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1/11 MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary １．The four gods and Chinese Zoidac ２．Fresco and Tempara ３．Japanese-style rooms (１) Pictorial description (２) Common Elements of Japanese-style rooms ４．Reference (１) Extracts from Glossary section of "Japanese Homes and their Surroundings", by Morse (1889) MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Index 2/11 ０．Final goal of this guidebook We think it is ideal to provide a comprehensive guidebook for guests in advance, and to help the guests to be able to ask staffs their concern during the tour. Although the amount of information is not enough, we would be happy if you could understand high-scarcity-value of the garden and the annex. MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Final goal The Origins of the Chinese Zodiac https://www.thoughtco.com/origins-of-the-chinese-zodiac-687597 (１) Outline The well-trodden (よく知られた ｎｏ pun intended) story of the Chinese zodiac is cute, but a bit trite. The tale usually begins with the Jade Emperor, or Buddha, depending on the teller, who summoned all the animals of the universe for a race, or a banquet, depending on the teller. The 12 animals of the zodiac all headed to (先頭にたつ)the palace. The order that they came in determined the order of the zodiac. The Jade Emperor (Chinese: 玉皇; pinyin: Yù Huáng or 玉帝, Yù Dì) in Chinese culture, traditional religions and myth is one of the representations of the first god (太帝 tài dì). In Taoist theology he is Yuanshi Tianzun, one of the Three Pure Ones, the three primordial(基本原理) emanations(発散) of the Tao. During the journey, however, the animals got involved in everything from high jinx (のろい)to heroism (英雄化). For example the rat, who won the race, only did so through guile and trickery: it jumped onto the back of the ox and won by a nose. The snake, apparently also a little sneaky, hid on the hoof of a horse in order to cross a river. When they got to the other side, it scared the horse and beat it in the contest. The dragon, however, proved to be honorable and altruistic. By all accounts, the dragon would have won the race as it could fly, but it had stopped to help villagers caught in a flooding river cross safely, or it stopped to assist the rabbit in crossing the river, or it stopped to help create rain for a drought-ridden farmland, depending on the teller. (２) Actual History of the Zodiac The actual history behind the Chinese zodiac is much less fantastical and much harder to find. It’s known from pottery artifacts that the animals of the zodiac were popular in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), but they were also seen much earlier from artifacts from the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.), a period of disunity in ancient Chinese history, as differing factions fought for control. It’s been written that the animals of the zodiac were brought to China via the Silk Road, the same central Asian trade route that brought the Buddhist belief from India to China. But some scholars argue that the belief predates Buddhism and has origins in early Chinese astronomy that used the planet Jupiter as a constant, as its orbit around the earth took place every 12 years. Still, others have argued that the use of animals in astrology began with nomadic tribes in ancient China who developed a calendar based on the animals they used to hunt and gather. The scholar Christopher Cullen as written that beyond satisfying the spiritual needs of an agrarian society, the use of astronomy and astrology was also an imperative of the emperor, who had the responsibility for ensuring harmony of everything under heaven. To rule well and with prestige, one needed to be accurate in astronomical matters, Cullen wrote. Perhaps that is why the Chinese calendar, including the zodiac, became so entrenched in Chinese culture. In fact, reforming the calendar system was viewed as appropriate if political change was eminent. (３) Zodiac Fits With Confucianism The belief that everyone and every animal has a role to play in 'society translates well with Confucian beliefs in a hierarchical society. Just as Confucian beliefs persist in Asia today alongside more modern social views, so does the use of the zodiac. It’s been written by Paul Yip, Joseph Lee, and Y.B. Cheung that births in Hong Kong regularly increased, bucking declining trends, to coincide with the birth of a child in a dragon year. Temporary fertility rate increases were seen in the dragon years of 1988 and 2000, they wrote. This is a relatively modern phenomenon as the same increase wasn’t seen in 1976, another dragon year. (４) Figuring out a person's age indirectly The Chinese zodiac also serves the practical purpose of figuring out a person’s age without having to ask directly and risk offending someone. ( 5/11 ２ Japanese-style rooms (１) Simple pictorial description MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary pictorial 6 ３．Common Elements of Japanese-style rooms (From https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2007.html ) Traditional Japanese-style rooms (washitsu) come with a unique interior design that includes tatami mats as flooring. Consequently, they are also known as tatami rooms. Their style dates back to the Muromachi Period when they originally served as study rooms for the wealthy before gradually becoming more commonplace as reception and living quarters. Today, traditional Japanese-style rooms are still very prevalent around Japan. Tourists have the opportunity to overnight in one by staying at a ryokan, minshuku or temple lodging. Alternatively, you can view a variety of beautifully preserved historic tatami rooms at sites such as temples, villas and tea houses. (１) Tatami Tatami mats are thick, woven straw mats that measure about one by two meters in size. Originally a luxury that only the wealthy could afford, tatami gradually became more common and can now be found in virtually all traditional Japanese homes. Tatami mats have been so integral to Japanese homes, that the size of rooms in Japan is commonly measured by the number of mats that would fit it, e.g. an 8-mat room. Note that footwear - even slippers - should be removed before stepping onto tatami. (２) Sliding Doors (fusuma) Fusuma are sliding doors made up of wooden frames covered in thick, opaque paper. The doors are typically used between adjoining rooms akin to large removable walls, allowing one to partition off areas or open up space as needed. Historically, fusuma have been the canvases of famous painters, and some elaborately painted examples can be seen at temples and palaces. Fusuma in regular homes and ryokan tend to be more simply adorned. MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Common Elements of room 7 (３) Translucent sliding doors (shoji) Another type of sliding door or partition are shoji, which are made up of wooden lattices covered with thin paper. Shoji are usually found along the perimeter of the building, allowing light to filter in. Some shoji doors incorporate sliding panels that move up and down like small windows to allow more light or air to enter the room. Occasionally shoji may have a sheet of glass covering one side of the door. (４) Transom (ranma) Ranma are wooden works that are usually found above fusuma in traditional Japanese-style rooms. They may be intricately designed and carved, and parts of openworks allow air and light to move between rooms. (５) Alcove (tokonoma) Tokonoma are recessed alcoves and are typically decorated by a hanging scroll in addition to a vase or flower arrangement. The decorations are typically changed to reflect the season. Traditionally, the most important guest is seated in front of the tokonoma. (６) Ceiling (tenjo) There are a variety of ceiling types in traditional Japanese-style rooms. In regular rooms the ceiling tends to be flat and simple. But in rooms of importance, such as a lord's grand reception hall or a temple's worship hall, the ceilings may be raised, coffered and decorated with paintings, as shown on the image. (７) Built-in Shelves (chigaidana) Chigaidana are built-in, staggered wall shelving typically found beside the alcove and used for displaying decorations like vases and incense burers. MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Common Elements of room 8 (８) Built-in Desk (tsukeshoin) Tsukeshoin are study desks that are typically built into one side of the room below a window. The amount of light filtering in is usually adjusted with the use of shoji. MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Common Elements of room 9 ４．Extracts from Glossary section of Japanese Homes and their Surroundings by Edward S. Morse (1889) Biyo-bu A folding screen Cha-no-yu A tea-party. Chigai-dana A shelf, one half of which is on a different plane from the other. Do-ma Earth-space. A small unfloored court at the entrance the house. Fukuro-dana. Cupboard; literally, “pouch-shelf.” Fumi-ishi Stepping-stone. Fusuma A sliding screen between rooms. Genkan The porch at the entrance of a house. Hashira A post. Hikite A recessed catch in a screen for sliding it back and forth. Hi-no-ki A species of pine. Hisashi A small roof projecting over a door or window. Iri-kawa. The space between the verandah and room. Ishi-dMrM. A stone lantern. Ji-bukuro. Cupboard. Kake-mono Hanging picture Kami-no-ma Higher room. Kamoi Lintel. Kara-kami Sliding screen between rooms Kazari-kugi Ornamental headed nails. Kaze-obi The bands which hang down in front of the kakemono; literally, “wind-band.” MfG_E_Guidebook_Vol_5_Appendix_Glossary Extracts from Glossary_Morse 10 Kuguri-do A small, low door in a gate. Kura A fire-proof store-house. Nikai-bari Horizontal beam to support second-story floor.
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