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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Pohonné Jednotky Automobilů

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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Pohonné Jednotky Automobilů VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŢENÝRSTVÍ ÚSTAV AUTOMOBILNÍHO A DOPRAVNÍHO INŢENÝRSTVÍ FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING POHONNÉ JEDNOTKY AUTOMOBILŮ BMW POWERTRAINS OF BMW CARS BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR´S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE TOMÁŠ GULÁŠ AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE prof. Ing. VÁCLAV PÍŠTĚK, DrSc. SUPERVISOR BRNO 2011 ABSTRAKT, KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ ABSTRAKT Bakalárska práca sa zaoberá pohonnými jednotkami mníchovskej automobilky BMW. Hodnotí ich historický vývoj, zameriava sa na zaujímavé inovatívne riešenia v danej oblasti, charakterizuje súčasný stav a úspech BMW na svetovom trhu, poukazuje na široké perspektívy a vízie automobilky do budúcnosti. KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ BMW, MINI, motor, prevodovka, spaľovanie, benzín, diesel, VANOS, Valvetronic, HPI, TwinPower Turbo, TwinScroll Turbo, Variable Twin Turbo, SMG, DCT, xDrive, EfficientDynamics, Active Hybrid, vodík, CleanEnergy ABSTRACT Bachelor's thesis deals with the powertrains of the Munich carmaker BMW. It evaluates their historical development, focuses on the interesting innovative solutions in this domain, describes the current status and the success of BMW in the world market, points to a wide perspective and vision for the future car. KEYWORDS BMW, MINI, engine, transmission, combustion, gasoline, diesel, VANOS, Valvetronic, HPI, TwinPower Turbo, TwinScroll Turbo, Variable Twin Turbo, SMG, DCT, xDrive, EfficientDynamics, Active Hybrid, hydrogen, CleanEnergy BRNO 2011 BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ CITÁCIA BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ CITÁCIA GULÁŠ, T. Pohonné jednotky automobilů BMW. Brno: Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta strojního inţenýrství, 2011. 96 s. Vedoucí bakalářské práce prof. Ing. Václav Píštěk, DrSc.. BRNO 2011 ČESTNÉ PREHLÁSENIE ČESTNÉ PREHLÁSENIE Prehlasujem, ţe táto práca je mojím pôvodným dielom, spracoval som ju samostatne pod vedením pána prof. Ing. Václava Píštěka, DrSc. a s pouţitím zdrojov uvedených v zozname. V Brne dňa 27. Mája 2011 …….……..………………………………………….. Tomáš Guláš BRNO 2011 POĎAKOVANIE POĎAKOVANIE Chcel by som sa týmto poďakovať pánovi prof. Ing. Václavovi Píštěkovi, DrSc., ktorý je vedúcim tejto práce, za cenné rady a usmernenie mojich krokov pri jej písaní, pánovi Milošovi Vránkovi a Radkovi Holcmannovi zo spoločnosti Renocar BMW Brno, za pohotovú reakciu, priateľské gesto a ochotu pomôcť. BRNO 2011 OBSAH OBSAH ÚVOD ................................................................................................................. 11 1. KONCERN BMW ................................................................................................ 12 1.1. O koncerne BMW ........................................................................................ 12 1.2. História automobilky .................................................................................... 13 1.3. BMW v súčasnosti ....................................................................................... 14 2. TEÓRIA SPAĽOVACÍCH MOTOROV AUTOMOBILOV ..................................... 15 2.1. Rozdelenie spaľovacích motorov ................................................................. 15 2.2. Záţihové motory ........................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Dvojdobé záţihové motory .................................................................. 17 2.2.2. Štvordobé záţihové motory ................................................................ 19 2.3. Vznetové motory ........................................................................................... 21 2.4. Prínos BMW do oblasti pohonných jednotiek .............................................. 21 3. HISTORICKÝ VÝVOJ MOTOROV FIRMY BMW ................................................ 22 3.1. Záţihové motory ........................................................................................... 22 3.1.1. Radové 6-valce .................................................................................. 22 3.1.2. Vidlicové 8-valce ................................................................................ 25 3.1.3. Radové 4-valce .................................................................................. 26 3.1.4. Vidlicové 12-valce .............................................................................. 28 3.1.5. Vidlicové 10-valce .............................................................................. 28 3.2. Vznetové motory .......................................................................................... 29 3.2.1. Radové 6-valce .................................................................................. 29 3.2.2. Radové 4-valce .................................................................................. 30 3.2.3. Vidlicové 8-valce ................................................................................. 30 4. MOTORY BMW V DNEŠNEJ DOBE ................................................................. 32 4.1. Pouţívané technológie ................................................................................ 32 4.1.1. Variabilné časovanie ventilov ............................................................. 32 4.1.1.1. VANOS .................................................................................... 32 4.1.1.2. Double VANOS ........................................................................ 33 4.1.2. Valvetronic ......................................................................................... 34 4.1.3. Vysokotlakové vstrekovanie HPI ........................................................ 36 4.1.4. Vstrekovací systém Common-Rail ..................................................... 37 4.1.5. TwinPower Turbo ............................................................................... 39 4.1.5.1. TwinScroll Turbo ...................................................................... 40 4.1.5.2. Variable Twin Turbo ................................................................. 41 4.2. Označenie motorov ...................................................................................... 42 4.3. Rozdelenie motorov ...................................................................................... 43 4.4. Záţihové motory .......................................................................................... 43 4.4.1. Radové 4-valce .................................................................................. 43 4.4.2. Radové 6-valce .................................................................................. 45 BRNO 2011 9 OBSAH 4.4.3. Vidlicové 8-valce ................................................................................ 48 4.4.4. Vidlicové 12-valce .............................................................................. 51 4.5. Vznetové motory .......................................................................................... 52 4.5.1. Radové 4-valce .................................................................................. 52 4.5.2. Radové 6-valce .................................................................................. 52 5. PREVODOVKY .................................................................................................. 54 5.1. Označenie prevodoviek pouţívaných vo vozidlách BMW ............................. 54 5.2. Prevodovka so sekvenčným radením SMG ................................................. 56 5.3. Dvojspojková prevodovka DCT ................................................................... 57 5.4. Prevodovky v budúcnosti ............................................................................. 57 6. INTELIGENTNÝ POHON XDRIVE .................................................................... 58 6.1. História pohonu xDrive ................................................................................ 58 6.2. Princíp činnosti pohonu xDrive .................................................................... 59 6.3. Pohon xDrive v dnešnej dobe ...................................................................... 62 7. EFFICIENTDYNAMICS ...................................................................................... 63 7.1. Rekuperácia energie pri brzdení .................................................................. 64 7.2. Pneumatiky s nízkym valivým odporom ....................................................... 64 7.3. Automatické vypínanie a zapínanie motoru ................................................. 64 7.4. Elektrický posilňovač riadenia EPS ............................................................. 65 7.5. Rekuperácia výfukových plynov .................................................................. 66 7.6. Indikátor radenia prevodových stupňov ....................................................... 66 7.7. Zniţovanie hmotnosti komponentov ............................................................ 66 7.8. BMW Vision EfficientDynamics .................................................................... 67 7.9. EfficientDynamics v budúcnosti ................................................................... 67 8. HYBRIDY ........................................................................................................... 68 8.1. BMW ActiveHybrid X6 ................................................................................. 68 8.2. BMW ActiveHybrid 7 ..................................................................................... 72 9. MOTORY NA VODÍK ......................................................................................... 75 9.1. BMW CleanEnergy .....................................................................................
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