Table of Contents

CHAPTER I – DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS ...... 5 1.1. CONTEXT ...... 6 1.2. CURRENT SITUATION ANALISYS ...... 7 1.2.1. General Outline ...... 7 1.2.2. Demography ...... 11 1.2.3. Land and Housing ...... 15 1.2.4. Infrastructure ...... 19 1.2.5. Public services ...... 23 1.2.6. Economic development ...... 34 1.2.7. The quality of environmental factors and pollution sources ...... 54 1.3. PEST ANALYSIS ...... 59

CHAPTER II – DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ...... 65 2.1.1. Vision. Mission. Objectives ...... 66 2.1.2. Sectoral policies and Programmes ...... 68 2.1.3. Project portfolio ...... 82 2.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism for the Implementation of the Development Strategy ...... 98

CHAPTER I CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.1. CONTEXT core priorities for the local authorities, to which a number of consideration can be added, that refer to the viability of a major polycentric cross-border Oradea Metropolitan Area was founded by the position. association of the Oradea municipality with the administrative territorial units surrounding it, namely The local developments strategy of Oradea is done the local authorities of Biharia, Borş, Cetariu, Nojorid, within the project “Local development strategies in Oşorhei, Paleu, Sînmartin, Sîntandrei. Therefore the 9 Oradea Metropolitan Area”, implemented by the founding members, located on the western border of association and co-financed by the European Social Romania set, through the general’s assembly decision, Fund through the Regional Operational Programme for on the 9th of May 2005 the first intercommunity the Development of Administrative Capacity, SMIS code development Association legally established, in a form 13072. The general objective of the project is to of Metropolitan Area was set in Romania. overall improve the capacity of the local

administrations within Oradea Metropolitan Area. On the 31st of July 2007, Girişu de Criş local authority Throughout the implementation process of the project adhered to the association thus increasing the number the persuaded goal is to improve the capacity of local of members to 10 administrative units. Girișu de Criș authorities to formulate and create public policies and local authority divided thus creating Toboliu local to update their own local developments strategies. authority increasing by one the number of members of the association. The project budget is of 653.100 lei, with an

nd implementing period of 18 months. The target group of As of the 2 of June 2010, Oradea Metropolitan Area the project is formed by the employees of each local (OMA) has a number of 12 members, the general administration forming the Oradea Metropolitan Area. assembly adopting unanimously the membership of The results of the project focus on (1) training a Ineu, giving it full rights among the other associates. number of 40 public clerks from each member of OMA

and (2) the creation of 11 updated local development The common goal of the associates, according to the strategies and one document that combines all of them constitutive documents, is to stimulate and support the (the strategy of the Oradea Metropolitan Area), growth and prosperity of the area, improvement in life creating and including a Charter of Good Governance in standards amongst the inhabitants having as guide the these strategic documents, translating them into goal to continually improve the overall quality of life. English and printing all the strategic documents. The overall objective underlines the durable development of the metropolitan territory, envisioning The general objective of the sustainable development the creation of a common urban space of the 9 strategies is to improve life standards by exploiting the founding members, following all the necessary existing resources and promoting the potential of the principles for insuring a coagulated territorial cohesion. subjected administrative territorial unit. In order to The set specific objectives are related to aligning reach this objective, a through and realistic analysis of Oradea Metropolitan Area to the Euro-Atlantic the current situation must be made within the local economic and social standards, according to the administrative territorial units, the Metropolitan Area national ones by the alignment of the metropolitan as a whole, in correlation to the situations of the Bihor market climate to the international competition county and the North-West Development Region, thus procedures, and last but not least to insure the socio- identifying the existing problems, measures needed to economic growth of the area. Amongst the main be adopted and outlining the strategic profile. activity direction of the association, key elements such as, promoting a coherent durable development strategy, promotion of public policies that support the continuous growth of added value, attracting, facilitating and supporting direct investments that have a major impact on the sustainability of the area, are

6 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.2. CURRENT SITUATION ANALISYS In the mid nineteenth century the unification of the 1.2.1. General Outline four towns surrounding settlements around the Oradea Fortress (Oradea-Olosig, Oradea-Oraşul Nou, Oradea- Subcetate şi Oradea-Velenţa) under one administration History. Human presence within Oradea dates back to takes place. In the next century, the outbreak of World the late Middle Paleolithic (50000-35000 BC). In the War II will bring serious harm that people of Oradea. early twentieth century (1909), in the former brick Because of diplomatic pressure against Romania in the factory of Knapp, a deposit of bones with 17 fragments summer of 1940, the north-western part of dating from the Upper Paleolithic were discovered. This Transylvania (including Oradea) is ceded to Hungary. discovery convinced the researchers of the presence of Four years later, however, the events of the summer of Homo sapiens on the present territory of Oradea. 1944 have created favorable conditions for Romania to

fight against Germany and north-western part of The development of the settlement depended on the Transylvania is freed. Thus, on March 11, 1944 construction of a monastery in Oradea and a fortress throughout the north-western part of Transylvania that would surround it. King Ladislau set here a bishop, Soviet military administration was established and on and approximately a century after his death he was March 9th 1945, after the establishment of the Groza buried in the monastery that was constructed on his government the romanian local administration was order. restored.

Oradea was documented for the first time in 1113, in a Geographical positioning. Oradea is located in the Diploma of Benedictine Abbey from Zobor . Svatopluk Central - Western part of Bihor County in the North Moravian prince repeated attacks, as the ally of the West Development Region. Oradea – administrative seat German Emperor Henry IV, on a large number of of the county - is a member of Oradea Metropolitan settlements in the Valley Vahului and Nitra (in Slovakia Area, having a central geographical position in it. today) were the context in which the troponin Oradea - called Varadinum was used for the first time. Oradea is bordered to the north by Biharia, to the east

by Osorhei and Paleu to the south by Sînmartin and Over time Oradea has passed through many important Nojorid and to the west by Sîntandrei and Borș. events, whether the great Mongol invasion of the years Relative to the custom point in Borș – the busiest 1241-1242 when part of the invading army headed border point between Romania and Hungary - Oradea is toward the fortress of Oradea that will put to a siege, located at a distance of about 13 km. and then conquered and burned, or the quick incursion to the city of the Ottoman army on February 7th , 1474 Depending on the cardinal points the city is located at when troops of Ali Oglu Malcovici attacked Oradea the intersection point of parallel 47°03` northern taking advantage of the fact that Matei Corvin was out latitude with meridian 21°55` eastern longitude. of the country. The XVI century is not calmer, Oradea is marked by the battle of Mohacs in 1526 after which the Positioned in the north - west part of the country Turkish troops achieved a smashing victory over the makes the distance between Oradea and most troops belonging to the Hungarian kingdom (King Louis important cities in Romania to be higher, but placing it II himself will fall on the battlefield). in a favorable place in relation to major European

cities. Thus, the distance between Oradea and other A milestone in the evolution of the city is the setting up major urban centers in the country and abroad is: of Principality of Transylvania into an independent → Bucureşti – 584 km; principality. Faced with the choice to be rallying to → Iaşi – 573 km; Hungary's Habsburg of Ferdinand or to the new → Constanţa – 815 km; principality, Oradea declares its initial attachment to → Braşov – 418 km; the Habsburgs, than finally, after many delays, decides in 1544 for the annexation to Transylvania. → Craiova – 439 km;

ORADEA local development strategy 7

→ Timişoara – 170 km; → Cluj – Napoca – 160 km; → Budapesta – 309 km; → Viena – 554 km; → Bratislava – 511 km; → Varşovia – 760 km.

Administrative organization. The Municipality of Oradea is formed by 30 districts, defined by historical and zoning criteria by the Institution Chief Architect of Oradea within the City Hall of Oradea, and the Department of Culture, Cults and National Cultural Heritage, form Bihor.

Accessibility. Access to Oradea can be done by road, rail or air. The main routes that can be chosen to reach Oradea are: → E 60 (DN1) – Bucureşti – Braşov – Sibiu – Cluj- Napoca – Oradea – Borş; → E 79 (DN 76) – Deva – Brad – Beiuş - Oradea – Borş; → E 671 (DN 79) – Arad – Chişineu-Criş – Salonta – Oradea.

In terms of rail way access in Ordea there are 4 railways station Oradea station, Oradea East station, Oradea West station and Episcopia Bihor station. The rail infrastructure in the region insures connections to other cities: → Rail Line 300: Bucureşti – Braşov – Mediaş – Cluj- Napoca – Oradea; → Rail Line 314: Vaşcău – Beiuş – Holod – Oradea; Oradea International Airport, gives air access to its → Rail Line 310: Arad – Sântana – Chişineu-Criş – inhabitants operating regular daily flights to Bucharest. Salonta – Oradea;

→ Rail Line 402: Satu Mare – Carei – Valea lui Surface. Oradea has an area of 115.56 km2, Mihai – Săcuieni – Oradea. accounting for a share of 1.53% in Bihor county. In the

Metropolitan Area of Oradea, Oradea is the second

8 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

town in size after Nojorid (125.57 km2). The built up area of the city is of 77.96km2 representing 67,5%of Regarding the land, about half of the land of Oradea is the total land mass. for agricultural use (47.1%).

Landscape. The City of Oradea is located between Oradea has several Nature 2000 natural reservations: the hills that separate the Plains of the Crișul from the → ROSCI0050 Crişul Repede upstream from hilly areas of the Apuseni Mountains. Located on the Oradea (covering Alşed, Aştileu, Auşeu, Ineu, banks of Crișul Repede river that separates the city in Lugaşu de Jos, Măgeşti, Oradea, Oşorhei, two equal parts, the city is located at an altitude of Săcădat, Ţeţchea, Tileagd, Vadu Crişului); 126 m above sea level in the area where the river → ROSCI0098 Peţea Lake (covering Oradea and opens to the low plains. Sînmartin); → ROSCI0104 Lower Meadow of Crişului Repede Hydrography. Oradea is crossed by the following (covering Borş, Girişu de Criş, Oradea, rivers and creeks: Crișul Repede River the thermal Sîntandrei); creek Peţea, and Paris, Sălbatic, Adona, Crişul Mic → ROSCI0267 Red Valey (covering Ineu, Oradea, creeks, all of these being branches of Crișul Repede. Paleu).

Flora and fauna. Flora and fauna of Oradea are The Crișul Repede upstream from Oradea site, made up specific to the temperate continental region with of water meadows is populated with a habitat of Salix oceanic influences. Crișul Repede River creates alba and Populus alba. The area is an important area meadows in several areas where vegetation and fauna for conservation of the river clam (Unio Crassus), are typical of this type of landscape (lizard, snake Boarta (Rhodeus sericeus amarus) and Zglăvoacă water, hare, gopher, pheasants, etc.). However, in the (Cottus gobio), which here have stable populations. water of the river live several species of fish such as Crișul repede upstream from Oradea site is formed bass, perch, crucian, carp, tench, rudd, catfish, pike, almost 80% of rivers and lakes. etc. Wild animals are almost entirely missing, although groups of rodents and small mammals and deer in the Peţea Lake natural habitat stands aut at the national forest near the city such as Felix, can be found. level through the thermal waters covered by lotus flowers. The water lilly – Nymphaea lotus L. Var. Thermalis – is a tertiary relic unique in Europe. Climate. The climate of Oradea is determined by the existance of the western winds in the region. We are Natura 2000 ROSCI0104 site lower Meadow of the Crişul dealing therefore with a temperate continental climate Repede is renowned for its Salix alba and Populus with oceanic influences. Average yearly temperature is alba, being formed by rivers and lakes 36%, 26% arable 10.4 ° C. For July the average is about 21 ° C, while in lands, 21% pastures, 15% swamps and 2% other arable January there is an average of -1.4 ° C. Rainfall is lands. Between the species living in this site we can relatively high, registering an annual average of about mention: Buhaiul de baltă, Porcuşorul de şes, Boarcă, 585.4 mm. They are variably distributed throughout Dunariţă, Zvârlugă, Răspăr, Pietrar, Fusar mic, etc. the year, unable to define time frames of maximum or minimum rainfall. Red Valy (covering Ineu, Paleu and Oradea) stands out

for its beech forests Asperulo-Fagetum, part of the Natural resources. Oradea does not have a wide area being covered also by Natural reservation Fâneaţa range of natural resources (enewable and non- Valea Roşie. renewable). On the terrace of Crişului Repede river, near the district of Episcopia Bihor, there are quaries Anthropic resources. From an economic perspective for the extraction of grabble and sand. Oradea is also Oradea stands out as a city with a diverse economy, one of the settlements along with Borş, Săcuieni, even if the commercial part and the garage sector are Marghita, Ciumeghiu, Cighid, Beiuş, Livada, Sîntandrei the main sectors in the local economy (36,4% of the and Toboliu, that have geothermal waters.

ORADEA local development strategy 9

local active units). There are tough, economic units In terms of health infrastructure in Oradea has 8 from various fields such as: Professional scientific and hospitals, of which 7 public hospitals and one private technical activities, construction, Manufacturing, hospital. However, there are many dental offices, Logistics, Hotels and restaurants, Services in pharmacies, specialized medical offices, etc. administration and other supporting services, information and communication, Real estate, health In terms of tourism, Oradea stands out with the tourist and social services, agriculture, forestry and fishing, accommodation infrastructure and public alimentation, etc. and also by its cultural and historical interest points. No more than 115 monuments in Oradea were included According to the National Institute of Statistics, OMA on the List of monuments in 2010 prepared by the has 87 educational units including 4 units of higher Ministry of Culture and National Institute of Historical education (one public higher education institution and Monuments. 3 private higher education units). University of Oradea integrates a number of 18 faculties, including Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Fine Arts, Faculty of History, Geography and International Relations, Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Music, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Orthodox Theology "Bishop Dr. Vasile Coman".

10 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.2.2. Demography The density in Oradea Metropolitan Area on July 1st, 2010 was of 334 inhabitants per km2, with significant Evolution of stable population disparities between the situation in urban and rural areas. Thus, population density is of 1,770.7 The population of Oradea, on July 1, 2010, totaled inhabitants per km2 in Oradea, while in the rural area 201,625 persons, representing 81.3% of the on 1 km2 live only 73.6 people. demographic volume of Oradea Metropolitan Area and 34.5% of the population of the county. In the previous The population of Oradea distributed by ethnicity year, the stable population of Oradea decreased by shows a relatively high cultural diversity. According to 0.1%. Thus, the only community in Oradea Metropolitan Population and Housing Census of 2002, about 70% of Area which recorded a decrease in the stable inhabitants are Romanians, 27.6% Hungarians, Rromas population is Oradea. 1.2%, 0.3% Germans, 0.2% Slovaks and 0.4% other ethnicities. Overall, the ethnic situation is similar to During 1990-2010 the average annual growth ofthe that of Oradea Metropolitan Area and the county of population in Oradea was of -0.55%. Bihor.

In terms of gender distribution in 2010 aut of the total In terms of relligious denominations the mojority of the stable population 53%, were females and 47% males. inhabitants of Oradea are of Ortodox relligion (59,1%). The slight imbalance is revelaed also by the masculinity There are significatnt numbers of reformed believers rate that showed in 2010, that for 100 females there (16,4%), Roman Catholic (11.2%), Pentecostal (4.6%), are 88,7 males. Simmilar situations are to be found in Baptist (3.6%), Greek Catholic (3.3%). According to the other settlements within Oradea Metropoilitan Area 2002 Population and Housing Census, 0.3% of the such as: Borş or Biharia. population in Oradea declared to be non relligious.

Oradea has the highest population density in Oradea The population of Oradea is aging, 13,3% of the stable Metropolitan Area, in 1 km2 there are 1770.7 population being aged 0 – 14, 75,2% between 15 – 64 inhabitants. Relative to population density of the area years and 11,5% over 65. Compared to the levels of (334 inhabitants per km2), the existing value in Oradea OMA the county, regional or national figures the ones in is about 5 times higher. The recorded density is Oradea are lower regarding the youth population. specific, in fact, for urban settlements, being more crowded than rural areas. Average life expectancy in 2010, in Bihor County is of In terms of population density per km2 of land located 72,3 years with 7 year difference between women (75,9 in the built up area of the city the figures present a years) and men (68,7 years). ). Average life expectancy number of 2624,7 persons. is continually increasing at the county level, from 69,5 years in 2004, up to 71,3 years in 2007 and 72,3 years

The evolution of the stable population between 1990-2010 240000 228956 220000 205956 220361 221487 204625 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ORADEA local development strategy 11

Age Pyramide in Oradea on July 1st 2010

85 years and over 452 1101 the population distribution by age. Its rate has not yet reached the levels registered at the national level 80 - 84 years 1040 1777 Therefore the demographic aging degree was of 864‰ 75 - 79 years 1858 2976 in 2010, meaning that for 1000 youngsters (0 – 14) 70 - 74 years 2582 4084 there are 864 elders (65 and above). The situation of 65 - 69 years 3260 4387 OMA is better than that registered at the level of 60 - 64 years 4836 5657 Oradea, the demographic aging degree being of 849,8‰. 55 - 59 years 6985 8044

50 - 54 years 7281 8910 Another important statistical indicator on the 45 - 49 years 5674 7022 demographic situation in the municipality of Oradea is 40 - 44 years 7875 9135 the demographic dependence rate, which shows the ratio between the populations aged 0-14 and over 65 35 - 39 years 8293 8569 years, on one hand, and the population aged 15-64 on 30 - 34 years 9700 9302 the other hand. Locally, for 1000 adult there are 329.7 25 - 29 years 8649 9201 young and old people. The pressure exerted by the last 20 - 24 years 8529 8973 category is almost equal, to the dependence ration of 15 - 19 years 5587 5667 the young population is 176.9 ‰, while the elders is of 152.8 ‰. 10 - 14 years i 4319 4055

5 - 9 years 4330 4207 Labor replacement rate shows that in 15 years’ time, 0 - 4 years 5326 4982 Oradea will face a significant labor deficit, 1000 people 11.000 6.000 1.000 4.000 9.000 leaving the work force will be replaced by only 530,6 persons. Compared with the labor replacement rate Male Female from the regional level (605,2‰) or county (743,8‰), it in 2010. is safe to say that Oradea is dealing with a more critical situation. At the county level major discrepancies in the average life expectancy figures depending on the area of residence are registered: 73,3 years in the urban area and 71,3 years the rural area.

Average life expectancy recorded in 2010 at national level was 73.5 years being the regional (73.0 years) and county analyzed levels (72.3 years).

Statistical and Demographic indicators

The demographic aging degree in Oradea is related to

Statistical and demographic indicators on July 1st 2010 Demographic Aging Demographic Youth dependency Labor replacement Degree Dependence rate ratio rate Romania 985,7 429,2 216,2 702,7 North West Region 910,1 419,8 219,8 713,6 Bihor County 901,2 434,8 228,7 743,8 OMA 849,8 347,7 188,0 605,2 City of Oradea 864,0 329,7 176,9 530,6 Source: INS

12 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Natural and Migratory movement of people Natural growth rate between 2000- 2010

The number of living births in Oradea had in the period 11 10,7 2005-2010, a growing/decreasing rate of ±100 persons. 10,5 10,2 10,4 10,4 10,5 9,9 10,0 In 2010, 2.143 persons were borne, the birth rate was 10 9,7 9,9 9,6 9,3 10,1 10,2 of 10,5‰. Basically, over three quarters of Oradea 9,5 9,7 9,8 9,6 9,3 Metropolitan Area live births occurred in Oradea. 9 8,5 9,0 However, the birth rate (live births per 1000 8,7 8 8,5 inhabitants) of Oradea is slightly lower than the 8,3 7,5 8,0 regional level (10.5 ‰, compared to 11 ‰). 7 6,5 Number of deaths in 2010 is lower than that of living 6 births (1912 people), the mortality rate being of 9.3 ‰. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Because of smaller numbers of the mortality rate Positive growth rate Negative growth rate compared to the birth rate the natural growth rate Birth rate Mortality rate remains positive. In 2010 natural growth rate in Oradea was of 231 people, a natural growth rate of 1.1 ‰.

Natural growth rate in 2010 is at the same level as the rate registered at the level of Oradea Metropolitan Area. For comparison, at county, regional and national level are recorded growth rates were negative (-1.8 ‰, -1.5 ‰, -2.2 ‰).

Infant mortality rate was of 4.7 ‰ in 2010, which means that for 1000 living births there were 6.2 recorded deaths under 1 year.

At the local level the residence change balance (including external migration) was negative between 2005-2009, meaning that the number of set residences was lower than that of departing residences (2.319 arriving residences and 2.618 departing residences). On the other hand, the balance of residence changes was positive in 2011 totaling 2550 people. Compared to the previous year the numbers increased by 13.3%

ORADEA local development strategy 13

SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses - A lower demographic aging degree that the numbers - Downward trend of population in Oradea between at the county regional and national levels; 2000-2010; - Demographic dependency ratio is below the level - Slightly unbalanced distribution of population by recorded at county, regional and national, which gender (53% females and 47% males); means "pressure" exerted by the economically inactive - Labor replacement rate present a deficit of labor population (young and old) on the active (adults) is force of about 50% in 10-15 years; lower; - Negative balance of residence change (including - Positive natural growth rate registered in recent migration abroad); years, although the registered rates are quite low; - The downward trend in marriage rates in recent - Infant mortality rate lower than the regional or years; county level; - Significant increase in divorce rate in 2006-2010; - Positive balance for changes of residence, because of value divorce rate is higher than in Metropolitan the large number of students; Area Oradea, Bihor County North - West. - A higher marriage rate compared to the county, regional and national levels.

Opportunities Threats - Support national birth levels through government - Abroad population migration due to the global incentives (aid for children, benefits, etc.) economic crisis; - Sustainable economic development of the area can - Reduction in the amount of maternity allowance lead people settled abroad to return. may reduce the birth rate - Aging of the general population due to the decreased number of newborns; - Increasing divorce rates as a result of departure of one spouse to work abroad. - Reduction of incoming residences due to low numbers of students because of low numbers of high schools graduates.

14 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.2.3. Land and Housing Average living area/inhabitant in 2010 Land

Oradea municipality covers an area of 11,556 ha, City of Oradea 15,9 representing 15.3% of the total Metropolitan Area and 1.6% of the Bihor County. Oradea 16,2 Metropolitan Area Most of the land mass of the city (52.8%) is non- agricultural land, or land occupied by buildings and Bihor County 15,9 courtyards, communications networks, forests and other forest lands, waters, reed lands, degraded and unproductive lands. North-West 15,9 development region

The total agricultural land is of 5.448 ha, representing 47.2% of the total area of Oradea. Of all agricultural Romania 15,4 land, 71.0% are arable lands and 20.2% are occupied by orchards and nurseries. Oradea’s housing stock evolution Housing between 2000-2010 90.000 85.009 The housing stock of Oradea included 85,009 homes in 85.000 81.470 82.449 80.676 81.004 84.471 2010, concentrating 82.4% of existing housing stock in 83.808 80.000 81.896 Oradea Metropolitan Area. Compared with 2005, 80.792 80.764 81.223 housing stock increased by 3,539 units, meaning an 75.000 increase of 4.4%. 70.000

65.000 Average annual increase in housing stock was approximately 1% in the period 2005-2010, the highest 60.000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 percentage was recorded in 2008 (1.6%), the housing stock increased by 1,359 units. urban level in the county (15,3 sqm/person), regional

(15,4 sqm/person) and national (15,1 sqm/person). existing living space at the level of Oradea in 2010 was of 3.252.711 sqm. Compared to 2005, the living space Average number of people/household, in 2010, in increased by 8,2%, representing 247.338 sqm. Oradea and OMA is of 2,4 people/household, value

close to that registered at the county regional and Therefore in Oradea the average living area per national levels (2,5 people/household). dwelling reached 38,3 m2 in 2010, from 36,9 m2 in

2005. Compared to the urban area at the county level In the period 2005-2010 in Oradea 4024 new dwellings (38,1 m2/dwelling), regional urban (39,9 m2/dwelling) were completed, representing 67.0% of dwellings and national urban (39,1 sqm/dwelling), in Oradea completed in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 49.6% of average living area per dwelling does not register dwellings completed in Bihor County. In the years 2008 notable changes. - 2009, most dwellings were delivered, 2282 homes

were completed, meaning 56.7% of dwellings Average living area/person reached 15,9 sqm in 2010, completed in 2005-2010. from 14,6 in 2005. Average living area/person in

Oradea is at a similar level to that registered at the Oradea stands out with a high volume of completed homes in the period 2005-2010, both among other ORADEA local development strategy 15

localities of Oradea Metropolitan Area, but also among square meters of land and a built area of over 110,000 other localities of Bihor county. This is due to the sqm, the residential area Europa has 312 houses with economic development potential of the city. 118 to 200 square meters and plots starting at 200 square meters up to 400 sqm. Between 2005-2010 a number of new residential projects were started and completed in Oradea: Apartment Flat developed by Zollconstruct in Oradea. The block is divided into: one room apartments, two Housing for young people. National Housing Agency bedroom apartments, commercial ground floor, retail finished 1,132 units of rental housing for young people and offices. in Bihor county, in the period 2001-2010, of which 203 apartments in Oradea, located on Stefan cel Mare (125 Luceafărul residential area. Luceafărul has a number apartments) and bd. Decebal (78 apartments). of 4.000 apartments being located in two central areas of the city of Oradea: Aradului and Universităţii street. Confort Estate - Oradea is the first real estate project The area offers its clients a number of benefits: developed by the Romanian-French company Technical parking, storage - boxes, gardening, nursery, children's Contact International SRL in Oradea. The buildings are playgrounds, pharmacy, beauty salon, aerobics and located in a quiet and clean area, near the Rogerius fitness room, intercom, ramp access, security lighting, away from the noise and city traffic. lighting in corridors with motion sensors, civil defense shelter. Residential project developed by Raicris Construct. Raicris Construct has developed flats and villas in Prima Casa. The residential area is developed by Prima Oradea and Paleu. Casa Invest Oradea. The area is on the market since 2006 being located at the crossroads between C. Noica Henry Ibsen Estate – Oradea has 26 luxury apartments and Bumbacului streets, in the vicinity of numerous of which 4 of them have only one bedroom, 16 two interest points, but also in a quiet area surrounded by bedroom apartments and 6 three bed room apartments. green spaces and playgrounds. The project includes over 500 apartments with 1, 2 or 3 rooms, with Residential project Gh. Doja Oradea made up of 9 surfaces between 35 and 226 square meters. luxury apartments of which: 3 three bedroom apartments and, 6 four bedroom apartments. Iosia Residential complex – Oradea. The complex has 1,2,3 and 4 bedroom apartments near the intersection Robert Owen Oradea complex comprises 22 luxury streets of T. Vladimirescu and Decebal. The complex apartments, 5 one room apartments, 17 apartments offers its residents a range of facilities: green areas, with two rooms. underground parking etc..

Residential areas Lotus and Europa – Oradea – offer Cartierul Soarelui – Oradea. Located on the bank of as housing the city villa. the Crisul Repede river, the project is developed by the Special architecture of villas, low pollution and company Sticom Trading on an area of two hecatre, accessibility to the city center, are essential consisting of blocks with a height of D + P +4 E. advantages offered by the two areas. Alongside the apartments a shopping center is projected which will cover an area of 4,000 square Lotus ensemble comprises 40 villas with individual land meters, with height mode of D+P+4E and a from 200 sqm to 500 sqm. Lotus residential complex is kindergarten. located right next to the river River, just 4 km from the city of Oradea. The complex is fenced and has District includes 480 apartments, distributed in 6 controlled access. buildings (D+P+3E, D+P+4 E), providing 24 hour security 24, kindergarten, children's playground, gas central European residential area is located near the University heating, mini football and tennis fields, shopping of Oradea. Developed over a total area of 130,000 16 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

complex serving residents, garages and outdoor 42.3% lower than the national level and by 9.2% lower parking. than the county level.

Nufărul Plaza – Oradea. The residential apartments are spacious (from one room to four rooms), with two apartments and penthouse of 160 sqm. Average green space surface per capita in 2010 Miorița Residential Area– Oradea. Located at the intersection of I. Bogdan and Bihor streets the area is composed of a P 2 + M 4 apartments, one for each Oradea 10,8 level P +1 + M a building with 6 apartments, 2 on each level, all apartments having 3 rooms and annexes. Also, Bihor County all have garages, covered parking and a generous area of green areas. 11,9

New residential areas are connected to utilities (water, North-West sewer, lighting, telecommunications, gas network), but development region offer its inhabitants, in addition, a number of facilities: 19,2 parking, security guards, spaces and playgrounds for children, body maintenance and beauty centers, pharmacies and medical offices, etc. Romania 18,7 Living Conditions

Commercial network. The inhabitants of Oradea can buy food and non-food products form markets public galleries and supermarkets such as: - Real, Practiker, Mobexpert, Obi, Era, Shopping Park, Carrefour, Jysk, Bricostore, Spar, Metro etc. but also in the small shops located in the rural areas. At the local level there are 4 food markets.

Banking network. In Oradea there are branches of all the main banks on the national market, located in Oradea: Volksbank, UniCredit – Ţiriac România, Libra Bank, OTP Bank, Reiffeisen Bank, ING bank, HVB Bank Romania, CEC, Banca Comerciala Carpatica, BCR, Banca Romaneasca, Alpha Bank, Bancpost, Banca Transilvania, BRD, RBS.

Telecommunications. The telecommunication network of Oradea is well developed on the local market having the main national companies in this area of services. One of the biggest suppliers of telecommunication services is based in Oradea.

Green areas. The surface of all the green areas of the city sum up to 220 ha, about 2% of the total land area. The average green spaces per capita is of 10.8 m2,

ORADEA local development strategy 17

SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses - Increased housing stock between 2000-2010 with 6,6%; - Decrease number of dwellings completed in 2010, - Higher values for the average living area/inhabitant compared to previous years; compared to the county and national levels; - Reduced green areas in the city, compared to the - Development of a high number of residential projects; demographic volumes; - Buildings of apartment blocks meant for - Lack of an updated General Urban Plan. disadvantaged categories through the Programme of the National Housing Agency.

Opportunities Threats - Programmes for thermic rehabilitation of buildings - Chaotic pace of construction which may affect the that can lead to an improvement in overall natural potential of the area; appearance of the village, in addition to - Decreasing in green areas as a result of the environmental considerations requiring such action; development of new construction. - Government Programmes to improve housing, and national Programme to support the construction of private housing; - The existence of the „Prima Casa” (First Home) Programme which supports young families to buy or build a house; - Development of social housing; - The existence of currently unused land, but that would be appropriate for investment.

18 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.2.4. Infrastructure in 2010 being at the same level as that of 2005.

Within Compania de Apa Oradea the Water Production Water supply Department has the role of acquiring raw water, which than is treated and pumped in water mains of Oradea.

This is done through the five water plants located on Length of drinking water system in Oradea was at the both sides of Crișul Repede River in the north-east part end of 2010, of 641,5 km, representing approximately of the city, having a total pumping capacity of 2100 l/s. 25,7% of the total length of networks at the county level. The”raw” water is extracted from the phreatic level

through drains. In order to support the water system Compared to the distribution network from 2005 an beneath the grounds 23 basins are used. All of these increase of over 92,5 km was registered, +16,9%. are fed through pipes from Crișul Repde River.

The capacity of the water plants is of 181.440 cubic The existing technology allows the use of surface water meter/day. from Crișul Repede River which is then treated

accordingly. This is a backup solution, groundwater are The amount of water distributed in the year 2010 was the preferred solutions, due to a better quality and of 10.796 thousand cubic meters, representing over lower costs, the only required treatment being the half (54,5%) of the total delivered water quantity at chlorination process. the county level.

The entire collection system, water connection, A majority of these figures were delivered to enrichment pools, leaching fields; water plants are households 73, 8% approximately 7.970 thousand cubic located in a protection area, covering about 280 ha. meters.

Oradea Water supply is achieved through its Annual average water consumption per capita was of distribution pipeline or service mains. The five pumping 38,9 m3, higher than that registered at the level of stations provide water for other stations (80 pumping OMA (36,6 m3/inhabitant). stations) through a distribution system designed as a

ring, to which the consumers located in buildings with a Total quantity of water supplied in Oradea fell during height of maximum 2 floors are directly connected to. 2005-2010, being 26.1% lower in 2010 compared to

2005. This downward trend is due, in particular, the The secondary water mains have a length of 142 km, decrease recorded for industrial and institutional use, being completely rehabilitated serve mainly the the quantity supplied to household consumers consumers in tool buildings These secondary networks are made entirely of plastic.

Indicators regarding the water supply of Oradea Indicator MU 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The total length of the water distribution network km 555,0 564,0 608,0 613,2 641,5 The water production capacity of the plants M3/day 181.440 181.440 181.440 181.440 181.440 The water quantity distributed to consumers thousand 14.342 13.622 13.115 12.637 10.796 m3 The total water quantity distributed to – household thousand 6.010 5.952 5.403 5.900 7.970 users m3 The average amount of water supplied to consumers M3/inha 29,2 29,0 26,4 28,8 38,9 bitant Source: INS

ORADEA local development strategy 19

Oradea has a wastewater treatment plant. This serves Evolution of sewage and water supply networks a very wide area such as: Sînmartin, Baile Felix, Baile 1 length between 2000-2010 Mai, Haieu and Rontau.

800 743 747,3 734 The water treatment plan of Oradea has had works of 680 680 680 over 11.062.200 Euro (of which 6 million Euros from an 600 533 544 544 544 549 642 608 613 549 555 564 EBRD loan, the remaining amount 5.062.200 Euros 400 being non-refundable founds from the European 367 367 367 367 372,5 Commission) which were finalized on 10.11.2009. 200 The Mechanical and Biological treatment capacity of 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 wastewater treatment plant is of 2,200 l/s (69,379,200 water supply network sewage network cubic meters/year). The amount of treated water in 2010 was of 1045 l/s (32,955,120 cubic meters/year). SC Compania de Apa Oradea SA manages a total of approximately 19,635 company-owned meters Treatment is performed in three steps: mechanical, (installed in the distribution system), which are fitted biological and tertiary. with electronic monitoring gages. Of these, 2,581 meters installed in flats being equipped with interfaces Natural gas supply to read data. Through MUDP Programme II, these meters have been provided systems that ensure: At the end of 2010, the length of natural gas - Monitoring of consumption to central dispatch; distribution network in Oradea was of 157 km, Billing and processing of consumer data. - representing approximately 30.9% of all the networks in

the county. Of the 80 pumping stations serving the areas of blocks

of P+4 to P+10 levels, 78 were upgraded within MUDP II Length of gas distribution networks has seen a Programme. significant increase in the period 2005-2010, from 69 km to 157 km (127.5%), higher than the county (59.6%) Sewage and waste water treatment and OMA (102%) levels.

The sewage network length in Oradea was at the end of The amount of natural gas delivered to consumers was 2010, of 747.3 kilometers, increasing by 67.3

kilometers (9.9%) compared to 2005. Percent of modernized local roads in 2010 The waste waters and drain waters are collected by the sewage network which in Oradea is organized in a divider and mixed system. Sewerage network has a length of 412 km and the drainage network a length of 331 km

Domestic wastewater from lower areas of the city are delivered in 10 pumping stations. 70,7%

There are also 5 pumping stations for rain waters, 2 of which pump the water in the Crişul Repede river and 3 of them pump the water in the sewage network.

20 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

of 10,937 thousand cubic meters in 2010, increasing by project is due to be finished in 2012. 114.8% compared to 2006. Thus, by continuing it in Hungary, through M3 Of the total amount of gas distributed in Oradea, motorway, Oradea will have a direct road link to approximately 35.5% was for domestic use - 3884 Vienna. There are also plans to extend M$ highway in thousand cubic meters in 2010. Thus, average annual Hungary from Budapest to Oradea. At the same time household gas distribution was of 19 cubic meters per there is a project from constructing the 4 Pan- Euroean capita. roads going through Seghedin, Arad, Timişoara, Lugoj, District Heating Deva and Sibiu. There are two projects that foresee an express road between Satu Mare, Baia Mare and Arad.

The ring road of the city i sunder rehabilitation being Distributed heat at the level of Oradea decreased extended to a 4 lane road. during 2005-2010, reaching 794,761 gigacalories in 2010

(about half the amount distributed in 2005). European and national roads passing through Oradea are: DN1 (E60), DN76 (E79), DN79 (E671). Road infrastructure

Length of city streets in Oradea was of 396 km at the end of 2010, representing approximately 50.4% of total length of urban roads in Bihor County. Compared to 2005, length of urban roads increased by 16 km. Length of modernized city streets is of 280 km, resulting in a degree of modernization of approximately 70.7%.

Because of the city location, near the western border of Romania with Hungary through Bors custom point, Oradea has several infrastructure projects. The section Cluj-Napoca – Oradea of the Transylvania highway

ORADEA local development strategy 21

SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses - Water supply network expanded and rehabilitated - Problems concerning the energetic efficiency of the (Ministry of Environment and MUDP2 Programme); district heating system at the level of Oradea; - Good Technical condition of the water treatment - High levels of traffic regarding the transit of goods station in Oradea; and people, the lack of alternative routes; - Rehabilitation of wastewater treatment network through ISPA Programme; - Wastewater treatment plant of Oradea was upgraded (three levels - mechanical, biological and tertiary); - Existence of several projects to modernize and expand technical infrastructure; - The existence of the gas network, which has grown consistently in the period 2005-2010 (88 km, +127.5%); - The existence of the Master Plan for Rehabilitation of district heating in Oradea in order to comply with environmental legislation and energy efficiency; - Degree of modernization of urban roads is high (about 70.7%).

Opportunities Threats - Completion of Transilvania Highway, that crosses the - Reduced investment in infrastructure due to northern part of Biharia (5 km away from Oradea); financial crisis; - Construction of an expressway Arad Oradea , which - Reducing the capacity of local government to co- will start from Biharia (reacheble from Oradea by the finance development projects; ring road) connecting the area to trans-European - Reducing of household income translated to an Corridor IV ; impossibility of payment for public utilities; - Construction of the expressway Oradea – Valea lui Mihai – Carei – Satu Mare facilitating the access to Ukraine; - Membership in Oradea Metropolitan Area ; - Membership Aparegio Intercommunity Development Association ; - The existence of government Programmes to support investment in the rehabilitation and expansion of water, sewage and wastewater treatment; - The existence of European funding to support investment in the rehabilitation and expansion of water, sewage and wastewater treatment; - Extension and rehabilitation of road infrastructure through European grant funding;

22 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.2.5. Public services Among advanced universities in the country in fields of Theology (Category A) and Social assistance (Category Education B) can also be found "Emanuel” University.

Education institutions School population

In Oradea are functioning 87 education units, School population in Oradea is composed of 58.205 representing 87,9% of the units in Oradea Metropolitan pupils, representing 92,2% of the school population of Area and 39,4% of those in Bihor county. In addition, in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 48,1% of the school Oradea are operating also a series of education population of Bihor county. structures without legal personality (kindergarten with normal Programme and kindergartens extended Of the total number of pupils in Oradea, 11,7% are Programme). registered in preschool education (6.832 pupils), 58,2% in preuniversity education (33.876 pupils) and 30% in Of the 87 education units in Oradea, 36 are pre-school institutions (41,4%), 47 are pre-university education Distribution of school population from institutions (54%) and 4 are university institutions Oradea, on education levels, in 2010 (4,6%).

The number of education units in Oradea has decreased from 100 units in 2000 to 87 in 2010 (-13%), reducing preschool education particularly the pre education units (-23,4%) and Superior 11,7% primary and gymnasium education units (-10%). education 30,1% primary University institutions exist only in Oradea, out of 4 education and units 3 being private university institutions. Accredited post- gymnasium university institutions are: secondary education 25,8% - University of Oradea (public education); - "Emanuel University " (private education); 3,3% - "Agora" University (private education); High school Professional 27,3% - "Partium" Christian University (private education). education 1,8% Hierarchy of study Programmes organized by accredited universities in the national education system conducted university education (17.497 pupils). Oradea is the by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and second academic center in the North- West Sports positions Oradea University among the best Development Region, according to the number of universities in the country (category A) in the following universities and school population volume (after Cluj- fields: Agronomy, Horticulture, Forestry, Forest Napoca). Engineering and Engineering and Management. However, are appreciated also other fields (category B) The school population recorded, in the period 2000- such as: Political Science, Business Administration, 2010, a downward trend, the average annual growth Accountancy, International Economic Relations, being of -1,05%. Educational population decrease has Physical Training and Sports Education, Visual Arts, not occurred in all levels, the only educational level Music, so on. whereby the average annual growth was negative being preuniversity education (-2,2%).

Teachers

ORADEA local development strategy 23

Educational services from Oradea were provided by To a school laboratory are assigned 103,4 pupils (by 4.192 teachers, namely 92% of the teachers from ZMO 4,3% less than in ZMO), to a gym 1.077,9 pupils (by 2,5% and 47,2% of the teachers from Bihor county. 12,9% of more than in ZMO), to a sports field 986,5 pupils (by the Oradea teachers are working in preschool education 1,6% more than in ZMO) and to one PC 10,1 pupils (by (542 people), 54,1% in preuniversity education (2.268 3,8% less than in ZMO). people) and 33% in university education (1.382 people). Although there is a slight congestion of classrooms and Number of teachers has declined by 6% in 2010 over the a high demand for school infrastructure to practice previous year (-268 teachers). Primary school teachers sport activities, the situation from school units and increased by 3,2% in 2010 compared to 2009, while structures in Oradea is satisfactory. teaching staff from preuniversity and superior education declined by 8,9%, respectively by 4,4%. Culture

To a teacher from Oradea are assigned, on average, Cultural heritage is one of the most powerful identity 13,9 pupils. Something more required are teachers in of Oradea Municipality, which is renowned nationally the preuniversity education where the average of and beyond to the rich cultural heritage. students per teacher is 14,9 people. On the other hand, in preschool education to a teacher are assigned 12,6 In Oradea function 65 libraries, from which one is pupils. public - Gheorghe Şincai County Library. It works for 100 years, being founded on September 23, 1911 Infrastructure and educational endowments (although the idea of popular libraries being seen since the nineteenth century). In 2010, the library contained School infrastructure consists of several elements such 624.927 books and periodicals, 213 manuscripts, 13.949 as: classrooms, school laboratories, gyms, sports fields audio-visual documents, 358 electronic collections and and computers. In Oradea, education units and 3106 non-book documents. 307.596 is the number of structures have 1.586 classrooms (88,3% of classrooms documents borrowed by Gheorghe Şincai County Library in ZMO), 563 school laboratories (96,4% of school in 2010, of which 86% are books. laboratories ZMO), 54 gyms (90% of gyms from ZMO), 59 sports fields (90,8% of sports fields from ZMO) and County Library has a more important role locally, being 5.752 PCs (95,3% of PCs in ZMO). Thus, much of the organizer, initiator and partner in various cultural infrastructure and educational endowments in the projects, such as: Book Releases, Literary Evening, Oradea Metropolitan Area is concentrated in education Library Conferences, Day of the Librarian, County units from Oradea, rural localities of the area suffering Library Days "Gheorghe Şincai", Exhibitions, Symposia, many deficiencies in this regard. and so on. Oradea is one of the most "living" cities in the region in The classrooms in Oradea are more crowded than the terms of culture, here been functioning an impressive situation encountered in Oradea Metropolitan Area or number of entertainment institutions (theaters, at national level. Thus, to a classroom are assigned philharmonic, orchestra and artistic ensembles). The 36,7 pupils, with 4,6% more than in ZMO and by 8,9% main entertainment institutions from Oradea are more than in Romania. Indicators on the number of pupils assigned to school infrastructure in 2010 Indicator Oradea ZMO Bihor North-West Romania city Classrooms 36,7 35,1 29,1 28,9 33,7 School laboratories 103,4 108,1 143,8 127,3 154,8 Gyms 1.077,9 1.051,8 976,5 766,1 848,3 Sports fields 986,5 970,9 864,9 745,8 869,1 PC-uri 10,1 10,5 11,9 8,4 11,6 Source: INS

24 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

"Regina Maria" Theater, "Szigligeti Színház" Theatre, House of Culture Oradea has a number of permanent Oradea Philharmonic and House of Culture Oradea. annual activities, of these we mention: Events dedicated to Unification Day Of The Romanian In 2011, institutions of theater performances from Principalities (January 24), Events dedicated to the Oradea went through a reorganization process which entry of Romanian troops commanded by general consisted in the establishment of two new theatrical Traian Moşoiu in Oradea (April 20, 1919), Celebrations institutions – Regina Maria ("Queen Mary") Theatre of Europe Day - Independence Day (May 9), and "Szigligeti Színház " Theater - by creating the two Celebrations of Children's Day (June 1), Flag Day sections (Hungarian Bands and Romanian Bands) of the (June), National Hymn Day (July), Fortress Festival (end State Theatre of Oradea and the absorption of other of June, beginning of July), Window to Europe, Oradea institutions and ensembles in the city. Related Fall Festival (September-October), Palinka Fair, Wine infrastructure is used jointly by a partnership between Festival, Oradea Festival - Town Day, events dedicated the two newly created institutions. to the birth of the poet Ady Endre (November), Events dedicated to Romania's National Day (December 1) and "Regina Maria" Theater is organized of the "Iosif Events included within winter holidays (December 24 - " Vulcan" band of the former State Theatre of Oradea, Santa Clause is coming). According to estimates made "Arcadia" band (taken by absorption of Theatre for by the management of the institution in recent years Children and Youth "Arcadia") and Professional have crossed the threshold of the institution an average Assembly "Crişana", which operated until 2011, under of around 100.000 spectators. Each year, House of the Oradea Philharmonic. Culture of the City have, on average about 90 shows (30 their own and 60 external), varnishes 6-7 "Szigligeti Színház" Theatre includes troops of exhibitions a year, organizes 4 festivals, 4 book Hungarian language of the former State Theatre of launches. Oradea (Szigligeti band and Liliput band) and of the Professional Ensemble "Nagyvárad Táncegyüttes", which Cultural consumption from Oradea is very intense, in operated until 2011, under the Oradea Philharmonic. 2009 the number of spectators and auditors to artistic performances organized locally being of 218.231 Oradea Philharmonic is the proof of the interest in the persons (+18% compared to 2008). Basically, spectators musical life that was manifested even from the second from specialized institutions in Oradea is 39,8% of the half of the XVIIIth century, when the musician Johann total number of spectators from North - West Michael Haydn (1737-1806), the younger brother of Development Region and 3,4% of registered spectators Joseph Haydn, was appointed organist and conductor in national wide. the courtyard of Patachich Ádám bishop between 1760- 1762. Thanks to Haydn, but also to Karl Ditters von The number of places from entertainment institutions Dittersdorf, his successor, in Oradea began to be from Oradea was quite constant in recent years, during organized numerous concerts, stage productions and the period 2005 - 2009 marking a change only in 2007 opera. (+3,6% since 2006). Thus, in 2009 entertainment institutions have had 1.393 seats, or about a quarter of House of Culture Oradea works in the administrative the seats in the region. subordination of City Hall and City Council of Oradea. Has a head office in Oradea and four branches in Baile In addition to entertainment institutions it is noted also Felix, Bihor Bishopric, Vineyard and on Moscow street. the museums from Oradea, 9 of the 17 museums from This cultural institution has the following own artistic Bihor county are still functioning here. groups: Reunion of songs "Hilaria", Folklore Ensemble "Muzeul Tarii Crisurilor" is one of the largest museums "Bihorul", String Quartet "Intermezzo", Theater Band, of Romania, holding a cultural and intercultural Society Dance "Quasar", Music Group "Meda Music" and patrimony comprising over 900.000 records units. The band modern dance "Cool Style". complex includes „Muzeul Tarii Crisurilor” (currently closed to the public, are being relocation into new premises), "Iosif Vulcan" Memorial Museum (was a ORADEA local development strategy 25

Romanian journalist and writer, cultural animator, Health member of Romanian Academy, founder of cultural magazine "Family"), "Ady Endre" Memorial Museum Health units (journalist and poet), "Aurel Lazar" Memorial House (important Romanian politician, campaigner for the The majority of the medical infrastructure of the rights of Romanians in Transylvania) and "Muzeul Tarii Oradea Metropolitan Area operates in Bihor county Crisurilor"" Ecomuseum (composed of Nature Reserve residence, so that a high proportion of the population Peţa Stream and the Open Air Museum). of ZMO, but also of the entire county population uses health services from Oradea. Other museums and museum collections from Oradea are: National Military Museum, "Maria Haiduc" Memorial In Oradea operates a diverse group of health units: Museum, "Emmanuel Gojdu" Memorial House, "Lucian hospitals, family medical cabinets, specialized medical Blaga" Memorial House, "Nicolae Jiga" Memorial House. cabinets, dental offices, pharmacies and pharmaceutical outlets, polyclinics, medical In 2009, the museums and public collections of Oradea laboratories, specialized ambulatory, transfusion have been visited by 76.220 people, representing 36% centers, etc.. In 2009, according to the National of the museums visitors in the Bihor County. Over the Institute of Statistics, 8 of the 16 public and private previous year, the number of visitors dropped by 7,2 hospitals in Bihor County were operating in Oradea: percent. County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea, Municipal Clinical Hospital Dr. Gavril Curteanu Oradea, Clinical Oradea is the venue of important cultural tradition. Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital Since 1991 here is being organized the entertainment of Pneumoftiziology, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and and culture festival "Toamna Oradeana”, between mid Gynecology, Clinical Hospital of CFR, etc.. September and 12 October, for the day of the city. The first edition of the festival was in 1991. After 3-4 weeks Locally there are also 127 family medical cabinets in which they held various cultural, art, sports and (85,2% of the units of this type in ZMO), 121 specialized entertainment events, the festival ends with the day of medical cabinets (96% of specialized offices in ZMO), the city. 351 dental offices (95,1% of dental offices in ZMO), 142 pharmacies and pharmaceutical outlets (87,7% of Another important cultural and artistic event is pharmacies in ZMO), 6 polyclinics (100% of clinics in "Fortress Festival", organized since 2000 in the first ZMO) and 51 medical laboratories (89,5% of laboratories weekend in July. Its objective is to bring into focus the in ZMO). historical cradle of the city, all the events taking place inside and in the courtyard of the Medieval Fortress of Being the city with most developed medical Oradea. In the days of the event are taking place infrastructure in the county, Oradea does not have a concerts of classical music, folk, religious and problem vis-à-vis its sufficiency. Reported to 10.000 medieval, medieval theater performances, visual art inhabitants, are assigned 6,2 family medical cabinets exhibitions, medieval sports competitions and pop (by 17% more than the national level), 5,9 specialized music concerts. medical cabinets (by 25,5% more than the national level), 17,1 dental offices (by 216,7% more than the national level), 6,9 pharmacies and pharmaceutical outlets (by 97,1% more than nationally) and 2,5 medical laboratories (by 92,3% more than the national level). Thus, the medical system in Oradea is well developed in relation to the national situation, health units are not insufficient with regard to the demographic volume in many regions from the country.

26 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

In Oradea there are 2.627 beds in health units average) and 114,8 persons employed as ward staff (especially hospitals), representing 91% of the beds in (+90.1% compared to the national average). health units in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 60,5% of the beds in Bihor county. Reported to 10.000 Social assistance inhabitants, are assigned 128.3 beds, more than double the national average (64,7 beds / 10.000 inhabitants). In Oradea are registered 54.806 retired persons, representing 88% of the total number of retired Medical staff persons from Oradea Metropolitan Area. In recent years, the number of retirees had a local upward trend, Oradea has a good situation not only in terms of health growing by 8,1 percent in August 2011 compared to infrastructure, but also in terms of medical staff. In 2004. Oradea is one of the few localities of ZMO in 2009 in health units were active 1094 doctors (of which 241 family doctors), 361 dentists, 309 pharmacists and 2.351 persons employed as ward staff. Basically, 95,1% Share of retired population of total from the doctors in Oradea Metropolitan Area and population of Oradea, in 2010 67,4% of those in Bihor county are providing medical services in units from Oradea.

The same situation is seen in terms of family doctors (91,6% of family doctors in ZMO), dentists (95,3% of 27,2 % dentists in ZMO), pharmacists (90,4% of pharmacists in ZMO) and staff ward (94,6% of ward staff in ZMO).

By 2009 was not observed the definite trend of labor migration in health care (in other fields of activity or health units abroad), except for ward staff, the medical staff recording increases. For example, in 2009 the number of family doctors increased by 95,9% over the previous year and the number of doctors by 3,6 percent. which the number of retired persons increased, the In general, to 10.000 inhabitants from Oradea lies a average annual growth rate being negative in almost all large number of medical staff. According to the villages in the area. National Institute of Statistics, in 2009 to 10.000 inhabitants incumbent on 53,4 doctors (+127,2% At regional level there are 10 crèches, all operating in compared to the national average), 11,8 family doctors Oradea. The number of beds within these represents (+110,7% more than the the national average), 17,6 63,1% of registered beds in crèches in Bihor County dentists (+203,4% compared to the national average), (317 beds). 15,1 pharmacists (+169,6% compared to the national

Indicators regarding medical staff charged per 10.000 inhabitants in 2009 Indicator Oradea ZMO Bihor North-West Romania city Number of doctors/10.000 inhabitants 53,4 45,8 27,4 26,2 23,5 Number of family doctors/10.000 inhabitants 11,8 10,5 7,6 6,2 5,6 Number of dentists/10.000 inhabitants 17,6 15,1 8,7 7,0 5,8 Number of pharmacists/10.000 inhabitants 15,1 13,6 8,3 5,9 5,6 Number of ward staff/10,000 114,8 99,0 66,5 61,8 60,4 Source: INS

ORADEA local development strategy 27

Regarding non-governmental organizations in the Police and Gendarmerie Inspectorate of Bihor. During social sector, in Oradea Metropolitan Area it is noted these activities were identified 21 children of the the Coalition for Strengthening the NGO Sector in Bihor street who resided in Oradea city. In the same year, county - STRONG, comprising of 45 States and almost 80% of the complaints regarding cases of child supporting NGOs. The purpose for which it was neglect and abuse recorded in the localities of Oradea established this coalition is to provide expertise in the Metropolitan Area aimed cases from Oradea (69 social sector areas for consultation in the development, complaints). adoption and implementation of social policies at local, regional and national levels. Most NGO members of the Reports from the years 2009 - 2010 of DGASPC Bihor Coalition for Strengthening the NGO Sector in Bihor present also the territorial distribution of children County are from Oradea (Alpha and Omega Association, abandoned in health units in the county. Thus, in 2009, Anima Charity Association, Catholic Caritas Association 11,9% of children abandoned in health units came from Oradea, Diocesan Caritas Association Oradea, Oradea. In 2010, their share increased to 13,8%. To Locomotor deficiencies Association, Down Association note is the fact that 76,6% of children abandoned in Oradea Romania - DAOR, and so on.) Bihor county are abandoned in health units from Oradea: Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oradea has an infrastructure to provide highly Oradea, Clinic Hospital for Children "Dr. Gavril developed social services, locally operating units that Curteanu " Oradea, Pneumoftiziology Hospital Oradea. have children as beneficiaries (a child care center,4 placement centers for disabled children, a day center Sanitation for counseling for children and parents, a maternity center, an emergency reception center, 4r day care Oradea residents benefit of sanitation services, the centers, etc..), but also units targeting older people (5 degree coverage for sanitation services is 100%. Locally day centers for older people, 6 home care services, 2 there are several authorized sanitation operators: retirement homes, etc..) or adults with disabilities (7 - SC RER Ecologic Service SA (street cleaning, domestic housing, 7 counseling centers, 5 home care services, cleaning, fitting and maintenance of green areas); and so on.). These social services are being - Eco Bihor S.R.L. Oradea (establishing municipal subordinated to the General Directorate of Social landfills and their administration); Assistance and Child Protection Bihor, either under the - Bene International Ltd (Operator DEEE). subordination of Social Assistance Public Service or accredited private bodies. Within the latter are In Oradea the necessary infrastructure for selective included several associations and foundations, such as waste collection: 3.290 bins with a capacity of 120 l, Down Association, People to People Foundation, 3.380 bins with a capacity of 240 l and 1.445 containers Foundation House of Hope, Catholic Caritas with a capacity of 1,1 cubic meters. Waste Association, Foundation ProDeo, Ruhama Foundation, transportation is made by 17 garbage trucks and 22 and so on. auto-containers.

According to DGASPC Bihar, infrastructure of social According to the Report on the environmental situation service delivery for children, elderly or disabled adults in Bihor county for 2010, at Oradea level were in Oradea comprises 73 units, representing almost 80% selectively collected the following amounts of waste: of such existing structures in the Oradea Metropolitan paper / cardboard - 67,96 tons, Plastic - 91,5 tons and Area. metals - 44,61 tons.

Under the plan "Integrated Waste Management System According to the 2008 activity report of General in Bihor County" total quantity of waste collected per Directorate for Social Assistance and Child Protection year by SC RER Ecologic Service SA Oradea is 68.720 Bihor, during the year there have been made a number tons, representing 87,8% of the total quantity of waste of 81 street actions organized in partnership with collected from Oradea Metropolitan Area. The average Oradea Social Community Administration, Oradea 28 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

per inhabitant is 335,8 kilograms of waste, by almost 8 three waste sorting station in Bihor county, about by percent more than average quantity of waste collected annually processing 35.000 tons of wastes. Located per inhabitant in ZMO. near the organic waste deposit, the sorting station aims to reduce the amount of waste stored in Oradea by Tariffs practiced by sanitation operator to collect recovery waste material and energy. In 2010 was waste is 5,5 lei / person / month + VAT and 58,56 Euro inaugurated and the compost station which is expected / tonne + VAT for the assimilated wastes of economic to reach the total area of 9.500 m2 and the composting agents. capacity of 52.000 m3/year through the technology of membrane coating. Waste disposal is done mainly by storing at the r wastes green cente from local level, the first deposit of its Emergencies kind in the region. The deposit was developed under a public private partnership, the operator being SC In Oradea operates two subunits of the Inspectorate for Ecobihor SRL Oradea. Estimated design capacity of the Emergency Situations "Crişana" of Bihor County: depositis of 3.800.000 m3, the center will ensure the Detachment 1 Fire Department Oradea and Detachment waste storage from Bihor county by 2025. 2 Fire Department Oradea. They provide assistance in emergency situations also in other localities of Oradea In Oradea was recently inaugurated also one of the Metropolitan Area or outside the area.

ORADEA local development strategy 29

The price for a ticket for a journey by public transport Within Detachment 1 Fire Department Oradea works, from Oradea is 2 lei and a monthly subscription price since 1993, the Mobile Emergency Service for valid for all lines is 60 lei. There are discounts for pre- Resuscitation and Extrication (MESRE), the only SMURD school children, pupils and students. unit in Bihor county. However, since 2005 was also established a group of rescue from drowning.

Public order and safety

In Bihor county, the crime rate has been increasing in recent years from 736 crimes / 100.000 inhabitants recorded in 2004, leading to 1.284 crimes per 100.000 inhabitants in 2009. On the other hand, during this period, the crime rate followed a downward trend, rising from 743 persons definitively convicted per 100.000 inhabitants in 2004 to only 129 persons definitively convicted in 2009.

At Oradea city level the public order and safety services are provided by the Oradea City Police. In its judicial district lies several rural police stations from Oradea Metropolitan Area: Borş, Biharia, Cetariu, Girişu of Cris, Sîntandrei, Toboliu, Paleu and so on.

Public transport Oradea is one of the two localities of Oradea Metropolitan Area that has public transport service, the operator in charge of this service being Oradea Local Transport S.A.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2010, in Oradea were put into service 74 buses and microbuses, representing 93,7% of the total number in Bihor County. In 2006 the number of buses and microbuses declined by 56,9% over the previous year, following the decommissioning of vehicles.

In terms of public transport through trams, Oradea is the only locality in Bihor County which has the necessary infrastructure.

In 2010, 129 trams were put into service, meaning 79,1% of the existing number at regional level. In the North - West Region only Cluj-Napoca still provides public transport with trams, holding 34 of such vehicles.

30 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

SWOT Analysis

Strenghts Weaknesses Education Education - High number of education units and structures; - Decrease number of teachers, especially those in - Existence of univerisity institutions comprising primary and secondary education; educational Programmes that are among the most - Downward trend in recent years of the school powerful in the country; population, especially in preuniversity education; - Reduced number of pupils reported to teachers, - Overcrowding of classrooms (high number of pupils / compared to the national level; classroom); - Existence of educational units teaching in Hungarian - Lower graduation of the baccalaureate exam, and German languages; especially in certain educational units (50,9% in - Well-developed educational infrastructure (sports summer session 2011 and 19% in the autumn session fields, gyms, school laboratories, computers); 2011); - Involvement of teachers and pupils in many instructive and educational activities, projects and Culture Programmes at local, county, national and - Decreased number of libraries (school) in recent international levels; years; - Involvement of teachers in various training courses; - Downward trend of visitors number to museums and - Experience of education institutions in projects collections, in the period 2005-2009; financed by the national and EU Funds; Health Culture - High level of request of behalf of sanitary units from - National recognition of Oradea as a town with a rich Oradea in terms of serving the population of the cultural heritage; entire area, not just that of the city; - Oradea, under the PATN, is one of administrative- - Reduction of ward staff in 2009 by 7,3 percent from territorial units with very high concentration of the previous year; architectural heritage with cultural value of national interest; Social assistance - High number of entertainment institutions from - Upward trend in the number of retired people in the Oradea, this being the place with the largest area during 2004-2011; entertainment institutions in the country; - Existence of cases of street children and abandoned - Existence of renowned entertainment institutions at children in health units in the county, originating in national level: "Regina Maria" Theater, "Szigligeti Oradea; Színház" Theatre, Oradea Philharmonic, and so on.; - Recording a number of 69 complaints at Bihor - Increasing the number of viewers from specialized DGASPC concerning cases of abuse and neglect of institutions with 18% in 2009 over the previous year; children in Oradea; - Large number of museums and collections in the city, representing over half of the institutions of its kind in Sanitation Bihor county; - Low responsiveness of the population vis-à-vis the - Organizing annual of some traditional events such as " selective waste collection; Oradea Fall ", " Fortress Festival ", and so on; - Low material and power recovery of wastes, the - Existence of cultural importance (archaeological sites, main way to eliminate them being storage; settlements, historical monuments etc.). - High quantity of waste collected per inhabitant in - Strong multicultural character of Oradea. Oradea compared to the media at regional level;

Health Other public services - Large number of hospital units, representing over half - Reduced number of buses and microbuses for public the hospitals in the county; transport of population; - High variety of health units: hospitals, polyclinics, family medical cabinets, specialized medical cabinets, dental offices, pharmacies and pharmaceutical outlets, and so on; - Modern equipment and facilities owned in hospital ORADEA local development strategy 31

units in Oradea; - High number of medical staff from the specialized institutions, compared with the situation at county and national level;

Social assistance - Existence of a large number of NGOs with social profile; - Developed infrastructure to provide social services (73 units aimed to children, people with disabilities or elderly people); - Operation of a number of 10 crèches from Oradea;

Sanitation - High degree of population coverage with sanitation services; - Existence on the territory of Oradea of the only ecological waste landfill in the county; - Existence of necessary infrastructure (bins, containers), for selective waste collection; - Ownership by sanitation operators in the area of relatively new and modern equipment; - Existence of a sorting station and a waste composting station; - Organisation of periodic actions of DEEE collection;

Other public services - Operation in the city of two subunits of ISU "Crisana" Detachment 1 Fire Department Oradea and Detachment 2 Fire Department Oradea - Existence of SMURD unit and a rescue team from drowning for emergency situations; - Slight increase in the number of trams serving public transport in Oradea city in recent years.

Opportunities Threats Education Education - Opportunity to access structural funds or government - Poor motivation of teachers can lead to well trained funds for development of education units; teachers leaving the system; - Possibility to develop partnerships between - Increased drop-out rates due to material and educational institutions in Oradea and other units financial deficiencies caused by the economic crisis; from the country and abroad; - Repeated changes of the legislation in force can lead - Possibility of taking over and adapting best practice to lower school performance; models from European Union countries regarding the - Inability to support co-financing projects of didactic activities; educational infrastructure development. - Establishment of Programmes type "After school"; Culture Culture - Low public interest for culture due to financial - Increasing promotion of events and cultural heritage; difficulties encountered in recent years; - Opportunity to access European funds grants for - Lack of youth interest in maintaining traditions and infrastructure and cultural activities; folk customs; - Adapting the book fund to new technology - Advanced degradation of cultural objectives due to (acquisition of documents in electronic format); the lack of investment in them; - Unsustainable tourism, which may result in degradation of cultural heritage;

32 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Health - Limited European Funds (being insufficient regarding - Existence of European funds for rehabilitation of the needs); health structures and adequate endowment; - Implementation of public education campaigns with Health regard to health field; - Migration of medical staff abroad due to low salary levels; Social assistance - Negative effects of deepening aging and illness - Developing partnerships between public institutions phenomenon of the population; and NGOs in the field; - Limited possibilities of local authorities for financial - Opportunity to access EU structural funds; support of investments; - Possibility of taking over models of good practice in EU countries on the methodology to address specific Social assistance issues; - Increasing the number of socially assisted persons - Develop national volunteering and citizenship; following the global economic crisis; - Existence of legal framework that creates facilities - Departure of specialized personnel in the system due for the economic environment that employs people to unjustified wage; from vulnerable groups to integrate them into society; - Lack of funding non-governmental organizations may - Establishment of a Social Enterprise Incubator, where lead to their extinction; vulnerable groups can carry out income generating - Lack of jobs for vulnerable groups; activities; - Low capacity of public institutions to co-finance - Establishment of pensioners' clubs where elderly social projects; people can develop socialization activities; Sanitation Sanitation - Increasing the amount of waste generated at - Implementation of public awareness campaigns municipal level per inhabitant; regarding the benefits of selective waste collection; - Financial incapacity of the economic agents to - Existence of European funds directed to projects in implement their own network of waste energy and sanitation field; material recovery (co-processing, recycling, reuse); - Development of energy and material recovery units of waste at zonal level; Other public services - Increasing crime rate due to financial difficulties Other public services encountered by the population; - Purchase of low polluting public transport; - Increasing environmental pollution due to the aging - Implementation of video surveillance systems in fleet owned by public transport services; public spaces that records high crime rates. - Reduction of personnel serving the emergency service (ISU subunits) and public order and safety services (Oradea Police) due to reorganizations of public administration.

ORADEA local development strategy 33

1.2.6. Economic development In 2009, the service sector comprises 38.8% of all local units active in the county, followed, according to the Demographics of active local units percentage of firms operating in that sector, by: trade (36.4%), industry (11.2 %), construction (10.6%) and Number of active local units agriculture (3.0% of all local units active at the end of 2009). In Bihor county, in 2009, were registered 18,620 active local units, representing 24.0% of local units active in Oradea has a similar structure as Oradea Metropolitan the North West Region, being the second county in the Area regarding the distribution of active local units. region, after Cluj county (27,530 active local units, Thus, the most active are in serice sector (42,4%), 35.4%). Out of all local units active in Bihor County, followed by trade (36,4%), constructions (10,2%), 89.3% are micro enterprises (0-9 employees), 8.8% are industry (10,0%) and agriculture (1,1%). small enterprises (10-49employees), 1.6% medium-sized enterprises (50-249 employees) and 0, 3% large Turnover of active local units enterprises (250 employees and over). Turnover in 2009 achieved by local units active in In Oradea there were active 11439 local units, in 2009, Bihor county totaled 20,418.9 million RON, representing 89.1% of active local units of Oradea representing 23.4% of regional total. By size classes, in Metropolitan Area and 61.4% of all local units active in 2009, small businesses contributed with 28.1% at the Bihor county. county turnover, followed closely by micro enterprises Relative to the population from July 1st 2009, business by 27.2%, 23.1% medium-sized enterprises and large density is 51.2 units/1.000 inhabitants at the level of enterprises by 21.6%. Oradea Metropolitan Area and 37.1 units/1.000 inhabitants in Biharia, value better than the North West In 2009, from the turnover at county level, 76.2% is due Region (28, 6 ‰) and national levels (25.9 enterprises to active local units of Oradea Metropolitan Area. for 1,000 inhabitants). In the same year, active local units from Oradeaa have

made 13485.1 million RON, i.e. 86.7% of turnover in the

Distribution of active local units, on Distribution of turnover of local active units, on economic sectors in 2009 economic sectors, in 2009

Other activities 6,1% Hotels and restaurants Other activities Wholesale 1,3% and retail 9,1% Wholesale trade IT&C and retail Health and 1,4% trade social care 36,4% services Professional, 50,9% scientific 2,4% and technical activities Professional, Real estate 2,2% scientific 3,1% and technical Transport activities production and supply of and storage IT&C Transport 12,3% electricity, gas, and storage Constructions 7,8% Manufacturing 3,5% hot water and air Constructions industry 9,1% Manufacturing 10,2% Hotels and conditioning 10,6% industry 15,4% restaurants 4,2% 4,6% 9,4%

34 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Labour force

Density of local active units for 1000 Labour resources inhabitants, in 2009 Labor resources in Bihor county, in 2009 were 364,500 Oradea 55,8 people, grewing continuously in recent years. Thus, the previous year labor resources in the county increased Oradea by 1.5% (+5.3 thousand people), and compared to 2005 Metropolitan 51,2 was an increase of 2.7% (+9,5 thousand people ). Area The number of employed civilians, in 2009, was of Bihor County 31,4 269,1 thousand people. The number of employed population in Bihor county has increased in 2005-2007, and from 2008 recorded decreases. Thus, civilian North-West 28,6 employment in 2009 registrered a reduction of 2.4% Region compared to 2008 and by 3.2% compared to 2007, similar developments as at regional and national levels. Romania 25,9 Employment rate of labor resources for Bihor County is 73.8%, significantly higher than that recorded in the Oradea Metropolitan Area and 66.5% of turnover from North West Region (66.1%) and national level (60.6%). local units active in Bihor county. However, compared with 2008, there is a deceleration in employment, involution similar to those at regional and national level. Both at Oradea Metropolitan Area and the county, regional and national level, local units active in trade In fact, for the entire analised period, the employment achieve the higher turnover, followed by active units in rate of labor resources in Bihor county remains higher the industry. In Oradea, trade activity is more intense, than the regional and national level. local active units having achieved 50.9% of total turnover. Industry is the second economic Of total civil employment at the county level, 31.8% sectorregarding th eturnover (20.4%), followed by were employed in agriculture, 25.3% in services and services (16.7%) and constructios (10.6%). Local units 24.7% in industry. Trade and construction contributed active in agriculture obtained only 1.3% of total with 12.9% and 5.2% of total civil employment. turnover, in 2009. Compared to the national level, in Bihor county was Important for defining the economic structure of recorded a higher concentration in industry and Oradea municiplaity and Oradea Metropolitan Area is agriculture (+3.6 and 3.2 percentage points) and lower that 44,2% of totl turnover in trade sector, at county in terms of services and construction (-4.0 and -2.2 level, is achieved by active local units in Oradea. percentage points).

Moreover, in 2009, the 1.071 local units active in Employees manufacture industry in Oradea achieved 13,3% of turnover in this sector, at county level. Average umber of employees in Oradea was 93.857

persons in 2009, 4,5% less than previous year. Economic activities that have made the most significant turnover at the level of local units active in Oradea are Compared to situation in 2005, the averae emloyees trade (6.870,6 mil. Lei), manufacturing industry number increased over 10.000 persons (+14,5%). This (2.072,4 mil. lei), construction (1.429,0 mil. lei), increase is higher than the evolution of average transport and storage (1.051,2 million lei) and employees number at county, regional and national production and supply of electricity, gas, hot water and level. air conditioning (562,9 mil. lei RON).

Avereage number of employees in Oradea repreents 89,8% f total employees in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 59% of employees in Bihor county.

ORADEA local development strategy 35

Evolution of registered unemployment in Oradea, between January 2010 – June 2011

4.500 4.000 3.934 3.935 3.757 3.862 3.670 4.007 3.288 3.500 3.960 3.694 3.768 3.929 3.000 3.388 2.703 3.043 2.500 1.959 2.000 2.164 1.545 1.500 1.676 1.000 500 0 ian. feb. mar. apr. mai. iun. iul. aug. sep. oct. nov. dec. ian. feb. mar. apr. mai. iun. 2010 2011

Agriculture Average net monthly earning

Soil quality In 2009, average net monthly earning in Bihor county

was 1025.0 lei, slightly lower than that recorded in the Soil is a complex matter in terms of mineral North West Region (88.3% of its value). Reported to net composition, organic and organo-mineral, and average salary at national level, the one recorded at represents the main source of plant nutrients, ensuring the level of Bihor county represent approximately perpetuation of flora and fauna in many food chains. It 75.3%. consists from physical point of view, of solids, water As evolution, there is a trend of increase of gap and air. These together with the organic and inorganic between average net monthly salary in Bihor county deposits on the soil lead to acceleration of and the salary at regional and especially national level. physicochemical processes that take place at soil level

continuously. Number of unemployed people Bihor county's agricultural land is covered with a

variety of soil types. Luvic and Luvisols soils In 2010, unemployment in Bihor county was 5.8%, lower predominate, representing 105,602 ha, i.e. an area of than the regional (5.9%) and national (6.9%). Moreover, 29.07%, followed, in decreasing order, by brown soils, unemployment in Bihor county records in recent years, alluvial soils, argillic brown, chernozem etc. The significantly lower values than those of regional and smallest surfaces are represented by plane soils, particularly national. representing 390 Ha, reddish brown soils 320 Ha and

reddish brown luvic 279 Ha. At the end of 2010, in Oradea were registered 3.288

unemployed, representing 75,5% of he unemployed Oradea Metropolitan Area soils fall in the category of registered in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 19,7% of soils with high reliability, being favorable to agriculture unemployed at county level. According to the latest

stistics, in June 2011 in data base of Bihor County Distribution of agricultural land Agency for Employment were registered 1.545

unemployed people, cu 58,2% less than in the same An important share of Oradea is occupied by period in the previous year. agricultural land (47.1% of the total), used mainly for

wheat, corn, legumes field, sunflower, potatoes and Of the total unemployed in Oradea, 40.8% are male and oatmeal. 59.2% are female. Thus, reduction of unemployment

was more pronounced among the males (-65.2% in June

2011 compared to June 2010), than among unemployed women (-51.5% in June 2011 compared to June 2010).

36 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Industry and constructions Land distribution by category of use, in Oradea, in 2009 Industry

Favorable located on the western border, industrial development of zone, a well developed infrastructure agricultural land and skilled labor available in different branches are 33,5% meadows attributes of Bihor county. The main industries of Bihor 1,8% county are extrecive industries and oil processing, leather and footwear, furniture, chemical industry, hayfields clothing, building materials, construction industry and 2,2% food business etc. non-agricultural land Industry had, in 2008, a contribution of 27.7% (3391.7 52,9% million lei) in gross added value in Bihor county. 0,1% Compared with previous years, gross added value in Orchards industry at the county level almost doubled (from and tree nurseries 1550.5 million lei in 2003 to 3391.7 million lei in 2008). 9,5% However, this sector has fluctuated during this period from 29.7% in 2003 to 31.0% in 2007 and 27.7% in 2008. Agricultural area decreased by 389 ha in 2009 However, industry is the most important sector of the compared to 2008 due to reduction of agricultural land county economy, followed by trade (13.3% of GVA Bihor with 264 hectares, the area of orchards and tree in 2008), transport, storage and communications nurseries with 78 ha and 49 ha area of meadow. (12.8%), agriculture, hunting and forestry (10.7 %) and construction (10.3%). Bihor county is characterized by agricultural potential, with an average productivity per hectare of major In 2009, in Bihor county there were 2,091 active local crops higher than compared with national and regional units in the industry, resulting in a turnover of 6177.9 level. Also, Oradea Metropolitan Area can be million lei. In the same year, in Oradea Metropolitan characterized by the same agricultural potential. Area operated 63.2% of active local units at county level, totaling 61.9% of turnover in the industry at the In June 2011 were registered 9 groups of producers of county level. agricultural plants and animals in Bihor county, of which 8 in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 3 in Oradea În Oradea had been registered 1.141 local units active (2 - grains, 1 - oilseeds). in industry, achieving a turnover of 2.756,6 mil. lei. Financial result in 2009 of local units represented 72,2% Fruit trees of turnover of local units active in industry at the level of Oradea Metropolitan Area and 44,6% of turnover of In Oradea Metropolitan Area is found 39.7% of the area local units active in this sector at county level. with orchards and tree nurseries in Bihor county. From localities of Oradea Metropolitan Area we mention In Oradea the representative industries by the value of Oradea and Paleu, holding 96.8% of land occupied by turnover achieved are: Food, Tanning and finishing orchards and tree nurseries in the studied area. leather, manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery and harness; processing and dyeing fur, manufacture of In Bihor county, the main orchards are of plums, other nonmetallic mineral products, Manufacture of apples, pears, peaches and nectarines, apricots and rubber and plastic products, Manufacture of computer, cherries, apricots and engrafted apricot and walnut. electronic and optical products, Manufacture of metal and metal products, except machinery and equipment,

ORADEA local development strategy 37

Distribution of turnover of local active units from industry, on NACE groups Manufacture of Metallic construction computer, electronic and and metal products, Manufacture of optical products except for machineries rubber and plastic and equipment clothing articles products 5,1% 4,3% 7,8% 3,6% manufacture of other Furniture nonmetallic mineral 3,4% Manufacture of motor products vehicles, trailers and 8,6% semitrailers 3,3% Other industrial activities 2,8% Tanning and finishing leather Others waste management and 21,3% recovery of recyclable 12,1% mterials 2,5% Manufacture of machinery Food Industry production and and equipment Manufacturing 13,2% supply of electricity, 2,4% industry gas, hot water and air conditioning Other activities 10,3% 20,4%

clothing articles, manufacture of furniture, and 2010. The decrease of economic activities can be seen Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and through analysis of building permits issued locally. semitrailers. Although the total number at Oradea Metropolitan Area level for construction permits decreased in 2010 over Constructions the previous year (-52.6%), weight was kept within the county. Thus, in 2008-2010, the number of permits The construction sector is an important sector of the issued in Oradea Metropolitan Area was 74.1% of the economy in Bihor county, in 2008 with a contribution of total number of county permits. 10.3% in gross added value. During 2003-2008, gross added value of the construction sector grew 5y 5.7 Trade and Services times, and its contribution to total GAV increased from 4.2% in 2003, up from 10.3% in 2008. Trade

In 2009, in the county there were 1,977 active local As outlined above, since 2008, trade is the second units that achieved a turnover of 1,910.5 million RON. economic sector in the county, having a contribution of Oradea Metropolitan Area concentrates 67.9% of active 13,3% (1.626,6 lei) in the gross added value of the local units in the county, making 79.8% of turnover. county.

Oradea is noticed among the administrative-territorial In trade sector there have been registered 6.774 active units of Oradea Metropolitan Area by the turnover local units, which achieved a turnover of 8.560,6 achieved and the number of local units active in million lei, at county level in 2009. In Oradea constructions. Thus, in construction sector, in 2009, Metropolitan Area operated 68,4% of the active local there were 1.162 local active unites that registered units in the county, performing 84,3% of the county’s 1.429,04 mil. lei, representing 86,5%, respective 93,7% turnover within trade sector. of total turnover registered at the lel of Oradea Metropolitan Area. In Oradea there were recorded 4.635 active local units that have achieved a turnover of 6.870,61 million lei, Evolution of the construction sector experienced a the most significant part of the Metropolitan Area. decline, both at national and county level in 2008-

38 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Metropolitan Area is, through municipality of Oradea, on the map of modern retail in Romania. Thus, in The 4.850 active local units in the service sector of Oradea supermarkets have been opened to market Oradea (90,8% of Oradea Metropolitan Area) achieved a consumer goods: Metro (1), Real (2), Selgros (1), Profi turnover of 2.254,3 million lei in 2009 (84,7% of Oradea (1), Billa (1), Carrefour (3), Novaeuro (4) , Kaufland Metropolitan Area). (1), Penny (3), Unicarm (5), Three G (7), Minimax (1), Iza Incom (2), ABC (10). The main services, taking into consideration the turnover obtained in 2009 in Oradea, are transport and Local retail market for bricolage products and building storage (46,6%), professional, scientific and technical materials are present stores such as Praktiker, activities (13,1%), information and communication Mobexpert, Obi, JYSK, Bricostore, Baumax, Dedeman, (8,6%), hotels and restaurants (8,0%), arts, culture and Arabesque and Ambient. recreation activities (6,3%) and real estate transactions (6,3%).

Services Tourism

In Bihor, the services with the highest contribution to Structures of tourists reception gross added value are represented by transport, storage and communications (12,8% of VAB - 2008) and In Bihor county, in 2010, were registered 110 structures real estate transactions and other services (10,2% of of tourists reception with an accommodation capacity VAB). exceeding 5 seats, representing 16,7% from the total registered in North West Region. From this point of In 2009, the number of active local units in service view, Bihor County ranks third, after Cluj County sector from Bihor County was of 7.218 units, resulting (33,7%) and Maramures (29,0%), at regional level. Turnover distribution of the active local units in the service sector, on NACE groups At the end of 2010, from the total structures of tourists reception in Bihor County, 59,1% structures are Health and concentrated in Oradea Metropolitan Area, which social care Other activities means in absolute figures 65 units. Previous year, the services 3,8% number of these structures rose by 20,4% and compared 2,8% to 2005 the number of structures of tourists reception Administrativ increased by 47,7%; the average annual growth rate e services Transport during 2005-2010 was 4,7 %. 4,4% and storage

Real estate 46,6% Oradea is the second city in terms of tourism from the transactions Metropolitan Area, having, in 2010, 22 structures of 6,3% tourists reception. At the municipal level, the number Arts, of tourist structures of tourists reception is increasing culture and in the period 2005-2010, their number doubled in this recreation activities Hotels and period. restaurants Professional, 6,3% 8,0% scientific and technical IT&C activities 8,6% 13,1%

in a turnover of 3.176,3 million lei. Active local units in the service sector of Oradea Metropolitan Area represent 74,0% of the county total, and their turnover had a percentage of 83,8%.

ORADEA local development strategy 39

According to INS, the majority structures of tourists Evolution of the accommodation capacity in function in reception with a capacity greater than 5 seats in in Oradea, in the period 2001-2010 Oradea are of hotel type (17 units), representing 54,8% 500.000 444.673 of all hotels in Oradea Metropolitan Area. Other types 450.000 of tourist accommodation in Oradea are tourist 400.000 350.000 322.648 390.764 boarding house (2 units), hostel (1 unit), apartment 271.755 300.000 hotels (1 unit) and tourists villas (1 unit with a capacity 244.337 252.269 250.000 282.693 261.990 greater than 5 seats). 200.000 220.128 218.060 150.000 100.000 The year 2010 marks an increase of hotels number with 50.000 4 units and a decrease of boarding houses by one, 0 compared to 2009. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Existing accommodation capacity houses. The capacity of tourists reception of the hostels is 2,5%, in motels are 1,5% seats, in tourist In Bihor County, structures of tourists reception has an villas are 0,7% seats, in tourists boarding houses are existing housing capacity of 9.152 seats , meaning 0,6% seats and in apartment hotels are found 0,5% 35,07% of the total existing accommodation capacity in seats. the North West, being the first county in the region. Bihor is followed in second and third position by Cluj At the level of Oradea, 88,0% of available seats are in County (26,7%) and Maramures (16,7%). hotels, 4,5% in hostels, 3.0% in tourist boarding houses, 2,9% in hotels apartments and 1,6% in tourist villas, in Of the total capacity of existing tourists 2010 . accommodation in the county, 74,7% are in structures of tourists reception of Oradea Metropolitan Area. In 2010 there is an increase of 18,1% of seats available Although the number of structures of tourists reception in hotels and a decrease of 24,0% of seats available in rose by 47,7% (458 seats ), in the period 2005-2010, the tourist boarding houses in the city, compared to the existing tourists accommodation capacity decreased by previous year. 6,3% over the same period. Between 2005-2010, the capacity of existing tourists accommodation decreased In Oradea Metropolitan Area, in 2010, the average with an average annual rate of -1,1%. number of available beds per hotel is 193 seats, 86 seats assigned to a hostel, 36 seats assigned to a hotel In Oradea in 2010, the capacity of existing tourists apartment, 35 seats assigned to a motel, 16,7 seats reception represents 18,4% of the total of Oradea assigned to a tourist villa, 19,0 seats assigned to Metropolitan Area and quantifies 1.254 seats. Thus, tourists boarding house, and 18,3 seats assigned to depending on the capacity of existing tourists agrotourist boarding house. accommodation Oradea is the second city of ZMO (5.329 seats), preceded only by Sînmartin village. Over Meanwhile, in the structures of tourists reception of the previous year, the existing accommodation capacity Oradea are assigned, on average, 6,9 seats available has expanded by 18,2%. per hotel, 57 seats per hostel, 36 seats in hotels apartment, 20 seats in tourist villas and 19 seats in During 2005-2010, the existing accommodation capacity tourist boarding houses. from structures of tourists reception of Oradea expanded by 71,5% and the average annual growth was Accommodation capacity in function of +8,4%. In 2010, in the North West region, were registered Approximately 88,0% from the capacity of the existing 8.105.382 seats into function, of which 29,1% in Bihor tourists accommodation of Metropolitan Area is county. This is the second county in the region in terms available in hotels and 6,2% in agrotouristic boarding 40 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Evolution of arrivals and tourists overnight stays in structures of accomodation in Oradea, during 2001-2010

140000 122286 110415 114203 119362 120000 106782 105284 102114 100000 95902 93712 80000 83188 74499 80260 71388 60000 67467 66630 63920 57026 62445 40000 56196 42206 20000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Arrivals overnight stays of tourists accommodation capacity in function, after 2010, the number of tourists decreased with an annual Cluj County (31,9%). average rate of 1,1%.

Thus, from the 2.354.654 seats – days, registered at In 2010, in Oradea were registered 71.388 tourist Bihor County level, 86.5% represents accommodation arrivals (40,3% of all tourists in ZMO), while 94.813 capacity in function from Oradea Metropolitan Area. tourists arrived in Sînmartin (53,5% of total tourists in Over the previous year, in 2010 the accommodation ZMO). From the previous year (2009), in Oradea was capacity in function (seats - days) increased by 2,1% registered by 11,7% more tourists, and compared with and compared to 2005, the tourists accommodation 2005, the number of arrivals of tourists in the city capacity in function decreased by 10.2%. During 2005- increased by 25,2%. 2010, the accommodation capacity in function decreased by an average annual rate of 4.0%. The highest number of arrivals in Oradea Metropolitan Area was registered within the hotels (147.269 tourists In Oradea focuses 21,8% of the accommodation - 83,1% of total). At Oradea level the number of capacity in function from the structures of tourists tourists who preferred hotel is of 59.822 people, reception in the metropolitan area. Oradea is the representing 83,8% of total arrivals of tourists. In second city in ZMO according to this indicator, hostels were accommodated 10,2% of tourists, in preceded by Sînmartin which concentrates 73,7% of tourist boarding houses were accommodated 3,5% of accomodation in function in the area. tourists, in tourist villas 1,9%, and in hotels apartment were accommodated 0,9% of tourists. Arrivals of tourists in structures of tourists reception Seasonality In 2010, the North West Region captured 702.838 tourists, of which 27,6% tourists visited Bihor County, In the months from July to August, in Bihor county, is ranked second after Cluj County (34,5%). Of the total recorded the highest number of tourists, representing number of tourists in Bihor, 84,6% were Romanian about 25% of all tourists from the entire year. Thus, it tourists and 15,4% foreign tourists, according to data outlines the County tourist season, from July to August, for 2010. when arrive on average 27.991 tourists (based on data 2007-2010). In Oradea Metropolitan Area, were registered 177.254 tourists, which mean 91,3% of all tourists in Bihor However, during January-February are recorded the county, in 2010. Previous year, the number of tourists lowest values of the number of tourists in Bihor county, from the Metropolitan Area decreased by 4,1% and arriving an average number of 10.802 tourists. compared to 2005 decreased by 8,7%. During 2005-

ORADEA local development strategy 41

In hot season (July-August) in the county arrive a Over the previous year, in 2010, due to increased number of tourists with 17.189 more meaning 2,6 times number of seats available in apartment hotels, the more tourists than in the cold season (January- number of overnight stays in this type of structure has February). increased 5,8 times. At the same time, has increased the number of overnight stays in hotels (+12,1%) and Overnight stays of tourists in structures of tourists hostels (5,3%). On the other hand has decreased the reception number of overnight stays in tourist villas (-15,0%) and in tourist boarding houses (8,6%). In 2010, tourist arrived in the North West have made 1.884.543 overnight stays, of which 46,9% in structures Average length of stay of tourists accommodation in Bihor county, topping the first place in the region. In the North West Region, in 2010, the average lenght of stay of a tourist was 2,7 days, while in Bihor County In Oradea Metropolitan Area have been made 830.230 the average length of stay was 4,6 days, with overnight stays, representing 93,8% of the total approximately two days above the regional average. registered at county level in 2010. In 2010, the value of average length of stay of tourists 2010 marks the year with fewer overnight stays of the in structures of tourists reception from Oradea 2005-2009 period. Therefore, in 2010, compared to last metropolitan area is of 4,7 days, slightly above the year, the number of overnight stays decreased by county level (4,6 days). Compared to previous years is 10,8%, and compared to 2005, their number decreased noticed a continuous decrease in average length of stay by 20,9%. from 5,4 days in 2005 to 4,7 days in 2010.

In Oradea were registered 119.362 overnight stays in In Oradea,the average length of stay is of 1,7 days, 2010, representing 14,4% of all overnight stays in with 3 days under the average length of stay in the structures of tourists reception from Oradea Metropolitan Area. During 2005-2010, the average Metropolitan Area. After number of overnight stays, length of stay in the city did not fluctuate significantly, Oradea ranks second at regional level, after Sînmartin falling within the the range 1,6 to 1,7 days. where are performed the most overnight stays (698.244 Per types of tourists reception structures at nights - 84,1% of all overnight stays of 2010 from the Metropolitan Area level, the higher average length of Metropolitan Area). stay recorded was in hotels (5,3 days), hotels apartment (4,2 days) and agrotouristic boarding houses In 2010, the number of overnight stays in Oradea is by (2,2 days). 11,8% higher than in 2009 and by 27,4% compared to 2005. In Oradea, the highest average lenght of stay is 4,2 days in the hotels apartment. In hotels, the average Per types of structures of tourists accommodation, lenght of stay is 1,7 days, in tourist villas of 1,6 days, in 93,9% from overnight stays at Oradea Metropolitan Area tourist boarding houses of 1,4 days and in hostels the level since 2010, is recorded in hotels. Other structures average length of stay is of 1 day. of tourists reception preferred by the tourists in order to stay overnight are agrotourist boarding houses (3,0%), hostels (1,5%), tourist villas (0,5%), tourist boarding houses (0,4%), motels (0 , 4%) and hotels apartment (0,2%).

In Oradea, 87,7% of overnight stays were registered in hotels, 6,1% in hostels, 2,8% in tourist boarding houses, 1,8% in tourist villas and 1,6% in hotels apartment.

42 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Average length of stay in structures of Index of net using the accommodation tourists reception, in 2010 capacity in function, in 2010

Oradea 26,8 % Oradea 1,7 Oradea Metropolitan 40,80% Oradea Area Metropolitan 4,7 Area Bihor County 37,60% Bihor County 4,6 North-West 23,30% Region

North-West 2,7 Region Romania 25,20%

Romania 2,6 (29,3%) it is noted the highest index of net using the accommodation capacity in function. In hotels, this indicator was 26,9%, in tourist boarding houses of 24,7%

and apartment hotels of 12,9%. Index of net using the accommodation capacity

Over the year in the months July-August is recorded the Index of net use of tourists accommodation capacity in highest index of net using the accommodation capacity function shows the proportion in which accommodation at county level, marking the hot tourist season. capacity in function has been used within a tourist period. So, in 2010, in North West Region the index of The economic trends, globally and nationally, have using the tourists accommodation capacity in function made their mark on the tourist sector of Bihor county, has been of 23,3% and 37,6% in Bihor county. observing in 2010 a substantial reduction of the index

of using the accommodation capacity in full tourist At Oradea Metropolitan Area level the index of net season. using the accommodation capacity is 40.8%, exceeding the county. From 2005-2010, the last year has the Tourism resources lowest index of using the accommodation capacity in function. The main tourist center of the Metropolitan Area is

represented by city of Oradea. Located today on the In 2010, in Oradea, the index of net using the western border of Romania, Oradea has always stood at accommodation capacity in function was only 26,8%, the crossroads of important trade routes that below the average in Oradea Metropolitan Area (being connected the West and East. Its appearance today lies the lowest index value during 2005-2010). The under the sigh of multiple influences recorded in descending trend of the index of net using the history, not only architectural plan –the most obvious accommodation capacity in function made its debut in nowdays - but also structural, economic, social and not 2008, when it had a value of 35,4%, with 3,7 at least, cultural. Although the city is attested from percentage points below the previous year. 1113, the area has been inhabited since the Paleolithic.

In the Middle Ages became an urban framework which Hotels have had, in 2010, the highest index of net using made possible the coexistence of several ethnic groups the accommodation capacity (44,4%) of the Oradea and manifestation in the same space of their respective Metropolitan Area. At the same time in the municipality, in hostels (35,1%) and tourist villas ORADEA local development strategy 43

secific. Over time have been outlined thus multiple Crisurilor” of Oradea. Today, the Palace belongs to the personalities of the city. Roman Catholic Episcopate.

A city tour offers tourists the chance to admire the Roman Catholic Basilica of Oradea. Roman Catholic beautiful buildings with specific architecture: baroque Basilica of Oradea, dedicated to St.Mary, is the complex composed of the Episcopal Palace, the greatest baroque edifice on the Romanian territory and Roman Catholic Basilica –with numerous frescoes made between most beautiful basilicas of Europe. The by JN Schöph and Francesco Storno - and The Row of basilica was built between1752-1780. The organ dates Canons, general built in the second part of XVIII-th from 1780, is the work of Fridolin Festl, and was given century, the former Palace of Finance (1890, eclectic to the cathedral by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. style, now houses the Polyclinic), Capuchin Monastery Basilica houses herma with the relics of St. Ladislaus. (1837, built in neoclassical style), the Theatre (1899- The Roman Catholic Church of Oradea was built in the 1900), the Palaces :Astoria (1902-1906), Rimanoczi eighteenth century. Today is a historical monument. (1903), Black Eagle (1907-1909), Miksa Moskovits (1905), Ulmann (1913), Apollo (1913-1914), Palace of The Row of Canons. The Row of Canons is a monument Justice (1898), Neologue Synagogue (1890), City Hall of baroque architecture in Oradea. It is composed of 57 Palace (1902-1903), Greek Catholic Bishop Palace arcades and it constitutes a long corridor of over 250 (1903-1904), Roman Catholic Church Olosig (1876, meters linking 10 buildings. It was built between 1750- 1903-1905) St. Ladislaus Roman Catholic Church (1723 - 1875, by architect FA Hillebrandt. Until 1780 were built 1742), Orthodox Cathedral "Assumption". the first 7 of the 10 buildings, two buildings were completed in 1863, and the tenth was completed in It is worth seen the stained glass windows of passage 1875, more over 100 years after starting of the "Black Eagle", symbol of the city made in glassware construction. In the initial phase in the building workshops Neuman in 1909, and the mechanism complex had been included a Roman Catholic indicating the Moon phases, realized in 1793 by Georg theological seminary, which has not been built here. Rueppe, functionally today. It is also worth listening the Christmas concerts, held at the organ donated by Palace of Finances. Originally Public Finance Palace, Maria Theresa in 1780, from Roman Catholic Basilica. the building was built in eclectic style, probably in 1895 by Kalman Rimanoczy junior. It became Polyclinic The fortified Fortress, situated in the city center area, after the Second World War. is an important point of attraction, being the biggest and best preserved pentagonal fortress in Southeast The State Theatre. Among the most important cultural Europe, rebuilt in Italian style in the sixteenth century. institutions in Oradea is the State Theatre. State Theatre building is one of the most significant The Baroque Palace of Oradea. The Roman Catholic patrimony buildings of Oradea. The project was made Episcopate Palace of Oradea, known as The Baroque by famous firm of architects Fellner and Helmer from Palace of Oradea is one of the most valuables Baroque Vienna and its implementation, which lasted only 15 edifices built in Romania. Like the Basilica of St Mary months, from 10 July 1899 to 15 October 1900, was and The Row of Canons, the palace was built in the developed with assistance from Oradea architects second half of the eighteenth century. The three namely Rimanoczy Kálmán, Guttmann József and objectives form together the most important Baroque Vilmos Rendes. complex of Romania and one of the most representative of Southeastern Europe. The initial plan On 9 and 10 October 1927 is inaugurated the first of the building provided the palace as the headquarters romanian theatrical season at the Theatre then called of the Roman Catholic Episcopate in Oradea, but during Regina Maria (Queen Mary), with performances of the 1945-1989, the building was used first as a asylum for National Theatre from Cluj, whose director was the greek communist revolutionaries refugees in Romania. poet and the dramatist Victor Eftimiu. On 29January In January 1971 here opens the “Muzeul Tarii 1928 constitutes The Association “Romanian West” with the aim to base a stable theater and a Romanian 44 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

newspaper. On 18 September 1928, under the Central Residence of Romanian Orthodox Bishopric (former Committee of the Association was founded the West Palace Rimanoczy K. junior). Junior Rimanoczy Palace Romanian Theatre Association, the first stable is a patrimony building in Oradea. The church was built Romanian theater in Oradea. in 1905 in eclectic style, after the design of Kalman Rimanoczy jr. The building is located on Roman The State Philharmonic. Oradea musical life has Ciorogariu street. The facade has a center loggia on the become intense since the second half of the eighteenth second floor and in the corner are two balconies. century, when a young musician, Johann Michael Haydn(1737-1806), the younger brother of Joseph Arcadia Theatre for Children and Youth. Arcadia state Haydn, was named organist and conductor in court of theatre for Children and Youth, (former Puppet Bishop Patachich Ádám between 1760-1762. He was Theatre) was founded in 1950 by a group composed of followed between 1764-1769 by Karl Ditters von enthusiastic lovers of the genre. Dittersdorf (1739-1799). Both musicians are considered founders of the musical life in Oradea. On January 5, The building in which is operating the theater, dates 1888 comes the first "philharmonic concert" in Oradea, from 1760 when here was inaugurated with great under the direction of conductor J. Schnitzl, the ceremony the inn "Green Tree" in the property of orchestra performed the Overture at Rossini's Tancred Roman Catholic Capital. In this building lived Capital opera, Serenade no. 3 by Wolkmann, Variations for officials, but it worked also a dungeon. During the Horn by Ekhard and Symphony no. 40 in G minor by great fire of 1836 this inn was also destroyed, Mozart. In 1890 is established the Association Friends of afterwords was rebuilt keeping the existing walls. In Music in Oradea Mare, among its goals being scored the 1877 was a two-story building covered with roof tiles education in cult music, organizing concerts and shows with 87 guest rooms, café, pub, tavern, a large room and setting up a music school. Under the patronage of and a smaller one. After 20 years was modernized and this institution besides the Theatre is inaugurated a converted into a first class hotel with 40 rooms, a Opera House station. In 1949 the Philharmonic Society luxurious ballroom, restaurant, cafe. It is not know becomes a state institution, developing a rich musical exactly when it passed from the Capital property to activity in the country and abroad. municipality property, but in 1908 Emil Adorjan and Kurlander Ede, architects who have built the complex The Capuchin Monastery. The Capuchin Monastery “Black Eagle”, have purchased the Green Tree hotel complex is composed by the Roman Catholic Church building, also in that year transforming it in the "Holy Virgin Mary's visit to St. Elizabeth" (old Capuchin existing form. monastery church) and cloister, dating from the period 1734 to 1742 and reconstructed in 1836-1838. The hotel was closed, the upstairs rooms were converted into apartments and offices and the Astoria Hotel in Oradea (former Sztarill Palace). The restaurant in warehouse, the designer and contractor building project belongs to architect Sztarill Ferencz being Sztarill Ferencz. In order to ensure an exit of the and dates from 1902. Construction takes place on two Black Eagle passage to Vasile Alecsandri street, was streets, has three levels, the two upper floors coming demolished exterior stairwell of the former hotel and it out of the facade plan. The facades are strongly was build a new scale inside the building, the current rhythmic with uniform treatment goals, the existence entry in Arcadia Theatre. The former big hall was of symmetry axis is almost imperceptible. transformed into Cabaret "Bonbonniere" today being the auditorium of the institution. On the ground floor On the Literary Café Emke wall, a commemorative were arranged several shops and cinema "Urania". plaque notify that this was the favorite place of the Having in regard the age, history and its architecture, Hungarian poet Endre Ady, a prominent personality of that crosses three styles: late Baroque, eclectic and the literary group that was able to print in 1908 the secession, is a patrimony building, protected by anthology „A holnap” (Tomorrow). UNESCO.

ORADEA local development strategy 45

Black Eagle Palace. Black Eagle Palace is an to be built on that site a new building. In the spring of architectural monument of Oradea representative to 1911, Rimanoczy Kalman Jr. presented the project the citz of Oradea. The Palace, located at the which was accepted and appreciated by the Municipal intersection of Independence Street No.1 with Union Judicial Council. Kalman Rimanoczy junior won the Square 2-4 and Vasile Alecsandri no. 8, was built tender, with the best offer, but died on July 12, 1912. between 1907-1908 by the architects Marcell Komor Architect's widow asked the Municipal Council to and Dezso Jakob, in secession style. The entrepreneur instruct the engineer-architect Krausz Tivadar to of the work was Ferenc Sztarill. In place of this building coordinate the works on the new building, because it was the palace of Green Tree, which had a room that was the officer architect. The palace was ordered by housed the cultural and political events. the Oradea City Council and was the only report building raised on its own initiative, all other report The building is multifunctional, including, at the time buildings built in the early twentieth century being of the inauguration, casino, hotel, offices, restaurant, estates. To earn income, the municipality has offered all grouped into three asymmetrical buildings. Today, to lease space in the building. Under war conditions it in the building function a hotel, a cinema, a bank, and was difficult to find renters for all spaces, for cafe several clubs, cafes and restaurants, being an downstairs for three luxury apartments and the important place for meeting for the social scene of workshops on the third floor. Oradea. Palace of Justice. Located in the former Szechenyi The stained glass with black eagle, became an emblem Square, the Frimont Palace, the construction in the of the assembly, was executed in 1909, in the workshop form of L, was bought in 22 January 1868 by Bihor of K. Neumann in Oradea. county for the sum of 50.000 Ft., since the last descendant of the count family. Miksa Moskovits Palace. The building whose 1905 design belongs to the architect Rimanoczy Kalman jr. The project of the Palace, executed in eclectic style, is one of the most beautiful examples of secession belongs to István Kiss engineer and was executed by style. Jozsef Guttman and Vilmos Rendes, being inaugurated at August 13, 1898, date from which will shelter the Ullmann Palace of Oradea. Building built in the court, until 1951. Over time, the property had the Viennese secession style, is supposed to have been following purposes: County Court, the Region designed by architect Ferenc Lobl and completed in Communist Party Headquarters "Crisana", County Party 1913. The building is composed of basement, a high Committee Headquarters Bihor, Bihor County ground floor, mezzanine and third floor that develops Prefecture, and in 1998 the building passed from the around an inner courtyard. Mansard floor is covered by administration of Bihor County Prefecture in the a roof beingvery high. In facade plane is remarkable administration of Ministry of Justice. the symmetry compared to the central axis of the proportioning beautiful bays, both horizontally but also Today, in the building located in Oradea, Traian Park vertically. The decoration, representative for Viennese Street, No. 12, are functioning: Court of Appeal Secession is reduced to medallions of stucco, brick Oradea, Bihor Tribunal, Oradea Court of Law and Public studs, hardware, stained glass and ceramic relief, Prosecutor next to Court of Appeal Oradea. executed in the Zsolnay workshop, with metalliferous glaze bronze-colored representing "Menorah" guarded Neologue Synagogue. Neologue Synagogue Zion of by two lions. Oradea is a hebrew place of worship in city of Oradea, located on Independence Street, no. 22. It was built Apollo Palace in Oradea. In the XIX-th century, on the between 1877-1878 in neomaur style. Neologue location of the current Palace Apollo, there is an inn Synagogue from Oradea was included on Bihor county with the name Apollo. In 1910, the City Council wished list of historic monuments in 2004. to build on land (by selling the land or building a property that the municipality to rent it) and decided 46 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Oradea City Hall Palace. The Oradea city hall palace, Church „Biserica cu Luna”. Church „with Moon”, is a building located in the north-west of the Central known as the Assumption Cathedral is an Orthodox (Union) Square. It was built between 1902-1903 after Christian church located in Oradea, built between the designs of the architect Kalman Rimanoczy. The 1784-1790. It was named so because of am unique palace is situated on the former site of the Catholic mechanism in Europe, located on the church steeple, bishops in the eighteenth century. A special element is which is meant to trigger a sphere with a diameter of 3 the asymmetry in plan of the construction, the building m, with the form of the moon, painted half black, half combining the ecletic and renaissance style. gold. This sphere moves after the rotation of the Moon around the Earth and shows all phases of the moon, by The building is provided with a clock tower 50 m high its rotation. on Crişul Repede side. In 1944 the original roof was burned in the battles to conquer the city by Roman- Oradea Fortress. Oradea Fortress is an architectural Soviet troops. monument in Romania, one of the fewest fortresses used even today. An interesting detail is that the turks The Palace of Greek Catholic Bishopric in Oradea. have renamed the fortress bastion: Çingene tabyası The Palace of Greek Catholic Bishopric is an (Gypsies bastion = present Mutilated Bastion), Koperdan architectural monument in Oradea, built on the old tabyası (the Gold bastion), Yuram tabyası (Crăişor palace of the Greek Catholic Bishop in Oradea. bastion), tabyası Kukuk (Bethlen bastion) and Aga Construction works took place between 1903-1905. The tabyası (Red bastion). Also, component bodies of the building was built in eclectic style in accordance with fortress, the Roman Catholic Church, bakery, stables, the design made by architect Kalman Rimanoczy. The west gate, General State garrison have a strong building was inaugurated by Bishop Demetriu Radu on historically load. Today, the Fortress is in the process 11 June 1905. of restoring in order to reintroduce the objective in the national, regional and international tourist circuit. Olosig Roman Catholic Church. The Franciscan monks built on this place a church and a monastery during Oradea Zoo. Oradea Zoo dates from 1960, when the 1732-1743. The church was transformed in 1876 by first animals were brought here, but was open to the Ferenc Knapp, who added the tower. During 1903-1905 public late in 1962. It covers an area of 3,2 hectares. the church vessel was rebuilt and have been built two Today, the zoo is in the process of modernization and secondary towers in ecletical style after the design refurbishment. elaborated by architect Kalman Rimanoczy junior. From the old church remained only the tomb and six side Tourism events altars and the old monastery building is part of the military hospital. Oradea is hosting events of local, regional, national, and international importance. St. Ladislaus Church. St. Ladislaus Church in Oradea is one of the oldest ecclesiastic buildings in the city. In Among the national or international events, most with the church is found the oldest altar in Oradea that is in cultural and artistic themes, mainly being held in use from 1730 to date. Construction works of the Oradea: Festum Varadinum (May), International church, which long time served as Episcopal cathedral, Festival of Sportiv Dance (November), the International began around 1720 and were completed in 1741. The Fair of consumer goods (September), so on. The painting over the main altar is represents St. Ladislaus Festival "Toamna Oradeana", organized around the stretching the city keys to the Oradea bishop. The anniversary of Oradea city, is an important polarizer of frescoes on the dome, painted in 1908 by Gyula Turz, festivals and events being a festival with cultural- represent various scenes from the life of King Ladislau: sportive and social character and spans approximately how can he produce water from the rock, how does he 3 weeks. The festival includes theater performances, oversees the construction of the first cathedral in exhibitions, cultural events and outdoor concerts. Oradea, etc.

ORADEA local development strategy 47

So, Oradea hosts on throughout the year a variety of corresponding with the territory of the Republic of events: Hungary, Artand check point.

Thematic Trade Shows: Real Estate Fair, Brandy Maker By Oradea International Airport are carried national Festival, Antiques Expo, Animals and birds Fair, Auto flights out to/from Otopeni. Oradea International Fair, Career Fair, Easter Traditional Fair, monthly Airport is officially opened for international traffic of Discounts Fair – Tourism, travel, entertainment and persons and goods, point guards, customs, veterinary relax / travel, party & relax; Regional Fair of beauty: police. fitness, wellness, spa, body care, health; Expomariage Oradea, Furniture and decoration fair. This type of tourism is a dynamic one that requires fast specific services: repair shops, rent a car, information Festivals: Oktoberfest Ramada Oradea, Wine Festival, point on the route, accommodation and catering Children's Festival, short Theatre Festival, beautiful structures. flowers on the River (national folk festival), so on. Cultural tourism. Oradea has a rich cultural heritage: Cultural events (art exhibitions, plays, concerts), Oradea Fortress, Oradea historic center and many other scientific (conferences, seminars) and sports (contests, tourist attractions of historical and architectural nature championships, tournaments) and entertainment and also national and international interest. They are (circus, stand-up comedy). Most scientific events are witness to the culture and history of the place. organized by nongovernmental organizations in Oradea Tarii Crişurilor Muzeum with Oradea State Theatre, by or in partnership with the University of Oradea. Arcadia Puppet Theatre, Oradea State Philharmonic and other cultural institutions, in collaboration with Forms of tourism local governments, nongovernmental organizations, organizes cultural events significant in local, county Benefiting from a rich tourist patrimony, in Oradea is and national levels: art exhibitions, entertainment, ideal the practice of several forms of tourism: symphonic music concerts, etc..

Business and events Tourism. The geographical The events specific to this rich area in traditions and location of Oradea, taking into consideration that in customs are organized in order to preserve and this area are concentrated 89,1% of all active local promote them at the same time: Wine and brandy units in Oradea Metropolitan Area and 61,4% of the Festival (Tarii Crişurilor Museum Oradea), Festival of total active local units in the county and county main music, dance and folk costumes in Bihor (Tarii Crişurilor institutions, creates a potential for business and events Museum Oradea) Festival of sacred music and customs tourism. In Oradea were running 22 structures of tourist for Christmas and New Year (Oradea), Folk Craftsmen reception at the end of 2010, of which 17 hotels, one fair in Romania (Tarii Crişurilor Museum Oradea or hostel and one apartment hotel. Most of these tourist Oradea Fortress). reception structures provides facilities for conferences, seminars, congresses, symposia, so on. Religious tourism. Oradea is an important religious center, representing an important objective for tourism Also, in the area are being held, economic, scientific, of this bill. Considered the "city of churches", Oradea sport and cultural events, during the year. has always been a place where religions and confessions have developed harmoniously without conflict. So, in Oradea is the largest Buddhist Transit travel. From/to Bors custom, on the direction community in Romania, and the traditional, protestant to European roads E60 (Bors - Oradea - Oşorhei) and and neo religions have an important role, both as E79 (Oradea - Sînmartin), is being practice transit representative and as places of worship. In Oradea tourism, since this crossing point links to Hungary, there are several catholic churches from the seventeenth century and a Baroque basilica, alongside the baroque complex. 48 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

The steps to be taken for starting a business are: The places of worship dedicated to Orthodox, Greek reserving the name, preparation of association; Catholic, Jewish, neo religion are proof to the steps compiling file registration, obtaining approvals, that residents have made in terms of faith, economic registration company. development and architectural styles.

Business support structures North West Regional Development Agency, Bihor County Office Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Bihor The North West Regional Development Agency is acting through the Bihor County Office, in order to implement Is an independent, non-governmental and non-profit at local level regional development policy. organization that supports the establishment and development of businesses in Bihor county, providing to North West Regional Development Agency, the those interested a wide range of specialized services, executive body of the Regional Development Council such as: support to start a business and preparing the through its strategic planning skills is the driving force necessary documentation; information on funding behind sustainable development of the region. sources for business and how to access them; how to draw up business plans, market research, marketing The Agency supports the development and plans, projects to obtain grants and repayable; development interests of local communities, being the promoting the economic potential of companies from bridge between these, national authorities and relevant the county on national and international market; European institutions. finding business partners and mediation of business contracts; information on companies in the county; The Agency monitors the implementation of economic release of certificates of origin of goods, certificates of and social cohesion policies in the region promote and major force; endorsing invoices and other commercial implement development Programmes and provide the documents; release of recommendations and necessary services to community and investors in order certificates of creditworthiness; consulting in term of to maximize economic and social benefits at regional business, financial -accounting and juridical problems; level. legal advice at signing and running of commercial County Labour Force Employment Agency Bihor contracts; organizing fairs and exhibitions, trade missions, business partnerships in the country and The Employment Agency provides employers and abroad; training Programmes, business training people looking for a job the following services: Programmes, seminars; access to the library measures to stimulate employment by increasing institution; commercial arbitration; registration of employment opportunities for persons seeking for a pledges in the electronic archive of pledge. job, measures to stimulate employers to employ unemployed people and create new jobs. Bihor Trade Registry Office Bihor Employers Federation Trade Registry Office is the institution empowered by law to carry out registration of firms in Bihor County. In Bihor Employers Federation is a non-governmental, addition to recording the activity itself, this institution apolitical, non profit organization, established in 1991, offers counseling to start a business, preparing the with own status and legal personality. The aim is to necessary documents and representation before the support private initiative federation and representing courts to authorize the establishment of business and the interests of businessmen from Bihor county. to obtain the approvals provided for. Bihor Employers Federation is the largest county employers' organization in the country, with over 250 active members. ORADEA local development strategy 49

The main role assumed by Bihor Employers Federation Eurobusiness Industrial Parc Oradea is to meet the general and punctual problems of companies from Bihor and to help solve them. We act Industrial Park is a limited area in which are performed in ways that we have considered priority for the economic activities, research, manufacturing and economic environment, in general, and for members' services for the purpose of development and interests. enhancement of natural and human resources of the area. In order to support the development of business sector, Bihor Employers Federation cooperates with domestic Eurobusiness Parc Oradea is the newest industrial park and abroad similar organizations, and a significant in North-West of Romania, located in Oradea, on E60 number of organizations and financing institutions. exit to Hungary, 4 km from the border. The park, with an area of 121 ha, located in the industrial area of the Euroregional Business Incubator Oradea city, will have its own network of industrial roads and will be connected to the public utilities infrastructure: Euroregional business incubator Oradea is a project electricity, heating, sewage, water, natural gas and initiated by Bihor County Council, and conducted with public transport to the park site. funding from the European Union. Project's specific The field is intravilan, built up with the purpose of objective is to promote and support cofunction on industrial activities and is fully owned by Municipality economic issues between young entrepreneurs from of Oradea. The industrial park is administered by "SC Bihor and Hajdu Bihar counties (Hungary). Eurobusiness Parc Oradea SRL", company owned 100% by Municipality of Oradea. The company holds the title Business Incubator aims to provide specialized services of industrial park under MIRA Order no. 685 from to particular categories of entrepreneurs, acting as a December 15, 2008. The offer of land in the park is: complementary factor towards the existing supporting under Regulation of Industrial Park: organizations of development of private small and medium entrepreneurs. Tax incentives offered in the park: tax relief for buildings, land, tax relief for removing land from Offers a comprehensive range of professional services agricultural use. of support, training and consulting to potential entrepreneurs and small and medium companies form Bors Industrial Park the Euroregion - and beyond - business incubator ensures also the development of cross-border economic By founding Bors Industrial Park it has been aimed the activities that contribute to increasing coherence economic development of surrounding areas and between local authorities’ structures as well as of the attraction of Romanian and foreign investors. The private sector. project is included in regional development plan and national development plan, in compliance with the ROMCOM Business Center Oradea objectives of PHARE Programme regarding the EU economic and social cohesion. The industrial park is The project by which will be carried out ROMCOM administered by Local Council of Bors. Business Center – Structural support of small business and entrepreneurship in Bihor county has a value of The settlement of Bors Industrial Park is very favorable 6,622,455.02 lei and requires construction of a building for investors due to its location. Industrial Park, outside (2S+P+5E) that will be composed of area for conference the industrial activities and traditional food industry, rooms and offices. The services provided by the can also take over the technologies. Training of Business Center include business consulting, financing, manpower, services, development of transport, with training, tax and legal consultancy, accounting, design well related Programmes, all serving the interests of and architecture. The project is implemented in prospective investors in the industrial park. Oradea, Gheorghe Doja Street, no. 49/A, Bihor county, for a period of 24 months. 50 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

Bors Industrial Park assures favorable conditions for development initiatives of investors seeking to benefit from the advantages derived from its location on the European road and the western border of the country.

Bors Industrial Park is located in the locality, on an area of 25 hectares, about 2 km from the Bors customs point, the most important crossing point of the Romanian-Hungarian border. Also, due to its crossing in close proximity to the railway Cluj-Napoca - Oradea - Biharkeresztes - Budapest, the railway transport is easily accessible. It is situated at a distance of 16 km from Oradea.

ORADEA local development strategy 51

SWOT Analysis

Strenghts Weaknesses - Position of Oradea near several European capitals; - Positioning Oradea to a considerable distance from - Easy access of investors both by road ways and by major cities across the country; Oradea International Airport; - Oradea International Airport performed regular - High number of actice local units at local level, flights only to Bucharest; holding a share of 89,1% of the total number in ZMO; - Reduce area of land in recent years; - High density of active local units compared to the - Decrease of the average number of employees in situation at county, regional and national levels; 2009, over the previous year by 4,5 percent; - Relatively high economic diversity of the city; - The decline registered by most economic sectors due - Relatively high share of economic units with foreign to economic crisis; for example, in 2010 the number participation in capital; of building permits issued at local level been - Descending trend in the number of registered reduced by half in 2010 compared to the previous unemployed in June 2010 - June 2011; year; - The existence of groups of producers of agricultural - The average length of stay of tourists and the index plant and animal products; of net using the accommodation capacity in function - Industrial development of the city (especially light is above the average at county and zonal. industry), existence of Eurobusiness Oradea industrial park; - The ascending trend of the number of units of tourists reception with functions of tourists accommodation in recent years; - Increased capacity of existing accommodation in recent years; - Increased number of tourist arrivals and overnight stays in Oradea Metropolitan Area in 2010, compared to previous - Increased number of arrivals and tourists overnight stays in Oradea Metropolitan Area in 2010, compared to previous year; - Practice of many forms of local tourism: business and events tourism, transit tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism; - Functioning of several business support structures in the city territory. Opportunities Threats - Potential for spa tourism development due to - High level of fiscality and excessive bureaucracy; geothermal water and existing swimming pools at the - Lack of liquidity can lead to bankruptcy of active local; local units such as micro and even mid enterprises; - Logistics development potential of the city, as a - Blocking credit because of economic crisis and result of positioning in the vicinity of Romanian financial bottlenecks; border with Hungary; - Increasing competition due to liberalization of - The location at the border may facilitate the markets once with the obtaining of state title from development of collaboration relations with economic European Union in 2007; agents and public institutions in Hungary; - Lack of public information with regard to the - Modernization and expansion of Oradea International procedure for establishing a business; Airport and inclusion in the offer of new destinations; - Increase inflation and increase in unemployment - European funds to support development of business rate will lead to lower purchase power of products environment; and services among the population; - Increase economic development following the - Insufficient financial resources to finance and co- completion of major infrastructure projects in the finance European projects; area: highway, expressways, etc. - Legal instability; - Cheap and qualified labor force may lead to the - Migration of skilled labor outside the county and

52 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

establishment of new enterprises; abroad. - Encouraging and developing public-private partnerships; - Private sector cofunction with local authorities, universities and research and development centers; - The existence of government Programmes to support the IMM sector; - European Union policy concerning activities from research – innovation area in small enterprises.

ORADEA local development strategy 53

1.2.7. The quality of environmental factors During 2010 were recorded 40 exceedances of daily and pollution sources limit values for pollutant suspended particles, fraction PM10 of which 17 exceeded at station BH2 (industrial) Quality of air due to emissions from residential heating and emissions from large combustion plant located in the area. Also,

were recorded 23 exceedances at station BH4 Hot spots in terms of air pollution are located near high (industrial) due to emissions from residential heating traffic road arteries, major intersections, industrial and emissions from cement production plant. waste dumps, uncontrolled domestic waste deposits, farm animals, chemical and petrochemical industries, In order to monitor the “sediment particles” pollutant but the latter have substantially reduced production there have been chosen three areas in the County activities. depending on the activities in these areas:

- area I - Tărian, Biharia, Sălard, Episcopia Air quality monitoring in Bihor County is achieved by Bihor; the monitoring network composed of: - area II - A.P.M. Bihor, Staţia Meteo, Băile 1 - automatic stations for monitoring air quality; Mai; - sediment particles sampling points; - area III - Telechiu, Chistag, Peştera, Aleşd, - precipitation sampling points. Aştileu, Subpiatră, Ţeţchea.

In 2010, the automatic network for air quality Measurements of sediment particles in slow flow monitoring in Oradea, took over and processed data indicates an increase in average concentration in zone provided by the 4 monitoring stations: II - (APM Bihor, Weather Station, Baile 1 May), where 1. Station BH1 (urban station -FU) - located in the inner the average annual value is 4,426 g/sqm * month, down courtyard of EPA Bihor, Dacia Blvd No. 25 / A, from 4,700 g/sqm * month in 2009. which monitors online the following pollutants: CO,

SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10 (dust) , BTX No exceeding of the maximum limits allowed were (benzene, toluene, xylene), weather parameters; recorded, the values falling within the limits imposed 2. Station BH2 (industrial station -SI) - located in the by STAS 12574/87, the maximum allowed concentration courtyard of General School from Episcopia Bihor, being 17 g/sqm *month. Matei Corvin Street no. 106/A, with the following

monitored parameters: CO, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, After last inventory in 2010, in Bihor county are 26 O3, PM10 (dust), weather parameters; facilities that fall under the Directive on prevention 3. Station BH3 (traffic station -ST) - located in the and integrated pollution control (DPIPC). The DPIPC district Nufărul, near McDonalds drive in, which facilities operating in the municipality of Oradea are: monitors online the following pollutants: CO, SO2, - S.C. Sinteza S.A. Oradea - Manufacturing NO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10 (dust), BTX (benzene, organophosphorus products and manufacturing toluene, xylene), weather parameters. pharmaceutical products; 4. Station BH4 (industrial station -SI) - located in the - SC Electrocentrale SA - Energy production, facility city Ţeţchea, station that monitors online the IMA; following pollutants: CO, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, PM10 - SC Nutrientul SA - Farm birds; (suspended particles with diameter less than 10 - SC Zaharul Oradea SA - Manufacturing sugar; microns). - SC UAMT SA - Manufacturing accessories for motor

vehicles; Air quality in the area is generally good, with no major - SC Alsal Prod SRL - Manufacturing aluminum sulfate; air pollution sources nearby and the values of specific - SC Cesal SRL - Manufacturing aluminum sulfate; indicator falling within normal limits. In 2010 there - S.C. Eco Bihor Ltd - Non-hazardous waste storage. were no exceedances of limit values.

54 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

During 2010 investments were made to re-engineering - Environmental Potential: good; and introduction of clean technologies in industrial - Chemical Status: good. technological process. The investments made by operators DPIPC, included in action plans for 2009 is of In Bihor County, during 2010 a total of 130 water 171.933 thousand euros. The investment made by samples were taken from 66 drillings and 11 springs. economic agents in Bihor county for 2010 is of The sampling frequency was 1 to 2 samples collected / 2.432,324 thousand euros. year.

Quality of waters Assessment of chemical indicators was established by the Order no. 137/2009. In 21 drillings were recorded Crişul Repede crosses the adminitrative territory of exceeded average values compared to threshold and Oradea on the east-west direction. It springs from an the result was a poor chemical status following items: altitude of 710 m near the town Izvorul Crisului a NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, SO4, Pb. and As. hillside on the northern edge of the basin Huedin. The right side of Crişul Repede river is dammed downstream In order to comply Law nr.458/2002 regarding drinking of Oradea along a length of 23,6 km. Being in the plain water quality (amended by Law no. 311/2004), in 2010, field, after passing Oradea city, its course is slow. Bihor Public Health Department surveyed water quality provided by 94 manufacturers / distributors of drinking Crişul Repede river has been monitored on 5 sections. water. Following groups of indicators as oxygen regime, salinity and specific toxic pollutants, it falls in first For this purpose have been taken 1267 water samples class along the entire length of 117 km (county limit - collected from public and private supply systems, as Cheresig, fr.) and following the group other relevant follows: 990 samples from central water systems, 79 chemical indicators it falls in first class of quality. from fountains and public wells, 1 from individual wells Following the nutrient group it falls in first class of and 197 to investigate indicators of radioactivity. quality on a section of 92 km (county limit - cfl. P. Laboratory control of drinking water quality supplied by Peta) and in second class of quality on a section of 25 power supply systems consisted in performing 15.172 km (cfl. P. Peta - Cheresig, fr.). tests (11.286 physicochemical and 3886 microbiological). Data analysis indicates that, in 2010, Crişuri Water Basin Administration Oradea manages the 8,5% of physicochemical analysis and 9,4% of waters within the river basin "Crişuri" in the public microbiological analyzes were inadequate. The public domain and the infrastructure Water Management water and sewage supply in Oradea is provided by SC System consisting of lakes, flood protection dams, Oradea Water Company SA. channels, inter basin branches, water intakes and other works specific, but also the infrastructure for waking To monitor the quality of drinking water supplied to hydrological, hydrogeological and water quality Oradea, SC Oradea Water Company has a central monitoring resources available in its heritage, in order laboratory that performs daily physical - chemical and to knowledge and management water resource from microbiological analysis for all indicators stipulated in surface and groundwater. law.

Assessment of ecological potential and the chemical In Drinking Water Laboratory located on Petru Rares status of Crişul Repede River in 2010 (in monitoring street no. 1/B is being monitoring the quality of sections from Oradea, Tărian and Cheresig), had the drainage water abstraction and treatment from SP1, following results: SP3, SP2, SP4, the drinking water supply areas and - Evaluation of biological elements: good; water tanks. Drinking Water Laboratory was set up in - Assessment of general physicochemical elements: the current headquarters in 2004, being equipped with good; equipment by the Programme MUDP-II in 1999 and from - Specific pollutants: good; its own sources in 2004.

ORADEA local development strategy 55

To follow wastewater quality discharged in the local affected by livestock waste, areas affected by existing sewage there is, in water treatment plant, a industrial activities. laboratory that monitors water quality from economic agents and monitor developments on the technological In Bihor County there are ash and slag deposits, one parameters of the treatment plant to discharge into belonging to the SC. Electrocentrale SA - power plant the environment. (located at a distance of 2 km from Santăul Mic town and 12 km from west industrial site of Oradea) and one In 2009, the Drinking Water Laboratory was accredited belonging to SC Termoelectrica (surface area of 45 ha). by RENAR and according to policy and objectives of In the two compartments with a total area of 141 ha quality management system defined in the Quality (SC Electrocentrale) are admitted following subclasses Manual, has been established, implemented and of waste disposal: slag and ash collected in boiler maintained a quality management system according to furnaces, dust recovered from electrofilters and sludge standard into force ISO 17025/2005 on the general from clearing of raw water. requirements for competence of testing and calibration. Ash and slag deposit is of "ponds on flat ground" and it covers an surface area of 141 ha with a designed For carrying out control monitoring in accordance with capacity of 19.416.000 cubic meters and an occupied Decision no. 974/2004, Department of Drinking Water is storage capacity of 14.771.000 cubic meters. included in the Register of laboratories able to perform control monitoring for drinking water at the Ministry of According to the national inventory at 2010 level in Health. In addition to control monitoring that a Bihor have been identified 88 potential polluted / laboratory performs for The Water Company, it is contaminated sites (historically contaminated), entitled to carry out control monitoring as much as resulting from economic activities (oil drilling industry, Bihor Public Health Department and for third parties mineral processing, industrial and municipal waste namely distributors of water in the county for a fee. disposal deposits) of which 67 are located in the property of OMV Petrom, which on the territory of Quality of soil Oradea:

Soil represents together with other environmental Site Code Site Site Name factors - the living environment for plants, animals and RO6APMBH00002 SC CEMTRADE SA – Industrial Platform humans, as well as for agriculture - the primary means RO6APMBH00003 SC SINTEZA SA, Oradea RO6APMBH00088 SC. Sinteza SA. Waste disposal of production. RO6APMBH00084 SC.Cemtrade SA, The sludge dump CI,II, III Area of Oradea - Oradea Metropolitan Area, is located RO6APMBH00085 SC.Cemtrade SA, The sludge dump C0 at the intersection North South (Arad - Satu Mare) and Source: Environmental Protection Agency Bihor, Report on East West (Hungary - Cluj - Deva) communication axis. the State of Environment in Bihor County for 2010 Has an agro-industrial profile. Agricultural uses of this area is mainly agricultural land and grasslands. For contaminated site SC Cemtrade SA Oradea Activities are present in the platforms of the city. The (hazardous and non industrial waste disposal deposit) area possess a geothermal potential due to spa waters have been issued to holders regulation documents from Băile Felix, Baile 1 Mai and Oradea. containing closure and green actions: Environmental Agreement no. 12 NV 6/27.08.2009 closing and cleaning Oradea is one of Bihor county localities on whose the sludge deposit Co and environmental Agreement territory acidified soils were identified. 13NV No 6 / 08/27/2009 Closing and cleaning deposit of sludge CI-II-III. Critical areas for soil degradation are formed by areas affected by holdings of mineral resources, soils This type of waste dumps have a cross-border pollution potential during dry periods of the year when there is

56 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

the posibility of entrainment alkaline şrosu particle by wind towards the neighbor state Hungary. On the administrative territory of Oradea under Order no. 1964 of 13 December 2007 establishing the system Nature protection and biodiversity of natural protected area of Community importance sites, as part of the European ecological network The main anthropogenic pressures exerted on Natura 2000 in Romania, the following protected areas biodiversity are: were established: - change of use of land; - ROSCI0050 Crişul Repede river upstream of Oradea - deforestation; - <1% of the administrative territory of Oradea - intensive agriculture; municipality; - uncontrolled tourism; - ROSCI0098 Petea Lake - <1% of the administrative overexploitation of certain plants and animals; territory of Oradea municipality; - fires and other environmental accidents; - ROSCI0104 Lower Floodplain of Crişul Repede river - fragmentation of habitats; - <1% of the administrative territory of Oradea - pollution; municipality; - exploitation of resources; - ROSCI0267 Red Valley - <1% of the administrative - placement of buildings in protected areas territory of municipality of Oradea.

In Bihor county a number of 30 Natura 2000 sites were designated: SCI-Number: 24; PA-Number: 6; Number of SCI that overlap national interest natural protected areas: 17; Number of SPA that overlap national interest natural protected areas: 3.

ORADEA local development strategy 57

SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses - Good water quality of Crişul Repede river; - Air pollution due to extensive road traffic in the - Existence of protected areas Natura 2000: ROSCI0050 transit of goods and people due to the absence of Crişul Repede river upstream of Oradea; ROSCI0098 detours; Petea Lake; ROSCI0104 Lower Floodplain of Crişul - Registration of exceeding the daily limit values for Repede river; ROSCI0267 Red Valley suspended particles pollutant at stations BH2 and BH4, in 2010; - Industrial waste dumps with adverse effects on the pollution of soil and atmosphere; - Potential polluted / contaminated sites resulting from economic activities (5 in Oradea city); - Deposits of slag and ash of the SC. Electrocentrale and Termoelectrica SA companies; - Evaluation of water quality in wells indicated some significant exceeding of monitored indicators; - Within Oradea city, according to research conducted by OSPA, acidified soils were identified.

Opportunities Threats - Existence of a national framework regarding - Delays in implementing projects due to lack of funds environmental protection: legislation, institutions, in terms of financial and economic crisis; strategies and implementation plans of EU Directives; - Increasing pollution due to intensification of road - Existence of a Long-Term Investment Plan regarding traffic in the conditions in which measures providing "Integrated Waste Management System in Bihor reduction and traffic flow are not implemented; county; - Reducing payment endurance of population for - Existence of "Master Plan regarding water and waste management, water supply and sewerage wastewater infrastructure in Bihor County"; services; - Existence of Master Plan for the project - Inability to support co-financing of projects in this "Rehabilitation of urban heating in the municipality of domain. Oradea, in order to comply with environmental - Occurrence of difficulties in implementing adequate legislation and increasing energy efficiency" management plansregardin protected natural areas - Possibility to obtain government funding or european due to the attitude of private land owners. funds for projects in environmental field; - Organizing campaigns to educate pupils in the spirit of environment; - Public involvement in environmental education activities; - Developing partnerships in order to protect the environment.

58 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

1.3. PEST ANALYSIS Some of these are: revising the Constitution in order to modernize the state, to improve the functioning mechanism for the state powers and the PESTEL is the English acronym for Political, Economic, implementation of the results of the 22 November 2009 Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative. This national Referendum; a revision of the pension system type of analysis will look at the external influences to ensure its financial sustainability; the concrete generated by these factors, which do not act support given to agriculture so as to develop the food independently or in parallel but they interact and can industry, modernizing the villages and the generate unexpected changes in the development of a rehabilitation of the national irrigation system; community. continuing the educational reform in accordance with

the National Education Pact; the health reform and the The political factor continuation of the legal reform.

A first political factor that affects/can affect the The public administration reform proposed by the development of the community is connected to the Romanian Government is another political factor that relation between the governing political entities and can have an impact on Bihor county and on Oradea. the political affiliation of the people who manage or The 2009-2012 governing Programme also aims at represent the locality. In Bihor, the president of the restructuring the public administration apparatus based County Council is a member of PNL (Liberal Party), why on effectiveness and performance principles and a de- the political componence of the Council is the centralization (including on a financial level) of the following: 10 PNL counselors, 9 PDL (Democrat-Liberal public administration by clearly stating the Party) counselors, 9 UDMR (Hungarian Union) counselors competences, in accordance with European principles, and 6 PSD (Social-Democrat Party) counselors. in order to increase the decision power; all of the

above are being done by respecting the subsidiarity Another political factor that can affect the principle and by introducing cost standards. development of Bihor county and also of Ineu is the political crisis in present-day Romania. Its correlations The de-centralization of public services implies not with economic development have already been proved, only a transfer of authority and responsibilities from knowing that tense political circumstances often led to, the central public administration to the local public for example, the depreciation of our national currency administration but also a transfer of the respective before the European and American currencies and not funding sources, in order to ensure a good functioning only. Other issues that might appear are: legal of the respective services. instability, a decrease of foreign investments, encouraging the party’s interests instead of the public Last but not least, the reform of budgetary salaries has interest, the blocking of government Programmes and important implications. Reducing the local objectives etc. administration apparatus but also the public servants’

salaries by 25% has multiple implications: a decrease of It is also important to keep in mind the possible effect the purchasing power, an increase in the number of of the local and parliamentary elections that will be unemployed, a more intense migration of the organized in 2012, as well as their results on national, workforce etc. county and local levels. Their results and the respective effects on the county and local development Moreover, the chance of changing the administrative are, however, hard to anticipate and quantify. organization of Romania, namely regionalization, can

lead to a more important role of Metropolitan Areas, The 2009-2012 governing Programme is another major with positive effects upon Oradea. political factor that we need to observe. The current governing Programme comprises a series of 25 assumed Other political factors that can affect the development fundamental objectives which, once achieved, will of the county and of Oradea: national and international have multiple effects on Bihor county and not only. lobby groups, military conflicts, Romania becoming ORADEA local development strategy 59

part of the Schengen area and of other international Overall, Romania’s monetary policy has a major alliances and oganizations etc. influence upon its development, by the authorities’ interventions in the market: establishing the circulating The economic factor monetary mass, a maximum inflation threshold, the level of interest rate etc. Romania entering the European Union was the moment which marked an economic growth on national level Also, another fundamental objective of the 2009-2012 that can be described as spectacular. Romania’s governing plan refers to the support given to the economic growth was recorded starting with the second business environment and the elaboration of a new set trimester of the year 2007. European statistics of policies to support SMEs. This can also influence the positioned the economic growth of Romania during the economic environment a great deal. first trimester of 2008 on the second place in the EU, after Slovakia (the increase of the gross domestic The general macro-economic situation also affects the product in the first trimester of 2008 being of 8.2%). state budget and, thus, the amounts to be allocated to local budgets and to the funding of certain national The economic growth of Romania after adhering to the development Programmes. EU was a growth based mainly on consumption and not on production, which, in economic terms, means a The current crisis in the Euro Area and its implicit risk major and prolonged impact of the world crisis on on the stability of banking systems in the EU member national level, as compared with other countries’ states might effect in the start of a new economic situation. The effects of the world economic crisis are: crisis, even more serious than the one in 2008-2009. an increase of the inflation rate, of the number of unemployed, a decrease in the number of active These turbulences that occur on international markets enterprises and of investments etc. Thus, we might say will also influence Romania and have a negative impact that a first economic factor that influences the on the foreseen economic crisis during 2012-2013. development of Bihor county and implicitly of Oradea is the general macroeconomic context, characterized The socio-cultural factor even currently by pessimistic forecasts regarding economic growth. One of the most important socio-cultural factors influencing the development of Bihor county and Another important economic factor was the level of Oradea is the demographic evolution. fiscality in Romania, as there are two categories of fiscal obligations that businesses must fulfill: those to The period after 1989 was characterized by a strong the state budget and those to the local budget. The fall, enhanced by the lack of concrete demographic main fiscal obligations to the state budget – revenue policies. There are a series of national measures to (lump-sum) tax, value added tax, excise duty stimulate natality, but they are counterbalanced by the (harmonized and non-harmonized) – have a significant economic difficulties encountered by youth. influence on the socio-economic development of Bihor county. It is normal that higher fiscality would lead to a Another social factor that strongly impacts demography decrease in the number of active businesses in the is the phenomenon of external migration. It is currently county and in their turnover, while increasing the foreseen that the number of specialists to leave the unemployment rate. country will increase along with the increase of unemployment, the budgetary salary cuts and The level of revenues is another important economic personnel reduction. This will be a major problem for factor. From this point of view, we notice a slight Bihor county as well, because there might be a lack of increase of the average salary over the last year, but specialized workforce. The social effects of migration since the inflation rate has increased, we also observe are: more single parent families, a higher school a lower purchasing power among the population.

60 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

abandonment rate, higher juvenile delinquency, higher Thus, the penetration rate of PCs and internet is much divorce rates etc. lower in the rural areas.

We should also keep in mind the people’s attitude Environmental protection towards cultural elements/values, but also the interest of central public authorities (which apply locally as Natural catastrophes can affect both the important well) to develop the cultural infrastructure and patrimonial buildings and the households in the entire modernize the cultural patrimony. county. Natural catastrophes – earthquakes, landslides, floods – raise a number of issues also regarding people’s Last ubt not least, a social factor affecting Bihor county security and the activity of the educational, health or is the social assistance policy. cultural sectors.

The technologic factor We must also have in mind the public policies and related legislation, the latter being an important Funding research, the level of technology and the rate environmental factor – namely the European/ of renewing it, ICTs, access to fast communication international regulations regarding environmental networks are factors that fundamentally influence the protection, that our country must follow. The development of Bihor county and of Oradea. fulfillment of these rules might result in some public investments being directed towards a certain type of In Romania, the funds allocated to research and objectives – in the detriment of others. development have decreased since the start of the world economic crisis. The lack of investments in this The legal factor field is seen in all the domains, causing a major breach from world trends in science and technology. Thus, an Since Romania became an EU member, the current EU important technological factor is public funding of legislation is a constraint that our country must take research, development and innovation nationally. The into consideration. It is necessary to observe all the territorial distribution of institutes and companies that treaties, international agreements, laws but also the are active in this field is also important, most of them preparatory documents in all the relevant sectors. being currently located in Bucureşti-Ilfov Development Some of the most important documents to have in mind Region. are: The European Constitution, Romania’s Treaty for Joining the European Union and the European Treaties Technology is an engine for all the economic sectors, so (The Lisbon, Nice, Amsterdam treaties etc.). it is necessary to create special public policies for the development of ICTs. According to the National Another legal factor that impacts Bihor county and Institute for Statistics, seen nationally, the percentage Oradea is national legislation, with the possible of households that have computer access at home is modifications and addenda. One example is the 42.2, namely 20.6% more than the previous year. 35.1% endorsement of the public-private partnerships law, of households have internet access. The mobilization of which might have a significant impact on socio- ICTs and the development of the information society is economic development. thus another type of influence. The price of technology is also important-along with the degree to which These are usually a recommended solution for solving people, public institutions and businesses can purchase problems or rendering public services more effective new technologies. It is known that introducing and, moreover, they may increase the number of technological innovations implies high costs both for investors and implicitly consolidate the local business the purchase and the training of people/workforce to environment, mainly in the rural areas where it is use this technology. rather weak.

ORADEA local development strategy 61

A very important law is the Government Urgency Ordinance 13/2010, which points out to the fulfillment of the recommendations of the European Union, the International Labour Organization and of other international and European institutions to elaborate and apply measures for stimulating employment by creating jobs and to maintain a low unemployment rate, especially to avoid long-term unemployment. One of the most important legal acts on economic development is Law no. 346/2004 regarding the stimulation of SMEs’ formation and development.

From the point of view of environmental protection, Law no. 426/2001 for the endorsement of the GUO no. 78/2000 regarding the situation of waste has a major impact on the system which monitors the management of producers’ waste.

The collection, treatment and disposal of wastewaters in built-up areas, as well as of biodegradable ones coming from certain industrial sectors (agri-food industry) are regulated by the Directive 91/271/CEE regarding the treatment of city wastewaters.

62 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

ORADEA local development strategy 63

64 CHAPTER I – Diagnostic analysis

CHAPTER II CHAPTER II – Development strategy

2.1.1. Vision. Mission. Objectives

VISION 2020

ORADEA WILL EXPERIENCE A SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL ECONOMY BY ATTRACTING FOREIGN CAPITAL, BY STIMULATING RESEARCH-DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, BY MATCHING COMPANIES TO EUROPEAN STANDARDS AND BY CAPITALIZING ADVANTAGEOUS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. ORADEA WILL PROVIDE TO ITS INHABITANTS FAVORABLE LIVING CONDITIONS, UNPOLLUTED ENVIRONMENT, QUALITY PUBLIC SERVICES AND WELL-PAID JOBS. ORADEA WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE EUROPEAN TOURIST CIRCUIT BY ENHANCING THE STATUS OF TOURIST DESTINATION WITH STRONG HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BONDS.

MISSION 2020

ORADEA CITY HALL’S MISSION IS TO STIMULATE INCREASING PROSPERITY OF THE CITY AND PUBLIC WELLFARE, BY CAPITALIZING EXISTING RESOURCES (HUMAN CAPITAL, ADVANTAGEOUS GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONING, DIVERSIFIED NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC RESOURCES) IN COMPLIANCE WITH THREE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES THAT LEAD TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT: SOLIDARITY BETWEEN GENERATIONS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY PROJECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE 2020

HARMONIOUS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORADEA CITY TO IMPROVE POPULATION QUALITY OF LIFE.

66 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 2020

1. INCREASING ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS OF ORADEA CITY

2. INCREASING ATTRACTIVENESS OF ORADEA CITY

3. IMPROVING FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS OF LIVING IN ORADEA CITY

4. ATTRACTION AND SUPPORT INVESTMENTS IN ORADEA ECONOMY

5. SUSTAINABLE CAPITALIZATION OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

6. IMPROVING ENVIRONMENT FACTORS QUALITY

7. IMPROVING SOCIAL COHESION AND INCREASING PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS

8. DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION RELATIONS WITH MUNICIPALITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND ABROAD

ORADEA local development strategy 67

2.1.2. Sectoral policies and Programmes

SECTORAL POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

SECTOR 1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Policy 1.1. Supporting the development of local SMEs

Programme 1.1.1. Development of business support structures Measures: . Construction, development and equipment of a centre for conferences and exhibitions;

Programme 1.1.2. Attracting investments / foreign investors Measures: . Inventory of real estate available for investment; . Establish a set of facilities for new investments under the conditions of existing legislation; . Promote investment opportunities;

Programme 1.1.3. Sustaining the activity of Research, Development and Innovation Measures: . Sustaining and development of partnershis between universities, reasearch institutes and business sector; . Supportind RDI activities with practical tool, where final beneficiaries are citizens of Oradea; . Suporting the innovative companies for attending national and international fairs; . Supporting and promoting innovative solution contests with applicability in public services; . Campaigns of awareness for business secor regarding the benefits of innovation (innovative culture); . Development of research, development and innovation infarstructure;

68 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

Programme 1.1.4. Supporting the use of information technology Measures: . Promoting moder ways ITC for efficiency of economic activities;

Programme 1.1.5. Information campaigns to promote entrepreneurial culture Measures: . Information campaigns / promotion of entrepreneurial culture among young people; * . Information campaigns / promotion of entrepreneurial culture among unemployed; *

Policy 1.2. Industrial development

Programme 1.2.1. Development / Extension of industrial infrastructure Measures: . Development/Extension of Eurobusiness Industrial Park;

Programme 1.2.2. Promoting the use of less polluting technologies Measures: . Campaigns for promoting the use of less polluting technologies for business sector *

Policy 1.3. Increasing the qualification and adaptability of labour force

Programme 1.3.1. Coerelation of suply and demand of labour force Measures: . Evaluation of demand on labour force market on medium and long term; . Facilitating the communication between business sector and education strustures regarding the need for specialists; . Internships (school and university students) within the companies in Oradea;

Programme 1.3.2.

ORADEA local development strategy 69

Increasing the accessability to counselling and professional training services Measures: . Extending the councelling and professional training network;* . E-learningplatform corelated to the evolution of labour market;*

SECTOR 2. INFRASTRUCTURE Policy 2.1. Development of transport infrastructure

Programme 2.1.1. Development of airline transport infrastructure Measures: . Modernizing Oradea International Airport;

Programme 2.1.2. Expansion and modernization of road infrastructure Measures: . Traffic release in Noth-West region by finalising the ring road of Oradea . Building the experss road Oradea-Debrecen . Rehabilitation and expansion of street network in Oradea; . Rehabilitation and extension of pluvial sewage system.

Policy 2.2. Development of technical-urbanistic infrastructure

Programme 2.2.1. Development of thermic energy supply infrastructure Measures: . Development of energy production network based on geothermal water and gas and the introduction of dual primary distribution points in all thermal points in Oradea;

Programme 2.2.2. Expansion and modernization of water supply infrastructure Measures: . Expansion of water supply system (capuare,processing, distribution); . Rheabilitation of old networks for water supply.

70 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

Programme 2.2.3. Extensin and modernization of sewerage infrastructure Measures: . Expansion of water supply system (capture,processing, distribution); . Rehabilitation of old sewerage infrastructure in Oradea;

Programme 2.2.4. Better use of energy potential of thermal water resources Measures: . Evaluation study of existent geothermal resources; . Using thermal water resources for heating supply; . Permanent reinject of thermal water;

SECTOR 3. PUBLIC SERVICES Policy 3.1. Development of a public transportation service

Programme 3.1.1. Development and modernization of public transport stations Measures: . Rehabilitation and moderinzation of existent public transport stations;

Programme 3.1.2. Decreasing the effects of public transport on environment Measures: . Purchaising ecologic public transportation means; . Retiring high polluting transport means.

Policy 3.2. Improvement of urban planning at local level

Programme 3.2.1. Update of general urban plan (PUG) and local urban regulation (RLU) Measures: . Update of General Urban Plan;

ORADEA local development strategy 71

Programme 3.2.2. Development and modernization of parks and playgrounds for children Measures: . Improvement of existing public green areas and playgrounds; . Development of new green areas for recreation on alignments of road traffic routes destined for ensuring access to new residential areas established by TDP;

Programme 3.2.3. Development of recreation areas and bicycle tracks Measures: . Rehabilitation of existent recreation areas; . Development of new recreation areas; . Developing a bicycle track network; Programme 3.2.4. Rehabilitation and development of public markets Measures: . Rehabilitation of important public buildings at the level of Oradea municipality; . Rehabilitation and expansion of urban planning infrastructure from public markets; . Appropriate development of public markets.

Programme 3.2.5. Modernizing existent public parking places and development of new parking places Measures: . Modernizing public parking places at local level; . Developing new parking places in Oradea;

Policy 3.3. Increasing citizens safety

Programme 3.3.1. Video monitoring of public spaces with high criminality rate Measures: . Realizing a study regarding identifying public spaces with hgh criminality rate; . Setting video monitoring systems for public spaces with high criminality rate;

72 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

Programme 3.3.2. Increasing road safety Measures: . Realizing an integrated system of traffic management on traffic routes from Oradea . Modernizing refuge spaces; . Modernizing the system of traffic signs; . Modernizing the system of traffic safety (markings, protection parapets etc.);

Programme 3.3.3. Modernizing şi extension of street lightening Measures: . Extension of street lightening infrastructure at local level; . Replacement of old poles and lamps; . Purchaising street lightening systems using alternative energy resources;

SECTOR 4. TOURISM

Policy 4.1. Improving the services of promotion and tourism marketing

Programme 4.1.1. Touristic promotion of Oradea Measures: . Centre of tourism information and promotion Oradea; . Realizing tourist promotion campaigns; . Attending national and international tourism fairs;

Programme 4.1.2. Developing the event tourism Measures: . Developing the necessary infrastructure for organizing events; . Periodical organization of events with touristic impact: festivals, fairs, symposiums etc.;

Programme 4.1.3. Including Oradea municipality in national and international tourism circuits Measures: . Including Oradea in a tourism circuit at the level of Oradea Metropolitan Area; . Including Oradea in an international tourism circuit;

ORADEA local development strategy 73

Policy 4.2. Better utilization of tourism attractions at local level

Programme 4.2.1. Improving the access infrastructure to touristic objectives Measures: . Rehabilitation and modernization of access ways to touristic objectives; . Establishment of parking near tourist attractions . Developing the system of tourist street signs;

Programme 4.2.2. Proper rehabilitation / modernization of tourist objectives Measures: . Renovation and development of cultural objectives with tourist potential

. Redesigning the hstorical centre of Oradea and repairing the degraded architectural patrimony.

Programme 4.2.3. Improving the infrastructure of tourist signs Measures: . Developing the system of tourist street signs; . Develop sightseeing maps, boards etc

Policy 4.3. Developing new tourist attractions

Programme 4.3.1. Development of recreation infrastructure Measures: . Developing sport tourism (riding, hunting fishing, extreme sports).

74 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

Programme 4.3.2. Better use of spa potential of the city Measures: . Setting up an anti-aging therapy centre; . Setting up a thermal wellness centre.

SECTOR 5. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Policy 5.1. Development of social real estate patrimony

Programme 5.1.1. Development/extension of social infrastructure Measures: . . Rehabilitation of social houses . Rehabilitation and modernization of medical-social centres . Setting up a multifunctional social centre for disadvantaged people; . Building, developing and equipment of a nursery; . Setting up, developing and equipment of new day care centres at local level;

Policy 5.2. Development of social economy

Programme 5.2.1. Setting up social enterprises / business incubator Measures: . Setting up social enterprises, organised as protected units; . Promoting corporated social responsibility;

Programme 5.2.2. Training persons from ulnerable groups in business sector Measures: . Campaigns for training the persons from vulnerable groups in business sector;

ORADEA local development strategy 75

Policy 5.3. Supporting the community mobilization and volunteer system

Programme 5.3.1. Promoting volunteer system in social sector Measures: . Campaigns for promoting the voluntariate in social sector; . Supporting activities for attracting and taining of volunteers in social sector; . Creating an on-line data base of NGOs and volunteers in social sector; *

Programme 5.3.2. Supporting the community mobilization Measures: . Campaigns of community mobilization;

Policy 5.4. Supporting the improvement of school performances for disadvantaged population

Programme 5.4.1. Supporting „School after School” activities Measures: . Development and equipment of „After School” centres; . Promoting the services supplied by „After School” centres among target groups;

Programme 5.4.2. Facilitating the access to education for vulnerable groups Measures: . Campaigns of Information and promotion of importance of education; . Projects for supporting the access to education for students from vulnerable groups; . Continuation of integration of students with special educative needs in public education system;

76 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

SECTOR 6. EDUCATION AND CULTURE Policy 6.1. Împroving the conditions for the progress of education

Programme 6.1.1. Rehabilition/extent of education infrastructure Measures: . Rehabilitation and modernization of school infrastructure; . Rehabilitation and modernization of university infrastructure;

Programme 6.1.2. Împroving the equipments from education structures Measures: . Equipment with teaching materials of education units; . Equipments with IT systems of education units; . Equipment with furniture of education units;

Policy 6.2. Developing life long leraning activities

Programme 6.2.1. Setting up a vocational centre for alternative education Measures: . Building a centre (educational campus) and formin the necessary teaching groups

Policy 6.3. Împroving the conditions for development of cultural and sport activities

Programme 6.3.1. Rehabilitation/extension of infrastructure of culture institutions Measures: . Rehabilitation of buildings in which are functioning Museums; . Rehabilitation and modernization of public libraries buildings; . Rheabilitation and modernization of culture institutions; . Buiding new culture institutions

ORADEA local development strategy 77

Programme 6.2.2. Improvement of equipment within cultural institutions Measures: . Improving the equimpments and furniture of culture institutions;

Programme 6.3.3. Rehabilitation/extension of sport infastucture at local level Measures: . Modernization of existent sport infrastucture in Oradea . Building new sport halls at local level;

Programme 6.3.4. Improving the conditions and equipments for development of sport activities Measures: . Purchaising equipments and specific furniture for sport activities;

Policy 6.4. Better utilization of existent cultural resources

Programme 6.4.1. Periodical organization of major cultural events Measures: . Organizing festivals and periodical cultural-artistic and historical events

SECTOR 7. HEALTH Policy 7.1. Improving the conditions for progress of medical activities

Programme 7.1.1. Rehabilitation/expansion of sanitation infrastructure Measures: . Modernizing the infrastructure of ambulatories within local medical units; . Modernizing the infrastructure from emergency departments of local medical units;

78 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

Programme 7.1.2. Improving the equipments from medical units at local level Measures: . Improving the equipments from ambulatories within local medical units; . Improving the equipments from emergency departments of local medical units;

Policy 7.2. Development of primary medical assistance

Programme 7.2.1. Development of geriatric medical services Measures: . Setting up departments of geriatrics within the hospitals; . Setting up private specialised medical units (PPP);

Policy 7.3. Development of prevention activities

Programme 7.2.1. Multi-annual Programmes for education and information regarding health Measures: . Programme of information and education for youth; * . Programme of information and education for young parents; * . Programme of information and education for persons in hospitals . Programme of information and education for adult population; * . Programme of information and education for elderly people; * . Programme of information and education forpreventing and treatment of frequent disease; * Policy 7.4. Development of human resources from health system

Programme 7.4.1. Continuous epcialization and training of medical staff Measures: . Organizing trainings for medics; . Periodical accreditation of staff from ambulance service; . Organizing complementary trainings for medical staff in hospitals;

ORADEA local development strategy 79

SECTOR 8. ENVIRONMENT Policy 8.1. Împroving the waste management

Programme 8.1.1. Extension and development of waste collect and transport services Measures: . Introducing the integrated system of actions and activities for waste management in ZMO; * . Organizing campaigns of population information regarding the benefits of selective waste management; *

Programme 8.1.2. Sustaining the energy and material processing of waste Measures: . Promoting the energy and material processing of own waste among economic agents; *

Policy 8.2. Interventions for improving environment factors

Programme 8.2.1. Increasing the weight of of renewable energy in energetic consumption Measures: . Using environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources in public institutions ; * . Using renewable energy sources in order to achieve public lighting; *

Programme 8.2.2. Interventions for rehabilitating the degraded land and for protecting the areas exposed to risks Measures: . Rehabilitation and redesing of alignment of Crisul Repede River shore; . Building defense constructions in the areas exposed to risk of landslides and floods;

80 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

SECTOR 9. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Policy 9.1. Împroving the quality of public services

Programme 9.1.1. Developing and moderinzing the infrastructure in which operates local public adiministration Measures: . Rehabilitation/extension of infrastructure in which operates local public adiministration; . Equipment of local public administration offices with furniture and modern equipments ; . Equipment of local public administration offices with modern IT&C devices;

Programme 9.1.2. Human resources development Measures: . E-learning platform for officers in local public administration; * . Training courses for officers in local public administration; *

Policy 9.2. Increasing the degree of transparency of local public administration

Programme 9.2.1. Improving the cooperation between business sector and local public administration Measures: . Promoting public-private partnerships; . Organizing public consultations with representatives of business sector;

Programme 9.2.2. Improving the cooperation between population and local public administration Measures: . Organizing public consultations with population;

* Projects proposed to be implemented at the level of Oradea Metropolitan Area

ORADEA local development strategy 81

2.1.3. Project portfolio PROJECT PORTFOLIO

PROJECT 1. REHABILITATION, MODERNIZATION AND EXTENSION OF THE MEDICAL-SOCIAL CENTER ON 31ST SIMION BĂRNUȚIU STREET

Project objective To develop social infrastructure in order to intervene in the case of people with a high social risk Identified This project stipulates the rehabilitation and modernization of the building problem situated at no. 31st on Simion Bărnuțiu street, in order to serve as a multifunctional social-medical center and as a center of rehabilitation for people with disabilities, by providing social and medical services for this category of people and their families that are at the same situation of risk in social and medical terms, obseving the parameters recommended by the legislation in vigor.

This project includes the renovation of degraded and unused buildings and the purchase of specialized functional endowments that are specific for the newly- created social infrastructure. Estimated budget 3,5 mil. RON Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Priority Axis 1 – Support to sources sustainable development of urban growth – urban growth poles Possible partners Christian Foundation for Social Assistance CASA Hospice Emanuel Foundation Implementation In progress status

Implementation 2012-2013 period

PROJECT 2. REHABILITATION, MODERNIZATION AND EXTENSION OF THE MEDICAL-SOCIAL CENTER ON 31ST SIMION BĂRNUȚIU STREET

Project objective To develop social infrastructure in order to intervene in the case of people with a high social risk Identified This project consists in the rehabilitation, extension and modernization of social

82 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 2. REHABILITATION, MODERNIZATION AND EXTENSION OF THE MEDICAL-SOCIAL CENTER ON 31ST SIMION BĂRNUȚIU STREET problem infrastructure, namely the improvement of the infrastructure for social services of the type Center of Care and Early Education, so as to improve access of children to quality social servces.

This project stipulates the renovation of degraded and/or unused buildings in order and their preparation for functional social activities. Estimated budget 3,1 mil. RON Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Priority Axis 1 – Support to sources sustainable development of urban growth – urban growth poles Possible partners Social-Communitary Administration Oradea Implementation Pre-contracting status

Implementation 2012-2013 period

PROJECT 3. REHABILITATION, MODERNIZATION AND EXTENSION OF THE CENTER FOR ELDERLY PERSONS”VASILE COMAN” SITUATED AT NO. 22ND ON IULIU MANIU STREET

Project objective To develop social infrastructure in order to intervene in the case of people with a high social risk Identified This project stipulates the modernization, extension and rehabilitation of hte problem building situated at no. 22nd on Iuliu Maniu street in order to provide necessary conditions for the optimal operation of the Center for Elderly Persons “Vasile Coman”. As per this project, the renovation of degraded and unused buildings as well as the purchase of specialized functional endowments that are specific for the newly-created social infrastructure shall be accomplished. Estimated budget 3,6 mil. RON Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Priority Axis 1 – Support to sources sustainable development of urban growth – urban growth poles Possible partners Filantropia Association Oradea

ORADEA local development strategy 83

PROJECT 3. REHABILITATION, MODERNIZATION AND EXTENSION OF THE CENTER FOR ELDERLY PERSONS”VASILE COMAN” SITUATED AT NO. 22ND ON IULIU MANIU STREET Implementation Financing in progress status

Implementation 2012-2013 period

PROJECT 4. MODERNIZATION OF OVERGROUND AND UNDERGROUND PASSAGES, AND OF STREETS, AS WELL AS BUILDING CONNECTION BRIDGES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ROAD TRAFFIC AND ENSURE THE MOBILITY OF THE INHABITANTS OF ORADEA

Project objective To modernize road infrastructure in order to improve accessibility for people and providing appropriate mobility that would suit their needs. Identified The length of Oradea urban streets was of 396 km at the end 2010, accounting problem for about 50,4% of the total length of urban streets existing in Bihor county. A considerable part of public roads from the local level require modernization works. Besides the works of rehabilitation, there is also a need to modernize overground and underground passages as well as building connection bridges in order to improve road traffic and ensure the mobility of the inhabitants of Oradea.

Primary actions in the project: - Providing the intersection with an underpath between the transit road of Oradea and the National Road DN76 towards Deva. - Providing the intersection with an underpath between the transit road of Oradea and the National Road DN79 towards Arad. - Rehabilitation, modernization and arrangement for pedestrians of Vasile Alecsandri street, including rebuilding street lighting system and endowing with urban furniture. - Rehabilitation, modernization, repairs to the curves and street lighting system of Unirii Square bridge. - Rehabilitation, modernizati and repairs to street lighting system and sewage

84 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 4. MODERNIZATION OF OVERGROUND AND UNDERGROUND PASSAGES, AND OF STREETS, AS WELL AS BUILDING CONNECTION BRIDGES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ROAD TRAFFIC AND ENSURE THE MOBILITY OF THE INHABITANTS OF ORADEA network at the entrance in Oradea, on the National Road DN76 towards Deva, as well as of other infrastructure elements. - Rehabilitation, modernizati and repairs to street lighting system and sewage network at the entrance in Oradea, on the National Road DN79 towards Arad, as well as of other infrastructure elements.. Estimated budget 25 mil. Euro Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Axis 2 - Improvement of regional sources and local transport infrastructure Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Bihor County Council Implementation Financing in progress status

Implementation 2012-2015 period

PROJECT 5. EXTENSION AND REHABILITATION OF THE TECHNICAL- EDILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE

Project objective Improving living conditions of inhabitants of Oradea and facilitating the economic activities by providing access to water and sewerage networks Identified The length of the water supply of Oradea was 641.5 kilometers at the end of problem 2010, accounting for approximately 25.7% of total length of the existing network in Bihor county. Nevertheless, the sewage length was at the end of 2010 of 747.3 kilometers. It requires, however, extend the water and sanitation, this project stipulating the following: - Extension of water supply network by 108,27 km; - Extension of sewage network by 140,704 km; - Extension of effluent water network by 99,582 km;

ORADEA local development strategy 85

PROJECT 5. EXTENSION AND REHABILITATION OF THE TECHNICAL- EDILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE

- Execution of 5.500 new embranchments; - Execution of 7.800 new linkages. Estimated budget 46,5 mil. Euro Possible Financing Ministry of the Environment sources Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme Programmeul Operaţional Sectorial Mediu 2007-2013 or equivalent Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Aparegio Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Bihor County Council Implementation Implementation in progress status

Implementation 2009-2013 period

PROJECT 6. TURNING ROGERIUS MARKETPLACE INTO A BUSINESS CENTER FOR SMALL PRODUCERS

Project objective To increase the number of local small producers

Identified One of the main economical problems existing locally is the small number of problem small producers. In the Municipality of Oradea, Bihor county, there are only 35 producers registered, as compared to 235 producers in Satu Mare, 125 producers in Alba Iulia or 488 producers in Arges County.

This project consists in the transformation of Rogerius Marketplace into a modern business center, for food and agriculture trade. Currently, Rogerius marketplace operates over 590 businesses and nearly 300 individual producers. At the ground floor, commercial spaces are to be set aside, as well as tables for the sale of agricultural and food products and a bazaar for non-food products. Restaurants and terraces will be placed on the upper floor. Estimated budget 6 mil. Euros

86 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 6. TURNING ROGERIUS MARKETPLACE INTO A BUSINESS CENTER FOR SMALL PRODUCERS Possible Financing Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme sources Local budget Possible partners Hajdu Bihar Chamber of Commerce Implementation The project is prepared to be submitted in order to obtain financing status

Implementation 2012-2013 period

PROJECT 7. CREATING A BUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE IN ORADEA AND PROVIDING PUBLIC UTILITIES ON THE EUROBUSINESS ORADEA INDUSTRIAL PARK

Project objective To support the development of local economy by creating a business infrastructure at European standards Identified In Oradea, in 2009, there were 11.439 local companies active, from which 9,4% problem were operating in the manufacturing sector. One can distinguish among industrial antrepreneurs a need for new industrial locations, arranged and provided with the basic infrastructure. Eurobusiness Parc Oradea is the newest industrial park in North-Western Romania, being located at the outskirts of Oradea on the European Road E60 that leads to Hungary, at 4 km from the border. Having a surface of 122 ha, the park needs to be connected to the following utilities networks: electrical power, heating, sewage, running water, natural gas.

This project proposes the development of public utilities for Eurobusiness Oradea Industrial Park in two stages. The first stage will require the building of roads in total length of 8 km, 6 km of rainfall sewage and a 7 km network household sewage. Similarily, the halls from the Park shall be connected to the heating network. The second stage of the project requires the finalization of investments in utilities’ networks and the provision of services of information and advertising , as well as the design of a marketing strategy and of an implementation strategy for Eurobusiness Oradea Industrial Park.

ORADEA local development strategy 87

PROJECT 7. CREATING A BUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE IN ORADEA AND PROVIDING PUBLIC UTILITIES ON THE EUROBUSINESS ORADEA INDUSTRIAL PARK

Estimated budget Stage I - 79 mil. RON Stage II – 20 mil. RON Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Axis 4 - Strengthening the regional sources and local business environment Local budget Possible partners Community Development Association Aparegio Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Bihor County Council Implementation Stage I - Implementation in progress status Stage II – Pre-contracting

Implementation 2011-2015 period

PROJECT 8. MODERNIZATION, REHABILITATION AND ENDOWMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL THROUGH THE BUILDING OF THE WELLNESS TERMAL NYMPHAEA COMPLEX AND BY DECLARING THE AREA AS AN AREA OF LOCAL INTEREST FOR TOURISM

Project objective To increase touristic attractiveness of Oradea through the diversification and improvement of touristic infrastructure Identified From the point of view of tourism, Oradea is facing a series of problems related problem mainly to the short stays of tourists and the low degree of occupancy of existing accomodation facilities. The fact that tourists are staying for a short period of time is also caused by the low diversity of leisure possibilities, therefore this project stipulates the development of the leisure infrastructure.

This project consist in: - Building 3 new buildings – multifunctional complex (total built surface - 3.650 mp, floors U+G+2E), indoor pools building (total built surface - 7.665,90 mp)

88 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 8. MODERNIZATION, REHABILITATION AND ENDOWMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL THROUGH THE BUILDING OF THE WELLNESS TERMAL NYMPHAEA COMPLEX AND BY DECLARING THE AREA AS AN AREA OF LOCAL INTEREST FOR TOURISM and the shopping complex (total built area - 1.129,10 mp, floors G+T) - Building 14 swimming pools and 12 water slides; - Arranging green areas, access ways, alleys, enclosures; - Rehabilitating and building requires utilities’ networks; - Rehabilitating existing toilets and building new ones, as well as adapting them for the use of people with physical disabilities; - Arranging the pontoon for heliotherapy; - Building a parking lot with 238 spaces for cars and 2 places for buses - Building sports fields and indoor pavilions. Estimated budget 88,4 mil. RON Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Axis 5 - Sustainable development sources and promotion of tourism Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Business environment Implementation Implementation in progress status

Implementation 2011-2014 period

PROJECT 9. ARRANGING CRIŞUL REPEDE FOR TOURISM

Project objective To increase the touristic attractiveness of Oradea through the diversification and improvement of touristic infrastructure Identified From the touristic point of view, Oradea is facing a seris of problems related problem particulalry to the short stays of tourists and the low rate of occupancy of existing accomodation facilities. The short stays of tourists are also caused by the low diversity of leisure possibilities, and this project stipulates the creation of a leisure infrastructure.

ORADEA local development strategy 89

PROJECT 9. ARRANGING CRIŞUL REPEDE FOR TOURISM This project stipulates the arrangement of Crisul Repede river, and this investment will have an impact on both job creation and the creation of leisure possibilities. Crisul Repede river will have promenades on its banks, with benches and stairways from the sidewalk to the riverbed. Certainly, safety features will not be absent (street lighting on solar power, river fences, fire hydrants), as well as hygiene sanitation facilities (garbage bins, ecological toilets etc.). It will also enable navigation on the river on light boats (eg hydrobikes). Estimated budget 15 mil. Euros Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013, Axis 5 – Tourism promotion and sources development Local budget Possible partners Crişuri Water Basin Administration Oradea Bihor County Environment Protection Agency Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Business Environment Implementation Project idea status

Implementation 2015-2017 period

PROJECT 10. „FESTUM VARADINUM” FESTIVAL

Project objective To increase the touristic attractiveness of Oradea through the development of event tourism Identified One of the main forms of tourism that can be developed in Oradea is cultural problem tourism. Oradea has a rich cultural patrimony: Oradea Fortress, Oradea historic center, as well as many other touristic attractions of historical and architectural nature, of national and international interest. One of the ways of putting into value the patrimony buildings is to organize a Festival of Lights. The main activity in this event is the projection of different animations on the facades of the patrimony buildings from Oradea. Estimated budget 0,2 mil. Euros Possible Financing Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme

90 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 10. „FESTUM VARADINUM” FESTIVAL sources Local budget Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Business Environment Implementation Project idea status

Implementation 2018-2019 period

PROJECT 11. REHABILITATION OF THE URBAN HEATING GRID OF ORADEA FOR THE PERIOD 2009-2028 IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION AND TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Project objective To increase energetical, technical and economical efficiency of the heating system Identified The heating distributed in Oradea has seen a decrease in the period 2005-2010, problem to a total of 794.761 gigacalories in 2010 (approximately half the value of 2005). One of the main causes of people massively disconnecting from the grid is the high price of the gigacalory also generated by the losses in the system. Moreover, current energetical equipments of the Heating Plant (CET) are obsolete and a permanent source of environment pollution.

Following the implementation of the project, a new heating plant shall be built with a capacity of 32 MWT, 3 hot water boilers shall be purchased and 12,7 km of heating distribution grid of the city shall be rehabilitated. Estimated budget 77,8 mil. euro (VAT not included) Possible Financing Sectorial Operational Programme Environment, Axis 3 - Reduction of pollution sources and mitigation of climate change by restructuring and renovating urban heating systems towards energy efficiency targets in the identified local environmental hotspots Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Bihor County Council

ORADEA local development strategy 91

PROJECT 11. REHABILITATION OF THE URBAN HEATING GRID OF ORADEA FOR THE PERIOD 2009-2028 IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION AND TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY Implementation Implementation in progress status

Implementation 2012-2015 period

PROJECT 12. ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH – DEVELOPMENT – INNOVATION CENTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND GEOTHERMAL WATER

Project objective Optimum use of renewable energy and thermal water

Identified According to Romania’s energetic strategy for the period 2007-2020, all the problem territory of Oradea Metropolitan Area is situated in a region with high potential for the development of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, no real steps have been taken until today in order to use the potential of geothermal energy.

Establish a research and development center in renewable energy and geothermal water is required for optimum use of renewable energy in accordance with trends in international research and requirements in European and Romanian economies. Moreover, establishing a research center of geothermal water will lead to identification of new water recovery technologies and technology transfer of results. Thus, the center aims to increase utilization of research results to the local economic enterprises. Estimated budget 20 mil. euro Possible Financing Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme or equivalent sources Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent Operational Sectorial Programme Increase of Economical Competitiveness or equivalent Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area

92 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 12. ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH – DEVELOPMENT – INNOVATION CENTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND GEOTHERMAL WATER Bihor County Council Sînmartin Local Council Business Environment Implementation Project idea status

Implementation 2017-2020 period

PROIECT 13. ESTABLISHMENT OF A RESEARCH CENTRE - DEVELOPMENT - INNOVATION IN AGROALIMENTARY INDUSTRY

Project objective Optimal valorification of the agricultural potential of the area through the development of the research – development – innovation infrastructure Identified The total surface of agricultural terrains is of 5.448 ha, that is 47,2% of the total problem surface of Oradea. From the total surface of agricultural terrains, 71,0% of them are ploughable terrains and 20,2% are terrains occupied by orchards and nursery gardens. On the other hand, only 1,1% of the companies activated in the agricultural sector in 2009.

This project involves the establishment of a research - development - innovation center for the agroalimentary industry, with the purpose to improve food and nutrition quality, to provide food security, and to ensure the competitiveness and profitability of producers throughout the food production chain. Importantly, technology transfer and use of research results to the local economic enterprises. Estimated budget 15 mil. euro Possible Financing Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme or equivalent sources Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent Operational Sectorial Programme Increase of Economical Competitiveness or equivalent

ORADEA local development strategy 93

PROIECT 13. ESTABLISHMENT OF A RESEARCH CENTRE - DEVELOPMENT - INNOVATION IN AGROALIMENTARY INDUSTRY Local budget Possible partners Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area Bihor County Council Business Environment Implementation Project idea status

Implementation 2017-2020 period

PROJECT 14. REHABILITATION OF ORADEA FORTRESS

Project objective To increase the attractiveness of Oradea through the rehabilitation and reintroduction in the national touristic circuit of Oradea Fortress. Identified With its historical and cultural value, Oradea Fortress can boast with a millenary problem history linked to multiple personalities and important moments of the region’s history. All over the centuries, the fortress has been an important military objective, but also a witness of the local cultural, artistic, and craftsmanship development. Recent history has seen the fortress being used for military purposes too, and some of the storage spaces have been assigned for commercial activities, stripping them of the appropriate interest imposed by its historical or architectural importance. In the absence of rehabilitation or preservation works, the citadel is in an advanced state of degradation.

The interest of Oradea municipality to revive the fortress and to offer it the appropriate status in the modern context of touristic, cultural and educational development, has led to the recent start of a long process of rehabilitation and recovery of its touristic and cultural potential. The complex and expensive work of rehabilitation of the fortress is designed to take place in three stages, two of which have already started, with European funding (ROP). The third stage, scheduled for the next Programmeming period (since 2014), includes the rehabilitation of exterior walls and bastions. Estimated budget 45 mil. Euros

94 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 14. REHABILITATION OF ORADEA FORTRESS Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent sources Local budget Public-private partnership Possible partners Oradea Local Council / Oradea City Hall Implementation Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area status Bihor County Council Business Environment

Implementation Stages I and II – Implementation in progress period Stage III - Project idea

Project objective Stages I and II – 2009/2010-2015 Stage III – 2014-2018

PROJECT 15. CONSTRUCTION OF A PEDESTRIAL BRIDGE THAT WOULD LINK GRIGORESCU STREET TO VULTURUL NEGRU PASSAGE

Project objective Optimal valorification of the agricultural potential of the area through the development of the research – development – innovation infrastructure Identified During recent years, many of the traffic problems in Oradea have been problem eliminated, especially thos related to road traffic but also to pedestrian traffic. Yet, it is still necessary to pay particular attention to this domain, especially regarding to building pedestrian passages and bicycle tracks.

By building a pedestrian bridge in downtown area, between Grigorescu street amd Vulturul Negru (Black Eagle) Passage it is aimed to improve pedestrian circulation in downtow Oradea and to increase accessibility of the area for inhabitants and tourists.

Estimated budget 1,2 mil. Euros Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent sources Local budget Possible partners Consiliul Local Oradea / Primăria Oradea Implementation Intercommunity Development Association Oradea Metropolitan Area status Bihor County Council

ORADEA local development strategy 95

PROJECT 15. CONSTRUCTION OF A PEDESTRIAL BRIDGE THAT WOULD LINK GRIGORESCU STREET TO VULTURUL NEGRU PASSAGE Business Environment

Implementation Project idea period

Project objective 2014-2016

PROJECT 16. BUILDING PARKING PLACES IN THE NEIGHBORING AREA OF THE HISTORIC CENTER

Project objective To relieve green areas and areas with urbanistic, historic or touristic value from being parked on, and to increase local budget income. Identified The recent increase in the number of personal cars causes an increase of traffic problem and of the need for parking places in the area, tempopary or permanent. In the central area of Oradea and in the neighboring areas, the number of necessary parking places is only covered in a proportion of about 50%, and the effects can be seen on traffic and improper use of green and public areas. In residential areas, proper setup of parking places contributes especially to the protection of green areas and public spaces that are more and more used as car parking places. Moreover, by setting up parking places, urban landscape is generally improved. Last but not least, setting up parking places and renting them (to locals or tourists etc.) could be an important additional source of income for the local budget. Estimated budget 4 mil. euro Possible Financing Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent sources Local budget Public-Private partnership Possible partners Oradea Local Council / Oradea City Hall Implementation Business Environment status

Implementation Project idea period

Project objective 2014-2016

96 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

PROJECT 17. IMPROVING THE CAPACITY OF INTERVENTION OF LOCAL MEDICAL UNITS IN THE CASE MAJOR MEDICAL EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Project objective To reduce intervention time in the case of serious medical emergencies and, consequently, to increase the survival chances of patients in critical medical situations Identified Althogh medical technology development has evolved recently more than ever, problem and the new ways of collaboration between medical personnel (e.g: telemedicine) allow medical interventios of high expertise, in real time, there are situations where the life of the patient in a medical state of emergency depends on the intervention time in a properly endowed hospital. Situations such as serious accidents are examples that require more and more frequently the intervention of an air ambulance in order to increase the patients’ chances of survival. Building helipads for the use of emergency hospitals and endowing them with an aircraft properly fitted with medical equipments shall lead to an improvement of medical services by decreasing intervention times, particularly in cases of maximum emergency.

The main activities of the project are: - Building 2 helipads; - Obtaining the necessary approvals for the flight corridor; - Purchasing an air ambulance; - Training of the personnel of the air ambulance; Estimated budget 5,5 mil. euro Possible Financing Hungarian-Romanian Cross border cooperation Programme or equivalent sources Operational Regional Programme 2007-2013 or equivalent Local budget Possible partners Oradea Local Council / Oradea City Hall / Emergency County Hospital, Municipal Clinical Hospital "Dr. Gavril Curteanu" Implementation Ministry of Health; status SMURD; Bihor County Council Implementation Project idea period

Project objective 2014-2016

ORADEA local development strategy 97

2.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism for the Implementation of the Development Strategy

The mechanism for the monitoring and evaluation of As a monitoring unit, Oradea townhall will delegate a the implementation of the Development Strategy aims reporting person who will elaborate the periodic at both assessing the degree of overall implementation report. Field reports are centralized and published at of the proposed activities and at motivating possible metropolitan level, by the Oradea Metropolitan Area revisions and modifications of the development Association. directions, objectives, aims, measure plans and actions. The monitoring and evaluation of the strategy implementation will be done continuously and it consists of checking the implementation of the Another manner of reporting used at metropolitan level activities and Programmes, correlating the results is the one which uses the dedicated section on the obtained with the proposed objectives, collecting the Communication and management Platform created necessary data for creating a monitoring and evaluation within the project, which facilitates the monitoring of database etc. Beside the evaluation of the strategy projects developed in Oradea Metropolitan Area. The implementation, this activity also contributes to an application allows the creation of personalized access improvement of the territorial projects’ coordination. coordinates for each reporting unit (person), in order to publish very exact information regarding the The monitoring and evaluation of Oradea Local territorial projects. The platform contains an option of Development Strategy implementation is similar to the automatic generation of the report regarding the one of the other territorial-administrative units of situation of projects developed at a certain moment, in Oradea Metropolitan Area. At a metropolitan level, the the form of a database monitoring and evaluation activity will summarize the local results, adding information regarding the Every longer period (3-5 years) or in the case of major metropolitan projects. socio-economic or administrative changes, it is recommended that the strategic document be revised. The information resulting from the monitoring and The project portfolio should in principle be updated in evaluation process with respect to the implementation 2013 (when there is complete information regarding of the strategy will be presented in the form of a the available structural funds for the next Programing report, at a time established at metropolitan level (it is period). Another revision is recommended for the end recommended that this period is of at least one year), of 2015 – beginning of 2016, when all the European- based on a reporting template structured per relevant funded projects in the current Programmeming period chapters (e.g. activities implemented in the reporting are finalized and when, according to current previsions, period, achieved results, status of the socio-economic the funding Programmes in the upcoming Programing development as compared to the initial period, degree period are already started. of achievement of the proposed projects etc.).

98 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

SET OF INDICATORS FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION 1. DEGREE OF URBANIZATION indicators Method of calculation 1.1. Territorial coverage with  =Surface of cities/ total surface of area * 100; urban localities  m.u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 1.2. Intensity of habitation in  =Urban intravilan surface /total urban surface * 100; urban localities  m.u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 1.3. Urban density  = Urban population / intravilan urban surface;  m.u.: inhabitants/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 1.4. Urbanization degree  =Urban population / total population in the area * 100;  m.u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 1.5. Average change of  =difference between urbanization rates at „t (actual)” moment and t-n / urbanization rate n;  m.u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 2. HOUSING CONDITIONS 2. A. Environment indicators Method of calculation 2.1. Green spaces/capita  =Surface of landscaped green spaces/urban population  m. u.: m2/inhabitant;  source: INS, DJS; 2.2. Percentage of green  = Surface of landscaped green spaces/total urban population * 100; spaces from total urban  m. u.: %; surface  source: INS, DJS; 2.3. Environmentally friendly  =Passengers transported with environmentally friendly vehicles/ total urban transport transported passengers * 100;  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 2. B. Housing indicators Method of calculation 2.4. Degree of land demand for =Surface of housing / urban surface *1000; housing  m. u.: m2 / 1000 m2;  source: INS, DJS; 2.5. Housing density  =Number of houses / urban surface;  m. u.: houses/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 2.6. Availability of housing  =Existent housing surface/ total population;  m. u.: m2 houses / inhabitant;  source: INS, DJS; 2.7. Average surface of one  = Existent housing surface / existent houses; house  m. u.: m2;  source: INS, DJS;

ORADEA local development strategy 99

2.8. Average number of rooms = Existent rooms / existent houses; of one house  m. u.: rooms;  source: INS, DJS; 2.9. Average surface of a room = Existing living area / existing rooms for living; for living  m. u.: m2;  source: INS, DJS; 3. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 3. A. Roads indicators Method of calculation 3.1. Streets density  =Streets lenght / total surface;  m. u.: km road/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 3.2. Degree of street  =modernized streets lenght / total streets lenght * 100; modernization  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 3. B. Utilities indicators Method of calculation 3.3. Density of water  =Length of water distribution network / urban surface; distribution network  m. u.: km network/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 3.4. Degree of usage of water  =Total capacity of water production / quantity of consumed water * 100; production capacity  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 3.5. Degres of localities’  =Localities connected to natural gas distribution network / Total number connection to natural gas of A.T. U.; network  m. u.: %  source: INS, DJS; 4. DEMOGRAPHICS AND LABOUR FORCE 4. A. Population indicators Method of calculation 4.1. Population density  =Total population / total surface;  m. u.: inhabitants/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 4.2. Rate of demographic  =Number of persons out of legal working age/ Number of persons within dependence legal working age * 1000;  m. u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 4.3. Rate of natural growth  =Balance of natural growth / total population * 1000;  m. u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 4.4. Rate of reproduction  =Number of living infants / female population at reproduction age * 1000;  m. u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 4.5. Rate of internal migration =Balance of residence changes / total population * 1000; growth  u.m.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS;

100 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

4. B. Labour force indicators Method of calculation 4.6. Rate of employment  =Employed population / work resources;  m.u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 4.7. Rate of labour force  =Number of persons under legal work age (0-14 years) / one third of replacement number of persons within legal work age * 1000;  m.u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 5. STANDARD OF LIVING indicators Method of calculation 5.1. Average lifetime  =total number of human-years lived by entire population / number of survivors of 0 years;  m.u.: years;  source: INS, DJS, based on mortality tables; 5.2. Average age of spouses -  =total number of marriages registered for each age weighted with ages females for which were registered marriages /total amount of anual nuptial age;  m.u.: years;  source: INS, DJS; 5.3. Rate of infant mortality  =number of infant death / number of living infants * 1000;  m.u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 5.4. Degree of car ownership  =number of registered cars / total population * 100;  m.u.: %;  source: INS, DJS, Road Police; 5.5. Average surface of a built  = Living surface of a built house / number of built houses; house  m. u.: m2;  source: INS, DJS; 5.6. Average monthly house  =Quantity of monthly distributed water to existent population / total water consume population;  m. u.: m3 / inhabitant;  source: INS, DJS; 5.7. Degree of TV subscritpion  =number of TV subscriptions/ total population * 100; coverage  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 6. ECONOMY 6. A. General economic activity indicators Method of calculation 6.1. Rezultatul financiar al  =Turnover of local units / total population; mediului de afaceri  m. u.: lei / inhabitant;  source: INS, DJS; 6.2. EMS’ density  Total number of EMS / total population * 1000;  m. u.: ‰;  source: INS, DJS; 6.3. Percentage of private  =Number of employees in private sector / Total number of employees * sector in local economy 100;  m. u.: %;

ORADEA local development strategy 101

 source: INS, DJS; 6.4. Percentage of employed  =Population employed in non-agricultural activities / Employed population in non- population * 100; agricultural activities from m. u.: %; total of employed  source: INS, DJS; population 6.5. Percentage of industrial  Industrial water consumption / total water consumption * 100; water consumption  m.u. %;  source: INS, DJS; 6. B. Constructions indicators Method of calculation 6.6. New built houses  =Surface of houses for which construction authorisation was obtained / total population * 1000;  m. u.: m2/1000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; 6.7. New built buildings, others =Surface of buildings, other than houses, for which was obtained than houses construction authorization / total population * 1000;  m. u.: m2/1000 inhabitants;   source: INS, DJS; 6. C. Tourism indicators Method of calculation 6.8. Average size of a tourist  =Existent accommodation capacity / existent accommodation units; accomodation unit  m. u.: places;  source: INS, DJS; 6.9. Density of existent  =Existent accommodation capacitaty / urban surface; accommodation places  m. u.: places/km2;  source: INS, DJS; 6.10. Index of net use of  =Accommodation capacity in use / tourist overnights * 1000; accomodation capacity  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 7. PUBLIC SERVICES 7. A. Health indicators Method of calculation 7.1. Hospital capacity  =Available hospital beds / total population * 1000;  m. u.: hospital beds / 1000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; DSP; 7.2. Availability of qualified  =Qualified health-professionals / total population * 1000; medical staff  m. u.: qualified staff / 1000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; DSP; 7.3. Density of family medical  =Family medical centres / total population * 10.000; centres  u.m.: family medical centres / 10.000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; DSP; 7.4. Density of farmacies  =Farmacies / total population * 10.000;  u.m.: farmacies / 10.000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; DSP; 

102 CHAPTER II – Development strategy

7. B. Education indicators Method of calculation 7.5. Equipmentof education  =Number of PCs owned by education units / school population * 1000; units with IT&C  m. u.: PCs / 1.000 students;  source: INS, DJS; 7.6. Capacity of education units = School population / classrooms and surgeries;  m. u.: sudents / classroom;  source: INS, DJS, ISJ; 7.7. Stress level of teachers  =Number of students in primary and secondary schools / number of teachers in primary and secondary schools  m. u.: students / teachers;  source: INS, DJS, ISJ; 7. C. Culture indicators Method of calculation 7.8. Coverage index on lecture  =Number of subscribers at municipal and city libraries / total population;  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 7.9. Index of documents flow  =Released volumes / existent volumes in municipal and city libraries * 100;  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 7.10. Index of readers’ lecture  =Released volumes / readers in public libraries * 100;  m. u.: %;  source: INS, DJS; 7.11. Capacitaty of cinemas  =Available seats in cinemas/ total population * 10.000;  m. u.: seats / 10.000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; 7.12. Capacity of performance  =Available seats in performance halls / total population * 10.000; halls  m. u.: seats / 10.000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; 7. D. Public transport indicators Method of calculation 7.13. Equipment with vehicles of =Number of vehicles in inventory / total population * 10.000; urban public transport  m. u.: vehicles / 10.000 inhabitants;  source: INS, DJS; 7.14. Intensity of use of auto  =Transported passengers / 1000 / vehicles of public transport in park inventory;  m. u: thousand people / transport mean;  source: INS, DJS;

ORADEA local development strategy 103