Memoirs of the National Museum of 12 April 1971 Bay Survey 2 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1971.32.08

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INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY OF PORT PHILLIP BAY WITH SYSTEMATIC LIST OF PLANTS AND By R. J. KING,* J. HOPE BLACKt and SOPHIE c. DUCKER* Abstract The zonation is recorded at 14 stations within Port Phillip Bay. Any special features of a station arc di�cusscd in �elation to the adjacent stations and the whole Bay. The intertidal plants and ammals are listed systematically with references, distribution within the Bay and relevant comment.

1. INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY South-western Bay-Areas 42, 49, 50 By R. J. KING and J. HOPE BLACK Arca 42: Station 21 St. Leonards 16 Oct. 69 Introduction Arca 49: Station 4 Jetty, 17 Sept. 69 This account is basically coneerncd with the distribution of intertidal plants and animals of Eastern Bay-Areas 23-24, 35-36, 47-48, 55 Port Phillip Bay. The benthic flora and fauna Arca 23, Station 20, Ricketts Pt., 30 Sept. 69 have been dealt with in separate papers (Mem­ Area 55: Station 15 Schnapper Pt. 25 May oir 27 and present volume). 70 Following preliminary investigations, 14 Area 55: Station 13 Fossil Beach 25 May stations were selected for detailed study in such 70 a way that all regions and all major geological formations were represented. These localities Southern Bay-Areas 60-64, 67-70 are listed below and are shown in Figure 1. Arca 63: Station 24 Martha Pt. 25 May 70 For ease of comparison with Womersley Port Phillip Heads-Areas 58-59 (1966), in his paper on the subtidal algae, the Area 58: Station 10 Quecnscliff, 12 Mar. 69 bay is divided into the same regions. All Arca 58: Station 5 Pt. Nepean, 15 Jan. 70 regions exeept Central Bay are included. Stations or groups of stations are considered The dates given are the dates of the main separately below. The basic zonation is out­ investigation of the area, but all stations have lined in a table which, unless otherwise stated, been visited on several occasions. is that of open rock platform. The letters U, M or L after a refer to its position within Northern Bay-Areas 1-14 the zone indicated. The position shown for a Area 6: Station 16 Williamstown, 28 Aug. 69 particular species is the level of maximum de­ -Areas 15-18, 25-30, 37-40 velopment and individuals of this species may Area 16: Station 23 Kirk Pt. 2 Feb. 69 be found well above and/ or below this. Sea­ Area 25: Station 19 North Corio Bay, 17 sonal functuations in abundance occur for Sept. 69 many algae and in some cases this has been Area 26: Station 2 Limeburners Ck. 17 Sept. noted. 69 Northern Bay 27: Station 17 Pt Wilson, 2 Feb. 70 Area Area 6 (Sl 6) Williamstown (Foreshore off Station 22 Portarlington, 16 Oet. Area 29: Gloucester Reserve) 28 August 69 69 Area 6 (S16A) Williamstown (0·25 mi E. • School of Botany, University of Melbourn,· t Hon. Associate, National Museum of Victoria of 16).

93 94 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

MELBOURNE

LIMEBURNERS CK

MILES (Nautical)

Fig. 1 —Map of localities.

Geology and Geomorphology corded even though a special search was made The whole of the foreshore has been altered for them: constricta, Bemblcium by man and there is a sea wall along the back and Melarapha praetermissa. The animals are of the beach. Basalt boulders have been built mostly on steep rock faces e.g. Galeolaria up along the sea front and an artificial break- caespitosa and Mytilus planulatus, or in crevices water, also of basalt, has been built normal to e.g. Heliocidaris erythrogramma, Actinea tene- the sea wall approximately half way along the brosa, Pateriella calcar, the orange sponge reserve Tethys frontage. At station 16A there is a australis, and numerous small anem- natural rock platform developed on Pleistocene ones. The algae are commonly on horizontal basalt. rock surfaces. Pools at station 16A contained the following algae: Enteromorpha, Flora and Fauna Viva lac- tuca, Corallina officinalis, Grateloupia filicina The basic pattern of zonation is shown in and Lithothamnion. The brown algae Caulo- Table 1. The following species were not re- cystis cephalornithos, Cystophora polycystidea, By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 95 Table 1. Northern Bay Region, Williamstown (S 16, 16A)

Zone Plants Animals Littoral Salicornia quinqueflora2 Melarapha Fringe unifasciata L (in crevices and small holes) Bangia fuscopurpurea 1 L

Enteromorpha M Siphonaria diemenensis M Upper Cellana tramoserica M eulittoral Austrocochlea adelaidae 3 A. odontis3 Patelloida alticostata

Porphyra 1 U MlD- Enteromorpha intestinalis U EULITTORAL Ulva lactuca 1 U Poneroplax costata Gelidium pusillum L Mytilus planulatus L

Hormosira banksii2 U Galeolaria caespitosa U Lower Centroceras clavulatum U eulittoral PolysiphoniaX Actinia tenebrosa U Ulva lactuca M Caulerpa brownii L Pateriella calcar3

C. geminata U = Upper ] part C. longifolia f. crispata M = Middle \ of C. remotifolia Upper L = Lower J zone SUB- C. simpliciuscula 1 = Seasonally abundant LlTTORAL Corallina officinalis 2 = On natural platform only Ecklonia radiata (S.16A) Lithothamnion 3 = In pools Sargassum spp.

C. retorta, Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum sp. fringed on the landward side by A triplex cinerea and Scytosiphon lomentaria, were less abun- and behind this is a marsh area with Salicornia dant, and heavily covered with epiphytic col- quinqueflora and Arthrocnemum halocnemoides onial diatoms. Zostera muelleri occurs in shal- as the most common species. Table 2 shows the

low sandy pools and was also heavily epiphy- basic zonation at these stations. The pattern is tized. substantially modified by conditions of local shelter. The strong development Corio Bay (A) of the algae Centroceras clavulatum, Grateloupia fdicina Area 16 (S23) Kirk Point 2 February, 1970 var. luxurians, Rhabdonia robusta, Rhodoglos- Area 27 (S17) Point Wilson 2 February, sum and the excessive growth of Ulva lactuca 1970. probably indicates nutrient enrichment from the Geology and Geomorphology adjacent and Metropolitan Board of Works sewerage farm. The same algal repre- These two stations are representative of a sentatives occur together near a waste outfall number of isolated and small outcrops of Pleis- pipe at Portarlington, Area 29 (S22). tocene basalt on the W. margin of the Bay. Only those animals capable of withstanding The outcrops form boulder beaches limited by the sheltered conditions and the sandy-clay sub- sandy beach in the upper regions, and by sandy- strate are present. On the rocky outcrops Bem- clay sediments just below low tide level. bicum auratum occurs in the upper eulittoral, Flora and Fauna grading into Austrocochlea constricta above the The outcrops are backed by a sandy beach Mytilus planulatus-Galeolaria caespitosa band. with a high percentage of shell remains. This is On the Galeolaria and below it 96 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Table 2. Corio Bay Region (A) Point Wilson and Kirk Point (S17, 23)

Zone Plants Animals Littoral Fringe

Upper Bcmhicium auratum U eulittoral Austrococlilea constricta M

Mid- Ulva lactuca U eu littoral Enteromorpha U Mytihis planulatus L Gelidium pusillurn L

Polysipkonta 1 Galeolaria caespitosa U Lower Centroceras clavulatum Cominella eburnea L eulittoral Grateloupia filicina 1 M Cominclta lineolata L Caulerpa brownii L Pyura praepntialis L

Upper Caulerpa remolifolia U U = Upper 1 part C. longifolia f. crispata U = Middle of Sub- M \ Rhodoglossum U L = Lower zone Littoral J 1 = Seasonally abundant

eburnea and C. lineolata are common, while be- Flora and Fauna low this at low tide level scattered Pyura prae- The numerous boulders afford protection for putialis are found. On sandy patches between the intertidal animals and although the environ- the rocks the large speckled anemone Oulactis ment has a limited fauna in species, the number muscosa is common, as are the molluscs Kate- of individuals is large. The general distribution lysia rhytophora and Parcanassa pauperata. of species is shown in Table 3. There are no Anadara trapezia which was taken in numbers Melarapha although large boulders at the base in Corio Bay region by the benthic survey is of the cliff should provide a suitable habitat. found to extend into the sublittoral upper and Under stones in the mid- and lower eulittoral lower culittoral zones on the sandy beaches are Cominella lineolata a«d Paragrapsus gai- to the north of Point Wilson and Kirk Point. mardii; also occasionally Lepsiella vinosa, Vela- They occur in large clumps of dead living and cumantus austrails, Pateriella brevispina, and shells many clumps having up to a dozen live Tosia australis are found. Anadara trapezia is shells in them. present in small numbers. Algae growing in the To the SE. of Point Wilson there are large lower eulittorial and upper sublittoral zones beds Zostera, of with Viva lactuca and Caulerpa are covered with epiphytic diatoms. species occurring on isolated rocks. On the Corio Bay (C) sheltered inner margin of these beds Acetabu- laria peniculus is found growing on dead Kate- Area 29 (S22) Portarlington 16 October, 1969. lysia scalar ina shells. Geology and Geomorphology

The bedrock is Tertiary Corio Bay (B) lower basalt and there is a small, almost horizontal, wave cut Area 25 (S19) Corio Bay North 17 Septem- platform (Jutson 1931). The platform lies ber, 1969. in the mid- and lower-eulittoral, and there is Geology and Geomorphology a sharp drop into the sub-littoral.

The shoreline is in Tertiary limestone, marls Flora and Fauna and sands. These have eroded to form low cliffs The general pattern of zonation is shown in approximately 20 ft. high with a narrow boulder Table 4. In sandy patches in the upper sub- beach derived from the bedrock. The cliff breaks littoral Zostera muelleri occurs heavily epiphy- away in large blocks up to six ft. across, which tized by Ulva lactuca and Punctaria latifolia are broken down and sorted by the sea. with some Acrosorium uncinatum. Near the By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 97 drain outlet at the W. end of the reef Centro- lactuca c.f. Kirk Point and Point Wilson. Many ceras clavulatum, Grateloupia filicina var. of the larger brown algae in the upper sub- luxurians, Rhabdonia robusta and Rhodoglos- littoral zone are covered by Ectocarpaceae and sum occur with the increased growth of Viva colonial diatoms.

Table 3. Corio Bay Region (B), Corio Bay North (S19)

Zone Plants Animals Upper eulittoral Enteromorpha L

Viva lactuca M auratum U Enteromorpha Mid- M Austrocochlea constrieta M eulittoral Porphyra Notoacmea septiformis L Caloglossa leprieurii M Chthamalus antennatus L Gelidium pusillum M Mytilus planulatus L

Chaetomorpha darwinii U Lower Codium fragile M Galeolaria caespitosa eulittoral Petalonia fascia M U Scytosiphon lomentaria M

Caulerpa remotifolia Andara trapezia^ L C. simpliciuscula Upper U = Upper 1 part Sargassum = Middle Sub- M \ of Zostera muelleri 1 L = Lower LlTTORAL J zone 1 = Sandy patches between boulders.

Table 4. Corio Bay Region (C), Portarlington (S22)

Zone Plants Animals Supra- LlTTORAL Bangia fuscopurpurea1 L

Upper Enteromorpha M Bembicium melanostomum U EULITTORAL B. nanum (rare) Austrocochlea constricta M

Porphyra 1 M Chthamalus antennatus U Enteromorpha intestinalis M (on pipeline base) MlD- Siphonaria diemenensis M EULITTORAL Patelloida alticostata M Notoacmea septiformis M Mytilus planulatus L

Hormosira banksii U Lower Centroceras clavulatum M Galeolaria caespitosa U Ulva lactuca Montfortula rugosa eulittoral M U Chaetomorpha aerea 2 M Lepsiella vinosa U Corallina officinalis M

Grateloupia filicina2 U Rhodoglossum 2 U Caulerpa remotifolia M U = Upper part Upper ] C. simpliciuscula M M = Middle \ of Sub- Caulocystis cephalornithos M L = Lower j zone Littoral Cystophora polycystidea 1 = Seasonally abundant 2 Ecklonia radiata = Abundant near pipe outlet Sargassum spp. .

98 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

South-Western Bay laevis, Katelysia scalarina, Austrocochlea con- stricta (small) Cominella lineolata Area 42 (S21) St. Leonards 16 October, and Par- 1969. canassa pauperata. The platform lies in the lower eulittoral and Geology and Geomorphology below, and the distribution of species is sum-

The bedrock is Pliocene ferruginous sand- marized in Table 5. Along the W. coastline stone, which forms a narrow platform just above the change from open coast species to low tide mark. the more typical bay species is quite abrupt, Figure 2, and this corresponds with a marked Flora and Fauna change in substrate and degree of wave action. The platform lies offshore, and behind this Eastern Bay (A) are beds of Zostera muelleri, and then a band of shingle between the Zostera and the sandy Area 23 (S20). Ricketts Point. 30 September beach. At about mid-tide level the shingles are 1969. covered with Enteromorpha intestinalis, and at Geology and Geomorphology lower levels with Laurencia, Ceramiwn and Ricketts Point consists of lateritized Tertiary Polysiphonia. Occasionally Caulocystis uvifera marine sediments, the ironstone point forming occurs on large rocks. Acetabularia peniculus an intcrtidal platform. On the higher parts, is recorded on dead shells of Katelysia scalarina. coarse gravel to sand are present. The Zostera beds arc dense, and appeared to be accumulating sediments, being some 6-12 Flora and Fauna in higher than surrounding bare areas. The The basic zonation pattern is shown in Table Zostera is covered with epiphytes: Entero- 6. It should be noted that: morpha, Ulva lactuca, Champia affinis, and less 1 The littoral fringe is almost bare. There commonly with Acrosorium imcinatum and are no rock stacks, and no Melarapha. Polysiphonia. 2. The demarcation between the lower eulit- The fauna of the Zostera beds includes toral and the upper sublittoral is not par- Actinia aiistralis, Cnidopus veratra, Philyra ticularly clear.

Table 5. South-Western Bay Region, St. Leonards (S21)

Zone Plants Animals

I 1 1 iorai. Fringe

Upper Austrocochlea constricta L Eulittoral (on inshore pebbles)

Mid- Enteromorpha intestinalis L i in rrroRAL

Harmosira banksii U LOW! R Ulva lactuca U Austrocochlea odonlis Eulittoral Laurencia M Cominella lineolata ( 'aulerpa hrownii L

Halicarcinus rostralus Caulerpa remotifolia U Cystopnora rctorta U = Upper "I part Upplr C. subfarcinata U = Middle of SlJH- Caulocystis cephalornithos1 M \ L = Lower zone Ll'ITORAL ('. uvifera J 1 = Local Shelter Sargassum decipiens 2 = Amongst algae By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 99

********************************************** ********************************************** ********************************************** ********************************************** C- remotifolia 44--t- + 44- + 4444W4- + 4-4--m--ll4--fl4-44- + 4-H-l+4-4-f*4- + + 4--H- f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -* + 4 + + * + + + 4~+ + ^+ + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +" + + + C. hrnwnii

C, simpliciuscula

C. peminata

C. lonaifolia f. crispata

C , cactQide s

C. flexilis

C flexilis var. muelleri

C, obscura

C. pa pillosa

C. scalpelliformis

C. tritaria PORTARLINGTON ST. LEONARDS QUEENSCLIFF

VHH Sheltered coast species LEGEND ttttl Species ot both sheltered and open coast

fc=S~=q Rough coast species

Fig. 2—Distribution of Caulerpa spp. on the W. coast of Port Phillip.

3. Where Ibla occurs, it forms colonies adja- tata and Pateriella calcar are common. Cnido- cent to Galeolaria; it does not shelter pus veratra occurs at all levels. amongst the worm tubes as on open coast. In sandy patches between the tongues of the 4. In the upper sublittoral the Fucales Caulo- platform Zostera muelleri occurs with epiphytic latijolia cystis cephalornithos , Cystophora monili- Cladophora and Punctaria or Ulva formis, C. retorta, C. subfarcinata and Sar- lactuca and Porphyra at slightly higher levels. gassum occur only as isolated plants, never The associated animals in these areas are the in a dense band. They are frequently cov- anenome Cnidopus veratra, and molluscs Aust- ered with Ectocarpaceae and colonial dia- rocochlea odontis with a few Austrocochlea toms. constricta and Parcanassa pauperata. No bi- are recorded. In shallow pools in the mid-eulittoral Ulva valves In sandy pools on the inner part of the plat- lactuca, Corallina officinalis, Lithothamnion and form there are scattered plants of Ulva lactuca, Austrocochlea constricta are common. In pools the molluscs Zeacumantus diemenensis, Parca- at lower levels Corallina officinalis and Litho- nassa pauperata and a few Austrocochlea thamnion are dominant with Chaetomorpha constricta. aerea, Ectocarpaceae, Polysiphonia, colonial diatoms, the molluscs Notoacmea petterdi, The beach N. of Ricketts Point is of very Montjortula rugosa and the crab Paragrapsus fine sand in which the dominant species is gaimardii. Pools towards the outer edge contain Donacilla angusta. There are scattered holes Ischnoradsia evanida. In pools in the lower probably of soldier crabs, Mictyris platycheles. eulittoral Austrocochlea odontis, Cominella A freshwater drain on the E. edge has a dense lineolata, Subninella undulata, Poneroplax cos- population of Salinator fragilis. 100 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Table 6. Eastern Bay Region (A), Ricketts Point (S20)

Zone Plants Animals Salicomia quinqueflora U 1-.1T TTTORAT1 1 VJlVrtL. Fringe (occasional in small patches of ironstone gravel and sand)

Entero/norpha 1 M Bembicium auratum U Upper (very abundant) Eulittoral Cominella lineolata L Austrocochlea constricta L

Mm- Porpliyra 1 M Cellana tramoserica M Ulva lactuca 1 M Patelloida alticostata M EULITTORAL 3 4 Gelidium pusillum L Mytilus planulatus - L

Hormosira banksii U Galeolaria caespitosa U Lower Laurenciai L Ibla quadrivalvis2 U 2 Eulittoral Corallina officinalis - L Lepsiella vinosa U Caulerpa brownii* L Subninella undulata L

Codium fragile3 U Patierella brevispina 2 Ulva lactuca-' 3 Coscinasterias calamaria2 3 Caulocystis cephalornithos ' 4 3 Cystophora moniliformis - * Upper U = Upper 1 part C. retorta^ = Middle of Sub- M [ C. subfarcinata4 L = Lower zone Littoral J Dictyota dichotoma2 1 = Seasonally abundant SargassumV" 4 2 = West side the platform Scytosiphon lomentaria\ 2 3 = South of platform Polysiphonia3 4 = East of platform 1 3 Porpliyra '

Eastern Bay (B) Southern Bay Mornington (Schnapper Area 55 (S15) Area 63 (S24) Martha Point 25 May 1970. Point) 25 May, 1970. Area 55 (S13) Mornington (Fossil Beach) Geology and Geomorphology

25 May, 1970. The bedrock is upper Palaeozoic granodio- rite with Geology and Geomorphology well-developed intertidal platforms (Jutson 1940). Schnapper Point is a resistant headland of Pliocene laterite. Below the cliff there is only Flora and Fauna slight platform development, and most of the The zonation is summarized in Table 8. It intertidal area is composed of isolated boulders. is basically similar to that at the At Fossil Beach, which is approximately two Mornington Stations (Eastern miles S. of Schnapper Point, laterite is underlain bay (B)) but the following by Miocene marine siltstone which forms the important differences occur: intertidal zone. 1. The presence of Lichina confinis in the spray zone Flora and Fauna and in the upper eulittoral. This is indicative of an increase in the amount The basic zonation is shown in Table 7. of wave action. Hormosira banksii, which is characteristic of the lower eulittoral zone throughout the bay, 2. Rivularia firma was found in the mid- eulittoral. is not recorded. This appears to be due to This species is otherwise recorded lack of suitable substrate. The general discus- only for the two stations at the Heads. sion of this area is included with that of Martha 3. Hormosira banksii in the uppermost part Point Area 63 (S24). of the lower eulittoral. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 101

Table 7. Eastern Bay Region (B), Mornington, Schnapper Point and Fossil Beach (S15, 13)

Zone Plants Animals Littoral Melarapha unifasciata Fringe Melarapha praetermissa

Upper Bembicium auratum 1 U EULITTORAL Bembicium nanum U Austrocochlea concamerata 1 U Patelloida lalistrigata 1 M Chamaesipho columna L

Austrocochlea constricta M MlD- Cellana tramoserica M EULITTORAL Ulva lactuca M Siphonaria diemenensis M Actinia tenebrosa Caleolaria caespitosa L,

Ulva lactuca U Corallina officinalis M Mytilus planulatus U Lower Lithothamnion Patelloida alticostata U EULITTORAL Laurencia2 Poneroplax costata M Caulerpa brownii L Subninella undulata L C. plexitis3 L

C. geminata 3 C. scalpelliformis Notohaliotis ruber U C. remotifolia2 C. simpliciuscula U = Upper 1 part Upper Amphiroa beauvoisii M = Middle [ of Sub- Ecklonia radiata L = Lower J zone LlTTORAL Caulocystis uvifera 1 = Local shelter 3 Cystophora moniliformis 2 — Schnapper Point only 3 C. retorta 3 = Fossil Beach only C. subfarcinata3 C. torulosa 3

regarded as transitional 4. Ecklonia radiata occurs only with local Martha Point can be shelter (as at the Heads region) and not between the rough open coast at the Heads generally in the upper sublittoral as it does and the more typical inner bay region. The throughout the more sheltered parts of the following species are not listed for the bay bay. proper but are found at the transition stations 5. Bembicium nanum has completely replaced and the Heads; the lichen Lichina confinis, the Schnapper the bay species B. auratum. At algae Rivularia firma, Caulerpa fiexilis, C. scal- present but B. nanum Point both species are pelliformis and Cystophora torulosa, and the outer edge of the S. end only occurs at the mollusc Bembicium nanum. of the platform. Figure 3 indicates the occurrence of Caul- 6. Mytilus planulatus only occurs in sheltered erpa species on the E. coastline. Caulerpa positions. remotifolia is the only Caulerpa that can re- crevices, be 7. Ibla quadrivalvis is abundant in garded as a truly calm water species, and this and in the shelter of Galeolaria as on open is completely replaced ecologically by Caulerpa coast. scalpelliformis at Fossil Beach. By comparison If we consider all the stations on the E. the change on the coast is abrupt (Fig. coastline of the Bay, then Fossil Beach and W. 2). 102 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

C. remotifolia

C.hrownii

C. peminata

C, simpliciuscula

C longifolia f.crjspata

C. flexilis

C. scal oelliformis

C. cactoides

C, flexilis var. muelleri

C. longifolia

C. obscura

C. papillosa

C.trifaria

RICKETTS PT. SCHNAPPER PT. FOSSIL BEACH MARTHA PT. PT. NEPEAN

E3 Sheltered coast species LEGEND IU3 Species of both sheltered and open coast

p=£J Rough coast species

Fig. 3—Distribution of Caulerpa spp. on the E. coast of Port Phillip.

Table 8. Southern Bay Region, Martha Point (S24)

Zone Plants Animals Melarapha Littoral unifasciata Lichina Fringe confinis Melarapha praetermissa Melarapha paludinella

Chaetomorpha aerea Bembicium nanum U Upper (Shallow pools) Melanerita melanotragus1 U Eulittoral Cracilaria verrucosa Austrocochlea cancamerata 1 U (Shallow pools) Austrocochlea constricta L

Chamaesipho columna M Cellana tramoserica Enter omorpha U Mid- Siphonaria diemenensis Viva lactuca Eulittoral M lbla quadrivalvis 1 Rivularia firma M Mytilus planulatus1 Galeolaria caespitosa

Patelloida alticostata Lower Hormosira banksil U U Poneroplax costata Eulittoral Caulerpa brownii L M Subninella undulata L

C. gemirtata Notohaliotis ruber C. scalpelliformis U C. simpliciuscula Upper = Upper I part Ecklonia radiata 1 U Sub- = Middle of Cystophora moniliformis M | Littoral L = Lower zone C. retorta J 1 .= Local shelter C. subfarcinata C. torulosa )

By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 103

Port Phillip Heads G. glandulaejolium, Laurencia elata, Ptero- Area 58 (S5). Pt. Nepean. 15 January 1970. cladia capillacea. Amphibolis antarctica is found Area 58 (S10). Queenscliff. 12 March 1969. in pools where sand covers a rocky substrate. Zostera is restricted to sheltered sandy pools. Geology and Geomorphology Cladophora rugulosa is common at Pt. Nepean The country rock is Pleistocene calcareous in shallow mid-eulittoral pools. Lenormandia aeolianite which forms low cliffs and is eroded prolijera is characteristic of sandy pools and into broad shore platforms broken by channels channels in the lower eulittoral and below. (Bowler 1966). Bird (1964) believes that the Like the algae, the fauna of the heads region platforms have been shaped partly by wave is more typical of the open coast than the re- abrasion and partly by solution. At Pt. Nepean mainder of the bay. Austrocochlea con- the platforms extend over 400 ft seawards with camerata and Melanerita melanotragus colonize a fall of less than two feet, and then drop off sheltered areas of the upper eulittoral such as abruptly. The upper zones are represented on crevices and overhangs. Below this there are only a few isolated outcrops since the platform Modiolus pulex and Brachidontes rostratus in is for the most part covered by sand on the patches but they do not form the extensive inner margin. sheets of many open coasts. Pyura praeputialis occurs in the lower eulittoral but in crevices Flora and Fauna reaches higher levels. Wave action at the Heads is at a maximum for Port Phillip and appears to be equivalent Extreme Shelter to 'moderate exposure' of Bennett and Pope Area 26 (S2). . 17 Septem- (1960). ber 1969. The flora and fauna on the surface of the Area 49 (S4). Swan Bay Jetty. 17 September platform is fairly typical of much of the central 1969. Victorian coast. The pattern for Pt. Nepean is These two stations represent extreme shelter shown in Table 9. A similar pattern occurs at within Port Phillip and are therefore considered Queenscliff, but with a reduction in the intensity together. The station at Swan Bay Jetty is of wind and wave action the sub-littoral fringe described in detail. virtually disappears. A variety of habitats is provided in the pools and channels, and be- Geology and Geomorphology neath overhanging rock ledges. This develop- The country rock comprises sands, clays, ment is marked on the aeolianite, but is not limestone and lignites. The shore is fringed found elsewhere in the species bay. Of the 68 with calcareous sands and dune limestone; the of algae recorded for the Heads region, and coastal elevation is only a few feet above sea- not recorded at any other localities, 38 (56% level in some areas. The floor is a sandy clay are restricted to rock pools. Some species, e.g. derived from these sediments, with a high per- Ecklonia radiata, common in the upper sub- centage of shell remains. Around the margin littoral within occur only in pools or the bay of the Bay there is accumulation of dead and with extreme local shelter at the Heads. decaying plant material, particularly of Zostera, Many of the species present are characteristic and H2 S is formed. rough coasts, e.g. laetevirens, Dic- of Swan Bay is protected on its E. margin from tyosphaeria sericea, Caulerpa cactoides, C. the main area of the bay by , Duck clijtoni, C. flexilis, C. obscura, C. scalpelli- Island and , which runs S. from formis, Codium galeatum, C. pomoides, the E. shore of the . Cystophora siliquosa, Durvillea potatorum, Flora Macrocystis angustifolia, Padina jraseri, Petro- and Fauna spongium rugosum, Phyllospora comosa,Splach- On the W. shore the bay is bordered by a nidium rugosum, Xiphophora chondrophylla. well-developed with Arthrocnemum Ballia callitricha, B. scoparia, Gelidium australe, halocnemoides, Salicornia quinqueflora, and 104 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Table 9. Port Phillip Heads Region, (S5)

Zone Plants Animals Melarapha unifasciata Littoral Melarapha Fringe Lichina confinis praetermissa Melarapha paludinella

Bangia fuscopurpurea 1 Bembicium nanum U Melanerita melanotragus2 Austrocochlea concamerata2 Upper Chamaesipho columna M Modiolus pulex2 eulittoral M Chthamalus antennatus Siphonaria diemenensis L Austrocochlea constricta L Brachidontes rostratus L

Bryopsis1 Patelloida latistrigata Enteromorphd1 U U Coininella lineolata Porphyra 1 U U Cellana tramoserica M Mid- Rivularia M Patelloida alticostata L eulittor^l Petrospongium rugosum 1 L Galeolaria caespitosa2 L Splachnidium rugosum 1 L Actinia tenebrosa2 Ulva lactuca 1 L

Corallina officinalis Hormosira banksii U Gelidium pusillum U Lower Ulva lactuca Pyura praeputialis2 Caulerpa eu littoral brownii L Poneroplax albida 1 Cladostephus verticillatus - 3 Poneroplax costata Cystophora torulosa L Laurencia heteroclada L Padina fraseri L

Durvillea potatorum Dicathais textilosa c UB Ballia scoparia Notohaliotis ruber Littoral Clmetomorpha darwinii Scutus antipodes Fringe nalopteris gracilescens Lithothamnion Xiphophora chondrophylla

2 Upper Ecklonia radiata U = Upper "I part Sub- Macrocystis angustifolia M = Middle of Littoral Phyllospora comosa = f L Lower J zone 2 3 1 Amphibolis antarctica - = Seasonally abundant 2 = Local shelter 3 = Sand overlying rocky substrate

Suaeda australis as dominant species. Salicornia substrate for a number of algae including plants are found on small isolated muddy out- Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca, Ceramium, Graci- crops along the edge of the bay and amongst laria, Polysiphonia, numerous diatoms and them are Salinator jragilis, Velacumantus aus- dinoflagellates, and Phaeocystis giraudii. In

tralis, Austrocochlea constricta porcata and deeper water Zostera has associated with it a Bembicium melanostomum. This merges with fauna of amphipods and Assiminea brazieri Zostera muelleri which extends through the with Katelysia scalarina amongst the roots. Near eulittoral and into the sublittoral zone. Associa- the causeway on the E. side of the bay the

ted with the Zostera are two other marine dominant species amongst the Zostera is Kate- angiosperms Ruppia maritima and occasionally lysia rhytiphora. Under calm conditions debris Lepilaena cylindrocarpa. These sea grasses are and shell remains become a substrate for algal established in loose sediments and form the growth; Acetabularia peniculus is commonly By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 105 found attached to dead Katelysia scalarina the open coast. A list of algae found only at shells. the Heads but not in the bay is given in the Animals are sparse, the most abundant and description of stations 5 and 10, Port Phillip obvious species being Zeacumantus diemenensis, Heads. While a number of species occur some Austrocochlea contricta, a few ascidians, throughout the whole bay, others appear to Microcosmos australis, and a few parchment tolerate the conditions of the bay to a limited tubes of Chaetopteris sp. protruding from the degree. Montfortida rugosa occurs to the S. sand, but no worms were collected. Dead shells of Clifton Springs (W. coast) and Schnappcr of Katelysia and Homalina arc abundant. Stag- Point (E. coast); Kellia australis and Ponero- nant pools which form in the marsh area during plax albida occur on the E. coastline S. of winter and spring are characterized by a dense Ricketts Pt. and at the Heads. growth of Enteromorpha. In some cases one particular species may be In Limeburners Bay at Station 4, the spit ecologically replaced by another. The green alga running into the bay from the foreshore in front Caulerpa scalpelliformis occurs at the Heads of Grammar School dilTers from Swan and on the E- coastline S. of Schnapper Pt., but Bay in two aspects. Firstly the marsh area is is completely replaced elsewhere in the bay by separated from the interlidal region by a beach the densely pinnate form of Caulerpa remoti- of loosely compacted silty sand with a high folia. The mollusc Bembicium nanum occurs as proportion of marine skeletal material. Secondly far N. as Portarlington (W. coast) and Schnap- dense beds of sea grass arc not developed in per Pt. (E. coast) and is then replaced by either the sublittoral. Bembicium auralum or B. melanostomum. Algae are poorly represented; the following A number of species occur throughout the species were found attached to occasional rocks bay but occupy different ecological niches un- or posts: Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca, Colpo- der the differing environmental conditions. menia sinuosa, and Scytosiphon lomentaria. On Meturaplax retrojecta is intertidal on open coast posts Caloglossa leprieurii occurs near mid-tide. but occurs at 1-5-3 fm within the bay. Ibla In the upper zones the dominant and only quadrivalvis requires the shelter of Galeolaria obvious was Bembicium melanostomum, caespitosa at Martha Pt. (E. coast) and the which then graded into abundant Eubittium Heads, but within more sheltered parts of the lawleyanum and finally at low tide Velacuman- bay occurs in rock crevices adjacent to the tus australis. Hiding among the pebbles and the Galeolaria. Some algae, e.g. Ecklonia radiata, algae are the crabs Philyra lacvis and Paragrap- which are sublittoral within the bay are restric- sus gaimardii. ted to deep pools and other positions of local shelter at the Heads.

Discussion Biological zonation within the bay is not as The flora and fauna of the intertidal zones well developed as at the Heads, and with in- of Port Phillip can be used to divide the bay crease in shelter both the sub-littoral fringe into two main biological areas, (1) the open and the littoral fringe (spray zone) disappear. coast area of Port Phillip Heads, and (2) the Some difficulty is experienced in recognizing bay proper. This division is not clear cut on zones within the bay area, and this is in part due the E. margin of the bay. to the poor development of rocky platforms, The major difference between the intertidal and the narrow tidal range (1 m. or less for zones of the bay and of the Heads is the re- most of the bay, c.f. approx. 1-7 m at the duced number of species found within the bay. Heads). With the increase in shelter the algae However, although fewer species occur, the become more important as zone indicators. actual population density remains much the However, algae within the bay show marked same. Most of the bay species also occur at seasonal fluctuations whereas at the Heads the Heads but the reverse is not true. A number there is a relatively stable cover of Hormosira of animals e.g. Patellanax peroni, Scutus anti- banksii and Cystophora species in the lower podes, Siphonaria juniculata, are restricted to zones. 106 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

References not been studied in any detail since Bayle Bennett, Isobel and Pope, Elizabeth C, 1960. In- worked the material collected by the Royal tertidal zonation of exposed rocky shores of Tas- Society Survey of 1888-95. Recently Mrs J. mania, and its relationship with the rest of Aus- extensive collections which tralia. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 11: 182-221. Watson has made Bird, E. C. F., 1964. Coastal landforms. ANU Can- she is now studying. Her results will show to berra. what extent the distribution of this group has Bowler, J. M., 1966. Port Phillip Survey 1957-1963. The geology and geomorphology. Mem. natn. changed within the bay. Mus. Vict. 27: 19-67. Jutson, J. T., 1931. Erosion and sedimentation in ACTINIARIA Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, and their bearing on the theory of a recent relative uplift of the sea Actinia australiensis Carlgren, 1950 Soc. Vict. 130-53. floor. Proc. roy. 43: Actinia australiensis Carlgren 1950 Corallimorpharia, , 1940. platforms of Shore Mount Martha, Actinaria and Zoantharia from N.S.W. and S. Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, . Ibid. 52: Qd. Ark. Zool. 1 (10): 131-146. 164-74. Womersiey, H. B. S., 1966. Port Phillip Survey Survey area 27 (S17), 29 (S22), 40 (S6), 1957-1963. Algae. Mem. natn. Mus. Vict. 27: 42 (S21). 133-156. A small brown anemone found under stones in the mid- and lower-eulittoral of rock plat-

2. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INTERTIDAL forms. In Port Phillip it is often found amongst ANIMALS the Galeolaria. Actinia tenebrosa Farquhar, 1898 By J. Hope Black Actinia tenebrosa Farquhar, H., 1898. Preliminary The list is of the commoner intertidal ani- account of some New Zealand Actinaria. Journ. mals, and not a definitive record of all species Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 26: 535. found in the littoral zone. It is biased towards Survey area 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) species occupying a rocky substrate, as these (SID). reflect ecologic changes more clearly than those Very common on rock platforms in the mid- from sandy or muddy bottoms. No attempt is and lower-eulittoral in areas of moderate ex- made to include the large number of species posure. At on the flat sandstone

that live in rock pools and in the sub-littoral. platform it occurs in large numbers. References have been kept to a minimum Oulactis muscosa (Drayton, 1848) as most of the species have been discussed by Metridium miiscosum Drayton J., 1848 in J. D. Dana the various authors in the systematic papers Wilkes U.S. Exped. Zoophytes, p. 153. published in this and the previous survey vol- Survey area 9 (S12). ume. Distribution within the bay is listed and This brown speckled anemone occurs in the brief remarks made on their ecology. lower eulittoral on rock platforms usually living The additional locality numbers in this sec- in cracks and holes where sand and skeletal tion are stations worked but not included on material has accumulated. the chart or discussed in Section 1 (Intertidal Ecology) of this paper. Cnidopus veratra (Drayton, 1848) Actinia veratra Drayton 1848 in J. D. Dana Wilkes Porifera U.S. Exped. Zoophytes, p. 129. It has not been possible to obtain identifica- Survey area 23 (S20).

tions of sponges, but fortunately they are not This green anemone is found in shallow pools an important component of the intertidal and crevices in the lower eulittoral. ecology. Most species are benthic, although Ccrianthus sp. several, including Sycon and Tythya corticata Survey area 9 (S12). inhabit intertidal pools. Burrowing anemone found on sandy mud Coelenterata flats in areas of extreme shelter. A lower eulit- Hydrozoa. A number of species is found in toral species in Port Phillip but occurs 5-10 pools and in the sublittoral, but the group has fm in the warmer N.S.W. waters. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 107

Annelida Polychaeta Isopoda Galeolaria caespitosa Lamarck, 1818 Paridotca munda Hale, 1924 Survey area 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), Paridotoe munda Naylor E., 1966. Isopoda, Port Phillip Survey. Mem. nam. Mus. Vict. 27: 183. 27 (S17), 37 (SI), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15),58 (S5) (S10),63 (S24). Survey area 42 (S21). Paridotea ungulata (Pallas, 1881) Galeolaria occurs as a band at the top of Paridotea ungulata Naylor E., 1966: 183. the lower eulittoral on open coasts which afford Survey area 5. some shelter. In localities of extreme exposure Crabyzos it is only found where rock stacks or boulders longicaudatus (Spcncc Bate, 1888) Crabyzos longicaudatus Naylor E. 1966 ibid. p. 183. protect it from the full force of the sea. In the Survey area 5. bay it is found as a fringe on boulders, favour- ing the exposed sides. Brachyura Crustacea Cirrepedia Griffin, D. J. G., and Yaldwin, J. C, Brachyura, this Ibla quadrivalvis Cuvier, 1817 volume. Ibla quadrivalvis, Cuvier 1817. Elabia (Phylxia) intermedia Miers, 1886 Survey area 23 (S20), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), Survey area 42 (S21). 63 (S24). A common species living among Galeolaria Philyra laevis Bell, 1885 tubes on open coasts, but in the shelter of the Survey area 26 (S2), 58 (S3). bay it forms separate colonies usually in de- This small pebble crab is found on Zostera pressions and fissures adjacent to the Galeolaria. beds from the sublittoral down to several fath- Chthamulus antennatus (Darwin, 1854) oms. Chthamalus antennatus Pope E. C, 1965. A review Halicarcinus ovatus Stimpson, 1858 of Australian and some Indomalayan Chtha- malidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 90: 45. Survey area 10 (intertidal) 42 (S21). Survey area 58 (S5). Two species of Halicarcinus are common 1-7 Port Phillip Bay, only this species Occurs in the upper eulittoral of open rock fm in but has been taken in the eulittoral. platforms in Port Phillip; it does not occur N. of the Nepean Bay Bar. Naxia aurita (Latreillc, 1825)

Chamaesipho columna (Spengler, 1790) Survey area 6 (SI 6), 40 (intertidal), 42 Chamaesipho columna Pope E. C, 1965: 64. (intertidal), 58 (S10). Survey area 25 (S19), 48 (S14), 55 (S13), In areas of extreme shelter. 58 (S5), 63 (S24), 69 (Sll). Notomithrax minor (Filhol, 1885) Occurs in the upper eulittoral on rock plat- Survey areas 42 (intertidal), 55 (S. side forms of open coasts, within the bay it is con- Schnapper Point, intertidal). fined to the S. half, but penetrates into Corio Bay North. Carcinus maenus Linnaeus, 1758 Elminius modestus Darwin, 1854 Survey area 5 (intertidal), 69 (Sll). Elminius modestus Pope E. C. Cirripedia, Port Phil- This introduced European species is com- Mus. Vict. 27: 181. Survey Mem. nam. mon in association with Zostera beds through- Survey area 63 (S24). out the bay. This species occurs from low tide to high Nectocarcinus integrifrons (Latreille, 1825) water neaps, depending on the configuration Survey area 42 (intertidal). of the locality and the degree of exposure. Ovalipes australiensis Stephenson and Rees, Tetraclita purpurescens (Wood, 1815) 1968 Lepas purpurescens Wood, 1815. Gen. Conch. Survey area 58 (S10). Survey area 9 (S12), 69 (Sll), 63 (inter- Occurs on rock platforms 'in places sheltered tidal Safety Beach). from the sun' (Bennett and Pope 1953: 133). This swimming crab occurs on Zostera beds or sand patches adjacent to Its occurrence is similar at S10. them. 108 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Actaca peronli (H. Milne Edwards, 1824) Kopionella matthewsi (Iredale, 1920) Survey area 59 (S25). Survey area 55. Pilumnus acer Rathbun, 1923 Under stones in the sub-littoral. Survey area 59 (intcrtidal). Meturoplax retrojecta (Pilsbury, 1894) crypt-dweller Pilumnus monilifcr Haswell, 1881 This species is a common of the lower eulittoral of open coasts, but within Survey area 5 (intertidal). Port Phillip it was only taken on reefs at 1-5- Pilumnopeus serratifrons (Kinahan, 1856) 3 fm below low tide. Survey area 27 (SI 7). Ischnochiton elongatus (Blainville, 1825) Litochiera bispinosa Kinahan, 1856 Survey area 55. Survey area 42 (intertidal). There are several species of Ischnochitonidae This and the above four species are found living under stones in the sublittoral. under stones in the mid- and lower-eulittoral. Ischnoradsia evanida (Sowerby, 1840) Cyclograptus audouinii (H. Milne Edwards, Survey area 23 (S20), 55 (intertidal), 1837) (S13). Survey area 14 (intertidal, Beaumaris). Occurs under stones in the sublittoral of the E. coast of the bay. Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)

Survey area 55 (SI 3). Notohaliotis ruber (Leach, 1814)

Paragrapsus gaimardii (H. Milne Edwards, Survey area 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). 1837) This species was common in the sublittoral until commercial fishing by skin divers denuded Survey area 23 (S20), 26 (S2) (S9), 55 the population. A number of small specimens (S13). up to 2-5 in. (6 cm) in diameter were recorded A common species living under stones in the for the above localities. mid- and lower eulittoral. Montfortula rugosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) Mictyris platycheles (H. Milne Edwards, 1852) Survey area 40 (S6). 55 (intertidal), 58 (S5) Survey area 5 (intertidal) 23 (S20). (S7). This soldier crab occurs on firm sandy bea- An open coast lower eulittoral species which ches, and when present is usually very abundant. only occurs in the S. half of the bay. Scutus antipodes (Montfort, 1810) Macphcrson, J. Hope, and Gabriel, C. J., 1962. Mar- Survey area 58, 59. ine Molluscs of Victoria, p. 19. Macpherson, J. Hope, 1966. Mollusca. Port Phillip Only occurs in the region of the Heads where Survey, Mem. mtn. Vict. 27: 201-263. Mm. suitable stones afford it shelter. Amphineura Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby, 1825) Poneroplax albida (Blainville, 1825) Survey areas 6 (S16),7 (S18),23 (S20),48 Survey area 23 (S20), 58 (S5). (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) (S10), Occurs with P. costata in the lower eulittoral. 63 (S24). It appears to be less adapted to sheltered A common mid-littoral species which is able conditions, and has been taken only on the E. to adapt itself to a wide range of conditions, side of the bay. and so occurs on most platforms both within and outside the bay. Poneroplax costata (Blainville, 1885) Survey area 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 40 (S6), Patellanax peroni (Blainville, 1825) 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5), 63 Survey area 58 (S10). (S24). An open coast lower eulittoral species which In the lower eulittoral below the Galeolaria. docs not penetrate the Nepean bay bar. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 109

Patelloida alticostata Angas, 1856 Austrocochlea constricta (Lamarck, 1 822)

Survey areas 6 (S16), 7 (S18), 23 (S20), Survey areas 7 (SI 8), 23 (S20), 26 (S9) 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) porcata, 27 (S17), 37 (SI), 48 (S14), 49 (S10), 63 (S24). (S4) porcata, 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). Occupies a similar situation to Cellana with This species is common in the upper eulittoral a similar range. of open rock platforms, and is widely distributed on the platforms within the bay. It also occurs Patelloida latistrigata (Angas, 1865) in areas of extreme shelter where it is found area Survey 55 (S13) (S15). on areas of sandy mud such as Zostera beds, coast species that penetrates Another open and at the base of mangrove trees. Specimens as far as area 55. the bay in the latter type of habitat are smaller and Notoacmea petterdi (Tenison Wood, 1876) have been given the varietal name porcata (A. Adams, 1851). Survey areas 23 (S20), 58 (S10). Open coast species found on exposed rock Austrocochlea concamerata (Wood, 1828) surfaces. Survey areas 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). Notoacmea granosa (Macpherson, 1954) An open coast upper eulittoral species which is found in crevices or under overhangs which Survey areas 55 (S13), 25 (S19). afford shelter. An open coast species which was recorded by the survey only for the E. coast. Austrocochlea adelaidae (Phillippi, 1849) Notoacmea mayi May, 1923 Survey areas 6 (S16), 58 (S7) (S10). This and the next species occur in algal Survey area 55 (S13). pools from the mid- to lower-eulittoral. Also an open coast species which penetrates the bay to Mornington on the E. coast. Austrocochlea odontis (Wood, 1828) Notoacmea scabrilirata (Angas, 1865) Survey areas 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 26 (S9), Survey area 58 intertidal. 58 (S5). Lives under stones in the mid- and lower- Subninella undulata (Solander, 1786) eulittoral. Survey areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13) (S15), Cantharidus pulcherrimus (Wood, 1828) 58 (S5) (S7) (S10),63 (S24). Occurs in crevices and pools in the lower Survey area 58 (S7) (S10). eulittoral. This species is confined to the Heads region of the bay, living amongst algae. Micrastraea aurea (Jonas, 1844) Phasianotrochus eximius (Perry, 1811) Survey areas 27 (S17), 58 (S10). This species is common in many situations Survey area 58 (S7). below low tide to approximately 7 fm. It was Like the previous species this is an inhabitant taken in the sublittoral at the above stations. of the intertidal algal beds. Melanerita melanotragus (A. E. Smith, 1884) Phasianotrochus rutilus (A. Adams, 1851) Survey area 55 (S13), 63 (S24). Survey area 58 (S5). Port Occurs in crevices and under overhangs in This is a common species in Western open coasts. In Port Heads region the upper eulittoral of Bay, but it is rare even in the Phillip it is one of the open coast species that of the bay. penetrates up the E. coast. conica (Gray, 1827) Melarapha unifasciata (Gray, 1826) Survey area 58 (S7) (S10). con- Survey areas 6 (S16), 25 (S19), 48 (S14), Another of the algal dwellers which is 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S10), 63 (S24). fined to the Heads region. 110 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

This and the next species are common on Cymatiella Iesueuri Iredale, 1929 vertical rock stacks in the infra-littoral fringe. Survey area 58 (S7). This species tends to occur a little higher than Lepsiella vinosa (Lamarck, 1822) the following one. Survey areas 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), Melarapha praetermissa (May, 1908) 40 (S6), 58 (S7) (S10), 63 (S24). (S15), Survey areas 48 (S14), 55 (S13) Common in the mid- and lower-eulittoral in 58 (S10), 63 (S24). association with mussels and Galeolaria on

Melarapha paludinella (Reeve, 1857) which it feeds.

Survey area 63 (S24). Lepsiella reticulata (Blainville, 1832) This very small species occurs on open coast Survey area 58 (S7). rock platform in the upper eulittoral amongst An open coast species. the barnacle Chamaesipho columna. Its situa- textilosa (Lamarck, 1 tion is similar at Martha Point (S24). Dicathais 822) Bembicium nanum (Lamarck, 1822) Survey area 58 (S5) (S7) (S10). Living in sheltered positions such as crevices Survey areas 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S10), 63 (S24). and overhangs in the lower eulittoral to several fathoms. This is an open coast species and penetrates the bay to S. of Schnapper Point. eburnea (Reeve, 1846) Bembicium auratum (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) Survey areas 40 (S6), 6 (S16). Survey areas 23 (S20), 27 (S17), 37 (SI), Occurs in sheltered situations in the mid- 40 (S6), 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15). eulittoral often completely replacing the more Occurs in areas of partial shelter where it open coast species C. lineolata. replaces the above species. Cominella lineolata (Lamarck, 1809) Bembicium melanostomum (Gmelin, 1791) Survey areas 7 (S18), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), Survey areas 25 (S18), 26 (S2), 49 (S4). 40 (S6), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) Occurs in area of extreme shelter attached (S10), 63 (S24). hard substrata including mangrove stems to any A widespread species on rock platforms, roots. and common in open positions, but penetrates into Velacumantus australis (Quoy and Gaimard, even well-sheltered bays and inlets. 1834) Parcanassa pauperata (Lamarck, 1822) Survey areas 25 (S19), 26 (S2) (S9), Survey areas 23 (S20), 26 (S9), 37 (SI). 49 (S4). A shelter-loving species. A common species in sandy mud situations. Tavaniotha optata (Gould, 1860) Zeacumantus diemenensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) Survey area 69 (Sll). Occurs in areas of sand and muddy sand Survey areas 23 (S20), 26 (S9), 49 (S4). from the sublittoral to 9 fm. Found on open sandy mud. Floroconus anemone (Lamarck, 1810) I ul till in in lawk- van ii in (Crosse, 1863) Survey area 26 (S2). Survey area 58 (S10). A sublittoral species found only in extreme Occurs under stones in the lower eulittoral shelter. in areas of medium shelter. Cymatiella verrucosa (Reeve, 1844) Salinator fragilis (Lamarck, 1822) Survey area 58 (S7). Survey areas 2 (S8), 23 (S20), 40 (S6), This and the following species are inhabi- 49 (S4). tants of open rock platforms where some shelter On sandy mud areas usually in the vicinity such as algal growth is available. of freshwater runnels. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 111

Siphonaria diemenensis (Quoy and Gaimard, Kellia australis (Lamarck, 1818) 1834) Survey area 63 (S24). Survey areas 6 (S16), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), Lives in the shelter of Galeolaria and mussels 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) (S10), 63 on open coasts. (S24). Electroma georgiana (Quoy and Gaimard, Common on the upper eulittoral of rock 1835) platforms both within the bay and on the open coast. Survey areas 69 (Sll), 27 (S17). Found within the bay from the sublittoral Siphonaria tasmanica (Tenison Woods, 1 876) to 10 fm wherever algae and such like are Survey area 58 (S10). available for attachment. In similar situations to the above species, but Katelysia scalarina (Lamarck, 1818) only found in the Heads region. Survey area 49 (S4), 69 (Sll). Siphonaria funiculata Reeve, 1856 Occurs on sand from the sublittoral to sev- Survey area 58 (S10). eral fathoms. Confined to the S. of the bay. Katelysia rhytiphora Lamy, 1937 Siphonaria baconi Reeve, 1856 Survey areas 26 (S9), 37 (SI), 49 (S4). Survey area 58 (S5) (S7). Occurs in association with Zostera. On the sheltered side of Point Nepean this species is common on flat rock surfaces in the Donacilla angusta (Reeve, 1854) mid-eulittoral. Survey areas 23 (S20), 69 (Sll). Onchidella patelloides (Quoy and Gaimard, Living in sand in areas of shelter. 1832) Homalina deltoidalis (Lamarck, 1818) Survey area 58 (S10). Survey areas 27 (S17), 37 (SI). open coast rock platform species. An Occurs in the sublittoral to 7 fm in areas Bivalvia of extreme shelter. Anadara trapezia (Deshayes, 1840) ECHINODERMATA

Survey areas 25 (S18), 26 (S9), 27 (S17). Pateriella calcar (Lamarck, 1816) Occurs in the lower eulittoral on the silty Survey areas 23 (20), 48 (S14), 58 (S10). clays and silty sands of the N. shore of Corio Common in rock pools and under stones Bay. from the mid-eulittoral to several fathoms. Modiolus pulex (Lamarck, 1819) Pateriella brevispina (H. L. Clark, 1923) Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). Survey area 23 (S20), 58 (S10). An open coast mid-eulittoral species. In similar situations to the above species. Brachidontes rostratus (Dunkcr, 1857) Pateriella gunni (Gray, 1840) Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). Survey area 58 (S10). Forms extensive beds in the mid-eulittoral This and the previous species are often con- on open coast platforms. sidered to be conspecific, but recent work Mytilus planulatus (Lamarck, 1819) separates them. Survey areas 2 (S8), 6 (S16), 9 (S12), 23 Tosia australis Gray, 1840 (S20), 25 (S19), 37 (SI), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), 25 (S19), 58 (S10). 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24), 69 (Sll). Survey areas lower littoral to several Occurs from the lower eulittoral to 10 Under stones in the fathoms. fathoms in sheltered waters. 112 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Cosmosterias calamaria (Gray, 1840) species which were not recorded for the inter- Survey area 23 (S20). tidal zone, but which are common components A shallow benthic species which from time of the drift have been included in this list. to time invades the upper sub-littoral. For each species the full original quotation is cited but not the basionym. Recent mono- Heliocidaris crythrogramma (Val., 1846) graphs dealing with species which occur in Port Survey area 58 (S10). Phillip Bay are given. This common sea urchin of the Port Phillip intertidal occurs in rock pools in the lower Phylum culittoral and under ledges to several fathoms. Order Ulvales Family Ulvaceae Ascidiacea Enteromorpha Link Pyura praeputialis (Heller, 1878) A number of species of Enteromorpha is Survey areas 40 (S6), 58 (S5). common throughout the bay, in the eulittoral Occurs in the sublittoral but in areas some and upper sub-littoral zones. of shelter such as gutters, may extend up into Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Link 1820: 5. the lower culittoral. Bliding 1963: 139, Fig. 87. Pyura pathydermatina (Herdman, 1881) N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). Upper- and mid-culittoral; also recorded for Attached to rocks, often under overhangs, Altona. in the sub-littoral down to several fathoms.

Microcosmos australis Herdman, 1899 Ulva Thuret Survey areas 9 (S12), 49 (S4). Viva lactuca auct. (Non Linnaeus). Papenfuss 1960: 306. Bliding 1968: 537, Figs. 1-5. Occurs on sand and clayey sand in areas of N. area shelter from the sub-littoral down to several bay 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay areas 16 fathoms. (S23), 25 (S19), 26 (S2), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 3. FLORA OF THE INTERTIDAL REGION (S5, S10). Widely distributed and common upper eulit- By R. J. King and Sophie C. Ducker toral to sub-littoral. Often epiphytic, particu- larly on Zostera. The species of Ulva with Introduction the dissected and ribbon-like thallus which Wom- The algae and flowering plants collected dur- ersley (1966) has noted from the vicinty of the ing field trips to the 14 intertidal stations arc Heads was collected at Portarlington and listed. This list is by no means exhaustive, Queensclilf. notable omissions being microscopic epiphytic Viva spatkulata Papenfuss 1960: 309, PI. 3, fig. 15. algae. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Unless specifically stated all algae occur in Epiphytic on Cladostephus verticillatus. the intertidal regions or the adjacent upper sub- littoral. Order The distribution within the bay is given ac- Family Cladophoraceae cording to the region and followed by the area number with the station number in brackets Chatcomorpha Kiitzing (see above). Short ecological notes, and further Chaetomorpha acrea (Dillwyn) Kiitzing 1849: 379. distribution records taken from specimens in Corio Bay area 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 the Herbarium of the Botany School, University (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip of Melbourne (MELU), are included. Several Heads area 58 (S5, S10). 113 By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER

Occasional in mid- and lower-eulittoral pools; Order Codiales at Portarlington dense growth in the lower Family Bryopsidaceae eulittoral. Bryopsis Lamouroux

darwinii (I. D. Hooker) KLitzing Chaetomorpha Bryopsis gemeltipara J. Agardh 1887: 25. 1849: 380. Kornmann 1969: 335. Figs. 1-13. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Corio Bay area 25 (S19). Port Phillip Heads lower area 58 (S5, S10). Epiphytic on Gelidium australe in Usually epiphytic on Halopleris spp., Clado- eulittoral pools. stephus verticillatus, and Gelidium auslrale in Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux 1809: 333. the lower eulittoral and upper sub-littoral; also N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 in lower eulittoral pools. (S23), 25 (S19). E. bay area 55 (S13, S15). Lower eulittoral and occasionally above. Chateomorpha sp. Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh 1823: 448. Corio Bay area 26 (S2). Recorded for Port Phillip Bay. In the W. H. Intermingled strands in upper eulittoral. Harvey herbarium (TCD) specimens from Cladophora Kutzing Brighton Beach (570F) and Geelong (570G) Cladophora species are recorded throughout are under this name. Womersley (1966) re- the bay but these have not all been identified. cords B. plumosa from N. bay area 10 (103). be- Cladophora fascicularis (Mertens in C. Agardh) Kiitz- We have found it difficult to differentiate ing 1843: 268. Sakai 1964: 25, Fig. 8, PI. 4 (1). tween B. plumosa and B. hypnoides, and have Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). assigned to B. hypnoides only plants where the Lower eulittoral channels and sub-littoral monoecious character was established (Fcld- Werribee and fringe. Also recorded for Altona, mann 1957). Sandringham. Bryopsis vestita J. Agardh 1878: 3. Agardh) Harvey 1851: PI. 236. Cladophora repens (I. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 Dense patches in upper eulittoral zone. Upper eulittoral outer edge of the reef. Family Codiaceae Cladophora rugulosa Martens 1866: 112; Sakai 1964: 67, Figs. 31-32, PI. 15 (1). Codium Stackhouse Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Coditim austraUcum Silva in Silva and Womersley Shallow inner sandy pools in mid-eulittoral. 1956: 280, Fig. 13, PI. 2 (2). Also recorded for Beaumaris and Mt Martha. Recorded from Pt Nepcan in lower eulittoral Order Siphonocladales pools. Womersley 1956: 263, Family Codium capitulation Silva et Fig. 2, PI. 1(1). Harvey Apjohnia Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). 1855b: 335. Dawes Apjohnia laetevirens Harvey On vertical and shaded faces in lower eulit- 1969: 78, Fig. 1. toral pools. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Codium duthiae Silva in Silva and Womersley 1956: Lower eulittoral pools. This species is restric- 275. Fig. 10, PI. 1 (2). rough coasts. ted to pools on Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Mid- Family Valoniaceae and lower-eulittoral pools. Decaisne Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: 32. Silva and Womersley 1956: 282, Fig. 14d. Dictyosphaeria sericea Harvey 1855a: 565. area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay areas 25 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay upper (S19), 27 (S17). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port On vertical and steep faces in the channels Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). zones of lower eulittoral pools; also in does All levels from mid-eulittoral to upper sub- the lower eulittoral. This species open to pools: waters of the littoral, and in mid- and lower-eulittoral not occur within the sheltered sub-littoral plants are often covered by epiphytic bay. 114 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Ceramiales. At the Heads this species is com- Lower eulittoral, sub-littoral fringe and upper mon in the mid-eulittoral in rough positions. sub-littoral on rock platform; also lower eulit- toral pools. Codium galcatum J. Agardh 1887: 42, PI. 1, fig. 1. Silva and Womersley 1956: 273, Fig. 9. Caulerpa flexilis var. muelleri (Sonder) Womersley Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). 1956: 367. Deep lower eulittoral pools; a rough coast Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). species not found within the bay. Hymeno- Mid- and lower-eulittoral pools. cladia sanguinea is characteristically epiphytic Caulerpa gejninata Harvey 1855a: 564. on C. galeatum. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). E. bay area 55 S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Codium lucasii Setchell in Lucas 1935: 200, Fig. 3; (S13, Silva and Womersley 1956: 265, Fig. 3. Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Common in the upper sub-littoral, but oc- Under ledges in lower eulittoral pools and on casionally in the lower eulittoral, the sub-lit- sides of lower eulittoral channels. Also recorded toral fringe (at the Heads), and in lower for Pt Nepean. eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Williams- Codium muelleri Kiitzing 1856: 34. Silva and Wom- town, Beaumaris, Werribee and Geelong. Wom- ersley 1956: 278, Fig. 12. ersley (1966) discusses the various ecological Recorded for Pt Nepean. forms of C. geminata occurring within the bay.

Codium perrinae Lucas 1935: 203, Fig. 4. Silva and Caulerpa longifolia C. Agardh 1823: 437. Womersley 1956: 267, Fig. 4. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Lower eulittoral pools; uncommon. Under ledges in lower eulittoral pools. Caulerpa longifolia f. crispata (Harvey) Womersley Codium pomoides J. Agardh 1894: 100; Silva and 1950: 147. Womersley 1956: 271, Fig. 7. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S23), 27 (S17). Port Phillip Heads area 58 Lower eulittoral pools, under ledges and in (S5, S10). crevices. Common in the Heads region but not Lower eulittoral pools and channels, and found within the shelter of the bay. upper sub-littoral. While f. crispata is common bay and at the Heads, the Order Caulerpales both within the typical form appears to be confined to open Family Caulerpaceae coast. Caulerpa Lamouroux Caulerpa obscura Sonder 1845: 50. Caiderpa brownii (C. Afiardh) Endlicher 1843: 16. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay area 27 Lower eulittoral pools on vertical and over- (S17). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay areas hung rock faces; characteristic of such condi- 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 tions on rough coast and not found within the (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). bay.

Lower eulittoral, the sub-littoral fringe (at Caulerpa papillosa J. Agardh 1872b: 42. the Heads), and most commonly in the upper Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). sub-littoral; also in lower eulittoral pools and Lower eulittoral pools, occasional in the channels. lower eulittoral. This species has not been re- Caulerpa cactoides (Turner) C. Agardh 1823: 439. corded within the bay, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Caulerpa remotifolia Sonder 1852: 660. Lower eulittoral pools and channels often N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 associated with Amphibolis antarctica. This is (S23), 25 (S19), 26 (S2), 29 (S22). SW. an open coast species not recorded within the bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area 55 (S15). bay. Common in lower eulittoral and upper sub-

Caulerpa flexilis Lamouroux 1813: 283, PI. 7, fig. 3. littoral. Also recorded for Altona and Swan E. bay area 55 (S13). Port Phillip Heads Bay. All specimens collected were very densely area 58 (S5, S10). pinnate. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 115

Caulerpa scalpeltiformls (R. Brown in Turner) C Ectoearpus Lyngbye Agardh 1823: 437. Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey 1841: 40; Russell E. bay area 55 (S13). S. bay area 63 (S24). 1966: 268, Figs. 1-2. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Mornington, Queenscliff. Upper sub-littoral but also lower eulittoral Epiphytic and cpilithic in littoral zone pools; pools. considerable seasonal variation in abundance. Caulerpa simpliciuscida (Turner) C. Agardh 1823- 439. Ectocarpus sillculosun (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819: 131; Russell 1966: 275, Figs. 3-4. N. bay area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay areas 25 Mornington, Geclong. (S19), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). E. bay area 55 Epiphytic (probably also cpilithic); rare. (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Common within the Fcldmannia Hamcl bay in the sub-littoral; mid- and lowcr-eulittoral Feldmannia globifera (Kiitzing) Hamel 1939: XVII, pools in rough conditions. fig. 61 (g); Cardinal 1964: 57, Figs. 31-32. Caulerpa trifaria Harvey 1863: PI. 261. Mornington, Queenscliff. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Epilithic and epiphytic; common in littoral Lower eulittoral pools, often associated with zone rock pools but also in the sub-littoral A mphibolis antarctica. fringe.

Feldmannia lebelli (Aresehoug ex Crouan fiat.) Family Udoteaceae Hamel 1939: XVII. Chlorodcsmis Harvey et Bailey Queensclilf.

Chlorodesmis baculifera (J. Agardh) Ducker 1966: Epiphytic; common in littoral zone pools. 245; 1965: 151, Figs. 1-4, as C. bulbasa. Recorded from Pt Nepean lower eulittoral Giffordia Batters pool. Giffordia fuscata (Zanardini ex Mcncghini) Kuekuck 1961: 140, Figs. 11-16. Order Dasycladales Mornington, Beaumaris. Family Dasycladaceae Epilithic; uncommon in the upper sub-littoral Acetabularia Lamouroux zone.

Acetahularia peniculus ( R. Brown in Turner) Solms- Giffortlia granulosa (J. F. Smith) Hamcl 1939: XV, Laubach 1895: 27, PI. 2, figs. 2, 6-7. fig. 61 (e); Cardinal 1964: 39, Figs. 19-20. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay areas Mornington, Queenscliff. 42 (S21), 49 (S4). Usually epiphytic in the mid- and lower- Lower eulittoral and upper sub-littoral, com- eulittoral and sub-littoral fringe; much seasonal monly growing on dead shells of Katylesia variation in occurrence. scalarina. at Jetty; Very common Swan Bay Giffordia intermedia (Rosenvinge) Lund 1959: 48, also recorded for W. Rosebud and Blairgowrie. Fig. 5. Mornington. Phylum Phaeophyta Epilithic and epiphytic in the lower eulittoral Order Ectocarpales and the sub-littoral fringe; uncommon.

Family Ectocarpaceae Giffordia irregularis (Kiitzing) Joly 1965: 72, Figs. Acinctospora Bornct 111-119.

Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael ex Harvey in J. D. A species complex; , etc., under Hooker) Kornmann 1953: 223, Figs. 1-14. investigation. Mornington, Beaumaris, Gcclong, Queens- Mornington, Swan Bay, Beaumaris, Geclong, cliff. Queensclilf. Epiphytic and cpilithic; distributed through- Epiphytic and epilithic; common in the lit- out the mid- and lower-eulittoral in sheltered toral zone in pools and damp places, also in pools. the sub-littoral fringe. nr, IN I ERTJDAL ECOLOGY

Giffordia mitchellae (Harvey) Hamel 1939: XIV, Jig. Family Cladostephaceae 61 (c, d). Cardinal 1964: 45, 23. Fig. Cladoskplius C. Agardh Mornington, Queenscliff, Beaumaris. Cladostephus verticillatus (Ligbtfoot) C. Agardh Epilithic and epiphytic; common in the lit- 1817: XXV. Lindauer et al. 1961: 175, Fig. 24. toral zone pools and sheltered damp positions. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads Giffordia sandriana (ZanardM) Hamel 1939: XIV. area 58 (S5, S10). Cardinal 1964: 37, Eig. 18. Occasional in the lower eulittoral, frequent in Mornington, Werribce. lower eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Ric- Epiphytic, epilithic; uncommon, in the upper kctts Pt. sub-littoral zone. Order Cutleriales Kuckuckia Hamel Family Cutleriaceae

Kuckuckia spinosa (Kiitring) Kuckuck 1958: 172, Cutleria Greville Figs, 1-4. Cutleria multifida (J. E. Smith) Greville 1830: 60, Mornington. PI. 10. Epiphytic and epilithic; uncommon in the E. bay area 55 (SI 5). upper sub-littoral zone. Young plants in upper sub-littoral on vertical concrete sea wall within shelter of the Morning- PiiayeUa Bory ton Jetty. Often a significant component of Pilayella iittoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman 1872: 99. drift at Werribce. Mornington, Beaumaris. Order Dictyotales Epiphytic and epilithic; common in the lower Family Dictyotaceae eulittoral and the upper sub-littoral. Dictyota Lamouroux

Sorocarpus N. Pringsheim Dictyota alterrUfida J. Agardh 1894: 80.

Sorocarpus micromorus (Bory) Silva 1950: 256. Recorded from Ouecnscliff and Pt Nepean.

Mornington. Dictyota apiculata J. Agardh 1894: 67. Epiphytic and epilithic; rare in the upper Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). sub-littoral zone. Lower eulittoral pools. Order SPHACELARIALES Dictyota dlchotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux 1809: 331. N. bay area 6 (SI 6). E. bay areas 23 Family Sphacelariaceae (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Spliacclaria Lyngbyc Occasional in the lower eulittoral and upper Sphacelaria sp. sub-littoral; sometimes forming a dense cover, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SIO). e.g. at Ricketts Pt. Also recorded for Quccns- Shallow lower- and niid-euliltoral pools. clilf and Werribce.

Family Stypocaulaceae Dilophus J. Agardh

Halopteris Kiilzing Dilophus fastigiatus (Sunder) J. Agardh 1880: 107.

Halopteris funicularis (Montagne) Sauvageau 1904: Recorded for in the upper 393. Lindauer el al. 1901; (67. Fig. 20. sub-littoral. Recorded for OueensclilT. Lobospira Aresehoug

Halopteris gracilescens (J. Agardh) Womersley 1967: Lobospira biscuspidata Aresehoug 1854: 364. 202. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip area Heads 58 (S5, SIO). Lower eulittoral pools and channels. Lower eulittoral pools and channels. Pachydlctyon J. Agardh Halopteris pseudospicata Sauvageau 1904: -408. Pachydictyon paniculatum (J. Anardh) J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SIO). 1894: 84.

I ower eulittoral and below. Also recorded SW. bay area 42 (S21). Port Phillip Heads for RickettS Pt. area 58 (S5, S10). By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 117

Upper sub-littoral zone, often epiphytic on Leathesia Gray Amphibolis antarctica, Caulocystis cephalorni- Leathesia difformis (Linnaeus) Areschoug 1846: 376. thos and Phyllospora comosa. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family Zonarieae Associated with Amphibolis in lower eulit- Dictyopteris Lamouroux toral pools; also in the upper sub-littoral zone.

Dictyopteris muelteri (Sonder) Reinbold 1899: 43. Petrospongium N Ligeli Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Petrospongtum rugosum (Okamura) Sclchell et Gard- ner 1924: 12. MacLennan 1956: I, Fig. 1. Common in lower eulittoral pools and chan- area nels from October to February; occasional in Port Phillip Heads 58 (S10). the sub-littoral fringe. Also recorded for Wil- Outer edge in the mid-eulittoral, slightly banksii. recorded for liamstown, Geelong and Ricketts Pt. above Hormosira Also Point Nepean. Padina Adanson

Padina fraseri (Greville) Greville 1830, synop. XLTV. Family Chordariaceae Gaillard 1968: 21, Pis. 1-2. Myriogloia Kuckuck

Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Mvriogloia sciurus (Harvey) Kuckuck 1929: 62, Fig. Lower eulittoral; also in littoral zone pools. 81. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Taonia J. Agardh Mid-eulittoral, growing through sand. Taonia australasica J. Agardh 1894: 30. Common in drift at Pt. Wilson and Corio Polycerea J. Agardh Bay during January and February 1970. Polvcerea nigrescens (Harvey ex Kiitzing) Kylin 1940: 36, Fig. 20 (A, B), PI. 7, (ig. 16. Zonaria C. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5) This is well represented in the bay Epiphytic on Amphibolis antarctica. but specific identification is impossible since Tinocladia many collections are only represented by young, Kylin infertile specimens. Tinocladia australis (Harvey) Kylin 1940: 34, PI. 6, fig. 14. Zonaria sinclarii J. D. Hooker et Harvey 1845: 530. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). N. bay area 6 (S16). Port Phillip Heads On rock platform, mid-eulittoral. area 58 (S5). Occasional in the lower eulittoral. Family Splachnidiaceae Zonaria turneriana J. Agardh 1870: 438. Splachnidium Greville Phillip area 58 (S5, S10). Port Heads Splachtiidium ruttosum (Linnaeus) Greville 1830, Lower eulittoral pools. synop. XXXVI. Price and Ducker 1966: 261, Figs. 1-3. Order Chordariales Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Oc- Family Myrionemataceae casionally in the mid-eulittoral. Myrionenia Greville A common species on exposed Victorian 300. Myrionema strangulans Greville 1827: PI. coast but never recorded within the shelter of area Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay 42 the bay. (S21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family Notheiaceae Epiphytic and restricted to Ulva; common Notheia Harvey et Bailey October-February. Nothcia anomala Harvey et Bailey 1851: 371. Niza- Family Corynophlaeaceae muddin and Womersley 1960: 673. Corynophlaea Kiitzing Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Corynophlaea cystophorae J. Agardh 1880: 22, PI. Epiphytic on Hormosira banksii fringing 1 (1). within the Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). lower eulittoral pools; uncommon Epiphytic on Cystophora moniliformis in Bay even though Hormosira is widely dis- lower eulittoral pools. tributed. 118 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Order Sporochnales N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 Family Sporochnaceae (S19), 26 (S2), 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 Nereia Zanardini (S20).

Nereia australis (Harvey) Harvey 1860: 289, PL 188. Mainly in mid- and lower-eulittoral pools; occasionally lower-eulittoral zone below on Common in the drift at Williamstown and and Werribee. the platform.

Perithalia J. Agardh Order Laminariales Perithalia caudata (Labillardiere) Womersley 1967: 239. Family Lessoniaceae Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Macrocystis C. Agardh

Uncommon in crevices in the upper sub- Macrocystis angustifolia Bory 1826: 10. Womersley littoral zone and the sub-littoral fringe. 1954a: 119, Pis. 2, 5-6. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Order Dictyosiphonales Characteristic of the upper sub-littoral zone; Family Punctariaceae also in deep lower-littoral pools and occasional Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbes et Solier young plants in the sub-littoral fringe. Colpomenia peregrina (Sauvageau) Hamel 1937: 201. Family Alariaceae Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Ecklonia Hornemann Epiphytic on Caulocystis uvifera. Also re- corded for Werribee. Ecklonia radiata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1848: 146. Lindauer et al. 1961: 278, PI. 7. Colpomenia sinuosa (Martens ex Roth) Derbes et N. bay area 6 (SI Corio area 29 Solier 1851: 95. Lindauer et al. 1961: 261, PI. 6). Bay 4 (b). (S22). E. bay area 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, (S19), 26 (S2), 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 S10). Upper sub-littoral zone within the bay, (S21). E. bay area 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 but at the Heads mainly in deep littoral pools. (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Also recorded for Ricketts Point and Altona. Lower eulittoral and below, usually epiphytic on Sargassum, Cystophora or Caulocystis spe- Order Fucales cies. Also recorded for Canadian Bay and Wer- Family Durvilleaceae ribee. Durvillea Bory

Petalonia Derbes et Solier Durvillea potatorum (Labillardiere) Areschoug 1854: 343. Petakmia fascia (O. E. Miiller) Kuntze 1898: 419. Wynne 1969: 17, Figs. 6-8, Pis. 6-13. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Corio Bay area 25 (S19). E. bay areas 23 Characteristic of the sub-littoral fringe. Com- (S20), 55 (S15). mon outside the Heads region but not found Epiphytic on Zostera in the upper sub-littoral within the bay. zone and in shallow littoral pools. Family Hormosiraceae Punctaria Greville Hormosira (Endlicher) Meneghini Pimctaria latifolia Greville 1830: 52. Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne 1842: 331. Corio Bay area (S22). E. bay area 23 29 Lindauer et al. 1961: 320, Pis. 16, 25. (S20). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 Epiphytic on Zostera. (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area Scytosiphon C. Agardh 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Scytosiphon lomcntaria (Lyngbye) Link. Wynne Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Characteristic of 1969: 32, Pis. 14-17. the lower eulittoral, although common in pools We have been unable to ascertain the date with epiphytic Notheia anomala. Apparently and place of publication. absent from the W. side of the bay. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 119

Family Fucaceae Cystophora moniliformis (Esper) Womersley et Niza- Xiphophora Montagne muddin in Womersley 1964: 71, Fig. 6, PI. 3 (1). Xiphophora chondrophylla (R. Brown ex Turner) E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13). S. bay Montagne ex Harvey 1855c: 215. Nizamuddin 1964: 1, Figs. 1, 3, 5-8. area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S5, S10). Lower eulittoral and sub-littoral fringe; also Common in the sub-littoral fringe at the in lower eulittoral pools. Heads, mainly upper sub-littoral within the bay; also in lower eulittoral pools. Family Seirococcaceae Cystophora polycvstidea Areschoug ex J. Agardh Phyllospora C. Agardh 1848: 240. Womersley 1964: 73, Figs. 10-11, Phyllospora comosa (Labillardiere) C. Agardh 1839: PI. 4 (2). 311. PI. 28, fig. 11. Nizamuddin 1968: 81, Figs. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 27 1-18, PI. 1. (S17), 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Almost always in the upper sub-littoral zone, Common in the upper sub-littoral at the but occasionally in larger pools; also recorded Heads; not recorded within the bay. Occasion- Werribee. ally young plants occur in deep pools, and in for

the sub-littoral fringe. Cystophora retorta (Mertens) J. Agardh. 1848: 243. Womersley 1964: 92, Figs. 34-35, PI. 11 (1-2). Family Cystoseiraceae N. Bay area 6 (S16). SW. bay area 42 Acrocarpia Areschoug (S21). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13). S. Acrocarpia paniculata (Turner) Areschoug 1854: bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 336. Womersley 1964: 98, Fig. 42, PI. 14 (2). (S5, S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Characteristically in lower eulittoral pools, Confined to deep lower eulittoral pools on but also lower eulittoral channels, the sub-lit- the outer edge of the reef. toral fringe and the upper sub-littoral; also Caulocystis Areschoug recorded for Werribee. Caulocystis cephalorniihos (Labillardiere) Areschoug Cystophora siliquosa J. Agardh 1870: 445. Womers- 1854: 335. Womersley 1964: 102, Figs. 46-47, ley 1964: 93, Fig. 36, PI. 12 (1). PI. 16. Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 Port Phillip zone and below; character- (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area Lower eulittoral under conditions 23 (S20). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, istic of the sub-littoral fringe recorded within the bay. S10). Lower eulittoral pools, occasionally in of local shelter. Not sub-littoral zones. the lower eulittoral and upper Cystophora subfarchwta (Mertens) J. Agardh 1848: Womersley 1964: 95, Figs. 38-40, PI. 13. Caulocystis uvifera (C. Agardh) Areschoug 1854: 240; 335. Womersley 1964: 101, Fig. 45, PI. 15 (2). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay areas 23 area 42 Port Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay (S20), 55 (S13). S. bay area 63 (S24). (S15). Port Phillip (S21). E. bay area 55 Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Heads area 58 ($10). Lower eulittoral and below; also in lower eu- eulittoral to upper sub-littoral, par- Lower littoral pools. ticularly with local shelter. Cystophora torulosa (R. Brown ex Turner) J. Agardh Womersley 1964: 85, Figs. 28-29, Cystophora J. Agardh 1848: 243; PI. 9 (1). Cystophora congesta Womersley et Nizamuddin in bay area 55 (S13). S. bay area 63 (S24). Womersley 1964: 86, Fig. 30, PI. 9 (2). E. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (SI 6). Port Phillip Heads Characteristic of the lower eulittoral at the area 58 (S10). upper sub-littoral within the bay. Lower eulittoral pools, and sub-littoral fringe. Heads; 120 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Family Sargassaceae Liagora Lamouroux Sargassum C. Agardh Liagora harveyiana Zeh 1912: 270; Womersley 1965b: 480, Figs. 63-69, PI. 7 (1). A number of species of this genus is com- Port Phillip mon throughout the bay but is usually repre- Heads area 58 (S5, S10). sented only by basal parts of the thallus. These Lower eulittoral and in pools. are often common in the upper sub-littoral but Liagora wilsoniana Zeh 1912: 269; Womersley 1965b: never dominant. 483, Figs. 70-75, PI. 7 (2).

Sargassum decipiens (R. Brown ex Turner) J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). 1872b: 63. Womersley 1954b: 348, Fig. 1 (e-f), Lower eulittoral zone. PI. 4 fl). Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 Nemalion Targioni-Tozzetti (S21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters 1902: 59. Lower eulittoral and below; occasionally in Womersley 1965b: 455, Figs. 1-9, PI. 1. lower eulittoral pools. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Phylum Rhodophyta Upper eulittoral zone attached to jetty piles. Also Order Bangiales recorded from Pt. Nepean and Mt. Eliza. Family Bangiaceae Family Chaetangiaceae Bangia Lyngbye Galaxaura Lamouroux Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819: 83. Sommerfeld and Nichols 1970: 640, Figs. 1-28. Galaxaura marginata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux 1816: 264 (Syn. G. laxa Kjellman 1900: N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 71). (S22). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Upper eulittoral and into the littoral fringe. Rare in pools in the sub-littoral fringe. Also recorded from lower-eulittoral pools. Porphyra C. Agardh Porphyra sp. Order Gelidiales N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 Family Gelidiaceae (S19), 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 (S20). Small Gelidium Lamouroux plants common in the mid-eulittoral, large plants Gelidium australe J. Agardh 1872a: 30. in lower eulittoral and the supper sub-littoral; it Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). is possible that these are two different species. Sub-littoral fringe and also lower-eulittoral Seasonally abundant June-December. pools.

Order Nemaliales Gelidium glandulaefolium J. D. Hooker et Harvey Family Helminthocladtaceae 1847: 406. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Heiminthocladia J. Agardh

Heiminthocladia auslralis Harvey 1863, PI. 272. Lower-eulittoral zone in crevices. Womersley 1965b: 470, Figs. 46-53, PI. 5. Gelidium pusillum (Stnckhouse) Le Jolis 1963: 139. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). N. bay area 6 (SI 6), Corio Bay areas 25 Mid-eulittoral pool. (S19), 27 (S17). E. bay area 23 (S20), Port Heiminthocladia dotvi Womersley 1965b: 465, Figs. Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). 23-31, PI. 3 (2). Mainly confined to the lower eulittoral but Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). with isolated occurrences in the mid-eulittoral, in patches, lower eulittoral. Common particularly in crevices; often associated with Helminthora J. Agardh Galeolaria caespitosa.

Helminthora auslralis J. Agardh ex Levring 1953: Pteroeladia J. Agardh 497. Figs. 27-30; Womersley 1965b: 461, Figs. 17-22, Pis. 2 (2), 3(1). Pterocktdia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet et Thurct Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). 1876: 57. Epiphytic on A mphibolis antarctica, in lower Port Philip Heads area 58 (S5). eulittoral pools and the upper sub-littoral. Sub-littoral fringe. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DIK KIR 121

Order Cryptonemiales Metagoniolithon Wcber-van Bosse Family Squamariaceae Metagoniolithon charoides (Lamouroux) Wcber-van Ethelia Wcber-van Bossc Bosse 1904: 102, PI. 15 (11 ). Elhelia australis (Sonder) 19">|- Wcber-van Bossc Port Phillip Heads area 300. 58 (S10). Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools. Recorded from Queenscliff. Metagoniolithon stelligerum (Lamarck) Wcber-van Family Corallinaceae Bossc 1904: 103, PI, 15(9 and 13). Amphiroa Lamouroux Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Ampliiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux 1816: 299; Hamel Epiphytic on A mphibolis antarctica in lower- and Lemoine 1953: 42, PI. 5(1, 7). eulittoral pools. E. bay area 55 (S15). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family CRYPTONEMIACEAE Upper sub-littoral zone and eulittoral zone Gratcloupia C. Agardh pools. Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians A. ct E. S. Gcpp Corallina Linnaeus 1906: 259. Corallina officinalis Linnaeus 1758: 805 (see Johan- This variety of Grateloupia filicina (Lamou- scn 1969: 63). Johansen 1970, p. 79, Figs 1, 3, 5-6, 9, II. roux) C. Agardh 1822: 223 is abundant near N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 sewerage outlets. A similar observation has (S22). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). been made in England (Farnham and Irvine S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 1968). 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay areas 16 Common in the lower eulittoral, sub-littoral (S23), 27 (SI 7), 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads fringe (at the Heads) and the upper sub-littoral, area 58 (S10). where occasionally dominant. Also lower eulit- Common in the lower eulittoral and upper- toral pools. sub-littoral but at Queenscliff restricted to Haliptylon (Decaisne) Johansen lower-eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Ric- ketts Pt and Newport. Haliptylon subutata (Ellis et Solander) Johansen 1970, p. 79, Figs. 10, 12. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Order Gigartinales Lower eulittoral pools and channels, and Family Gracilariaceae the lower-culittoral zone. Gracilaria Greville

Jania Lamouroux Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss 1950: 195. fastigiata Harvey 1847: 107. Jania Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay area 49 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S4). S. bay area 63 (S24). Shallow littoral pools; also the lower-eulit- Found in lower eulittoral and below, also toral zone and the sub-littoral fringe. in shallow rock pools. Lithothamnion Philippi

Litholhamnion mncllcri Lenormand in RosanofF Family Plocamiaceae 1866: 101, PI. 6, figs. 8-11; see Foslie and Printz Plocamium Lamouroux 1929: 43, PI. 7 (1-10). Epiphytic on Amphibolis antarctica. Piocamium angustwn (J. Agardh) J. D. Hooker et Harvey 1847: 404. Lithothamnion sp. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). N. bay area 6 (S16). E. bay areas 23 (S20), Occasional in lower-culittoral pools, and in 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port the upper sub-littoral. Also recorded for Ricketts Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Pt. In pools and on the platform, lower eulit- leptophyllum Kiitzing toral and below; often forming an almost com- Plocamium 1849: 885. plete cover in the upper sub-littoral where Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). associated with Corallina officinalis. Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools.

El 122 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Family Rhabdoniaceae Corio Bay areas 27 (S17), 29 (S22). Rhabdonia Harvey Common in upper sub-littoral and lower-

Rhubdunia robusta (Greville) J. Agardh 1851: 355. eulittoral zones, particularly near waste outfall Corio Bay areas 27 (S17), 29 (S22). pipes. Also recorded for Altona and Werribee. Found in the lower eulittoral and upper sub- Order Rhodymeniales littoral; also recorded for Ricketts Pt. Family Rhodymeniaceae

Rhabdonia verticUlata Harvey 1863: PI. 299. Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin Corio Bay area 27 (S17). Botryocladia obovata (Sonder) Kylin 1931: 18. Occurs infrequently in the upper sub-littoral Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). zone. Although common in the sub-littoral zone Family Hypneaceae within the bay this species is restricted at the Hypnea Lamouroux Heads to lower-eulittoral pools and channels. Hypnea sp. Gloioderma J. Agardh

Corio Bay area 27 (S17). Gloioderma wilsone (J. Agardh) De Toni 1900: 496 as G. wilsonis. Uncommon in the upper sub-littoral. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family Mychodeaceae Rare in lower eulittoral pools. Mychodea Harvey Hymenocladia J. Agardh Mycliodea hamata Harvey 1860: 323. Hymenocladia sanguinea (Harvey) Sparling 1957: Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). 370, PI. 58 (a-e). Pools and channels in the lower eulittoral. Characteristically epiphytic on Codium galea- tum in the Port Phillip Heads region. Family Dicranemaceae Dicranema Sonder Family Lomentariaceae Champia Desveaux Dicranema grevillei Sonder 1845: 56. Champia uffinis (J. D. Hooker et Harvey) J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). 1876: 304. Epiphytic on Amphibolis antarctica. SW. bay area 42 (S21). Family Acrotylaceae Epiphytic on Zostera in the lower eulittoral. Champia tasmanica Acrotylus J. Agardh Harvey 1844a: 407, PI. 19. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Acrotylus auslralis J. Agardh 1849: 87. Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools. Corio Bay area 29 (S2). Port Phillip Heads 58 (S10). Order Ceramiales Uncommon in the lower eulittoral and upper Family Ceramiaceae sub-littoral. Amoenothamnion Wollaston Amoenothamnion phmktonicum Wollaston 1968: 377, Family Gigartinaceae Fig. 35 (D-Q), PI. 10. Gigartina Stackhouse Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10).

Gigartina brachiata Harvey 1860: 325. Lower-eulittoral pools. Corio Bay area 27 (SI 7). Antithamnion Nageli Rare in upper sub-littoral. Antithamnion hanowioides (Sonder) De Toni 1903: 1398. Wollaston 1968: 295, Fig. 19. Rhodoglossum J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10).

Both Rhodoglossum joliljerum (Harvey) J. Lower-eulittoral pools. Agardh 1876: 186 and Rhodoglossum prolife- Ballia Harvey runi J. Agardh 1885: 27 are recorded for Port Ballia callitricha (C. Agardh) Kutzing 1843: 293. Phillip Bay. Specimens collected on this survey Wollaston 1968: 308, Fig. 21 (A-l). arc not easily assigned to either species, the Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). limits of which are obscure and may even Sub-littoral fringe and the upper sub-littoral overlap. zone; also recorded from Queenscliff. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 123

Ballia scoparia (J. D. Hooker et Harvey) Harvey Corynospora J. Agardh 1860: 333. Wollaston 1968: 317, Fig. 23 (A-L). Corynospora griffithsiuides (Sonder) Kylin 1956: 583. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Corio Bay area 27 (SI 7). Common in the sub-littoral fringe and the Occasional in the upper sub-littoral; also upper sub-littoral zone; occasional in lower- recorded for Werribee. eulittoral pools. Ptilocladia Sonder Bornetia Thuret Bometia sp. Ptilochidia pukhra Sonder 1845: 53. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Recorded for Queenscliff and Point Nepean. Lower-eulittoral pools. Family Delesseriaceae Callithamnion Lyngbye Acrosorium Zanardini in Kutzing Although Callithamnion species occur Acrosorinm uncinatum (Turner) Kylin 1924: 78, Fig. 61. throughout the bay, none was recorded in this survey. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Centroceras Kutzing Commonly epiphytic, particularly on Zos- Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne tera; also a conspicuous component of drift on 1846: 140. Hommersand 1963: 241, Figs. 29- 30a. the W. margin of the bay. bay area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay areas 16 N. Caloglossa (Harvey) J. Agardh (S23), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) J. Agardh 1876: area 58 (S10). 499. Papcnfuss 1961: 8, Figs. 1-30. conspicuous Occurs throughout the bay as a Corio Bay areas 25 (S19), 26 (S2). lower eulittoral. component of the Occurs in the mid- and lower-eulittoral mix- Ceramium Roth ed with Galeolaria caespitosa. This species is generally regarded as characteristic of salt Ceramium spp. pneu- Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay areas 42 marsh, commonly attached to mangrove e.g. as at Tooradin, (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port matophores, Vic. Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Bay, Lower eulittoral and below. Phitymophora J. Agardh Phitymophora amansioides (Sonder) Womerslcy Crouania J. Agardh 1965a: 436. Crouania sp. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Occasional, epiphytic in the sub-littoral Uncommon in the sub-littoral fringe. fringe. Griffithsia C. Agardh Family Dasyaceae Several unidentified species of Griffithsia are Dasya C. Agardh recorded for Port Phillip. Dasya capitlaris J. D. Hooker et Harvey in Harvey 1847: 60, PI. 19. Griffithsia teges Harvey 1855a: 559. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay area 42 Recorded for Newport and Point Nepean. Oc- (S21). casionally in drift in the N. bay. Upper sub-iittoral zone; also recorded from Haloplegma Montagne Swan Bay.

Haloplegma preissii (Harvey) Sonder 1846: 171. Dasya villosa Harvey 1844b: 433. Recorded for Queenscliff. Often found in drift throughout the bay.

Lophothamnion J. Agardh Family Rhodomelaceae Lophothamnion comatum J. Agardh 1892: 43. Brongniartella Bory

Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Broni>>iiartella australis (C. Agardh) Schmitz 1893: Common in shallow littoral pools. 218. 124 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Recorded in the upper sublittoral at Altona Polysiphonia Greville and Werribee; also in drift. Polysiphonia spp. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Coeloclonium J. Agardh (S23), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas Coeloclonium opuntioides (Harvey) J. Agardh 1876: 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). 640. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Common in drift at St. Leonards, Queens- Common in association with Centroceras cliff and Pt Neapean. clavulatum in the lower eulittoral.

Dictyomenia Greville Polysiphonia blandi Harvey 1862: PI. 184.

Dictyomenia tridens (Martens ex Turner) Greville, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). 1830; synop. LI. Lower eulittoral, at higher levels on outer Corio Bay area 27 (S17). edge of the platform. Epizooic on Pyura in the lower-eulittoral Protokiitzingia Falkenberg zone. Protokiitzingia australasica (Montagne) Falkenberg Laurencia Lamouroux in Schmitz and Falkenberg 1897: 469. 29 (S22). Laurencia botryoides (Turner) Gaillon 1828: 363. Corio Bay area Uncommon in the upper sub-littoral and Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). lower eulittoral. Occasional plants throughout the lower eulit- toral. Phylum Cyanophyta Laurencia elata (C. Agardh) Harvey 1847: 81, PI. Order Nostocales 33 (b). Family Oscillatqriaceae Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Occurs mainly in the sub-littoral fringe, but Lyngbya C. Agardh ex Gomont also in lower eulittoral pools. Lyngbya sp. Laurencia heteroclada Harvey 1855a: 544. Cribb Corio Bay area 27 (S17). 1958: 175, PI. 10, figs. 1-11, PI. 13, fig. 4. Covering rocks in upper eulittoral. SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area 55 (S13). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Family Rivulariaceae Lower-eulittoral zone; also in the sub-littoral Calothrix C. Agardh pools. Young Laurencia plants fringe and Calothrix confervicola (Roth) C. Agardh 1824: 70. which are possibly L. heteroclada are found Epiphytic on Myriogloia sciurus. throughout the bay.

Laurencia tasmanica J. D. Hooker et Harvey in Har- Rivularia C. Agardh vey 1847: 84. Rivularia firma Womersley 1946: 130, Fig. 2 (a,b). Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 bay area 63 (S24). (S21). Lower eulittoral. S. Uncommon in the mid-eulittoral. Also re- Lenormandia Sonder corded for Pt Nepean.

Lenormandia prolifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1863: 1103. Phylum Chrysophyta Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Order Prymnesiales Sandy lower-eulittoral pools and channels. Family Phaeocystaceae Lophurella Schmitz Phaeocystis Lagerheim (Derbes et Solier) Lagerheim Lophurella pcriclados (Sonder) Schmitz in Schmitz Phaeocvstis giraudii and Falkenberg 1897: 441. 1893: 32. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads SW. bay area 49 (S4). area 58 (S5, S10). Colonies epiphytic and free floating in Zos- Lower eulittoral and below. tera beds, during winter months. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 125

Lichens N. bay area 6 (SI 6). Corio Bay area 27 Lichina C. Agardh (SI 7). SW. bay area 49 (S4). E. bay area

Licliina confinis (Miiller) C. Agardh 1820: 105. 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads This typical salt marsh plant seems to be area 58 (S5, S10). capable of existence in small pockets of soil Littoral fringe but also in the upper eulittoral in the top of the upper-eulittoral zone. under sheltered conditions. Acknowledgments Angiospermae (Flowering Plants) MONOCOTYLEDONEAE We are pleased to acknowledge help in the Family Zosteraceae work from Margaret N. Clayton and G. N. The Sea Grasses of the World Den Hartog MacRaild (Botany School, University of Mel- (1970), covers most of the taxa listed below. bourne), Helen Aston (National Herbarium, Victoria), and the Fisheries and Wildlife De- Zostera Linnaeus partment of Victoria. Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Ascherson 1867: 168. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 References (S19), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas Agardh, C. A., 1817. Synopsis algarum scandinaviac

. . . Lund, xl 135 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port -f- pp. , 1820'. Specks algarum ..Vol. 1 (1), Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Lund, 168 pp. Common in lower eulittoral and upper sub- , 1822. Species algarum .. .Vol. 1 (2), Lund, 169-398. littoral on flat, sandy or muddy areas; also in , 1823. Species algarum... Vol. 1 (2), shallow sandy or muddy pools. Often densely Lund, 399-531. covered with epiphytes. -, 1824. Systema algarum. Lund, xxxviii + 312 pp. Family Ruppiaceae 1839. Revision der Algengattting Macro- cystis. Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leap. Carol. 19: Ruppia Linnaeus 281-317. Agardh, J. G.. 1848. Species genera et ordines al- Ruppia maritima Linnaeus 1753: 127. garum . . . Vol. 1, Lund, viii + 363 pp. SW. bay area 49 (S4). , 1849. Algologiska Bidrag. Ofvers. K. Vet- In upper sub-littoral associated with Zostera ensk-Akad. Fork. 6: 79-89. , 1851. Species genera et ordin.es alqarum and Lepilaena cylindrocarpa. .. .Vol. 2 (2: 1), Lund, pp. 337-505.

, 1863. Species genera et ordines algarum Family Zannichelliaceae ...Vol. 2 (3: 2), Lund, 787-1291. Amphibolis C. Agardh -, 1870. Om Chatham-oarncs Alger. Ofvers, K. Vetensk-Akad. Forh. 27: 435-456. Sonder et Amphibolis antarctica (Labillardiere) , 1872a. Bidrag till florideerncs systcmatik. Ascherson ex Ascherson 1867: 164. Acta Univ. hind., 8 (Afd. 2, No. 6): 1-60. -, 1872b. Till algernes systematik. Nya bid- Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). rag. Acta Univ. land. 9 (Afd. 2, No. 8): 1-71. shallow, sandy lower-eulittoral Occurs in , 1876. Species genera et ordines algarum

pools and channels, and in the sub-littoral zone. . Vol. 3 (1). Epicrisis systematis florideanim. Leipzig, vii + 724 pp. This species is not recorded in the sheltered -, 1878. De Algis Novae Zelandiae marinis. waters of the bay. Acta Univ. hind. 14 (Afd. 2, No. 4): 1-32. 1880. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. ex Harvey Lepilaena Drummond Acta Univ. lund. 17 (Afd. 3, No. 4): 1-134 + 2.

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