The genus Bacidia Zahlbr. s. ampl. placed in the family Lecideaceae by Zahlbruckner (1926) was characterized by a crustose thallus, plane to convex, biatorine or lecideine apothecia, hyaline to dark hypothecium, 8 (rarely 16) spored asci, acicular, fusiform or bacillar, transversely two to many septate, hyaline spores and unbranched paraphyses often thickened at apices. In the recent past, taxa with 8-16 spored asci, bean shape curved, 4 celled spores were segregated in the genus Arthrosporum Mass., spirally twisted 4-16 celled acicular spored taxa into Scoliciosporum Mass. and bacillar to fusiform 4-8(-10) celled, straight or slightly bent spored taxa into Bilimbia D Not. Recent l:esearches by Haffellner (1984) have given emphasis to the. nature of the ascus tip (tholus) after a I (KI) application and the nature of paraphyses and their tips. The genus Bacidia s. str. has been typified by the characters of a crustose to squamulose thallus, sessile, pale to black, biatorine apothecia, asci with I + tholus with a small 'chambre oculaire' anda narrow conical 'masse axiale', and simple to spa¡ branched paraphyses with hyaline to pigmented and thickened ends, and spores hyaline, elongate, elliptic to acicular, transversely (1)2 to many septate (figure 1). The genus has been placed in ah independent family Bacidiaceae, Haffellner (1984) also demonstrated that Bilimbia D Not. is a latter homonym and the correct name of the genus is Mycobilimbia Rehm in Rabenh. It has been distinguished by a crustaceous thallus, plane to convex, pale to dark biatorine, sessile apothecia, tholus of ascus amyloid, asci 8 spored, and spores hyaline, elliptic to bacillar, transversely 3-4 septate (figure 4). This genus has also been placed in an independent family Mycobilimbiaceae. Recently, V~zda (1986) has given emphasis to the nature of exciple, shape and septation of spores and segregated certain taxa previously placed in Bacidia into several new genera, of which the lndian taxa belong to Badimia V~zda and FeUhanera V~zda. In the iatter genus (Fellhanera) the foliicolous species of Catillaria have also been transferred. The genus Badimia is distinguished from Bacidia Zahlbr.

481 482 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

9 / 4--.- 4"a J t

I 2 3 4 ,2olam F'it s. 2~,3 8~m,

Figures 1-4. 1. Bacidia millegrana (Tayi.) Zahlbr., ascus and paraphyses. 2. Badimia pallidula (Krempelh.) V91 ascus and paraphyses. 3. Fellhanera rhapidophylli (Rehm) V91 ascus and paraphyses. 4. Mycobilimbia hunana (Zahlbr. in Handel-Mazzetti) Awas., ascus and paraphyses.

s. str. by the presence of a paraplectenchymatous exciple (superficially prosoplectenchymatous) with crystals embedded in it, spores ellipsoid, 3 septate to rarely submuriform (figure 2), campylidium recurved, conidia filiform, multiseptate, curved and acute. The genus has been suitably placed in Ectolechiaceae. The genus Fellhanera is similarly distinguished by a paraplectenchymatous exciple but lacking crystals, asci with amyloid tholus with a dark tubular structure (Byssoloma type) and paraphyses simple or branched and anastomosing, hardly thickened at apices (figure 3). The genus has been placed in Pilocarpaceae. On the basis of the publications by Awasthi (1965) and Singh (1980), 33 species of Bacidia s. ampl. have so lar been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Of these 7 species are based on the type material from the area. The present study is based on the material available and has been found to pertain to 26 species distributed as follows in the genera Bacidia s. str., Badimia, Fellhanera and Mycobilimbia.

2. Materials and methods

The investigations have been conducted primarily on the collections of lichens lodged in the herbarium of Lucknow University (LWU), as well as from the personal herbarium of one of the authors (DDA) (AWAS). Type and other specimens have been borrowed from British Museum (Natural History), London (BM), Conser- vatoire Jardin Botanique, Geneva (G), Botanical Museum, Helsinki University, Helsinki (H) and Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockhoim (S). The usual lichenological methods have been employed for the study. The colour reactions on thallus and apothecia were tested by a 10% aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide (K), Steiner's stable paraphenylenediamine (P) and iodine (I) (dissolved in KI). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was done according to the methods of Culberson (1972) and Walker and James (1980) on specimens which were Species of the lichen genera from India 483 available in plenty. As we do not get readily prepared silica gel plates in India, we have used silica gel coated glass plates prepared in the laboratory. The results when not convincing and not supported by microcrystallography, are not mentioned. In addition type mate¡ was not used as the specimens were too small.

3. Genus Bacidia Zahlbr. s. str. (Bacidiaceae)

Eighteen species are known. Key to the Indian species: la. Thallus foliicolous, apothecia yeUow-orange, spores 3 septate, filiform, 20-26 • 1.6-2.4 #m (3"2) B. apiahica lb. Thallus corticolous or saxicolous 2 2a. Thallus saxicolous, hypothecium brown, spores 6-10 septate (3-3) B. cf. arnoldiana 2b. Thallus corticolous 3 3a. Spores oblong ellipsoid to rod shaped 4 3b. Spores acicular rarely bacillar 9 4a. Apothecia pale orange to yellow brown or brown 5 4b. Apothecia brown, dark brown to red brown 6 5a. Spores 1-3 septate, apothecia yellow orange, paraphyses articulate (3"7) B. incongruens 5b. Spores 3-5 septate, apothecia yellow brown to brown (3"9) B. medialis 6a. Spores 3-5 septate 7 6b. Spores 5-7 septate 8 7a. Thallus smooth to cracked, spores 4.8/~m broad (3'17) B. subannexa 7b. Thallus rugulose-subverrucose, spores 2.4--3.2/~m broad (3" 15) B. rufescens 8a. Spores 19-30 #m long (3"4) B. connexula 8b. Spores 34-50 #m long (3.18) B. submedialis 9a. Epithecium K+ violet 10 9b. Epithecium K- 11 10a. Spores transversely 15-25 septate, 52-110/~m long and 3.2-4.8 pm broad, hymenium 90-130 pm thick (3-11) B. personata 10b. Spores transversely 9-15 septate, 40-62/zm long and 3.2-4/~m broad, hymenium 70-80 q thick (3-1) B. alutacea 1 la. Spores acicular to bacillar, 3-5 septate, 24-34(42) q long and 1.6/~m broad (3.5) B. convexula I 1b. Spores typically acicular, more than 5 septate (5-20 septate) 12 12a. Thallus granulose-verrucose, apothecia brown to dark brown with a distinctly persistent margin upto maturity (3.10) B. millegrana 12b. Thallus otherwise 13 13a. Spores sometimes fusiform, upto 7 septate, 34-50 q long (3" 18) B. submedialis 13b. Spores more than 7 septate 14 484 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

14a. Hypothecium hyaline to pale yellow, spores upto 4 q thick 15 14b. Hypothecium pale yellow to pale brown, spores upto 3/~m thick 18 15a. Apothecia pale brown, dark brown to red brown 16 15b. Apothecia dark brown to black 17 16a. Thallus granular, apothecia red brown, spores 10-15 septate, 54--80/~m long (3"13) B. rosella 16b. Thatlus scurfy, apothecia brown to red brown, spores 6-15 septate, 40-70 #m long (3-14) B. rubella 17a. Thallus cracked, rough, spores 5-15 septate, 40--60 gm long (3.16) B. spadicea 17b. Thallus granular-furfuraceous, spores 10-16(18) septate, 57-80 q long (3"6) B. fusconigrescens 18a. Thallus granular-furfuraceous, spores 10-21 septate. 54-90/~m iong (3-12) B. phaeolomoides 18b. Thallus smooth to cracked, spores 8-15 septate, 40-56/~m long (3-8) B. laurocerasi

3.1 Bacidia alutacea (Krempelh.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:174 (1926).--Lecidea alutacea Krempelh., Flora 61:519 (1878) (figures 13 and 31). Type not seen. Thallus corticolous, effuse, unequal, smooth, yellowish brown. Apothecia numerous, constricted at base, 0-2-1 mm in diameter; disc plane to convex, dark brown to black, epruinose; margin entire, distinct, brown to black in young apothecia and later excluded. Exciple colourless to pale brown, 48-64/~m thick and brown at margin, K-. Epithecium brown, 10-12/~m thick, K + violet; hymenium 70-80/~m thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium pale yellow, 36-42 pro thick, K -. Spores acicular, transversely 9-15 septate, 40-62x3-2-4/~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: yellow spot at R I value 0.69 and pale brown spot at R s value 0-58. B. alutacea is close to B. personata in K + violet epithecium, but in the latter the apothecia are always black and the spores ate longer (52-110/~m) and more septate (l 5-25). Specimen examined: lndia--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, 5 miles below Oothu, Velagiri, alt. ca. 1080 m, on bark of Eucalyptus tree, 1970, Singh 70.1236 (LWU).

3.2 Bacidia apiahica (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:174 (1926); R Sant., Sym. Bot. Upsal 12(1):442 (1952). --Patellaria apiahica Mª Arg., Lich. Epip. Novi: 9 (1890) (figure 17). Type not seen. ThaUus epiphyllous, thin, irregularly circular in outline, smooth, farinose and greenish grey. Apothecia few, constricted at base, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter; disc pale orange yeilow, plane, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, concolorous of paler than the disc. Exciple colourless, 36-48 q thick at margin, K-. Epithecium indistinct; Species of the lichen genera from India 485

6 1! 7 1 8 9 III li0 O I 12 13 14 Fiqs 5 - 14 2o/~m 91 Fic~s 15- 50 ,8~rn, 1 GO oO oD ii 2O I 22 23 17 18 19 5 16~0 24 26 27 ~5 28~- 30

Figures 5-30. 5. Bacidia personata Malme. 6. Bacidia fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 7. Bacidia phaeolomoides (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. 8. Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) Zahlbr. 9. Bacidia laurocerasi (Del. ex Duby) Vain. 10. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) Mass. 11. Baci- dŸ rosella (Pcrs.) D Not. 12. Bacidia spadicea (Ach.) Zahlbr. 13. Bacidia alutacea (Krempelh.) Zahlbr. 14. Bacidia submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 15. Bacidia cf. arnoldiana K6rb. 16. Bacidia convexula (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. 17. Bacidia apiahica (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. 18. Bacidia rufescens (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. 19. Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 20. Bacidia subannexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 21. Bacidia medialis (Tuck. in Nyl.) Zahlbr. 22. Bacidia incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr. 23. Badimia pallidula (Krempelh.) V6zda. 24. Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) V6zda. 25. Fellhanera fuscatula (Mª Arg.) V6zda. 26. Fellhanera rhapidophylli (Rehm) V6zda. 27. Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) V~zda. 28. Mycobilimbia hunana (Zahlbr. in Handel-Mazzetti) Awas. 29. Mycobilimbia philippina (Vain.) Awas. 30. Mycobilimbia sphaeroides Awas. 486 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

3immm~ml v --

Figures 31-40. Species of the lichen genera from India 487 hymenium 36-48 #m thick, I + blue then greenish blue; hypothecium colourless to pale brown, 20-32 ktm thick, I + blue then greenish blue. Spores filiform, one end round, the other slightly tapering, transversely 3 septate, 20-26• 1-6-2.4~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, Konada tea estate, on way to Kilkotagiri from Kotagiri, alt. ca. 1750m, on leaves of shrubs in shola, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71.138 (LWU); Konada tea estate area, alt. ca. 1800 m, on leaves of shrubs, 1971, Singh 71-964, 71-974 (LWU); Kodanad downwards in shola, alt. ca. 1890 m, on leaves, 1971, Singh 71.994 (LWU).

3.3 Bacidia cf. arnoldiana K6rb. Parerg. Lich.: 134 (1860) (figures 15 and 32). Type not seen. Thallus saxicolous, effuse, rough, reticulately cracked, yellowish to ashy grey, 52- 68 #m thick. Apothecia numerous, dense, constricted at base, 0.2~-8 mm in diameter; disc black, plane to convex, epruinose; margin entire, black, distinct in young apothecia but excluded later. Exciple colourless to pale brown, marginally 50- 60#m thick and brown, K-. Epithecium green-brown, 10-12/~m thick, K-; hymenium 50-60 #m thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium brown, 34--42/~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, one end broader than the other, transversely 6-10 septate, 30-46 x 0-8-1.6/~m; paraphyses simple to branched with apices thickened and greenish grey. TLC: pale yellow spot at R s value 0-69. No authentic specimen for comparison was available. The characters of the under mentioned specimen tally closely with description of B. arnoldiana given by Vainio (1922, p 171), except that the spores in Indian specimen are 6-10 septate while Vainio mentions the spores 3-5(6) septate.

Specimen examined: India--Uttar Pradesh, Dehradun district, Mussoorie hills, on way to Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy, alt. ca. 1800 m, on stones, 1975, Joshi 75.209 (LWU).

3.4 Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:187 (1926).--Lecidea connexula Nyl., Lich. Japon.: 111 (1890). Type collection: Labuan, 1879, E Almquist s.n. (Lectotype: H-NYL 17331!) (figures 19 and 33). Thallus corticolous, effuse,+smooth, cracked, thin (46-52 #m), whitish to grey. Apothecia numerous, constricted at base, 0-2-0-8 mm in diameter; disc epruinose, red

Figures 31-40. 31. Bacidia alutacea (Krempelh.) Zahlbr., Singh 70-1236 (LWU). 32. Baci- dia cf. arnoldiana K6rb., Joshi 75-209 (LWU). 33. Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., E AImquist s.n. (Lectotype: H-NYL 17331). 34. Bacidia convexula (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr., G Watt s.n. (Lectotype: G). 35. Bacidia fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lindig 2674 (Holotype: H-NYL 17268). 36. Bacidia laurocerasi (Del. ex Duby) Vain., Awasthi and Singh 70-1367 (LWU). 37. Bacidia medialis (Tuck. in Nyl.) Zahlb"., Awasthi 373 (AWAS). 38. Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) Zahlbr., Awasthi 4354 (AWAS). 39. Bacidia personata Malme, G A Malme 875 (Holotype: S). 40. Bacidia phaeolomoides (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr., Thwaites s.n. (Holotype: G). 488 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

Figures 41-48. 41. Bacidia rosella (Pers.) D Not., O A Hoeg 1507 (AWAS). 42. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) Mass., Awasthi and Agarwal 67.239 (LWU). 43. Bacidia rufescens (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr., F Mueller s.n. (Holotype: G) 44. Bacidia spadicea (Ach.) Zahlbr., E Almquist s.n. (H-NYL 17107). 45. Bacidia subannexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., E Almquist s.n. (Lectotype: S). 46. Bacidia submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., E almquist s.n. (Lectotype: S). 47. Mycobilimbia hunana (Zahlbr. in Handel-Mazzetti) Awas., Awasthi 3140 (AWAS). 48. Mycobilimbia philippina tVain.) Awas., Awasthi and Awasthi 553 (AWAS). Species of the lichen oenera from India 489 brown, initially plane with concolorous margin at the same level, later convex and margin excluded. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, 48-70 #m thiek at margin, K-. Epithecium indistinct to pale brown, 8-10#m thick, K-; hymenium 44-80#m thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 22-38/~m thick, K-. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, transversely 5-7 septate, 19-30x 3.2-4#m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale yellow spot at R I value 0-69. B. connexula is close to B. medialis in the apothecial characters, but the spores in the latter are (1) 3-5 septate and fusiforrn. B. connexula is being reported here for the first time from India.

Specimens examined: India--West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Oodlabari Ghisbeet forest, alt. below 300 m, 1966, Awasthi and Agarwal 66.35 (LWU). Labaun, 1879, E Almquist s.n. (H-NYL 17331 and 17418).

3.5 Bacidia convexula (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:188 (1926).--Patellaria convexula Mª Arg., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 29:222 (1892). Type collection: Ind. Or. Manipoor (Manipur) G Watt s.n. (Lectotype: G!; Isolectotypes: BM!, G!) (figures 16-34). Thallus corticolous, effuse, uniform, slightly furfuraceous, whitish grey, 40-50 #m thick. 'Apothecia constricted at base, 0.1-0-5(0.8) mm in diameter; dise reddish brown to dark brown, much convex,• shining, epruinose; margin distinct only in young apothecia and then concolorous to disc, soon completely excluded. Exciple colourless, 60-76 #m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium pale brown, 8-10 #m thick, K-; hymenium 50-62 #m thick, I+ deep blue; hypothecium colourless, 30-40(48)#m thick, K-. Spores acicular to bacilliform, transversely 3-5 septate, 24-34(42)• 1"6/~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. B. convexula is close to B. rufescens in the septation of the spores, but in the latter the spores ate rod shaped to acicular and broader (2"4-3-2 #m). The taxon is so far known from the type collection only.

3.6 Bacidia fusconi9rescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:200 (1926).--Lecidea mille9rana var. fusconigrescens Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. Vol. 7; 461 (1863). Type collection: Nova Granata Villeta, alt. 1200 m, Lindig 2674 (Holotype: H-NYL 17268!)--Lecanora fusconi9rescens (Nyl.) Krempelh., Flora 61:493 (1878) (figures 6 and 35). Thallus corticolous, effuse, granulose to furfuraceous somewhat rough, yellowish grey to brownish grey, 42-100 #m thick. Apothecia sparse to dense, constricted at base, 0-2-1'5 mm in diameter; dise plane to convex, brown, dark brown to black, epruinose; margin distinct, yellow brown, entire and thick in young apothecia becoming thinner, darker and almost excluded in mature and convex apothecia. Exciple colourless to pale brown, sometimes marginally brown, 74-130 #m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium brown, 8-16 ~tm thick, K-; hymenium 70-120 #m thick, I + blue; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 36-62(80)~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely I0-16(18) septate, (46) 57-80 x 2.4-3.2(4) #m; paraphyses 490 D D Awasthi and R Mathur simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale yellow spot at R~ value 0"69 and in some specimens brown spot at R~ value 0.58. B. fusconiorescens is close to B. mille9rana in anatomical characters of apothecia but the thaUus of B. millegrana is characteristically granulose-verrucose, the apothecia are brown to darker brown with almost persistent margin and slightly broader spores (3.2--4 #m). Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgifi hills, Kodanad tea estate area, alt. ca. 2019 m, on bark of tree (Jacaranda mimosaefolia), 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.1428, 70-1430 (LWU); Ootacamund, Bandy shola, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71.293 (LWU); Avalanehe, near forest rest house, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of Euphorbiaeeae tree, 1971, Singh 71.367, 71-368, 71.370 (LWU); Sholurmatta near Kilkotagi¡ alt. ea. 1590 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Singh 71.887 (LWU); Paini hills, Kodaikanal, on way to Bear Shola, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70-26 (LWU); Shembaganur, near Silver cascade, alt. ca. 1800 m, on bark of tree, by road side, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70-39 (LWU); Pillar Rocks, alt. ca. 2250 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70-246 (LWU); Pambampuram, alt. ca. 2250 m, on bark of tree, t970, Singh 70.521, 70-598 (LWU)~ Perumal to Palni road side via short eut road, alt. 1350-1500 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70.985 (LWU); Brayant Park, alt. ea. 1950 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70.1056 (LWU); on way from Perumallai to Oothu, near Mulaiyar, alt. ca. 1200 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70-1166 (LWU); Perumal coffee plantations, alt. ea. 1500 m, on orange tree bark, 1970, Singh 70.1118 (LWU); Booparai atea, near village, alt. ea. 1800 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70-1131 (LWU); on way from PerumaUai to Oothu near Machur, St. Paul Church, alt. ca. 1650 m, on bark of orange tree, 1970, Singh 70"1190 (LWU). B. fusconigrescens var. oleosa Awas. var. nov. differt excipulo oleoso insperso. Type collection: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, on way from Kilkotagiri to Konada, near Konada in shola, alt. ca. 6000 ft. (1800 m), on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71.48 (Holotype: LWU). This new variety is similar to B. fusconi9rescens in all characters except that oil globules are present in the exciple in young stages of apothecia. The oil globules may or may not be present in mature apothecia. TLC: pale yellow spot at R I value 0.66.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, Coonoor, alt. ca. 1680 In, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.1369 (LWU); on way from Kilkotagiri to Konada near Konada in shola, alt. 1800 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71.32,.71"48 (LWU); Palni hills, Berijam, alt. ca. 2400m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70"335 (LWU); Kodaikanal, Pillar Rocks area, alt. 2160-2250 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70"680, 70-724 (LWU).

3.7 Bacidia incongruens (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:208 (1926).--Lecidea incongruens Stirt., Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow 2:314 (1879). Type collection: India (Assam, Chinsurah) G Watt' 8125 (Lectotype: BM!). The specimen sheet is annotated 'part of type specimen' but the locality is not mentioned, which should be as given above according to protologue (figure 22). Thallus corticolous, effuse, uniformly grey, thin (20-30 #m), furfuraceous (the type Species of the lichen genera from India 491 specimen consi~ts of a small piece). Apothecia constricted at base, rather minute, 0.2- 0~5 mm in diameter, disc plane, pale yellow to orange, epruinose; margin distinct, entire, thin, pale yellow to yellow. Exciple colourless, 30-36 pm thick at margin. Epithecium colourless, K-; hymenium 44-52/~m thick, I+ blue; hypothecium colourless, 16-20 q thick, K-. Spores fusiform, transversely 1-3(5) septate (4-6 celled in protologue), 14-18.6 x 3.2 #m; paraphyses simple, articulate, apices capitate. B. incon9ruens is close to B. medialis but the latter has yellow brown to red brown apothecia. Known from the type coUection only.

3.8 Bacidia laurocerasi (Del. ex Duby) Vain. in Zahlbr. Catal. Lich. Universe. 4:213, 1926--Patellaria laurocerasi Del. ex Duby, Bot. Gallic. 2:653 (1830). Type not seen. Bacidia atro9risea (Del. ex Hepp.) K6rb. and Bacidia endoleuca auct. have been considered synonyms of the above species by Santesson (1984) (figures 9 and 36). Thallus corticolous, effuse, thin (36-56 #m), + smooth, to cracked, yellowish grey to brownish grey. Apothecia numerous, sessile, 0"3-1(1"5)mm in diameter; disc initially yellowish brown, plane, later reddish brown to ultimately black, convex and the margin excluded, epruinose. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, sometimes reddish brown adjacent to the hymenium, 52-90#m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium brown to blackish green, 8-14/~m thick, K-; hymenium 70-92 pm thick, I + deep blue sometimes turning vinose red; hypothecium pale yellow to pale brown, 32- 52 #m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 8-15 septate, (28) 40-56(80)x 2.4- 3.2/~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale blue spot at Ry value 0-66. Our specimens tally well in morphology and anatomy to specimens H-NYL 17729 and 17697. B. laurocerasi is close to B. rubella in the septation and size of the spores, but the latter differs in scurfy thallus. It is also close to B. spadicea in the colour of the apothecia and septation of the spores, but in the latter the spores are slightly broader (3.2-4/~m).

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, Nadu Vattam Cinchona plantation, alt. ca. 1500 m, on bark of Cinchona trees, 1972, Awasthi and Singh 72-55 (LWU); Coonoor, alt. ca. 1680 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.1367 (LWU); Uttar Pradesh, Tanakpur, alt. 300 m, on bark of tree, 1949, Awasthi 537 (AWAS); Almora district, Kapkote-Loharkhet (en route to Pindari. glacier) alt. 1350 m, on bark of tree, 1950, Awasthi and Awasthi 590 (AWAS). Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Rampodde, 1879, E Almquist, s.n. (H-NYL 17697 and S- annotated L. endoleuca v. laurocerasi Del.). Paris, Mendon, 1854, W Nyl. s.n. (H-NYL 17729 annotated L. endoleuca Nyl.). Lichens Britannici Exsiccati No. 90 near Shrewsbury, Shropshire leg. W A Leighton (annotated as Biatora premnea Leight (H)).

3.9 Bacidia medialis (Tuck. in Nyl.) Zahlbr. Denks. math. CI. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 83 : 127 (1909).--Lecidea medialis Tuck. in Nyl., Annal. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 4, 19:346 (1863) (figures 21 and 37). Type not seen. 492 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

Thallus corticolous, effuse, rough, cracked, granulose-furfuraceous, greyish brown to grey, 50-70 ~Lm thick. Apothecia numerous, sparse to dense, constricted at base, 0"2- 0-5 mm in diameter; overmature apothecia sometimes split up into lobes, there is sometimes a glomerulose aggregation of 3-4 apothecia (Malme 2204 at S), disc yellow brown, brown to red brown, plane to convex, epruinose; margin entire, distinct, pale yellow to pale brown and later excluded. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, 36-70 #m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium colourless to pale brown, 10- 12 kLm thick, K-; hymenium 40-70/~m thick, I + blue then vinose red: hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 16-36 #m thick, K-. Spores rod shaped with both ends rounded, rarely one end narrower than the other, transversely (1) 3-5 septate, 16-32 • 2-4-3.2/~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale brown spot at Rf value 0.69. B. medialis is close to B. incongruens. The differences are noted under that species. It is also close to B. rufescens in the septati0n of spores but the latter differs in rugulose-subverrucose thallus. Our specimens tally well with Lichenes Austro Americani exs. no 293 (H) and Cuban and Calcutta specimens (H-NYL 17372 and 17373) cited below.

Specimens examined: India--Kerala, ldukki district, ICRI Campus, Myladumpara, alt. ca. 1200 m, on bark of tree, 1984, Awasthi and Awasthi 84.117 (LWU); on way Myladumpara to Munnar, Santhampara area, alt. ca. 1200 m, on bark of tree, 1984, Awasthi and Awasthi 84.187 (LWU); Orissa, Berhampur district, Khalikota, on Hibiscus bark, 1948, Awasthi 373 (AWAS.); Ganjam district, Berhampur University campus near Guest House, on spiny shrubs, 1986, Awasthi et al 86-029 (LWU); same locality, on bark of Anacardium occidentale trunk, 1986, Awasthi et al 86.046 (LWU); on way to Mahendragiri, on bark of tree, 1986, Awasthi et al 86.199 (LWU); foothill of Mahendragiri, Burukhat area, on bark of tree, 1986, Awasthi et al 86'221 (LWU); West Bengal, Calcutta Botanic Gardens, 1866, leg. S Kurz s.n. (H-NYL 17373). Brazil--Matto Grosso, Cuyaba, Malme, Lichenes Austro Americani exs. 293 (H); Nicaragua, Cuba, Wright s.n. (H-NYL 17372).

3.10 Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) Zahlbr. in Wawra et Beck, Itin. Princip. Coburg. 2:152 (1888).--Lecanora millegrana Tayl., Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6:159 (1847). Type collection: Buenos Aires, on trees, Tweedie (not seen) (figures 8 and 38). Thallus corticolous, effuse, wrinkled, brown black margined, granulos.e to verrucose, verrucae of different sizes, whitish yellow to pale brownish, rather characteristic, 54-- 150FLm thick. Apothecia sparse to dense, sessile, 0-2-1(l-3)mm in diameter; uniformly brown to dark brown of variegated brown; disc plane to slightly convex, slightly pruinose; margin entire, distinct, initially pale brown, later brown, slightly thinner in mature apothecia but never excluded. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, 76-1041~m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium brown, 12-16~m thick, K-; hymenium 80-96 q thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 40-62 ~~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 10-15(- 19) septate, 42- 78 • 3.2-4 lLm: paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. Thallus K + yellow, P + yellow. TLC: Atranorin, barbatic acid and brown spot at R r value 0.57. Species of the lichen genera from India 493

B. millegrana can even be identified by external appearance. The species is somewhat close to B. fusconigrescens. The differences are noted under that species. Our specimens tally well with the exsiccates cited below, except that the spores in the latter have fewer 7-11 (13) septa.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Madurai district, down Shembaganur Perumal Coffee plantations, alt. 1590-1710 m, on bark of tree, 1959, Awasthi 4354 (AWAS); Palni hills, Kodaikanal, Croakers walk, on way to Pambampuram, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70-518 (LWU); Perumal to Palni road side via short cut road, alt. 1350-1500 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70"952 (LWU); Nilgiri hills, on way Kodanad to Kilkotagiri, in shola, alt. ca. 1800 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71"69 (LWU); Mettupalayam road, in Adderly shola near Hill Grove Station, on bark of tree, 1971, Singh 71.842, 71-851 (LWU). Exsiccates examined: Lichenes Austro Americani ex Herb. Regnell. No. 239 as Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) Zahlbr. Matto Grosso, Santa Armada Chapoda, 1894, leg. G O Malme (H), and no. 240 as Bacidia millegrana (Tayl.) Zahlbr., Rio Grande do Sul, Cruz, 1893, leg. G O Malme (H and S).

3.11 Bacidia personata Malme Arkiv fSr Bot. 27A, no. 5:14 et 17 (1935). Type collection: Brasilia Civit Rio Grande do sul, Santo Angelo pr. Cachoeira 9.1.1893, Corticolous, G A Malme 875 (Holotype: S!) (figures 5 and 39).

Thallus corticolous, effuse, thin (40-80 #m thick), rimulose to minutely verrucose, grey to yellowish grey or dark grey. Apothecia sparse to dense, sessil~, 0.2-1 (-2) mm in diameter; disc always black, concave to plane, often ultimately convex, epruinose; margi n entire, distinct, yellowish brown in young apothecia becoming concolorous like disc of excluded in mature apothecia. Exciple colourless to pale brown, marginally brown, (48) 78-120/~m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium brown, 10- 20 pm thick, K+ violet; hymenium (70) 90-130/.zm thick, I+ blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow or pale brown, (30) 36--60 #m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 15-25 septate, 52-110 x 3.2~.-8 #m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale yellow spot at R I value 0"69. B. personata is very close to B. alutacea. The differences are noted under these species. The species is also very close to B. phaeolomoides in the shape and size of spores, but the latter is distinguished by granular furfuraceous thallus, brown to brown black apothecia, epithecium K-, and slightly narrower (2.4-3.2/zm) spores.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Madurai district, shola near 9th mile, Kodaikanal-Berijam road, alt. ca. 1550 m, on bark of tree, 1959, Foreau and Awasthi 4190 (AWAS); Palni hills, Kodaikanal, Croakers walk, near Travellers' bunglow, alt. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1969, Awasthi and Singh 69"20 (LWU); Shembaganur, near Silver cascade, alt. ca. 1800 m, on bark of tree by road, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.35 (LWU); same locality, Singh 70.938 (LWU); Shembaganur to Periakulum via short cut road, alt. 1650-1800 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Singh 70.886 (LWU); Nilgiri hills; Ootacamund, Bandy shola, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71.297 (LWU); Ootacamund-Kotagiri road, on way to Mayani, 3 miles from 494 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

Doddabetta, alt. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Singh 71.1113 (LWU); Coonoor, alt. ca. 1680 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.1360 (LWU). Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santo Angelo pr. Cachoeira 9.1.1893, Corticolous G A Malme 875 (S).

3.12 Bacidia phaeolomoides (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:232 (1926).--Patellaria phaeolomoides Mª Arg., Flora 67:467 (1884). Type collection: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 1876, Thwaites s.n. (Holo- type: G!) (figures 7 and 40). Thallus corticolous, effuse, leprose to granular furfuraceous, grey to darker grey, 52- 67/~m thick. Apothecia numerous, sparse to dense, constricted at base, 0.5-2 mm in diameter; disc slightly concave to plane, ultimately convex, brown, dark brown to black, epruinose; margin entire, thick, black, persistent, sometimes wavy or excluded in mature apothecia. Exciple colourless to pale yellowi sometimes brown, 88-114/Lm thick at margin, K-. Epithecium pale brown to greenish black, 8-14 #m thick, K-; hymenium 85-110/~m thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium pale yellow to pale brown, 32-78/~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, slightly curved, transversely 10-21 septate, 54- 90 x 2.4-3-2 #m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: atranorin. B. phaeolomoides is close to B. personata. The differences are noted under these species.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Kodaikanal, on way to Bear Shola, along road side, alt. ca. 2100 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.15 (LWU); Kodaikanal, near the Pillar rocks, alt. ca. 2250 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.231 (LWU); Nilgiri hills, Kodanad, near tea estate by road side, alt. ca. 1910 m, on bark of tree, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.1514 (LWU); Ootacamund, Doddabetta peak, alt. 2400-2580 m, on bark of tree, 1971, Awasthi and Singh 71-176 (LWU); Uttar Prades¡ Tehri Garhwal, below Jamnotri, alt. 2700 m, on bark of tree, 1951, Awasthi 877 (AWAS); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Kalimpong division, on way to Munsong from Kalimpong, alt. ca. 1350 m, on bark of tree, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.318/B (LWU). Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Thwaites, 1876, Leighton Lich. Ceylon. no. 114 (G).

3.13 Bacidia rosella (Pers.) D Not. Giorn. Bot. ltal., anno II parte I, tomo I: 190 (1846).--Lichen rosellus Pers., Neue Annal. der Bot., 1 Stuck: 25 (1794) (figures 11 and 41). Type not seen. Thallus corticolous, effuse, thin, cracked, granulose, grey. Apothecia numerous, sessile, 0"2-1 mm in diameter; disc red brown, plane to convex, slightly pruinose; margin distinct, red brown. Exciple colourless to slightly pale yellow, 60-92 #m thick,.K-. Epithecium pale brown, granular, 8-12 #m thick, K-; hymenium 64- 92 ?tm thick, I+ blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 20- 34/~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 10-15 septate, 54-80 x 3.2-4 q paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: pale yellow spot at R I value 0"69 and pale brown spot at R I value 0.59. Our specimen tallies well in morphology and anatomy to Lichenes suecici exsiccati Species of the lichen 9enera from India 495 no. 86 cited below. B. rosella is somewhat close to B. connexula in the colour and size of the apothecia, but in the latter the spores are oblong-ellipsoid, transversely 5-7 septate and 19-2-30 x 3-2-4 #m.

Specimens examined: India--Himachal Pradesh, Manali, Kangra district, alt. 1950 m, on bark of deciduous tree, 1952, Hoeg 1507 (AWAS). Lichenes suecici exsiccati no. 86. Sh~.ne Hjers~.s Gyvik in cortice Fagi silvaticae in Umbroso, leg. Gust. O A Malme Maj. 1890 (H); Lichenes Galliae Meridionalis, var: La Sainte Baume, alt. 700 m, Ad truncos Fagorum, leg. A V6zda 25. IV 1965 s.n. (H).

3.14 Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) Mass. Ricerch. sullaton..118 (1852).--Verrucaria rubella Hoffm., Deutschl. F1. 2:174 (1796) (figures 10 and 42). Type not seen. Thallus corticolous, effuse, thin (31-57/~m), scurfy, sometimes indistinct, greenish grey to brownish. Apothecia sparse to dense, constricted at base, 0"2-1 mm in diameter, yellowish grey to brown, turning reddish brown to black, epruinose; disc initially plane with margin at the same level, later much convex and margin excluded. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, 40-110Flm thick at margin, K-. Epithecium pale brown, 10-16 ltm thick, K-; hymenium 60-110 llm thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 30-62(80)#m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 6-15 septate, 40-70(80) x 2.4-3.2 #m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened and brown at apices. TLC: yellow spot at R I value 0.66 and in some specimens brown spot at RI value 0-86, pale yellow spot at R I value 0.76 and brown spot at Ry value 0.57. Our specimens tally well to F1. Hung. Exs. no. 115 cited below. The specimens with brownish apothecia may be confused for B. fuscorubella (Hoffm.) Bausch, which is close to B. rubella in size and septation of spores, but Vainio (1922) has distinguished B. fuscorubella by the presence of K + violet reaction in hypothecium and spores 3- 5 |Lm broad, while none of the lndian specimens show that reaction and thus that taxon is unknown from India.

Specimens examined: lndia--Himachal Pradesh, Parbati river valley, above Pulga rest house, alt. ca. 2250 m, on bark of tree trunk, 1975, Awasthi and Dange 75.136 (LWU); Madhya Pradesh, district Mandla, North Mandla zone, Chargaon 37 km away from Mandla city, alt. ca. 540 m, on bark of tree, 1980, Upreti and Misra 80.238 (LWU); Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, Nadu Vattam Cinchona plantation, alt. ca. 1500 m, on bark of Cinchona trees, 1972, Singh 72.72, 72-90 (LWU); Palni hills, Kodaikanal, on Berijam road, near Paniyarapore, alt. ca. 2250-2340 m, on bark of tree twigs, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70-306 (LWU); Oothu area, alt. 1050-1200 m, on Santalum albura tree trunk, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.398 (LWU); Uttar Pradesh, Dehradun district, Mussoorie hills, on way to Municipal garden, alt. ca. 1950, on bark of Deodar tree, 1975, Joshi 75.091 (LWU); West Bengal, Jalpaiguri district, Oodlabari, Manabari tea estate, alt. below 300 m, on bark of tree, 1966, Awasthi and Agarwal 66.61 (LWU); Darjeeling district, Darjeeling Pashok road, at about 7-8 miles from Darjeeling, alt. ca. 1800 m, on bark of tree, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.152/B (LWU): Kalimpong division, Munsong, alt. ca. 1500 m, on bark of a shrub, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.256 (LWU); near the lnspection Bunglow, alt. ca. 496 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

1500 m, on bark of tree, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.239, 67.245/A (LWU); Munsong Cinchona plantation, alt. 1500 m, on bark of Cinchona tree, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67-293/A, 67.311/A (LWU); on way to Munsong from Kalimpong, alt. 1500 m, on bark of tree, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67-328/F (LWU). East Nepal, Biratnagar, alt. ca. 300 m, on bark of tree, Awasthi and Chilkoti 503 (AWAS). Flora Suecica, OstergStland. Bjiilbo Kyrkan. On Ulmus, 10. V. 1953 leg. G/Ssta Kjellmert s.n. (LWU). Flora Hungarica Exs. No. 115 Sectio Botanica Musei prope pagum Nadap comit. Feher. Attit. ca. 280 m, Mens. Maj. 1913, leg. G Timko (LWU).

3.15 Bacidia rufescens (Mª Arg.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:239 (1926).--Patellaria (s. Bacidia) rufescens Mª Arg., Flora, 67:467 (1884). Type collection: Mexico, Ofizaba, 1853. F Mueller (Holotype: GI) (figures 18 and 43). Thallus corticolous, effuse, thin (60-80 #m), uneven, rugulose-subverrucose, grey. Apothecia numerous, sparse to dense, constricted at base, 0.3-1 mm in diameter; disc reddish brown to dark brown, plane to convex, epruinose; margin entire, thin, distinct, red brown to brown and darker than disc in young apothecia, excluded in convex apothecia. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, (48) 60-80/~m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium colourless to pale brown, 8-10 #m thick, K'; hymenium 54-68 ~tm thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, (24) 30-36/~m thick, K-. Spores rod shaped, straight with rounded ends or sometimes acicular, transversely 3-5 septate, 20-30x2.4-3.2pm; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. TLC: yellow spo t at R/value 0-69. B. rufescens is close to B. convexula and B. medialis. The differences are noted under those species individually.

Specimens examined: Ind. Or. (India), Manipur, G Watt (BM and G) det. Patellaria rufescens by Mª Arg. (1891). Both specimens are too small with couple of young apothecia in each. India, Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Kodaikanal road to Oothu area, alt. ca. 1050-1200 m, on Jatropha shrubs, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.405 (LWU). Mexico, Orizaba, 1853, F Mueller s.n. (G).

3.16 Bacidia spadicea (Ach.) Zahlbr. Denks. math. naturw. C1. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 83:128 (1909).--Lecidea spadicea Ach., Synops. Lich.: 34 (1814) (figures 12 and 44). Type not seen. Thallus corticolous, effuse, cracked, uneven, +rough, 42-62/~m thick, grey. Apothecia sparse to dense, const¡ at base, 0.3-1 mm in diameter; disc yellow brown, dark brown to brown-black, initially plane, later often much convex, epruinose; margin entire, distinct, brown in young apothecia and excluded in much convex apothecia. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, 54-88 q thick at margin, K-. Epithecium pale brown, 8-10/~m thick, K-; hymenium 56-96/~m thick, I + blue to vinose red; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 30--44/~m thick, K-. Spores acicular, transversely 5-15 septate, 40-60 x 3.2-4 #m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened and brown at apices. Thallus K + yellow. Species of the lichen genera from India 497

B. spadicea is close to B. submedialis in the nature of thallus, but the latter is distinguished by 7 septate, fusiform to acicular spores.

Specimens examined: India--Alaburriah, Sª in Calcutta, 1867, leg. Kurz s.n. (H-NYL 17110). S¡ Lanka (Ceylon), Peradeniya, 1879, leg. E Almquist s.n. (H-NYL 17107 and 17117).

3.17 Bacidia subannexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:242 (1926).--Lecidea subannexa Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26(10): 15 (1900). Type collection: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Rampodde, 1879, leg. E Atmquist s.n. (Lectotype: S!; Isolectotype: H-NYL 17375!) (figures 20 and 45). Thallus corticolous, effuse, uneven, smooth tO cracked, thin, brownish. Apothecia few, sparse, constricted at base, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter; disc brown, plane, epruinose; margin entire, distinct, pale brown. Exciple colourless to pale yellow, marginally 40- 74/~m thick and brown, K-. Epithecium brown, 10-12 #m thick, K-; hymenium 54-80 #m thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless, 36-50/~m thick, K-. Spores oblong-bacillar, both the ends are rounded, transversely 5 septate, 20- 28 x 4.8 #m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened and brown at apices. B. subannexa is somewhat close to B. submedialis, but the latter has 7 septate, fusiform to acicular and longer (34-50 x 3"2 #m) spores. The specimen at H is too minute and hence the specimen at S is selected as Lectotype. Though so far known from Sri Lanka, there is possibility of its occurrence in proximal southernmost parts of India and hence included in the study.

Specimens examined: Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Rampodde 1879, E Almquist, s.n. (Expeditio Vegae 1878-80) (H-NYL 17378 and S).

3.18 Bacidia submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:243 (1926).--Lecidea submedialis Nyl., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 26(10):14 (1900). Type coUection: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Peradeniya, 1879, E Almquist s.n. (Lectotype: S!; Isolectotype: H-NYL 17375!) (figures 14 and 46). Thallus corticolous, effuse, smooth to cracked, yellowish. Apothecia few, sparse, constricted at base, 0.1-0.5(1)mm in diameter; disc brown, plane, epruinose; margin entire, distinct, pale brown, initially margin raised above the disc, later at the level of the disc. Exciple colourless, marginally pale brown, 48-78 q thick at margin, K-. Epithecium pale brown, 10 q thick, K-; hymenium 64-80/~m thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless to slightly pale yeUow, 3244 #m thick, K-. Spores fusiform-acicular, both the ends are rounded or one end broader than the other, transversely 7 septate, 34-50x 3-2/~m; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. Thallus K + pale yellow. B. submedialis is close to B. spadicea and B. subannexa. The differences are noted under those species individually. The specimen at H is very minute and therefore the specimen at S is selected as Lectotype. Known from the type collection only. Though so far known from Sri Lanka, there is possibility of its occurrence in proximal southernmost parts of India and hence included in the study. 498 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

Specimens examined: S¡ Lanka (Ceylon), Peradeniya, 1879, leg. E Almquist s.n. (Expeditio Vegae 1878-1880) (H-NYL 17375 and S).

4. Genus Badimia V~zda (Ectolechiaceae)

A single species is known from India.

4.1 Badimia pallidula (Krempelh.) V~zda Folia Geobot. PhytOtax., Praha 21 : 215 (1986). -- Lecidea pallidula Krempelh., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 7:27(1875). --Bacidia pallidula (Krempelh.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:135 (1926) (figure 23). Type not seen. Thallus epiphyllous, thin, farinose to verrucose, whitish grey, verrucae hemispherical, distributed irregularly. Apothecia few, sparse, constricted at base, 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter; disc yel!owish brown, plane, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, pale-yellowish brown. Exciple colourless, 30-60 pm thick at margin, uppermost marginal part prosoplectenchymatous, inwards paraplectenchymatous with colourless crystals, K-. Epithecium indistinct to brown, 10 #m thick, K-; hymenium 48-60/~m thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium colourless to pale yellow, 18-24 #m thick, K-. Spores oblong ellipsoid with rounded ends, transversely 3 septate, 10.4--16(18.4)x 3.2-4 #m; paraphyses simple to branched. Campylidia were not present in the specimens.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Periakulum road from Shembaganur along stream via short route, alt. ca. 1650-1800 m, on leaves of shrub in shade, 1971, Singh 71-433, 71-496 (LWU); Shembaganur, below S H College along stream, alt. 1740 m, on leaves of shrub in shade, 1959, Awasthi 4386 (AWAS).

5. Genus Fe/lhanera V~zda (Pilocarpaceae)

Four species are known. Key to the species: la. Spores 1 septate 2 l b. Spores 3-5 septate 3 2a. Thallus bluish white to bluish grey, farinose to minutely granulose-sorediate (5.1) F. bouteillei 2b. Thallus pale brownish grey, smooth, esorediate (5.4) F. semecarpi 3a. Thallus greenish grey, hypothecium brown, spores 3 septate (5.3) F. rhapidophylli 3b. Thallus brownish grey, hypothecium pale, spores 5 septate (5.2) F.fuscatula

5.1 Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) V~zda Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 21:214 (1986):--Parmelia bouteillei Desm., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 3, 8 : 191 (1847) -- Catillaria bouteillei (Desm.) Zahlbr. in Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Wein 52:262 (1902) (figure 24). Type not seen. Species of the lichen genera from India 499

Thallus epiphyllous, thin, farinose to minutely granulose, sorediate, and bluish white to bluish grey. Apothecia few, discrete, 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter; disc brown to red brown, plane to slightly convex, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, white, excluded in large apothecia. Exciple colourless, 20-30/~m thick. K-. Epithecium indistinct; hymenium 60-80 q thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium 20-30/~m thick, I + deep blue, K-. Spores oblong to ovoid, transversely 1 septate, slightly constricted at the septum, one cell slightly smaller than the other, 9-6-16 x 4-5-6 #m; paraphyses simple to branched and anastomosing, ca. 0"8-1.5/~m thick. F. bouteillei is close to F. semecarpi in anatomical characters of apothecia but the thallus of F. semecarpi is brownish grey, smooth and esorediate.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Periakulum road from Shembaganur via short route along stream, alt. 1650-1800 m, on old leaves of shrub, 1971, Singh 71-435, 71.484 (LWU); on way to guvangi, alt. ca. 1650 m, on leaves, 1973, Singh 73.79 (LWU).

5.2 Fellhanerafuscatula (Mª Arg.) V~zda Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 21:201 et 214 (1986).--Patellariafuscatula Mª Arg., Flora 64:231 (1881).--Bacidiafuscatula (Mª Arg.)Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:112 (1926) (figure 25). Type not seen. Thallus epiphyllous, thin, smooth to minutely farinose and brownish grey. Apothecia few, discrete or sometimes in groups of 3-4, const¡ at base, 0-2-0-3 mm in diameter; disc brown, plane to slightly convex, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, pale brown. Exciple colourless, 20-28/~m thick at margin, paraplectenchymatous, K-. Epithecium indistinct; hymenium 50-60q thick, I+ blue then deep blue; hypothecium pale brown, 16-20 pro thick, K -. Spores ellipsoid, transversely (4) 5 (6) septate, 12.8-16.8 x 3"2-4/~m; paraphyses branched and anastomosing, ca. 0.8-1.5/~m thick. F. fuscatula is close to F. rhapidophylli in the external morphological characters but the latter differs in brown hypothecium and transversely 3 septate, oblong- ellipsoid spores. It is also close to F. microdiscus (Vain.) V6zda in shorter spores but the latter differs in reddish brown apothecia, K + red hypothecium and transversely 3 septate spores.

Specimen examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Perumal to Palni road side via short cut road, alt. 1350-1500 m, on leaves, 1970, Singh 70.998 (LWU).

5.3 Fellhanera rhapidophylli (Rehm) Vfizda Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 21 : 214 (1986). --Bilimbia rhapidophylli Rehm, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 6:2237 (1914). --Bacidia rhapidophylli (Rehm) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:138 (1926) (figure 26). Type not seen. Thallus epiphyllous, thin, minutely farinose and greenish grey. Apothecia numerous, constricted at base 0.1-0.3(0-5)mm in diameter; disc dark brown, plane, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, pale brown. Exciple colourless, 20-28/~m thick at margin, paraplectenchymatous, K-. Epithecium brown, 8-10 #m thick, K- ; hymenium (36) 500 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

46-58 #m thick, I+ deep blue; hypothecium brown, 16-24 pm thick, K-. Spores oblong with both the ends rounded, transversely 3 septate, 12-17-6x 3-2-4pm; paraphyses simple to branched and anastomosing, ca. 0"8/~m thick. F. rhapidophylli is close to F. fuscatula. The differences are noted under F. fuscatula.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Palni hills, Shembagnur to Periakulum via short cut road, alt. 1650-1800m, on leaves, 1970, Singh 70"925 (LWU); Periakulum road from Shembaganur via short route along stream, alt. 1650-1800 m, on leaves of shrubs, 1971, Singh 71.430, 71.450,'71.452, 71"460, 71.462, 71.471, 71.472, 71.488 (LWU); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Kurseong, alt. 1200-1600 m, 1954, Awasthi 3149 (AWAS).

5.4 Fellhanera semecarpi (Vain.) V~zda Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha 21 : 215 (1986). --Catillaria semecarpi Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. ser. A. 15:110 (1920) (figure 27). Type not seen. Thallus epiphyllous, thin, smooth and brownish grey. Apothecia few, discrete, slightly constricted at base, 0"1--0-3 mm in diameter; disc yellow brown to brown, plane, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, white. Exciple colourless, 20-30/~m thick at margin, paraplectenchymatous, K-. Epithecium indistinct; hymenium 30-49/~m thick, I + blue then greenish blue; hypothecium colourless, 16-20/~m thick, I + blue then greenish blue, K-. Spores oblong to ovoid, transversely 1 septate, slightly constricted at the septum, one cell slightly smaller than the other, 9.6-12.8 x 4-5.6/~m; paraphyses simple to branched and anastomosing. F, semecarpi is close to F. bouteillei. The differences are noted under these species.

Specimens examined: India--Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri hills, Konada tea estate, on way to Kilkotagiri from Kotagiri, alt. ca. 1650 m, on leaves of shrub in shola, 1971, Singh 71"122 (LWU); Avalanche, in shola near forest rest house, alt. ca. 2100 m, on leaves of tree in shade, 1971, Singh 71.597 (LWU); Gudalur way after Nadu Vattam, 1973, Singh 73-543, 73"552 (LWU); Palni hills, Kodaikanal, Shembaganur, Tiger shola, alt. ca. 1650 m, on leafin shade, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70"159 (LWU); Oothu area, alt. ca. t050-1200 m, on leaves of Gneturn scandens, 1970, Awasthi and Singh 70.351, 70.352 (LWU); Shembaganur to Periakulum via short cut road, alt. 1650-1800 m, on leaves of shrubs, 1970, Singh 70.914 (LWU); Periakulum road from Shembaganur via short route along stream, alt. 1650-1800 m, on leaves of palmaceous shrub, 1971, Singh 71.464, 71-465, 71.475 (LWU).

6. Genus Mycobilimbia Rehm in Rabenh. (Mycobilimbiaceae)

Three species are known. Key to the species: la. Thallus muscicolous, apothecia pale brown, spores 3-4 septate (6'3) M. sphaeroides lb. Thallus saxicolous or terricolous, spores oblong ellipsoid, 3 septate 2 Species of the lichen genera from India 501

2a. Exciple K-, spores 5-6-6-4 pro broad (6"2) M. philippina 2b. Exciple K + violet brown, spores 6"4-8(9) #m broad (6" 1) M. hunana

6.1 Mycobilimbia hunana (Zahlbr. in Handel-Mazzetti) Awas. comb. nov. --Bacidia hunana Zahlbr. in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sinic. Pars III: 113 (1930) (figures 28 and 47). Type not seen. Thallus terricolous, effuse, thin, cracked, uneven, granulose to furfuraceous, brownish. Apothecia numerous, often crowded, adnate, 0.2-1 mm in diameter; disc dark brown to black, plane to convex, epruinose; margin thin, smooth, pale brown, excluded in convex apothecia. Exciple red-brown, 54-70/~m thick at margin, K + violet brown. Epithecium red brown, 10-12/~m thick, K-; hymenium 78-96/~m thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium pale red brown, 30M4 #m thick, K-. Spores oblong-ellipsoid to rarely fusiform with both the ends rounded or sometimes one end slightly tapering than the other, transversely 3 septate, 23-30x 6"4-8(9)/~m; paraphyses branched and anastomosing, thickened at apices. TLC: lichen product absent. M. hunana is close to M. philippina in red brown exciple and transversely 3 septate oblong-ellipsoid spores, but the latter differs in the negative K reaction of the exciple and slightly narrower spores.

Specimens examined: India--West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Tiger hill, alt. 2250 m, on ground, 1954, Awasthi 3140 (AWAS); Darjeeling Pashok road, at about 7 miles from Darjeeling, alt. ca. 1900 m, on soil by road side, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.175 (LWU); Kalimpong division, on way to Munsong from Kalimpong, alt. ca. 1500m, on hard soil by road side, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67.326/B (LWU). Nepal, Bagmati zone, Patan above Godavari, alt. ca. l£ on soil, 1978, Awasthi and Sharma 7829 (AWAS).

6.2 Mycobilimbia philippina (Vain.) Awas. comb. nov. --Bilimbia philippina Vain., Annal. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A, 15(6):76 (1920). --Bacidia philippina (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 4:136 (1926) (figures 29 and 48). Type not seen. Thallus mostly terricolous, sometimes saxicolous, thin, cracked, furfuraceous, grey. Apothecia numerous, constricted at base, 0"5-1 mm in diameter; disc epruinose, black, plane with black entire margin, excluded in convex apothecia. Exciple red brown, 70-110 t~m thick at margin, K-. Epithecium red brown, 10-14#m thick, K - ; hymenium 70-110 pro thick, I + deep blue; hypothecium pale yellow, 38-50 l~m thick, K-. Spores oblong ellipsoid with both ends rounded, transversely 3 septate, 16-8-32 x 5-6-6.4 l~m: paraphyses branched and anastomosing, thickened at apices. TLC: [ichen product absent. M. philippina is close to M. hunana. The differences are noted under that species.

Specimens examined: India---Uttar Pradesh, Almora district, Almora Takula (en route to Pindari glacier), alt. 1950 m, on stone, 1950, Awasthi and Awasthi 533, 563 502 D D Awasthi and R Mathur

(AWAS); same locality, below Dinapani, alt. 1650 m, on soil over stone, 1950, Awasthi and Awasthi 564 (AWAS); Dehradun district, Chakrata hills, on way to Deoban, alt. ca. 2400 m, on soil over stones, 1976, Awasthi and Joshi 76.46 (LWU); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Kurseong, near St. Mary College, alt. ca. 1650- 1800 m, 1966, Awasthi and Agarwal 66-179 (LWU); same locality, Dow hill, alt. 1950 m, on soil, 1966, Awasthi and Agarwal 66.273 (LWU); Darjeeling-Pashok road, at about 6-7 miles from Darjeeling, alt. ca. 1950 m, on soil by road side, 1967, Awasthi and Agarwal 67" 174 (LWU).

6.3 Mycobilimbia sphaeroides Awas. nom. nov. --Bacidia sphaeroides auct. plur. e.g. Vainio, Acta Soc. Fauna et F1. Fenn. 53(1):234, 1922-non(Dicks) Zahlbr. (figure 30). According to Haksworth et al, Lichenologist 12(!); 25, 1980, Bacidia sphaeroides (Dicks.) Zahlbr., non auct. is a Catillaria sp., C. sphaeroides (Dicks.) Schuler, Thallus muscicolous, effuse, thin, slightly granulose, ashy grey. Apothecia few, discrete or aggregated in groups of 3-4, constricted at base, 0-2-0.5 mm in diameter; disc pale red brown, initially plane, later often much convex,, epruinose; margin entire, concolorous to disc and later excluded. Exciple colourless, 70-80 pm thick at margin, K -. Epithecium colourless, K- ; hymenium 78-104/~m thick, I + blue then vinose red; hypothecium colourless, 60-70/~m thick, K-. Spores elongate ellipsoid, transversely 3-4 septate, (12-8) 20-28 x4-4.8 pm; paraphyses simple to branched, thickened at apices. Our specimens tally well in morphology and anatomy to a specimen from Sweden cited below. M. sphaeroides is close to M. subuletorum (Schreb.) Haffellner in muscicolous, granular thallus, but in the latter the apothecia are brown to black, hypothecium pale brown to dark brown and spores are broader (6-8 #m) and more (3-7) septate.

Specimens examined: India--Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkashi district, on way to Gomukh, 11 km from Gangotri, alt. ea. 3480 m, on mosses, 1976, Awasthi and Singh 8359, 8486 (AWAS). Flora suecica, J¡ UndersSker. Ristafallet, on mosses, 12. vii. 1953, leg. G6sta Kjellmert s.n. (LWU). Species of Bacidia s. ampl. reported from India are excluded from the study as no specimens have been found to conform to the protologue or description. 1. Bacidia albescens Zahlbr. 2. Bacidia acerina (Nyl.) Arn. 3. Bacidia inundata (Fr.) K6rb. 4. Bacidia naegelii (Hepp) Zahlbr. 5. Bacidia nigrofusca Mª Arg. 6. Bacidia nigrosticta Zahlbr. 7. Bacidia scitula (Tuck.) Zahlbr. 8. Bacidia trisepta (Naeg.) Zahlbr. 9. Bacidia nigra Awasthi and K Singh has been considered close to Opegrapha by Dr V~zda to whom the specimen was sent for comments. Species of the lichen 9enera from India 503

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Directors/Keepers of British Museum (Natural History), London; Conservatoire Jardin Botanique, Geneva; Botanical Museum, Helsinki University, Helsinki and Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm for the loan of type and other specimens pertaining to this study. Thanks are due to Dr A V~zda for comments in specimen of Bacidia nigra Awas. and K Singh and to Dr Hafellner for sending the rep¡ of the referenee cited. Grateful thanks are due to the Head of the Department for providing requisite facilities. This work has been done under the research project 'Consolidation of Studies on Lichen Flora of India' financed by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

References

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