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Estuarine Sedimentation and Erosion Within a Fjord-Head Delta : Squamish

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Estuarine Sedimentation and Erosion Within a Fjord-Head Delta : Squamish ESTUARINE SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION WITHIN A FJORD-HEAD DELTA: SQUAMISH RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA Jonathan W. Gibson B.Sc. (Hons) University of North London THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Geography Jonathan W. Gibson SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY December 1994 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Jonathan William Gibson Degree: Master of Science Title of Tl~esis: Estua~ineSedimentation And Erosion Within A Fjord-Head Delta: Squarnish River, British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: I. Hutchinson, Associate Professor L. Lcsack Assistant Profcssor hn L. Lutcrnaucs, Adjunct Psofcssor ological Survey of Canada External Examincs Date Approved: Dcccmhcs 5. 1993 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hcrcby grant to Simon Frascr University the right to Icnd my thcsis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown bclow) to uscrs of thc Simon Fruscr University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such uscrs or in response to a request from the library of any otller univcrsity, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its uscrs. 1 further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may he granted by me or the Dcan of Graduate Studics. It is understood that ~opyingor puhlication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written pcrmission. Title of Thesis/ProjcctlExtendcd Essay Estunrinc Scdiment;rtion And Erosion Within A Fiord-Head Delta: Squamish River, British Columbia Jonathan Williun Gibson (n;~~nc) ABSTRACT This study has determined the nature of tidal and riverine control on deposition along the lower 5 500 In estuarine reach of Squamish River; delta and floodplain sedi~nents exposed along channel banks at 42 locations along Squamish estuary were examined. This study also has determined the rate and nature of estuarine channel bank erosion from 1957 to 1990 and has detennined the nature and rate of Squamish delta accretion. Erosion rates are calculated from aerial photographs and erosion pins, while accretion data are calculated from deposition stakes. Analysis of delta and floodplain sediments reveals that estuasine sequences colnprise seven distinct facies which record varying degrees of tidal and riverine influence. While most of these facies yield evidence of their estuarine location, only the deposits of intertidal sands and tidal marsh are unequi\wcally tidal in origin. Sedimentation within this fjord-head environ~nentprimarily is driven by gradual channel abandonment and fill. Estuarine sequences produced by this process display a decreasing tidal influence both up estuary and up section, as e~idencedby a change in sediment size. structure, and the form of facies contacts. Within this estualy the bayline is located around 3 100 m upstream from the delta front. Erosion data indicate that the tidal deposits are very unlikely to be fully preserved in sequence because of their low preservation potential. Since 1957 the estuarine channel has shifted considerably, and predicted continued meander migration poses a threat to the future stability of the ri\.er training dyke, built in 1972 to isolate Squamish Ri\.er to the west of the valley. Along certain reaches, rates of channel bank erosion ha\,e increased as a result of decreased channel and effective floodplain widths associated with dyke construction. These factors have also led to an increased riverine influence near the river mouth which has in turn led to the formation of an anomalous coarse-grained sedimentary sequence along the lower 800 m of Squamish west delta. Accretion data reveal that Squamish west delta accretion has increased dramatically since dyke construction, and that this accretion is both spatially and temporally variable. This variability reflects the riverine source of sediment, and indicates that depositional processes differ within sunmler and winter months. Comparative analysis of sedimentary sequence within fluvial and tidal reaches reveals that fine-grained deposits provide evidence of their environment of deposition. These deposits may be used as environmental indicators based on sediment-size characteristics, facies geometry, organic content and bedding fonn. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I wish to thank Ted Hickin for providing the initial impetus for this research, and for ensuring (through one means or another) that it be successfully completed. The content of this work has been much improved through interesting discussion with Dr. Hickin during these last months. I also wish to thank Drs. John Lutrrnauer, Mike Roberts, and Lance Lesack for wading through this thesis with speed and good humour, and for providing thoughtful suggestions for its improvement. I am also indebted to Paul DeGrace, Ray Squirrel and Gary Hayward for technical assistance and unlimited access to conlputing facilities (Ray. you may have your room back now). The body of data provided here owes much to the hard work and generosity of many people who assisted in both the field and laboratory. Mark Gawehns must be praised for his work ethic and patience throughout the summer of 1992, though perhaps not for his taste in music. Invaluable field assistance was also provided by Jan Thompson, Dave Johnson, Scott Babakaiff. John Martin, Steve Blackburn, and Csaba Ekes; I owe you a11 a great deal, though most likely will ne\w pay you back. Brett Turner and Bill Hanson must also take credit for sitting for hours in a room with only a noisy nest of vibrating sieves for company. I trust that you both have made the realisation that I made early on: avoid sediment-size analysis. Not to be forgotten in this o\,erly-long list of names are Jane Nor-I-is-Hilland Jean Turnbridge, for placing a 1-oungphysical-geography-wannabe in a cold Welsh stream all those years ago. Did you know what you had started'? I also owe much to Hazel Faulkner and Simon Jennings for providing early inspiration and a large push in the right direction (to Canada). Finally (for this paragraph) I wish to thank Rick Thomson at the Institute of Ocean Sciences for providing invaluable tide data. Perhaps more than anyone, my family and friends must share the credit (blame?) for this thesis. To my family and friends back home (who, through no fault of their own were unable to leave England), I thank you for your patience, love, understanding, and occasional letter. h4ost important in this list of supporters are Jan Thompson and Scott Babakaiff, fellow graduate students, friends, and mentors. who u-atched me complete this thesis from scratch. I doubt that I could have finished it without your friendship, criticism, humour, pessimism, and immoral guidance. Mr John Streicker (perhaps the biggest Thompson groupie of all) has also played a key role in helping me establish some sort of life outside university; thanks for your efforts John. To everyone who has listened to me complain for the last few years, I apologise. Funding for this work was generously provided by Ted Hickin, a graduate fellowship, and by numerous Teaching Assistant positions provided by the Department of Geography. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to anyone who will reference it. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page approval page 11 ... ABSTRACT 111 Acknowledgments v Dedication \'I1 List of Tables xiv List of Figures X V CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Literature Review Recognition of Tidal Deposits Bedding in Tidal Flat Sediments Intertidal flats Tidal Channels Salt Marsh Research in Modern Estuarine Environments Tidal Bundles Transitional Environments: Fluvial-Estuarine Reaches of Rivers Limitations of Research in Tidal Environments Fjord Delta Sedimentation Aims of Research Study Area Squarnish Estuary Tidal Regime Squamish River Hydrologic Regime viii Suspended-Sediment Characteristics Effects of Wind Delta Sedimentation Delta Erosion Channel Stability Anthropogenic Changes to the Natural System CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY Data Collection Collection of Stratigraphic Data Location of Bank Sections Logging Sections Sediment Sampling from Logged Sections Facies-Scale Sampling Bed-Scale Sampling Delta Erosion Delta Accretion Data Analysis Analysis of Log Data Sediment Analysis Preparation of Samples for Analysis Sieving Analysis SediGraph Analysis Removal of Organic Material CHAPTER THREE: FACIES-SCALE STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Facies Description Facies A: Cross-Bedded Sands and Gravels Facies B: Finely-Laminated Sands and Silts Facies C: Silty Rhythmites Facies D: Sandy Rhythmites Facies E: Parallel-Laminated Sands with Peds Facies F: Ripple-Bedded Sands Facies G: Parallel-Laminated Silts and Clays Facies Interpretation Facies A: Cross-Bedded Sands and Gravels Facies B: Finely-Laminated Sands and Silts Facies C: Silty Rhythmites Facies D: Sandy Rhythmites Facies E: Parallel-Laminated Sands with Peds Facies F: Ripple-Bedded Sands Facies G: Parallel-La~ninatedSilts and Clays Discussion Depositional Model of Estuarine Deposits The Age of Tidal Marsh Deposits Tidal Deposition in Squarnish Estuary The Changing Nature of Deposition along the Tidal Gradient Observations from Sedimentary Sequence Observations from Tidal Facies B and C Upstream Limit of Detectable Tidal Sedimentary Control Zonation of Squarnish Estuarine Deposits Assumptions of Methodology Employed CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS Description of Fine-Grained
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