Marine Heatwave Hinders Metabolism in Two Gastropod Survivors

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Marine Heatwave Hinders Metabolism in Two Gastropod Survivors University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biological and Marine Sciences 2020-12 Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metabolism in two gastropod survivors Hemraj, DA http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/16257 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 Marine Environmental Research Elsevier BV All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 1 2 Survived but not safe: marine heatwave hinders metabolism in two gastropod survivors 3 4 Deevesh A. Hemraj1, Natasha C. Posnett2, Jay J. Minuti1, Louise B. Firth3, Bayden D. Russell1* 5 6 1The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of 7 Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China 8 2School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake 9 Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK 10 3School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, 11 PL4 8AA, UK 12 13 *corresponding author: [email protected] 14 15 Keywords: Marine heatwave; magnitude; mortality rate; metabolic regulation; thermal history 16 Highlights: 17 18 • Two marine gastropods (T. sacellum and A. haematragum) survived moderate marine 19 heatwave but perished under extreme heatwave conditions. 20 • Surviving heatwaves instigated ongoing physiological costs and non-adaptive 21 metabolic depression. 22 • Post-heatwave recovery will be key for species persistence under increasing heatwave 23 frequency. 24 25 1 This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 26 Graphical abstract 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 2 This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 40 41 Abstract 42 Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are an emerging threat to marine organisms that have increased in 43 frequency and magnitude in the past decade. These extreme heating events can have differential 44 impacts for organisms with some experiencing mortality while others survive. Here, we 45 experimentally exposed two species of subtidal gastropod (Trochus sacellum and Astralium 46 haematragum) to two realistic intensities of MHW to test the ability of different species to 47 physiologically cope with extreme heating events. Extreme MHW conditions caused 100% 48 mortality in both species within five days. In contrast, both species showed evidence of 49 nonadaptive metabolic depression under moderate MHW conditions. Both species 50 demonstrated an inability to upregulate their metabolic rates at the higher temperatures 51 following exposure to a MHW (i.e. reduced temperature of maximum metabolic rate; TMMR), 52 suggesting a lack of molecular protective responses and ongoing physiological damage. 53 Therefore, the physiological damage endured by heatwave survivors may lessen their ability to 54 cope with subsequent stress until fully recovered. Repairing this damage may have serious 55 repercussions for the rate of recovery of these normally resilient species and their ability to 56 maintain their ecological functions post MHW, especially under the predicted increasing 57 frequency, duration and magnitude of MHWs. 58 59 60 61 62 63 3 This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 64 65 66 67 1. Introduction 68 Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are recognised as major threats to biodiversity because they drive 69 mass mortality of organisms (Garrabou et al., 2009; Le Nohaïc et al., 2017), changes in species 70 geographical distribution (Wernberg et al., 2016; Lonhart et al., 2019; Sanford et al., 2019), 71 and re-organisation of community composition (Arafeh-Dalmau et al., 2019; Brodeur et al., 72 2019). The overarching effect of MHWs on biodiversity is dependent not only on the duration 73 and magnitude of thermal stress but also on the sensitivity of the organisms themselves 74 (Frölicher and Laufkötter, 2018; Leung et al., 2019). Since tolerance to thermal stress is 75 associated with the ability to regulate aerobic capacity and maintain physiological homeostasis 76 (Madeira, 2018 a), interspecific discrepancies in the effects of MHWs exist whereby some 77 species are resistant or resilient, while others are sensitive (Leung et al, 2019). Thus, some 78 species can be categorised as ‘winners’ for exhibiting adaptive phenotypic plasticity in 79 response to MHWs (Cavole et al., 2016; Watson, 2018) while others will be ‘losers’ when they 80 are unable to tolerate acute warming and die. 81 82 While different magnitudes of heat stress from MHWs can be lethal for some species, the 83 activation of physiological pathways associated with aerobic metabolism and cellular stress 84 response allow others to be resistant or resilient to thermal stress (Leung et al., 2019). Species- 85 specific regulation of physiological mechanisms to cope with stress under heatwaves are 86 present even among species from the same habitat (Bernal et al., 2020). Additionally, the 87 metabolic pathways that are activated to tolerate or survive thermal stress, such as cellular 4 This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 88 metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, or activation of the complement system (a component of 89 immune response), will differ among surviving species (Bernal et al., 2020). However, the 90 regulation of molecular mechanisms is energetically costly and, consequently, increases in 91 thermal tolerance come with the requirement of balancing responses with energy reserves and 92 enhancement in energy intake and assimilation following the heat stress (Giomi et al., 2016; 93 Leung et al., 2019). 94 95 The capacity of an organism to physiologically adjust in response to fluctuating environmental 112 Deleted: Given adequate time to acclimate, organisms 113 subjected to high temperatures can be expected to achieve 114 higher lethal temperature limits, but physiological trade-offs 96 temperatures depends largely on their natural realised thermal windows, and whether they are 115 or adaptive metabolic depression may also impact other 116 associated physiological processes (Harianto et al., 2018). 97 able to both display thermally compensated respiratory functions, as well as extend their lethal 98 temperature thresholds (Sandblom et al., 2016). Depending on the duration and magnitude of 99 a heatwave, the thermotolerance strategy employed by a species, the associated energetic costs, 100 and the ability of different species to regulate metabolism and energy assimilation after a MHW 101 will lead to different physiological consequences during and post-MHW. It is generally 102 accepted that sensitivity of an organism to environmental change and capacity for thermal 103 acclimation is determined by environmental selection pressure, which is often correlated with 104 latitude although a wider suite of selective pressures may concurrently be involved (Jupe et al., 105 2020). Generally, species living in more stable tropical environments have greater capacity for 106 chronic thermal acclimation when the rate of onset is slower, whereas those which live in more 107 thermally variable environments are more equipped to deal with acute temperature change 108 through physiological plasticity given the range experienced in their natural environment 109 (Seebacher et al., 2015). Indeed, predicting the different responses of more tropical and 110 temperate-affiliated species in areas in which their ranges overlap is complex, due to variety in 111 thermotolerance mechanisms utilised by functionally similar species (Goldenberg et al., 2018). 5 This is a final draft of the submitted paper. Please refer to the published version of this paper: Hemraj, D.A., Posnett, N.C., Minuti, J.J., Firth, L.B. and Russell, B.D., 2020. Survived but not safe: Marine heatwave hinders metaBolism in two gastropod survivors. Marine Environmental Research, p.105117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105117 117 An understanding of these responses is of increasing importance for predicting how warming 118 seas will drive species range shifts and novel biological communities (Donelson et al., 2019; 119 Sanford et al., 2019; Wernberg et al., 2016). 120 121 Here, we investigated the effect of different magnitudes of realistic MHW scenarios (moderate 122 and extreme; Hobday et al., 2018) on the metabolism and survival of two subtidal gastropods, 123 Trochus sacellum and Astralium haematragum, which co-occur in a tropical-temperate 124 transition zone.
Recommended publications
  • Limited Effects of Grazer Exclusion on the Epiphytes of Posidonia Sinuosa
    Aquatic Botany 78 (2004) 3–14 Limited effects of grazer exclusion on the epiphytes of Posidonia sinuosa in South Australia Dominic Keuskamp∗ School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia Received 8 August 2002; received in revised form 10 July 2003; accepted 22 August 2003 Abstract The role of grazing in regulating the abundance and biomass of epiphytes of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa Cambridge et Kuo was investigated at an oligotrophic site in lower Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Prosobranch gastropods >7 mm in size were excluded from 0.25 m2 plots of seagrass for 3 months with four steel mesh cages, compared with four partial cages used to control for cage artefacts, and also four uncaged control plots. Abundances of epiphytic algae, invertebrates and epiphytic mass (DW, AFDW and calcium carbonate) were recorded regularly. The indirect effect of grazer exclusion on seagrass leaf mortality (necrosis) was also measured. Grazing effects on the epiphytic assemblage were detected despite some cage artefacts. Filamentous algal abundance and epiphytic biomass (AFDW) increased in response to grazer exclusion. Caging per se reduced crustose coralline algal cover and calcium carbonate during the experimental period but, after 3 months, no artefact or treatment effect was discernible. Abundances of invertebrate taxa were little affected by grazer exclusion although caging per se reduced the density of spirorbid polychaetes. Grazer exclusion did not affect seagrass necrosis. In comparison with similar studies and given the duration of exclusion, the sum of treatment effects on epiphytes and seagrass was small. Rather, the role of epiphyte grazing in this nutrient-poor area appears to be limited to the maintenance of an epiphytic assemblage that is free of filamentous algae and dominated by crustose corallines.
    [Show full text]
  • A Somogy Megyei Múzeum Puhatestű (Mollusca) Gyűjteményének Gyarapodása I
    Natura Somogyiensis 9 79-129 Kaposvár, 2006 A Somogy Megyei Múzeum puhatestű (Mollusca) gyűjteményének gyarapodása I. HÉRA ZOLTÁN H-7400 Kaposvár Tamási Áron utca 9, Hungary, e-mail:[email protected] HÉRA Z.: Enrichment of the malacological (Mollusca) collection in Somogy County Museum I. Abstract: A small but old collection of mollusc from Dr. Wiesinger's legacy got to the collection of the Natural History Department of Somogy County Museum. Altogether 2600 items, 18000 specimens can be found in the revised collection, the bigger part of the collection (Tolnai's coll.) date from the first part of 20th century. Now the author published the date of Tolnai's collection in this paper. There are collection materials not only from Dr. Tolnai but also his famous contemporary malacologists: Streda R., H. Barthelmes, Geyer, Hässlein, W. Klemm, Schlickum, W. R., Jaeckel, S., Modell, H. Waldén, H. W. Keywords: Mollusca, malacological history, malacological collection, Hungary Bevezetés 2004. évben a Somogy Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága Természettudományi Osztá- lya különleges puhatestű gyűjteménnyel gyarapodott. Előző birtokosa Juhász György az újpesti Lepkemúzeum tulajdonosa volt, aki gazdag lepkegyűjteményén kívül sok egyéb mellett látványos és értékes puhatestű ritkaságot is bemutat a látogatóknak. Az örökö- söktől még ajándékozással továbbkerülő kollekció többször gazdát cserélt, mígnem vá- sárlás révén a Lepkemúzeumba kerülhetett. Juhász György Dr. Mészáros Zoltán profesz- szor úr közbenjárására, akinek szívességéből az SMMI Természettudományi Osztályá- nak gyűjteménye már eddig is számos különleges rovarcsoporttal és csigaanyaggal gya- rapodott, a kollekció nagyobbik hányadát a múzeum gyűjteményének (Kaposvár) aján- dékozta, azzal a kéréssel, hogy az anyag egy részét a feldolgozás és határozás után a Lepkemúzeumban helyezzük el.
    [Show full text]
  • (Approx) Mixed Micro Shells (22G Bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22G Bag Provides Hours of Fun; Some Interesting Foraminifera Also Included
    Special Price £ US$ Family Genus, species Country Quality Size Remarks w/o Photo Date added Category characteristic (€) (approx) (approx) Mixed micro shells (22g bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22g bag provides hours of fun; some interesting Foraminifera also included. 17/06/21 Mixed micro shells Ischnochitonidae Callistochiton pulchrior Panama F+++ 89mm € 1,80 £1,55 $2,10 21/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Chaetopleura lurida Panama F+++ 2022mm € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Hairy girdles, beautifully preserved. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 30mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 27.9mm € 2,80 £2,42 $3,27 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Stenoplax limaciformis Panama F+++ 16mm+ € 6,50 £5,61 $7,60 Uncommon. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Philippines F+++ 25mm+ € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Hairy margins, beautifully preserved. 04/08/17 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Australia F+++ 25mm+ € 2,60 £2,25 $3,04 02/06/18 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 41mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 32mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 44mm+ € 5,00 £4,32 $5,85 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F++ 35mm € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 29mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Caribbean.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article 2.0MB .Pdf File
    Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 12 April 1971 Port Phillip Bay Survey 2 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1971.32.08 8 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY OF PORT PHILLIP BAY WITH SYSTEMATIC LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS By R. J. KING,* J. HOPE BLACKt and SOPHIE c. DUCKER* Abstract The zonation is recorded at 14 stations within Port Phillip Bay. Any special features of a station arc di�cusscd in �elation to the adjacent stations and the whole Bay. The intertidal plants and ammals are listed systematically with references, distribution within the Bay and relevant comment. 1. INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY South-western Bay-Areas 42, 49, 50 By R. J. KING and J. HOPE BLACK Arca 42: Station 21 St. Leonards 16 Oct. 69 Introduction Arca 49: Station 4 Swan Bay Jetty, 17 Sept. 69 This account is basically coneerncd with the distribution of intertidal plants and animals of Eastern Bay-Areas 23-24, 35-36, 47-48, 55 Port Phillip Bay. The benthic flora and fauna Arca 23, Station 20, Ricketts Pt., 30 Sept. 69 have been dealt with in separate papers (Mem­ Area 55: Station 15 Schnapper Pt. 25 May oir 27 and present volume). 70 Following preliminary investigations, 14 Area 55: Station 13 Fossil Beach 25 May stations were selected for detailed study in such 70 a way that all regions and all major geological formations were represented. These localities Southern Bay-Areas 60-64, 67-70 are listed below and are shown in Figure 1. Arca 63: Station 24 Martha Pt. 25 May 70 For ease of comparison with Womersley Port Phillip Heads-Areas 58-59 (1966), in his paper on the subtidal algae, the Area 58: Station 10 Quecnscliff, 12 Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (862Kb)
    59 ON SOME TASMANIAN TBOCHIDjE. By the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Eoy. Soc. Tas., KS.W., Yict., and N. Z. Inste. [Bead 12th August, 1879.] In tlie Proceedings for 1877 this Society did me the honor to publish in its pages a Census of the Marine Shells of the Tasmanian coasts. In that list I discussed some of the claims of certain species, but a great many questions con- nected with the classification I was obliged to leave untouched. I now propose to deal with the names of some of the Trocliidce, and the validity of certain genera as regards those Tasmanian species which are included in them. It will be observed that in many cases I have remarked in the Census that I did not consider certain genera as very reliable. I do not know any family to which this is so applicable as to the TrochidcB, and for the present I shall confine my remarks to them. The family of Trochidce, as defined by Messrs. H. and A. Adams, and whose divisions I shall follow, is meant to include animals with an elongate tongue, median teeth broad, laterals five, denticulated ; uncini very numerous, slender with hooked points ; head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, somewhat ciHated ; eyes on free peduncles on their outer base, two more or less developed head-lobes between the tentacles, gill single, long, linear. Sides of the foot with a large neck-lappet near the eye peduncle, continuous with a conspicuous side membrane bearing on its free margin, from three to five tapering filaments.
    [Show full text]
  • Heatwaves Diminish the Survival of a Subtidal Gastropod Through
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Heatwaves diminish the survival of a subtidal gastropod through reduction in energy budget and Received: 11 April 2017 Accepted: 10 November 2017 depletion of energy reserves Published: xx xx xxxx Jonathan Y. S. Leung 1, Sean D. Connell 1 & Bayden D. Russell 1,2 Extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves, are predicted to be more prevalent in future due to global climate change. The devastating impacts of heatwaves on the survival of marine organisms may be further intensifed by ocean acidifcation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to heatwave temperatures (24 °C, +3 °C summer seawater temperature) would diminish energy budget, body condition and ultimately survival of a subtidal gastropod (Thalotia conica) by pushing close to its critical thermal maximum (CTmax). We also tested whether ocean acidifcation (pCO2: 1000 ppm) afects energy budget, CTmax and hence survival of this gastropod. Following the 8-week experimental period, mortality was markedly higher at 24 °C irrespective of pCO2 level, probably attributed to energy defcit (negative scope for growth) and concomitant depletion of energy reserves (reduced organ weight to fesh weight ratio). CTmax of T. conica appeared at 27 °C and was unafected by ocean acidifcation. Our fndings imply that prolonged exposure to heatwaves can compromise the survival of marine organisms below CTmax via disruption in energy homeostasis, which possibly explains their mass mortality in the past heatwave events. Therefore, heatwaves would have more profound efects than ocean acidifcation on future marine ecosystems. Since the onset of Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) concentration has been increasing rapidly and caused observable changes in marine ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecklonia Radiata) by Seagrass- Associated Mesograzers in Temperate South-Western Australia
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2007 The use of detached kelp (Ecklonia radiata) by seagrass- associated mesograzers in temperate South-Western Australia Christopher Doropoulos Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Doropoulos, C. (2007). The use of detached kelp (Ecklonia radiata) by seagrass-associated mesograzers in temperate South-Western Australia. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1076 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1076 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Costs of Ocean Acidification and Warming in Herbivorous Gastropods
    LIVING COSTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING IN HERBIVOROUS GASTROPODS AND THEIR ADAPTATIONS JONATHAN YU SING LEUNG Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide February 2018 Cover image: Nerita atramentosa (black) and Austrocochlea concamerata (black with white stripes). Photo credit: Jonathan Yu Sing Leung II DECLARATION I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name for any other degree or diploma in any university or tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint award of this degree. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library Search and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Vetigastropoda, Neritimorpha Y Conoidea)
    Mitogenómica y filogenia de linajes de gasterópodos altamente diversificados (Vetigastropoda, Neritimorpha y Conoidea) Juan Esteban Uribe Arboleda 2016 MITOGENÓMICA Y FILOGENIA DE LINAJES DE GASTERÓPODOS ALTAMENTE DIVERSIFICADOS (VETIGASTROPODA, NERITIMORPHA Y CONOIDEA) Juan Esteban Uribe Arboleda Tesis doctoral 2016 Mitogenómica y filogenia de linajes de gasterópodos altamente diversificados (Vetigastropoda, Neritimorpha y Conoidea) PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN BIOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ALIMENTACIÓN MEMORIA PRESENTADA POR JUAN ESTEBAN URIBE ARBOLEDA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR POR LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID DIRECTORES: RAFAEL ZARDOYA SAN SEBASTIÁN JOSÉ TEMPLADO GONZÁLEZ TUTOR: ÁNGEL ANTONIO LUQUE DEL VILLAR ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Para mi madre y mis abuelos ! 3! AGRADECIMIENTOS Muchas personas e instituciones han contribuido a esta tesis doctoral, en un sentido u otro, y quiero en estas líneas agradecerles: Inicialmente agradezco a mis directores de tesis, que además de grandes personas son excelentes profesionales con un gran don para enseñar. Gracias de verdad, esto ha sido un experiencia enriquecedora, que seguro, recordaré toda mi vida. A mi tutor de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ángel Luque, que siempre estuvo dispuesto a ayudarme y a corregirme. Al Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid, por facilitar todo para que nosotros los becarios hagamos lo que hacemos. Incluyendo a todo el personal humano: investigadores, directivos, técnicos, servicios generales, a todos, gracias. Al Ministerio de España por la financiación de esta tesis doctoral a partir de los proyectos (CGL2010-18216;! CGL2013- 45211-C2-2-P) y la beca FPI (BES-2011-051469). Como también, al Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de París, institución que me ha recibido en tres ocasiones para hacer mis estancias de investigación que tanto han enriquecido mi formación.
    [Show full text]
  • Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
    26 CENSUS ; WITH BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE. MARINE SHELLS OF TASMANIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS. By THE Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., CoK. Mem. of Roy. Soc. ofN.S.W., Tas., Victoria, Etc. [Bead Idth March, 1877.] Note.—All the measurements are given in French millimetres, and the greatest measurement in each direction is always meant. The letters N., S., E., and W. will be \;sed to denote, the north, south, east, and west coasts of the island respectively ; B. St., Bass' Straits ; S.E.A., South-east Australia, as far as Port Jackson inclusive ; E.A., the whole of the East Australian coast ; S.A., the whole of the South Australian coast as far as Spencer's Gulf ; W.A., Western Australia, as far as Swan River ; V. will mean Victoria from Cape Howe to Portland Bay. Class Cephalapoda. Argonauta oryzata. Meush. Miis. Gev. 252, 133. This well-known shell, the " Paper Nautilus " of collectors is rarely found in Tasmania. Two species are found in E.A., not uncommon in S.A. Spirula l^vis. Graij, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus. Pt. 1, it. 116. S.A., E.A., and W.A., rather uncommon. Sepia. Two species at least, not determined, and others of Octopus, Cistopus, Onychoteuthis, etc. Class Gasteropoda. MuREx TRiFORMis. Reeve, Icon. 2^1. '^^,Ji!J- 53. Somewhat common but generally worn and imperfect specimens only. The shell seems as if its growth were stunted by its southern habitat, while in South AustraKa the varices expand into beautiful and delicate frills.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Product 3
    CHAPTER 5 HABITATS AS SURROGATES FOR FAUNAL AND FLORAL ASSEMBLAGES ASSOCIATED WITH ROCKY REEFS ALONG THE VICTORIAN COAST Tim O’Hara Habitats as Surrogates for Faunal and Floral Assemblages Chapter 5 CHAPTER 5 HABITATS AS SURROGATES FOR FAUNAL AND FLORAL ASSEMBLAGES ASSOCIATED WITH ROCKY REEFS ALONG THE VICTORIAN COAST 5.1 Introduction This chapter investigates if ‘habitat’ categories based on dominant vegetation types are effective surrogates for determining presence/absence of associated species. In this way the benefit of using dominant vegetation types as attributes for habitat mapping can be assessed as a useful method for representing marine biodiversity. The study targets smaller sessile and slow moving benthic fauna and flora (excluding fish) that use the canopies and holdfasts of larger dominant vegetation for primary shelter. The study also examines association patterns at various taxonomic scales in relation to different geographic locations and environmental variables. 5.1.1 Habitats as Biodiversity Surrogates The terms ‘habitats’, ‘communities’ and ‘assemblages’ have been used for over a century in the marine environment as a way of understanding and describing spatial patterns of flora and fauna (Erwin 1983). The concept of describing communities began with the recognition that there appeared to be regularly occurring suites of marine animals that exist together (Petersen 1911). Jones (1950) suggested that environmental factors might determine which suite of animals was present. For this chapter the term ‘assemblage’ is used as a synonymous term for ‘community’ that describe suites of species existing together, while the term ‘habitat’ refers to dominant flora and physical variables that provide suitable refuge and niches for other species.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Invertebrates of the Northern and Yorke Nrm Region: Results of 2013-2014 Field Work, Including Records of New Species
    MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF THE NORTHERN AND YORKE NRM REGION: RESULTS OF 2013-2014 FIELD WORK, INCLUDING RECORDS OF NEW SPECIES J. Baker1, A. Falconer2, D. Kinasz3, A. Futterer4, H. Crawford5, K. Puxley6, J. Baker-Johnson7, S. Ruxton8, A. Newton9, K. Hart10, B. Moffat11, A. Strous12, M. Sutcliffe13, W. Butvila14, J. Santiago15, L. Baade16 and D. Aston17 1 Janine L. Baker, Marine Ecologist, Founder and Manager of South Australian Conservation Research Divers (SACReD) Email: [email protected] 2 A. Falconer, Marine Research Group of the Fields Naturalists Club of Victoria, associate of SACReD, and associate of Museum Victoria 3 D. Kinasz, Marine Photographer, fieldwork assistant, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club, associate of SACReD 4 A. Futterer, Marine Photographer, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club and M.E. Dive Club, member of SACReD 5 H. Crawford, Marine Photographer, member of SACReD, member of MLSSA 6 K. Puxley, Marine Photographer, member of M.E. Dive Club, associate of SACReD 7 J. Baker-Johnson, SCUBA diver and fieldwork assistant; member of SACReD 8 S. Ruxton, Marine Photographer, associate of SACReD 9 A. Newton, Marine Photographer and Videographer at A&K Diving; associate of SACReD 10 K. Hart, Marine Photographer and Videographer at A&K Diving, associate of SACReD 11 B. Moffat, Marine Photographer, member of Wallaroo and Districts Dive Club 12 A. Strous, Marine Photographer, Marine Biology student and member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club 13 M. Sutcliffe, Marine Photographer, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club 14 W. Butvila, Marine Photographer; Founder and Manager of M.E. Dive Club 15 J. Santiago, Marine Photographer 16 L.
    [Show full text]