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Poaceae : Chloridoideae) SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 0 NUMBER 87 Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae : Chloridoideae) Paul M. Peterson, Robert D. Webster, and Jesus Valdes-Reyna SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 ABSTRACT Peterson, Paul M., Robert D. Webster, and Jesus Valdes-Reyna. Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 87, 50 pages, 1 table. 1997.-A comprehensive study of generic concepts, evaluation of taxonomic characters, and a revised classification is presented for the Eragrostideae of the New World. An original set of data, consisting of 88 characters recorded for 38 genera, was collected and analyzed to produce a dichotomous key, a synoptic key, and comparative descriptions. A detailed discussion is presented on the characters and the distribution of the character states. Remarks on the morphology, taxonomic history, and relationships among the species within each genus and among the genera of Eragrostideae are given. A new combination is proposed for Neeragrostis contrerasii. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Annals ofthe Smithsonian Institution. SERIESCOVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllumjaponicum Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peterson, Paul M. Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae : Chloridoideae) / Paul M. Peterson, Robert D. Webster, and Jesus Valdes-Repa. p. cm. -(Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 87) Includes bibliographical references (p. 47). 1. Grasses-America- Classification. I. Webster, Robert D. (Robert Dale), 1950- . 11. Valdes-Rep, Jesus. 111. Title. IV. Series. QKl.S2747 no. 87 [QK495.G74] 580 sdc21 [584‘.9] 97-29204 @ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials 239.48-1984. Contents Page Introduction ....................................... 1 Materials and Methods ................................ 2 Acknowledgments .................................. 3 The Characters and Their Variation ........................... 3 Key to the Eragrostideae of the New World ...................... 8 Clave para Eragrostideae del Nuevo Mundo ...................... 12 Synoptic Key to the New World Genera of the Eragrostideae ............ 17 Taxonomy ........................................ 22 ERAGROSTIDEAE................................... 22 1. Allolepis .................................... 22 2 . Bealia ..................................... 23 3 . Blepharidachne ................................ 23 4. Blepharoneuron ................................ 24 5 . Calamovilfa .................................. 25 6 . Chaboissaea .................................. 25 7 . Crypsis ..................................... 26 8. Dactyloctenium ................................ 26 9 . Dasyochloa .................................. 27 10. Distichlis .................................... 27 11. Eleusine .................................... 28 12. Eragrostis ................................... 28 13. Erioneuron ................................... 29 14. Gouinia .................................... 30 15. Jouvea ..................................... 31 16. Leptochloa ................................... 31 17. Lycurus ..................................... 32 18. Monanthochloe ................................ 32 19. Muhlenbergia ................................. 33 20 . Munroa ..................................... 34 21 . Neeragrostis .................................. 35 22 . Neesiochloa .................................. 35 23 . Neyraudia ................................... 36 24 . Pereilerna ................................... 36 25 . Redfieldia ................................... 37 26 . Reederochloa ................................. 38 27 . Scleropogon .................................. 38 28 . Sohnsia ..................................... 39 29 . Sporobolus ................................... 39 30 . Steirachne ................................... 40 31 . Swallenia .................................... 40 32 . Tetrachne ................................... 41 33 . Trichoneura .................................. 41 34 . Tridens ..................................... 42 35 . Triplasis .................................... 43 36 . Tripogon .................................... 43 iii iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 37 . Uniola ..................................... .14 38 . Vaseyochloa .................................. 44 Classification ...................................... 45 Literature Cited ..................................... 47 Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) Paul M. Peterson, Robert D. Webster, and Jesus Valdes-Reyna Introduction from glumes. Glumes and valves [lemmas] rather similar in appearance. Valves [lemmas] membranous to chartaceous, very The Eragrostideae includes approximately 80 genera and often olive green or olive grey, entire or 3-cleft, 3-nerved; 1000 species, or about one-tenth of all grasses. These taxa are nerves evanescent above or excurrent into bristles [awns]; primarily distributed in the subtropical to tropical regions in side-nerves submarginal, glabrous or pubescent or finely ciliate arid climates, with centers of distribution in the savannahs of below. Paleas often persistent or subpersistent.” Hubbard southern Africa and north central Mexico. In the New World, or (1934) expanded the number of genera in the Eragrostideae to Western Hemisphere, this study recognizes 38 genera and 38 and added the following characteristics, among others, to the about 427 species, with the highest concentration in north circumscription: spikelets usually with two or more fertile central Mexico and the southwestern United States. florets, disarticulation above the glumes, and spikelets laterally Within the Eragrostideae there is considerable variation in compressed. Pilger (1956) increased the number of taxa in the morphology, anatomy, and cytology (Peterson, 1988, 1989; Eragrostideae to include 53 genera in six subtribes. Five of the Peterson et al., 1989, 1993, 1995; Peterson and Annable, 1990, six Eragrostideae subtribes (Eragrostinae, Lycurinae, 1991, 1992; Valdes-Reyna and Hatch, 1991; Peterson and Muhlenbergiinae, Scleropogoninae,and Sporobolinae) used by Herrera A., 1996). It is difficult, if not impossible, to select Pilger contain indigenous New World genera. The following diagnostic characteristics that exclusively delimit the Eragros- characteristics were used by Pilger to differentiate the tideae from other tribes in the Chloridoideae;however, the tribe Eragrostideae from five other tribes in his subfamily Eragros- commonly has paniculate inflorescences (occasionally ra- toideae (=Chloridoideae, in part): spikelets in loose or cemose), laterally compressed or terete (rarely dorsiventral) contracted panicles, these often compounded in racemes or spikelets, lemmas 3-nerved (occasionally 1-nerved or more spikes, branches spirally inserted; empty glumes usually than 3-nerved), and disarticulation typically above the glumes shorter than the lemma; upper floret in many-flowered spikelets (Peterson et al., 1995). often sterile; lemma usually l-3-nerved, membranous to In the Flora Capensis, Stapf (1898) first used the tribal name leathery; apex of the lemma entire, crenate, toothed, or lobed, if Eragrostideae ( Eragrosteae), where he placed four genera: artistate, the awn arising from the midnerve; lemma nerves Desmostachya (Ho0k.f. ) Stapf, Diplachne Beauv. (= Lepto- often hairy; stamens 2-3; fruits usually loosely surrounded by chloa P. Beauv.), Eragrostis Wolf, and Pogonarthria Stapf. the palea, often becoming free; pericarp thin, often loosening Stapf (1898:3 16) used the following characteristics to distin- and leaving the seeds naked; hilum small, basal; base guish this tribe: “Spikelets variously panicled sometimes chromosome number 10 or 8. A comparison of our classifica- spicate or subspicate. Florets usually numerous and far exerted tion of the Eragrostideae with that of Hitchcock and Chase (1951), Pilger (1954, 1956), Gould and Shaw (1983), Clayton and Renvoize (1986), and Watson and Dallwitz (1992) is given Paul M. Peterson, Department of Botany, National Museum ofNatural in Peterson et al., 1995. History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. Robert D. It seems appropriate initially to make a general statement Webster, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Agn‘culture concerning the relative number of species in the New World Research Service, Bldg. 003, Room 235, BARC- West, Beltsville, genera of the Eragrostideae on a world-wide basis. Of the Maryland 20705. Jesus Valdes-Reyna, Departamento de Botanica. Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, species currently recognized in the tribe, about 67% are Coahuila, 253I5, Mexico. contained in the three largest genera (Eragrostis (350), 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY MuhEenbergia Schreb. (160), and Sporobolus R. Br. (160)). A reliability weight was given to each character and was Eleven (about 29%) of the New World genera are monotypic. used for the production of the identification key and for the These include Allolepis Soderstr. & H.F. Decker, Bealia selection of characters for the diagnosis within the descriptions. Scribn., Dasyochloa Willd. ex Rydb., Neesiochloa Pilg., Assessment of reliability was based on the degree of Redfieldia
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