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„ Each year consumers spend 2.2 billion dollars on oral products. „ What matters to the consumer? Cost or Ingredients? „ What is the active ingredient in toothpastes that removes the most plaque? „ How often should you brush your teeth? Flossing? „ What type of food/drink stains your teeth the most? ‹AMMMUÜ|z{à fÅ|ÄxáMMM‹

„ Humans have 2 sets of teeth, a condition called diphyodont. „ 20 primary and 32 permanent „ The tooth has 4 main parts, the pulp, the cementum, the dentin, and the enamel. [çÑÉà{xá|á

„ Which brand of toothpaste is most effective at removing plaque? „ We believe that the toothpaste with the highest concentration of fluoride will have the most effect on the teeth. „ Fluoride is used by dentists to harden and protect the enamel, preventing decay. `tàxÜ|tÄá „ Aquafresh Toothpaste „ Crest Toothpaste „ Rembrant Toothpaste „ Colgate Toothpaste „ Shade Guide „ Brewed Coffee, Tea, and Soda „ 4 Hard Boiled Eggs „ Toothbrushes „ Camera fxàà|Çz à{x itÜ|tuÄxá

„ ControlControl –– Hardboiled eggs and allocated time for each brushing. „ VariableVariable –– The various brands of toothpastes which all contain different active ingredients for removing or preventing plaque buildup. cÜÉvxwâÜx

„ Take 4 hardboiled eggs and soak in a mixture of brewed coffee, and soda for 12 hours (Coffee can be substituted with tea) „ Assign toothpaste to each egg. „ ¼ inch of toothpaste applied to brush. „ Brush eggs for 25 strokes, rinse with cool water. „ Brush every 12 hours for 4 sets. „ Assess the egg sample with the shade chart. „ Take pictures and record findings. f{twx V{tÜà

„ A shades are brown. „ B shades are yellow. „ C shades are grey. „ D shades are reddish-grey. VÉÄÉÜ|Çz Utáxá

AQUAFRESH COLGATE CREST REMBRANDT

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Ingredient Rembrandt Aquafresh Crest Colgate

Fluoride Sodium Fluoride Sodium Fluoride ion Stadnnous fluoride Sodium mono- ion 0.243% 0.15% 0.45% fluorophasphate Fluoride ion 0.16% 0.7% Fluoride ion 0.14%

Hydrated √ √ √ √ silica

Baking soda √ √

Peroxide √ √ WtàtWtàt gtuÄxgtuÄx Fourth Toothpaste First Brush Second Brush Third Brush Brush

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Rembrant 2 1 1 3

Crest 2 1 1 2

Colgate 1 1 1 1 3.5

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0 First Brush Second Brush Third Brush Fourth Brush VÉÇvÄâá|ÉÇ VÉÇvÄâá|ÉÇ After significant data gathering the winner of the toothpaste trials was Rembrandt Toothpaste. The reason for this was the great concentration of fluoride ion within the paste. The toothpastes that did not fair well did not have a substantial amount fluoride ion. „ „ „ . 20 October 2009

. 20 October 2009. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy 8th r & Development Biology, Vol. 24,

Journal American Dental “The Organ Culture and Grafting of ., and Schein, A. “Mouth Throat”

V|àtà|ÉÇá V|àtà|ÉÇá York. DK Publishing 2007 York, New . New ad – Oral Region” 7-97 20 Science & the Public. 1936. JSTOR Science for Science & the Public. 1937. JSTOR for Science & the . Cartilage and Teeth.”Cartilage and Cellula In Vitro Biology. Society for In Vitro Pg. 1-8. North Carolina: (Jan.,1988), October 2009 1988. JSTOR. No. 770 (Jan. 11, 1936), Pg 22. Vol. 29, No. 770 (Jan. News-Letter”. “The Science Washington: Society for 24, 1937), Pg 51-52 Vol. 32, No. 850 (Jul. News-Letter”. “The Science Washington: Society Langille, Robert M. and Hall, Brian K. Lamprey Anderson, J. “The He Williams & Wilkins Publishing. Baltimore, MD.; 1984 Davidson, S., Preston, P., Guinan, I today”. whitening David. “Tooth Sarrett, 133: 1535-1538. Chicago, Ill 2002. No. 1 Edition The Human Body Book Association. „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „