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Hydraulic Analysis of Outflow Winds in Howe Sound, British Columbia

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Hydraulic Analysis of Outflow Winds in Howe Sound, British Columbia HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF OUTFLOW WINDS IN HOWE SOUND, BRITISH COLUMBIA by TIMOTHY D. FINNIGAN B.A.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 1991 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Civil Engineering) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1994 © Timothy D. Finnigan ______________________________ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. (Signature) Department of C,vi/ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 3a DE-6 (2188) Abstract Previous studies (Jackson, 1993) suggest an outflow wind, which flows below an inversion in a well defined layer through Howe Sound, may exhibit hydraulic behaviour. Strong outflow winds in Howe Sound are simulated in the laboratory using a single fluid layer in a small scale one-dimensional physical model. Model results are presented and compared with observations recorded in Howe Sound during a severe outflow wind event in December, 1992. Field observations affirm the findings of the physical modelling with both indicating the presence and location of controls and hydraulic jumps in the wind layer. Hydraulic behaviour is found to change as the synoptic pressure gradient and the flow rate increase. An additional comparison is made with output from the computer model, Hydmod of Jackson and Steyn (1994b). Numerical simulations, configured for the conditions present in Howe Sound during the December, 1992 event, indicate channel hydraulics (and thus spatial wind speed variation) closely resembling the physical model and field results. Outflow winds are studied in more detail through a series of experiments conducted with a three-dimensional physical model which is geometrically and kinematically similar to the prototype, Howe Sound. The results reveal the structure of the wind layer over a wide range of possible field conditions. Hydraulic features, which do not behave in a traditionally one-dimensional manner, are identified. The 3D model results, although more detailed, verify the findings of the 1D modelling in general. Together the results provide a predictive tool for determining hazardous zones of extreme wind during an outflow event. II Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Foreword viii Acknowledgment ix Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Outflow Winds 2 Hydraulic Theory 5 Previous Work 8 Gap Winds 9 Downslope Winds and the Hydraulics of Layered Flows 11 One Dimensional Modelling and Field Investigation 16 Physical Model Study 17 Experimental Methods 17 Results 19 Results for flow rate A 20 Results for flow rate B 21 Field Program 21 Field Experiment 22 Field Data Interpretation 24 Results for Period 1 25 Results for Period 2 26 Comparison of Physical Model, Hydmod and Field Results 27 Period 1 (flow rate A) 27 Period 2 (flow rate B) 29 Further Comparison with Hydmod Output 29 Discussion 31 111 Three Dimensional Modeffing .33 Description 33 Design Considerations 34 Model Design and Construction 43 Data Aquisition 45 Data Aquisition System 45 Depth Data Aquisition 46 Velocity Data Aquisition 49 Results 50 Important Parameters 50 Model Results 51 Discussion of Cases 1 Through 8 52 Discussion and Conclusions 56 Comparison of 1D Modelling and 3D Modelling 56 Comparison of field results with 3D model results 57 Summary and Conclusions 59 List of Symbols 62 Bibliography 63 Appendix A 66 Appendix B 70 iv List of Tables Table page 1 Values of parameters as observed during Period 1 and Period 2 which 72 were used in Hydmod comparisons. 2 Scale numbers resulting from Froude number similarity between model 72 and prototype. 3 3D Model parameters and corresponding values scaled to prototype 73 dimensions. 4 Model parameter settings and some important physical aspects of the 73 results for the eight simulated cases. 5 Case 6 of 3D model results compared with Period 1 of field study 74 results. Case 7 of 3D model results compared with Period 2 of field study 6 74 results. v List of Figures Figure Page 1 Schematic representation of outflow wind system. 75 2 Geographical location and important features of region surrounding 76 Howe Sound. 3 Howe Sound; locations and topography. 77 4 Schematic drawing of experimental apparatus used for 1D physical 78 modelling of outflow winds. 5 Channel axis shown with respect to the model of Howe Sound (a) and 79 Howe Sound (b). 6 (a) Depth, (b) wind speed, and (c) Froude number along Howe Sound: as 80 predicted by the physical model for flow rate A ; as measured during the December, 1992 outflow event for Period 1; and as produced by Hydmod for Period 1. 7 (a) Depth, (b) wind speed, and (c) Froude number along Howe Sound: as 81 predicted by the physical model for flow rate B; as measured during the December, 1992 outflow event for Period 2; and as produced by Hydmod for Period 2. 8 Composite chart of atmospheric pressures recorded at 5 stations in Howe 82 Sound over a 9 day period. 9 Relative pressures, with respect to that at station 1, at each of the five 83 field stations in Howe Sound for (a) Period 1 and (b) Period 2. 10 Photograph of 3D model topography. 84 11 Cross sectional sketch of 3D model topography construction. 85 vi Figure Page 12 Schematic view from above of the video apparatus cart and rail system 86 (a) and schematic side view of complete 3D model equipment set up (b). 13 Photograph of 3D model. 87 14 Definition sketch for depth data aquisition. 88 15 Plots for validation of video techniques for depth data aquisition. 89 16 Reference diagram for 3D model results (a) and Topography of region 90 covered by model results (b). - 17 3D Model. Case 1 Q=L, hf=L, dP/dx=L 91 - 18 3D Model. Case 2 Q=H, hf=L, dP/dx=L 92 - 19 3D Model. Case 3 Q=H, hf=L, dP/dx=H 93 20 3D Model. Case 4 - Q=L, hf=L, dP/dx=H 94 - 21 3D Model. Case 5 Q=L, hf=H, dP/dx=L 95 22 3D Model. Case 6 - Q=H, hf=H, dP/dx=L 96 - 23 3D Model. Case 7 Q=H, hf =H, dP/d =H 97 - 24 3D Model. Case 8 Q=L, hf=H, dP/dx=H 98 25 Microbarograph pen tracings from 28 December 1992 for stations at 99 Porteau Cove (a) and Lions Bay (b). vii Foreword The work reported in chapter 2 of this thesis forms the contents of a paper entitled, “Hydraulic physical modelling and observations of a severe gap wind”. This paper was accepted for publication in Monthly Weather Review (AMS journal) in April 1994 and is currently in press. The authors are as follows; Finnigan, T.D., Vine, J.A., Jackson, P.L., Allen, S.E., Lawrence, G.A. and Steyn, D.G. The first author, Finnigan (also author of this thesis) wrote the paper in its entirety including composition of the text, analysis of all data, interpretation of results and drafting of figures. Finnigan also conducted the field investigation. Vine conducted physical model experiments and contributed the data. Jackson developed the computer model and helped with the simulations. Jackson also provided the interpretation of the synoptic weather conditions during the recorded outflow event of December 1992. Allen, Lawrence and Steyn supervised the work, contributed many helpful suggestions and corrected drafts of the manuscript. viii Acknowledgment Several people contributed their efforts during the two year period this research was conducted. The author wishes to thank Dr. S. Allen (Oceanography) and Dr. G. Lawrence (Civil Engineering), who supervised the research and provided guidance from start to finish. Dr. D. Steyn (Geography) supplied the microbarographs and participated in several useful discussions about the field investigation. Dr. P. Jackson of The University of Western Ontario, who developed the Hydmod model, helped with the computer simulations and the interpretation of the synoptic conditions for the field work. Kurt Nielson of the Civil Engineering shop assembled the video apparatus for the 3D model and helped with many technical aspects of the model itself. I would also like to thank Sewell’s Marina (Horseshoe Bay), Lion’s Bay Marina, the Cunneyworths (Porteau Cove), Britannia Beach Arts and Crafts and the Squamish Terminals for allowing microbarographs to be stationed on their premises during December 1992 and January 1993. The Pacific Region of the Atmospheric Environment Service provided the supplemental field data from Pam Rocks. The research was supported by grants from the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council. ix Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Introduction Local 1 meso-scale windstorms occur in many parts of the world with various synoptic conditions responsible for their creation and unique local features influencing their behaviour. Downslope winds result when air is forced over topography and accelerated down the lee side of a mountain, possibly being enhanced by vertical propagation of wave energy and hydraulic effects. Mountain valley winds are common and often diurnal in nature with cool air drainage at night and warm, daytime heating induced, upslope flow in the day. Gap winds can be described as flow of relatively dense low lying air through natural channels.
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