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THE TECTONIC FRAMEWORK of MINKA: MEANING THROUGH INTENSIFICATION in the JAPANESE FOLKHOUSE GUNTIS PLESUMS Chinese University of Hong Kong
1996 ACSA European Conference Copenhagen THE TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF MINKA: MEANING THROUGH INTENSIFICATION IN THE JAPANESE FOLKHOUSE GUNTIS PLESUMS Chinese University of Hong Kong Minka, the Japanese folkhouse, uses a space-structur- ing principle that is fundamentally different from the style and construction of the sukiya-zukuri, the well-documented "Japa- nese house." A general framework defines an undifferentiated space, supports the roof structure, and carries the large roof. About two thirds of the plan is raised off the ground, and doma, an earthen floor area, is used as an enclosed kitchen, work space, and shelter for animals. The minkaspace-structuring method is used in farmhouses as well as townhouses. Regional factors determine variations in plan, massing, and roofstyles. All minka, however, share common characteristics. Rooms are partitioned off during initial construction or as necessary over time. Minka represents process-generated space, and the adaptability and survival of this building type is largely due to its hierarchical structure. Seven primary frame- work types' support the roofstructure, and a secondarystructure facilitates the building of walls, lean-tos, and other modifica- tions. In contrast, each spatial cell ofa sukiya-zukurihouse is defined by corner columns, and the ambiguous floor plan ofthis aggregation sits under an assortment of roofs and a hidden, complicated roofstructure. Most of the posts virtually disappear at wall intersections. The occasional free-standing posts in the sukiya-zukuri house underscore a structural minimalism-a dematerialization of structure. THE PRIMARY FRAMEWORK OF MINKA AND THE DIMENSION OF TIME It is easy to recognize the jikugumi, the primary framework, used in the dwelling, but identification of the framework type is sometimes only possible when the structure is disassembled. -
Japanese Gardens at American World’S Fairs, 1876–1940 Anthony Alofsin: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Aesthetics of Japan
A Publication of the Foundation for Landscape Studies A Journal of Place Volume ıv | Number ı | Fall 2008 Essays: The Long Life of the Japanese Garden 2 Paula Deitz: Plum Blossoms: The Third Friend of Winter Natsumi Nonaka: The Japanese Garden: The Art of Setting Stones Marc Peter Keane: Listening to Stones Elizabeth Barlow Rogers: Tea and Sympathy: A Zen Approach to Landscape Gardening Kendall H. Brown: Fair Japan: Japanese Gardens at American World’s Fairs, 1876–1940 Anthony Alofsin: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Aesthetics of Japan Book Reviews 18 Joseph Disponzio: The Sun King’s Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre and the Creation of the Garden of Versailles By Ian Thompson Elizabeth Barlow Rogers: Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition By Robert Pogue Harrison Calendar 22 Tour 23 Contributors 23 Letter from the Editor times. Still observed is a Marc Peter Keane explains Japanese garden also became of interior and exterior. The deep-seated cultural tradi- how the Sakuteiki’s prescrip- an instrument of propagan- preeminent Wright scholar tion of plum-blossom view- tions regarding the setting of da in the hands of the coun- Anthony Alofsin maintains ing, which takes place at stones, together with the try’s imperial rulers at a in his essay that Wright was his issue of During the Heian period winter’s end. Paula Deitz Zen approach to garden succession of nineteenth- inspired as much by gardens Site/Lines focuses (794–1185), still inspired by writes about this third friend design absorbed during his and twentieth-century as by architecture during his on the aesthetics Chinese models, gardens of winter in her narrative of long residency in Japan, world’s fairs. -
The Project Gutenberg Ebook of the Samurai Strategy, by Thomas Hoover
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Samurai Strategy, by Thomas Hoover This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org ** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** ** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** Title: The Samurai Strategy Author: Thomas Hoover Release Date: November 14, 2010 [EBook #34323] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SAMURAI STRATEGY *** Produced by Al Haines ============================================================== This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, http://creativecommons.org/ ============================================================== THE SAMURAI STRATEGY ”A financial thriller right out of the headlines.” Adam Smith A high-finance, high-tech thriller that correctly predicted the 1987 stock market crash. It was the first fictional treatment of a major international concern of the Eighties. Set in locales as diverse as Wall Street and the offices of Japan's powerful Trade Ministry, THE SAMURAI STRATEGY describes a scenario of murder, worldwide currency manipulation, a revival of Japan's smoldering nationalism, and is set against a background of a new high-tech computer milieu. Matthew Walton, a freelance corporate 'takeover' lawyer is hired by a mysterious Japanese industrialist to purchase a New York office building and begin a massive 'hedging' in the financial markets. Two weeks later, off an island in the Inland Sea, divers working for the industrialist's organization, recover the original Imperial Sword, given to Japan's first Emperor by the Sun Goddess, Japan's 'Excalibur', and lost in a sea battle in 1185. -
The Garden Path Photo: David M
THE GARDEN PATH Photo: David M. Cobb JUNE 2016 • VOLUME 15 • NUMBER 6 IKEBANA: THE ART OF FLOWER ARRANGING Tea ceremony had an important influence on the development of ikebana. Chabana, or “flowers for the tea ceremony,” is the ultimate expression of natural simplicity, using only one or two native wildflowers that are literally “tossed into” a container to evoke the essence of nature Photo: Jonathan Ley in the tea room. What distinguishes ikebana from other approaches to flower arrangement is a preference for asymmetrical forms and the use of ma or “empty” space as essential elements of the composition. A sense of harmony among the materials, the container, and the setting is also crucial—all chosen to evoke a sense of anticipation for the beauty of the season just ahead. There are more than 20 major schools of ikebana, all differing in their stylistic rules and methods of presentation. Five schools are represented here in Portland, including Ikenobo, Saga Goryu, Ohara, Ryuseiha, and Sogetsu Schools—each of which has historically held one exhibition a Roses have been at the heart of summer in Portland—from the Rose year at the Garden. Festival to blooms in our backyards—since the start of the 20th century. The Sogetsu School—a longtime Garden partner during Rose Festival But as many of our members know, roses are not a part of the traditional season—is known for its willingness to explore new ideas and materials, plant palette of a Japanese garden, nor did they originally feature in such as Portland’s signature blossom. -
The Abode of Fancy, of Vacancy, and of the Unsymmetrical
The University of Iceland School of Humanities Japanese Language and Culture The Abode of Fancy, of Vacancy, and of the Unsymmetrical How Shinto, Daoism, Confucianism, and Zen Buddhism Interplay in the Ritual Space of Japanese Tea Ceremony BA Essay in Japanese Language and Culture Francesca Di Berardino Id no.: 220584-3059 Supervisor: Gunnella Þorgeirsdóttir September 2018 Abstract Japanese tea ceremony extends beyond the mere act of tea drinking: it is also known as chadō, or “the Way of Tea”, as it is one of the artistic disciplines conceived as paths of religious awakening through lifelong effort. One of the elements that shaped its multifaceted identity through history is the evolution of the physical space where the ritual takes place. This essay approaches Japanese tea ceremony from a point of view that is architectural and anthropological rather than merely aesthetic, in order to trace the influence of Shinto, Confucianism, Daoism, and Zen Buddhism on both the architectural elements of the tea room and the different aspects of the ritual. The structure of the essay follows the structure of the space where the ritual itself is performed: the first chapter describes the tea garden where guests stop before entering the ritual space of the tea room; it also provides an overview of the history of tea in Japan. The second chapter figuratively enters the ritual space of the tea room, discussing how Shinto, Confucianism, Daoism, and Zen Buddhism merged into the architecture of the ritual space. Finally, the third chapter looks at the preparation room, presenting the interplay of the four cognitive systems within the ritual of making and serving tea. -
America and Japan: Influences and Impacts of Westernization on Japanese
America and Japan: Influences and Impacts of Westernization on Japanese Architecture An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) by Mark Figgins Thesis Advisor Michele Chiuini Ball State University Muncie, Indiana May 2011 Expected Date of Graduation May 2011 Abstract Traditional Japanese architecture is among the finest in the world. Japan's isolation allowed its traditions and customs to be refined over centuries, whereas the origins of American architecture reside in European styling. When Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay in 1853, he opened Japan up to an influx of Western culture that transformed it into a modern nation. Japan's struggle to find a modern identity and to reconcile Western and traditional architecture is examined from 1853 to the present. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Professor Michele Chiuini for advising me. His knowledge and patience have helped me immensely throughout this project. Table of Contents Influences on Traditional Japanese Architecture 1 The Japanese Honle 5 Early American Architecture 9 Conlmodore Perry's Opening of Japan 16 Japanese Architecture: Meiji Period 21 Frank Lloyd Wright 23 Japanese Architecture: Meiji to World War II 25 Kenzo Tange and Modernism 27 1 Japan has a rich history of tradition and culture. It is highly modernized, yet throughout its landscape, glimpses of a time centuries ago can still be seen. Its traditional architecture, simple, but with great attention to detail and beauty, is among the most fascinating in the world. When American Commodore Perry opened up Japan to an influx of Western culture, it sparked a desire to industrialize and use Western technology to further its goals. -
Houses and Gardens of Kyoto
houseskyoto and gardens of Photography by Akihiko Seki Text by Thomas Daniell Tuttle Publishing Tokyo • Rutland, Vermont • Singapore 2 houses and gardens of kyoto HGK_0Prelims_5.1z.indd 2-3 3/9/10 12:40:30 PM Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus AUTHOR’S NOTE Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offi ces at 364 Innovation All Japanese names are given in Drive, North Clarendon, Vermont 05759 USA and 61 Tai the traditional order, with the Seng Avenue, #02-12, Singapore 534167 family name fi rst. As is Text copyright © 2010 Th omas Daniell customary, famous cultural Photographs copyright © 2010 Akihiko Seki fi gures are referred to by their All photographs by Akihiko Seki except given name, not their family Page 55—photo from istockphoto name. Traditional Japanese Photo on page 10 by courtesy of Urasenke/Tanko-sha. architecture is subject to an ongoing process of addition and All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be alteration, and it is oft en reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, impossible to defi nitively state recording, or by any information storage and retrieval when a particular building was system, without prior written permission from the completed. Many dates (birth, publisher. deaths, constructions, ISBN: 978-4-8053-1091-5 demolitions, and so on) are still debated among historians. In Distributed by each case, I have taken the most North America, Latin America & Europe commonly accepted date, or Tuttle Publishing that provided by the institution 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. -
Wabi Sabi: Japanese Wisdom for a Perfectly Imperfect Life
Also by Beth Kempton FREEDOM SEEKER: Live more. Worry less. Do what you love. Copyright Published by Piatkus ISBN: 978-0-349-42099-8 Copyright © 2018 Beth Kempton The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher. Piatkus Little, Brown Book Group Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ www.littlebrown.co.uk www.hachette.co.uk To my family. I love you just the way you are. A note on the use of Japanese in this book Japanese personal names have been written in standard English name order for ease of reference (first name followed by surname), except for historical figures most commonly known by the traditional Japanese name order (family name first), such as Matsuo Bashō (family name of Matsuo). The modified Hepburn system has been used to romanise the Japanese language. Macrons have been used to indicate long vowels; for example, ū for an extended ‘uu’. This includes place names, even if they are familiarly known without the macrons, such as Tōkyō and Kyōtō. When referencing people, the suffix -san is sometimes used. This is a polite way to say ‘Mr’, ‘Mrs’ or ‘Ms’. When the suffix -sensei is used, this refers to a teacher or professor. CONTENTS Also by Beth Kempton Title Page Copyright Dedication A note on the use of Japanese -
Roof Typology and Composition in Traditional Japanese Architecture
Roof Typology and Composition in Traditional Japanese Architecture I Introduction…………………………………………………………………...1 II Basic Roof Forms, Structures and Materials………………………………….3 II.1 Basic Roof Forms II.1.1 Kirizuma, Yosemune and Irimoya II.1.2 Combined Roofs II.1.3 Gable Entered (tsuma-iri) and Side Entered (hira-iri) II.2 Roof Trusses II.2.1 Sasu-gumi II.2.2 Wagoya II.2.3 Shintsuka-gumi II.2.4 Noboribari-gumi II.2.5 Combined Systems II.3 Roofing Materials II.3.1 Tile II.3.2 Thatch II.3.3 Wood: Planks, Shingle and Bark III Traditional Japanese Architecture III.1 Prehistoric and Antique Architecture………..………………………………11 III.1.1 Tateana Jukyo III.1.2 Takayuka Jukyo III.1.3 Nara Period Residences III.1.4 Menkiho III.2 Shinto Shrines……………………………………………………………….18 III.2.1 Shimei, Taisha and Sumiyoshi Styles III.2.2 Nagare and Kasuga Styles III.2.3 Later Styles III.3 Aristocrats’ Houses………………………………………………………….25 III.3.1 Shinden Style III.3.2 Shoin Style III.4 Common People Houses: Minka…………………………………………….29 III.4.1 Structure III.4.2 Type of Spaces III.4.3 Plan Evolution III.4.4 Building Restrictions III.4.5 Diversity of Styles III.4.5.1.1 City Dwellings, machiya III.4.5.1.2 Farmers’ Single Ridge Style Houses III.4.5.1.3 Farmers’ Bunto Style Houses III.4.5.1.4 Farmers’ Multiple Ridges Style Houses IV Relation Between Different Functional Spaces and the Roof Form………….48 IV.1 Type 1 ……………………………………………………………………..50 IV.2 Type 2 ……………………………………………………………………..67 IV.3 Type 3 ……………………………………………………………………..80 V The Hierarchy Between Functionally Different Spaces Expressed Trough the Roof Design………………………………………………………………….109 VI Conclusion……………………………………………………………..…….119 I- Introduction The purpose of this study is to analyze the typology and the composition of the roofs in Japanese traditional architecture. -
Japanese Exhibition House, the Museum of Modern Art, Summer, 1954. Designed by Junzo Yoshimura. Sponsored by the America-Japan S
Japanese exhibition house, the Museum of Modern Art, summer, 1954. Designed by Junzo Yoshimura. Sponsored by the America-Japan society (Tokyo) and private citizens in Japan and the United States, and the Museum of Modern Art Author Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.) Date 1954 Publisher [publisher not identified] Exhibition URL www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2711 The Museum of Modern Art's exhibition history— from our founding in 1929 to the present—is available online. It includes exhibition catalogues, primary documents, installation views, and an index of participating artists. MoMA © 2017 The Museum of Modern Art ArcA/ViZ, 553 Japanese Exhibition House THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, SUMMER I954 Designed by Junzo Yoshimura Sponsored by the America-Japan Society (Tokyo) and private citizens in Japan and the United States, and The Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Museum has chosen a Japanese building for its third House in the Garden because of the unique relevance to modern Western architecture of traditional Japanese design. The characteristics which give Japanese architecture this interest are post and lintel skeleton frame construction; flexibility of plan; close relation of indoor and outdoor areas; and the ornamental quality of the structural system. Modern Western practice, with its general use of the steel skeleton frame, has developed many effects known to Japanese architecture since the eighth century. For example, walls which do not support a roof, but are instead hung like curtains on the structural framework, are today a com monplace of Western architecture. Before 1900 Frank Lloyd Wright made fundamental to his work the Japanese respect for the beauty of natural materials, as well as the massive, hovering, insistently horizontal roofs essential to the Japanese conception of a house. -
View Digital Version
JuxtaPOSITIONS 1.1 juxtatwo Research and Scholarship in Haiku 2016 The Haiku Foundation 1 JuxtaPOSITIONS 1.1 juxtatwo ISBN 978-0-9826951-3-5 Copyright © 2016 by The Haiku Foundation JUXTAtwo is the print version of Juxtapositions 2.1. A journal of haiku research and scholarship, Juxtapositions is published by The Haiku Foundation. The Haiku Foundation PO Box 2461 Winchester VA 22604-1661 USA www.thehaikufoundation.org/juxta Senior Editor Peter McDonald General Editors Stephen Addiss Randy M. Brooks Bill Cooper Review Editor Ce Rosenow Haiga Editor Stephen Addiss Managing Editor Jim Kacian Technical Manager Dave Russo Proofreader Sandra Simpson 2 JuxtaPOSITIONS 1.1 Contents Snapshots: Haiku in the Great War . Sandra Simpson …… 7 Haiga: “Christmas Eve” . Pamela A. Babusci ..… 47 Jo Ha Kyū and Fu Bi Xing . Judy Kendall ..… 49 Haiga: “first snow” . .Ion Codrescu ..… 85 Masaoka Shiki and the Origins of Shasei . Charles Trumbull ..… 87 Haiga: “coloring” . Terri L. French … 123 Deconstructing Haiku . Ian Marshall & Megan Simpson … 125 Haiga: “the first dip” . Ron C. Moss … 149 a stick over the falls: A Juxta Interview of Cor van den Heuvel … 151 Haiga: “on my own” . Marlene Mountain … 183 Do We Know What a Haiku Is? . Melissa Allen … 185 Cor’s Cores: Interpretations . Various Authors … 205 Unfolding Destiny . Michael DylanWelch … 217 Intertextual Poetics . Ce Rosenow … 233 Haiga: “Montauk IXX” . Ellen Peckham … 241 Haiku Theses and Dissertations . Randy. M. Brooks, Ph.D. … 243 Haiga: “willow fluff” . Stephen. Addiss … 281 Juxta Haiga Commentary . Stephen Addiss & Jim Kacian … 283 Juxta Contributors … 287 Juxta Staff … 291 3 JuxtaPOSITIONS 1.1 4 JuxtaPOSITIONS 1.1 Editor’s Welcome Welcome to JUXTATWO: Research and Scholarship in Haiku. -
THEMES, SCENES, and TASTE in the HISTORY of JAPANESE GARDEN ART Promotoren: Ir.M .J
THEMES, SCENES, AND TASTE IN THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE GARDEN ART Promotoren: Ir.M .J . Vroom Hoogleraar in de Landschapsarchitektuur Dr.W.R.vanGulik Bijzonder Hoogleraar in de Materiële Cultuurkunde en Kunstgeschiedenis van Japan en Korea (Rijks universiteit Leiden) Dr.M .Nakamur a Hoogleraar in de Landschapsarchitektuur (Kyoto University) VïJÖ2lO\y\Z0$ STELLINGEN 1. De situering van tuin en gebouwen van de paleizen uit de Japanse Heian tijd was het resultaat van bescheiden aanpassingen van de bestaande topografie. (Dit proefschrift) 2. Planten werden in de Heian paleistuin geplant om een stemming weer te geven, niet omwille van een estetisch beeld. Deze stemming berustte op het oproepen en herkennen van welbekende poëtische thema's, onlosmakelijk verbonden met bepaalde plantensoorten. (Dit proefschrift) 3. Vroeg veertiende eeuwse tuinen in Japan, die vormgegeven zijn met gebruikmaking van Chinese kompositietheoriën uit de Song landschapsschilderkunst, zijn ontworpen door Chinezen. (Dit proefschrift) k. De opkomst van een groep van professionele, maar ongeletterde tuinenmakers in de tweede helft van de middeleeuwen in Japan, droeg bij aan het totstandkomen van een vormgeving die het scheppen van taferelen ten doel had, welke gewaardeerd werden op uiterlijke schoonheid. (Dit proefschrift) 5. De Japanse 'droge landschapsstijl' (karesansui) is als zodanig in de twintigste eeuw gedefinieerd. (Dit proefschrift) 6. Het valt op zijn minst te betwijfelen dat middeleeuwse tuinenmakers in Japan de bedoeling hadden de Zen filosofie tot uitdrukking te brengen. De gedachte dat de Zen filosofie met materiële vormen in een tuin tot uitdrukking gebracht wordt dateert uit de dertiger jaren van deze eeuw. (Dit proefschrift) 7. De inrichting van de Japanse zestiende eeuwse theetuin was in de grond van de zaak funktioneel.