A Review of Progress in implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Korea National Arboretum 2016
August 2016 A Review of Progress in implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Korea National Arboretum 2016
Published by Korea National Arboretum
August 2016
Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1400119-000265-01 ISBN : 979-11-87031-33-8 93480 Foreword
There is a growing awareness of global community about close interconnection between biodiversity and sustainable development of human beings. In particular, plants are primary producers in earth's ecosystem and indispensable elements in lives of all creatures including human beings. Historically, humankind used plants as vitally important materials for life such as food, woods, medicines, spices, dyes, and textile.
The forest ecosystem, centered on the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range, is a backbone of Korea, and has various vegetation belt from warm temperature zone to frozen zone due to the country's geological feature of a long range from north to south.
The number of species growing in Korea is estimated to be roughly 100,000, and 14,900 of them are plant species. About 5% out of 297,326 IUCN Red List plant species are Korean endemic.
In 2010 in Nagoya, the global community adopted 'Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020' and 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets as a commitment for future generation. Accordingly, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC 2020) was also revised, demanding mandatory implementation of the strategy to the parties.
Considering the current state when world bio-species are under the threat to extinct on which is deteriorating due to climate change and other significant reasons, activities on diminishing negative impact on biodiversity and its conservation would bring broad social benefits encouraging transformation of the society and economy into sustainable developing model.
In order to sustain biodiversity, it is critical to ensure participation of researchers and experts in various fields of conservation. With the purpose of accomplishing KSPC 2020 targets, Korea National Arboretum established cooperation with researchers, organizations, institutions, and networks of local and abroad, and participated in activities including joint researches and technology exchange.
The reports on implementation of Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation (KSPC) prepared in a mid of its execution by Korea National Arboretum (2011-2020) gives us important view how efforts have been made and what needs to be improved to achieve the goals.
Korea National Arboretum will reinforce all activities for conserving biodiversity after publishing this report as well. We anticipated that information in this report will contribute to successful activities of scientific institutions, research groups, and cooperation networks related to conservation of plant biodiversity in Korea and abroad towards the ful¿lling of the objectives in Target 3 as well as into developing further implementation strategies and information sharing.
Lee, You Mi
Director General, Ph.D. Korea National Arboretum Executive Summary
A global plan for plant conservation was ¿rst suggested at the International Botanic Congress held Target 4 (The securing of at least 15% of each ecological region/vegetation unit), Target 5 (The in 1999, and Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was of¿cially adopted as a program conservation of at least 75% of diversity conservation areas for important plants in each ecological under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its 6th meeting. Later the strategy was area) and Target 6 (The management of congruence with biodiversity conservation for at least 75% revised into GSPC 2020 along with developing of 'The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020)' of the production land) which define progress in the conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity, of CBD. were evaluated as in slow progressing and about 90% of the goals will have been achieved by 2020 if consistent efforts are implemented. Korea National Arboretum developed 'Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation (KSPC)' in 2008, involved in the use of various key activities including development of checklist of national Àora, Target 7 (The pursuit of in situ conservation) and Target 8 (The pursuit ex situ conservation and restoration of rare plants, ex situ conservation, and securing of protected areas. After then, the restoration) which de¿ne for the proactive implementation of plants conservation, will have been strategy was revised as KSPC 2020 correlated with GSPC 2020 and conducted various studies achieved by 2020 if consistent efforts are implemented. and projects to achieve objectives of each target. Implementation of Target 9 (The genetic diversity of crops) came to its 3rd step phase and although This reports covers all results of activities conducted by Korea National Arboretum from 2011 there have been collection activities to secure genetic diversity of crops and developments of to 2015 according to KSPC 2020 and outlines future actions for successful accomplishment propagation technologies, the progress is bit slow due to the large number of subjective plant of the de¿ned targets by 2020, consists of the following parts outline, current status, key species. Target 10 (The development of effective management plans for invasive plants), assumes successes, and looking to the future key challenge. implementation of a comprehensive management plan against invasive plants with participation of Korea Forest Service and other related government institutions, is in slow progress. In order to fully examine all accomplishments of KSPC from 2011 to 2015, research groups, worked on each of target, analyzed results and suggested their view on further successful Targe 11 (The prevention of plant extinction caused by international trade), assumes conservation realization of phases de¿ned for each target. Based on these data, they conducted evaluations on and restoration of plant species subject to 'The Convention on International Trade in Endangered current status and further progress toward de¿ned targets to determine real possibility to achieve Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)', is evaluated to be achieved by 2020. Target 12 (The each of the targets and to set future plans to complement incomplete parts. Summary provided in continuous supply of all plant-based products harvested from the wild) was evaluated in its 2nd the last part of this reports to compare the evaluation results on progress toward each target. step. However, the development of mass propagation technology is in slow progress due to the large number of target plant species. For better understanding of overall activities on plants conservation, case studies and related data of other relevant institutions are presented in the part of Current status, in spite of review scope Target 13 (The innovation, practice, maintenance and promotion of traditional knowledge related of this report is con¿ned by implementation performances of Korea National Arboretum. to plant resources) was evaluated in step 2 but the progress is slow. More efforts should be made to meet goal of step 2 and reach step 3 by 2020. The following information is short summary of evaluation results on progress towards each target de¿ned in KSPC 2020. Target 14 (The promotion of plant diversity education and recognition), Target 15 (Training specialists for plant conservation) and Target 16 (The establishment and strengthen national-, Basic targets for implementation of strategy - Target 1 (The completion of online flora of the regional- and international level plant conservation organizations, networks, and partnerships) will Korean Peninsula), Target 2 (An evaluation of endangered species) and Target 3 (The development have been achieved by 2020 if consistent efforts are implemented. and sharing of implementation strategies) will have been achieved by 2020, if consistent efforts are implemented.
4 5 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum A Review of Progress in implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Contents Korea National Arboretum 2016
Copyright (C) 2016 Korea National Arboretum
Published by Korea National Arboretum of Korea Forest Service Forward 3 The genetic diversity of crops and the Edited by preservation of traditional knowledge Korea National Arboretum of Korea Forest Service Executive Summary 4 Designed by Introduction 9 Target 10 43 Sumeunkil Co. The development of effective management Citation : Progress in Implementation of KSPC 2020 plans for invasive plants Korean National Arboretum 2016. A Review of Progress in Implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Korea National Arboretum. targets Target 11 48 Pocheon, Korea. Target 01 10 The prevention of plant extinction caused by For further information, please contact : international trade Korea National Arboretum The completion of online Àora for the Korean 415 Gwangneungsumokwon-ro, Soheul-eup, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11186, Peninsula Republic of Korea Target 12 50 Tel. : +82-31-540-1061 The continuous supply of all plant-based Fax. : +82-31-540-1060 Target 02 14 An evaluation of endangered species products harvested from the wild Contributing authors You Mi Lee, Cheul Ho Lee, In Sik Kim, Hye Jin Kwon, Target 13 53 Yong Chan Cho, Dong Kap Kim, Seong Won Son, Su Young Jung, Target 03 17 Kae Sun Chang, Kyung Choi, Yeon Jin Lim, Seung Hwan Oh, The development and sharing of The innovation practice, maintenance and Mi Jeong Yoon, Hee Chae Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Ki Cheol Lee implementation strategies promotion of traditional knowledge related to All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval plant resources system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Target 04 20 photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission from the Target 14 56 copyright owners. The securing of at least 15% of each ecological region/vegetation unit through effective The promotion of plant diversity education and recognition ISBN : 979-11-87031-33-8 93480 management and restoration
Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1400119-000265-01 Target 05 24 Target 15 60 Printed in the Republic of Korea The conservation of at least 75% of diversity Training specialists for plant conservation conservation areas for important plants in each Target 16 63 ecological area managed for the conservation of The establishment and strengthen national-, effective species diversity and genetic diversity regional- and international-level plant Target 06 28 conservation organizations, networks and The management of congruence with partnership biodiversity conservation for at least 75% of the production area Appendix Summary of Progress Towards the KSPC Target 07 32 Targets 68 The pursuit of in situ conservation References 72 Target 08 36 The pursuit of ex situ conservation and Annex 1. List of Research Projects 74 restoration Annex 2. List of Publications 76 Target 09 40 Introduction
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is more than a simple idea of species diversity conservation, encompassing various concepts from genes to natural landscapes as well as culture and welfare of humankind. Therefore, recently the conservation of biodiversity and support of ecosystem service have been recognized as major tools to guarantee the survive of human being.
It is hard to de¿ne the exact number fo species in the world as scientists have different opinion on it and new species are being found from year to year. According to IUCN Red List announced in 2007, the number of reported species up to date is 1,589,361 and 297,326 species among them are plants.
Particularly, plants as primary producers in earth ecosystem, source of food and woods, and raw materials for producing medicines, textile and fuel required for welfare of human being, are recognized as ¿rst priority target for biodiversity conservation.
Global community adopted Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) at the 6th Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and GSPC 2020 was developed by revising the strategic goals of GSPC 2010 during the 10th CBD meeting held in Japan in 2010 and obliged its implementation by members on mandatory base.
Korea National Arboretum (KNA) developed 'Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation (KSPC)' to consolidate global community's efforts for conservation of plant biodiversity and revised it as KSPC 2020 in accordance to GSPC 2020. Various activities to meet the goals has been performed by KNA.
KSPC 2020 incorporates objectives towards all targets suggested in GSPC 2020, but implementation strategies of each step were developed to meet the current status by considering local conditions and institutional features of Korea National Arboretum.
As of 2015, according to Korea Plant Names Index, the number of plant species growing in Korea is about 14,900 in total including 4,172 native plants (961 trees and 3,149 herbs), 9,942 crop species, 321 naturalized plants and 465 introduced plant species.
Korea National Arboretum conducted several comprehensive and systematic research projects in accordance with implementation strategies of each target to conserve those plant species. This reports gives us important view on current status and future challenges for successful implementation of KSPC 2020.
8 9 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 01 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The completion of online Áora of the Korean Peninsula
Outline (KNA) in collaboration with Korea Society of Plant Taxonomists, Korea Forest Society, Korean Society for Scope Horticultural Science and Korea Arboretum-Botanical Building a plant checklist and Korean peninsula Àora Garden Association since 2000. KPNI Committee was ❷ and making them accessible for everyone to complete consisted of Subcommittee on National Plant List and 1 Korea Plant Names Index (www.nature.go.kr/ekpni/) worldwide flora. The online flora of the Korean Subcommittee on Cultivated Plant List. 2 Korea Biodiversity Information System Peninsula includes mainly scienti¿c names, common ❶ (www.nature.go.kr) KNA completed the Korea Plant Names Index (KPNI) names, species characteristics, habitat features, the in 2007. This index has integrated information on geographic distribution, illustrations, photos, and other relevant information on vascular plants of vascular plants of Korean peninsula (native, exotic and Key successes the Korean Peninsula as well as fungi, lichens and cultivated plants) including scientific names, common KNA has been working on Building infrastructure for bryophytes. names (Korea, English and Japanese), geographic distribution, plant descriptions, references, type specimen forest biological specimens in Korean peninsula as information, illustration and photos. All information links a foundation project for completion of online flora of Strategy to Korea Biodiversity Information System (NATURE Korean peninsula. KNA is focusing on collection of Step 1 (Highest-priority action) www.nature.go.kr) and is accessible to public. major forest biological specimens by taxon or region Revise the plant checklist of Korean peninsula and developing species distribution map, improvement However, in order to complete online flora satisfying of the quality of biological specimens in the National the standards required by GSPC 2020, KPNI should be Step 2 (Priority action) Herbarium and securing rare and important specimens evaluated and revised continuously. At national level, the Build online Àora of Korean peninsula and exploring unrecorded native plant species. Up to list, descriptions, identi¿cation keys, conservation status, date, a total of 511,876 plant specimens are collected and geographic distribution of plant species should be revised Step 3 (Future development direction) managed by KNA. Publish checklist of fungi, lichens and bryophytes of periodically. At regional level, the relevant information Korean peninsula should be cross-checked and revised through international network with countries whose Àoristic regions and plants Current status of specimens collected by the Herbarium, Korea National Arboretum (As of December 2015) distribution are similar to Korea. KNA is ¿nalizing checklist of vascular plants to complete Classification Plants Insects Microbes Others Total Current status overall Flora of Korea and provide it online to meet 2003 22,000 34,059 1,658 18,920 76,637 global standards. At regional level, KNA is involved The ¿rst and most important step in plants conservation 2004 33,197 3,273 25 36,495 into cooperation work on an Integrated Flora of Korea is understanding current status and building the list 2005 30,031 8,782 38,813 and East Asia and IUCN Red Listing based on East of all known plants. After the completion of plants 2006 40,364 42,667 6 83,037 checklist, more information on flora should be added Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN) 2007 41,735 40,985 1,180 24 83,924 including common names, geographic distribution, plant established in 2014. 2008 32,134 43,935 1,111 2 77,182 descriptions, habitats, illustrations, phenology and other As a result, evaluating progress of Target 1 according 2009 51,334 35,598 909 5 87,846 relevant records. Finally, all information on Àora should to the steps is as following step 1 Revise the plant be open to public to increase availability. checklist of Korean peninsula has been completed 2010 37,604 47,729 1,231 -8 86,556 2011 50,061 46,550 4,191 213 101,015 GSPC 2020 includes objective an online flora of all (if needed, additional complementation works will known plants of Target 1 to provide users more useful be performed consistently), step 2 Build online flora 2012 38,836 35,912 4,255 131 79,134 and accessible list of plants. Global Taxonomy Initiative of Korean peninsula is ongoing, and step 3 assumes 2013 49,350 30,439 1,488 5 81,282 (GTI) also supports same activities. developing the lists of fungi, lichens and bryophytes will 2014 25,100 34,685 3,140 62,925 be achieved by 2020. Korea Plant Names Index (KPNI) Committee 2015 60,130 51,715 5,542 283 117,670 is being operated by Korea National Arboretum Total 511,876 456,329 24,705 19,606 1,012,515
10 11 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Development of plants distribution map KNA published nine volumes of Current status of DB establishment by sector of Korea Biodiversity Information System (As of July 2015) Distribution Map of Vascular Plants in Korean Peninsula based on the Plant resources Insect Fungus resource distribution information of plant specimens from the nation-wide native (including videos and resource (Including videos (Including lichens and Birds Mammals Total plants research project conducted from 2004 to 2011. To compensate the miniatures) and 3D objects) videos) defect, an additional two-year research (2011-2013) were also conducted. 2,643,183 1,819,867 9,850 4,487 483 4,477,933* KNA integrated all available information and published A Comprehensive * It is consisted of 24 kinds of DB (1,465,601 texts, 3,012,218 images, 63 videos and 51 3D objects) Distribution Map of Vascular Plants in Korean Peninsula in 2016.
Flora of woody plants and Cyperaceae Flora of Korean Looking to the future : key challenges Revision of Korea Plant Names Index (KPNI) KPNI Committee has revised Wood Plants is planned to complete by 2024. The ¿rst and updated the Korea Plant Names Index based on the version of 2007, Complementing the Korea Plant Names Index and volume including taxonomy, descriptions, distributions, referring to relevant researches, taxonomic review of floras in neighboring ¿nalizing online Flora of the Korean peninsula and ecology of 28 taxa of gymnosperms was published countries, the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and in 2015. The project on Flora of Cyperaceae is also Developing of integrated Flora of the East Asia under Plants, and the International Code of Cultivated Plants. In 2015, common ❶ conducted since 2012, which consisted of 250 taxa the cooperation with regional networks names of 4,173 native plants were reviewed and published English Names in Korea. As of 2015, researches on morphological Publishing checklists of mushrooms, lichens and for Korean Native Plants. Information on plants names and distribution dated characters, chromosome, ecological distribution and bryophyte for the Korean peninsula by 1900 were collected from relevant references and plant specimens owned phylogeny of 200 taxa were conducted. by foreign countries to complete online Àora of Korean peninsula. In 2010, The Standard Checklist of Garden Plant in Korea was published by KPNI Building the Flora of East Asia Since 2014, working Committee, which included Korean names and scientific names of 9,528 group with member institutions of East Asia Biodiversity garden plants (cultivars and introduced plants) in Korea. In 2015, names Conservation Network (EABCN) are operating to of 420 plants including Illicium verum Hook. f. and Corylus heterphylla x complete Flora of East Asia. In particular, plant Corylus avellana were added and misclassi¿ed 6 plants were eliminated by checklist of Northeast Asia including some areas of reviewing of relevant experts and KPNI Committee. At present, the total Korean peninsula (mainly Baekdudaegan region), number of listed species is 9,942. Northeast China, Russian Far East, some regions of Mongolia and Japan excluding warm temperate zone is
❷ planned to completed by 2018. Three illustrated plant Current status of Korea Plant Names Index (As of July 2015. 7) books such as Important Plants of East Asia I, II and 1 Distribution map of vascular plants in the Classification Trees Herbs The aggregate Korean peninsula ħ (2011) Resilient Dwarf Plants Tell Stories had been published 2 Distribution map of Caulophyllum robustum from 2014 to 2015 based on these results. 4,172 Maxim. in the Korean Native plant 961 3,149 *Invalidly published ❶ and illegitimate names There are ongoing studies to secure voucher specimens are included. for native forest lichens and mushrooms, retain strains Naturalized plant 7 314 321 and build up DNA barcode information. Six new species Imported plant 227 238 465 (4 lichens and 2 mushrooms) and 15 unrecorded species (12 lichens and 3 mushrooms) are described and field
The aggregate 1,195 3,701 4,958 guide to lichens was published.
Development of Korea Biodiversity Database KNA developed database on 1) East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network plants, insects, fungi and birds and made it available for public through Korea (EABCN) : It is a regional network in the East Asia launched in 2014 under the leadership Biodiversity Information System (NATURE www.nature.go.kr). As of 2015, of KNA and it is participated by 6 institutions total 24 databases with 4,477,933 data (2,643,183 for plants, 1,819,867 for in 5 countries (including the Korea National Arboretum in Korea ; Institute of Applied Ecology, insects, 9,850 for fungi, 4,487 for birds, and 483 for mammals) are provided CAS and South China Botanical Garden, CAS in China ; Forestry and Forest Products Research in the form of text, images, videos and 3D objects. Institute in Japan ; Botanic Garden-Institute, FEB, RAS in Russia ; and National University of ❷ Mongolia in Mongolia). 1 The Field Guide to Lichens (2015) 2 A specimen of Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai (1913, Mt. Geumgang)
12 13 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 02 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
In 1997, Korea Forest Service and Korea National 7 and target 8. In this regards, KNA experts evaluate An evaluation of endangered species Arboretum evaluated the conservation status of plants in conservation status of plants every five year. Revised Korea and designated as 217 for rare and endangered and version of List of Rare Plants in Korea was published 41 for candidated species. In 2009, plants species were re- in 2013. Based on the results, 36 endemic plants are evaluated according to IUCN criteria and 571 rare plants reviewing as candidates species for of¿cial registration on were assessed as follow 4 Extinct in the Wild (EW), IUCN Red List. 144 Critically Endangered (CR), 122 Endangered (EN), According to implementation strategy defined Target Outline Current status 119 Vulnerable (VU), 70 Least Concerened (LC) and 112 2, re-evaluation of the conservation status should be Data de¿cient (DD). Scope Wild plants around the world are facing threats due to conducted every ¿ve years, which was done consistently complex causes such as habitat destruction, invasive as defined for step 1 and evaluating of endemic plants Conservation status of all known plant species was alien species, pollution and climate change. Accurate against IUCN criteria as de¿ned step 2 is in progress and evaluated to establish guidelines for conservation Even if conservation status of plant species had already assessing of conservation status of all known plant will be completed soon. Evaluating of conservation status activities and achieve the goal of this strategy been done, monitoring and re-evaluation on conservation species should be done ¿rst in order to prepare guidelines status of plants species should be conducted continuously, of all listed plants in Korea Plant Names Index is planned for conservation efforts. because the distribution and number of plant species for step 3. Another ongoing process is assessment of East Strategy The evaluation on conservation rank of plant species would be changed with time. Evaluation results on Asia endemic species against IUCN Red List criteria Step 1 (Highest-priority action) includes assessment of their distribution and number of conservation status are staring point and important criteria working group with executing date of 2020. Evaluating conservation status on rare and individuals or rareness. Assessment of rareness is known for in situ and ex situ conservation efforts de¿ned in target endangered plants and revising every ¿ve years as a Red Listing. The criteria of IUCN is divided into Extinct (Ex), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically Step 2 (Priority action) Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Register endemic plants in Korean peninsula on the Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Current status of rare plants (Korea National Arboretum, 2009) IUCN Red List De¿cient (DD) and Not Evaluated (NE). Angiosperm According to IUCN Red List of threatened species, Asian Grade/Classification Pteridophyta Gymnosperm Total Step 3 (Future development direction) Dicotyledoneae Monocotyledoneae region has 12-16% of world’s threatened species. One Evaluate conservation status of all plants cited in fifth among them is critically endangered. Regarding Extinct in the wild 2 - 1 1 4 Korea Plant Names Index the distribution of rare plants registered in IUCN Red Critically endangered 20 2 80 42 144 Contribute to the registration of endemic plants of the Endangered species 15 1 82 24 122 East Asia in IUCN Red List List, the numbers of major countries in Northeast Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia are 789, 59 and 342, Vulnerable species 16 4 79 20 119 respectively. Therefore, urgent conservation measures are The aggregate 53 7 242 87 389 required. Note 70 least concerned species and 112 data deficient species 182 Total 571
Distribution of rare plants (on Threatened species) in major countries in Northeast Asia
Korea, Russian Total China Taiwan Japan Republic of Federation (species) 31 574 84 56 44 789
Distribution of rare plants (on Threatened species) in major countries in Central Asia
Total Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan (species) 16 17 14 12 59
Distribution of rare plants (on Threatened species) in major countries in Southeast Asia
Total Vietnam Laos Cambodia Myanmar (species) 204 41 36 61 342
The Red List of Selected VASCULAR PLANTS in Korea
14 15 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 03 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
Key successes seed information and conservation status is developed by standardizing 4,915 data on rare endemic plants The development and sharing of implementation Researches on distribution of rare endemic plants 144 and provided to public through Korea Biodiversity map sheets (1 25,000), 531 taxa and 3,506 sites of rare strategies Information System (NATURE www.nature.go.kr). endemic plants of Korea has been studied from 2010 to 2015 for further evaluation of conservation status. Citation The IUNC Red List of Threatened Species. Through this project, the distribution maps of rare Version 2016-1.
Step 2 (Priority action) Figure out a systematic sharing methods Share data on the web
Step 3 (Future development direction) Develop and publish unsettled data Build a centralized system for data sharing Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation by Korea National Arboretum (KSPC 2020)
Current status implementation strategies and information has provided by Korea Biodiversity Information System (NATURE Although many researchers and institutions all around www.nature.go.kr). the world have develop and used methodologies KNA has conducting various activities such as and techniques for plant conservation, there are still conservation and restoration of rare endemic plants, many issues remained concerning sharing of effective collection of plant specimens and seeds and phenology information and technologies among countries. Botanic monitoring of plants through networks with local Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) has public and private arboretums, and sharing developed Research on distribution of rare plants developed internet based interface toolkit thus providing technologies and information to achieve objectives of information on how the 16 targets of the GSPC should each target. be implemented (www.plants2020.net) to resolve such Workshops and symposiums were organized to share issues. information according to Target 14 (The promotion of In Korea, many universities and research institutions plant diversity education and recognition), Target 15 have developed a variety of research methods and applied (Training specialists for plant conservation) and Target them, but only published technologies are available. So, 16 (The establishment and strengthen national-, regional- relevant users did not get free access to such technologies. and international-level plant conservation organizations, Therefore, KNA as a National Focal Point (NFP) for networks and partnerships). GSPC has prepared and distributed research reports, publications and breaking news to create and share
16 17 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Nationa Arboretum started a project on developing DB Looking to the future : key challenges of plant species in 1998 for stable conservation and Sharing of research information and implementation systematic management of national biological resources. results of KSPC by using KNA webpage DB was evolved into Korea Biodiversity Information Reinforcing of activities to gather and share related System including illustrated guides on plant specimens, information in foreign countries by strengthening insects, fungi, wild birds and animals. KNA offered activities of international organizations or networks service to general public through a search portal. The Facilitating sharing of information or technology among details on DB is already described in the text of Target 1. researchers related to plant conservation through using Sharing plant information on ex situ conservation For networks of public and private arboretums efficient and stable management of plant resources on ex situ conservation, web-based Korea Plant Species Management System was developed and linked to 48 institutions including public, private and school arboretums. Development of network at regional level to implement the GSPC 2020 East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN) has been established to achieve GSPC 2020 at regional level since 2014. More information on EABCN can be found in the text of Target 16. Projects of publications using research results KNA annually published 30 or more publications to share research results related to plant conservation. The major publications over the last three years are Research Report on Distribution of Native Plant in Korea (2013), An Illustrated Guide to Rare Plants in Korea (2013), Folk Plants in Korea ± traditional knowledges and their use (2014), White Pater on Humanities and Natural Environment in DM= (2015) and English Names for Korean Native Plants (2015).
Sharing of information and technology through on-site workshops (Korea and Japan joint workshop for the conservation of Lychnis kiusiana Makino)
Target 3 assumes share of comprehensive information Key successes on implementation strategies. Progress evaluation is Development and execution of implementation strategies complicated for this target, but overall approach for KNA developed Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation establishing a better information sharing system makes it (KSPC) and started implementation activities since 2008. possible to achieve goals by 2020 if consistent efforts are Results were revised in 2014 in accordance with GSPC made. 2020 and execution plans were developed for each of 16
targets. Sharing of research information through KNA Sharing information on plants planted in ex situ Providing services to the general public through Information sharing through the Korea Biodiversity webpage conservation sites of various institutions commercial search portals (Distribution map of vascular plants in the (Korea Plant Species Management System) (Easily identifying naturalized plants) Information System Korea Forest Service and Korea Korean peninsula)
18 19 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 04 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The securing of at least 15% of each ecological region/ vegetation unit through effective management and restoration
Outline dividing them into Forest Genetic Resources Protection Area (152,000 ha), Baekdudaegan Protection Area Scope (263,000 ha), National Park (356,000 ha), and others Conserving of plant species through conservation of (such as Landscape Ecological Protection Areas, Natural landscapes or eco-regions where plants are growing. Parks, Wetland Protection Area, Speci¿c Islands, Special The major target is protected areas designated at eco- Wildlife Reserves, Natural Reserves, with areas in total of regional level conservation. It secure at least 15% 374,000 ha). of each ecological region or vegetation unit through effective management and restoration Forest areas in Korea represent about 64% of land area, so developing of conservation measures for each type of Strategy forest ecosystems is very important for conservation of Step 1 (Highest-priority action) plant species. Korea Forest Service categorized Forest Investigate current status of plants in each protection Genetic Resources Protection Area into seven types, Current status of inland protection areas in Korea (As of 2015) area and made efforts to expand protected areas in forests for Investigate distribution of major plants in each securing at least 15% of eco-regions and vegetation unit to protection area achieve the goal of this target.
Step 2 (Priority action) Investigate biota in each protection area Mapping the existing vegetation in each protected areas
Step 3 (Future development direction) Identify areas for biodiversity improvement in each protection area Monitoring biota and vegetation in each protected area
Types of forest genetic resources in Korea and the current state of designation (As of 2015) Current status No. of Place Area Category Landscapes and eco-regions are categorized as (e.a) (ha) forests, wetlands, grassland, etc., and as different plant Primeval forest 69 88,000 compositions appear according to the ecological types, Alpine plant habitat 5 1,500 conservation of plant species of various ecological types Rare-forest zone 75 22,000 can be guaranteed by conserving a different types of eco- Rare-plant habitat 209 439,000 regions. Conservation of ecological region is usually Useful-plant habitat 69 36,000 conducted through a protected areas in Korea. Forest Wetlands 119 1,900 As of 2015, the protected area on land is 1,147,000 ha, Natural conservation 195 704,000 which is 11.4% of the total land area. According to Total 741 1,520,000 the designated purposes, those areas are managed by
20 21 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum As of 2015, total 124 areas (including 123 Forest Genetic Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is the place where roughly Resources Protection Areas and 1 Baekdudaegan 3,000 above species have been conserved becauce of Protection Area) with the size of 3,861 km2 (3.9% of the tensions remained between the South and the North total area of country) registered in World Database for for last 56 years. Thereby DMZ requires conservation Protected Areas (WDPA), which is less comparing measures to maintain unique ecosystem in the north with actual designated for protected areas in Korea. central regions in Korean peninsula. DMZ and restricted Accordingly, Korea Forest Service and KNA are putting areas for civilians are needed systematic actions for efforts to synchronize data of previously designated areas conservation and management, as attract much attention and registrated in WDPA. of civilian in the country and abroad due to it’s excellent KNA conducted a number of research projects such as conserved forest ecosystems. investigations of flora, specimens sampling, study of As riskes have been arising in DMZ and in the surrounding environment condition of plants with perceptivity of areas due to recent military needs and agricultural conservation activities and further monitoring as well as activities of local populations, Korea National Arboretum re-classi¿cation of designated types since 2007 to supports experts developed conservation measures through conservation and management projects on Forest Genetic applying standard IUCN’s approaches to important natural Resources Protection Areas by Korea Forest Service and sites with rich biodiversity by establishing National DMZ to provide data on effective management and restoration Botanical Garden to protect and manage DMZ which of each eco-regions for this target. can be considered as ecological axis from east to west in Korea.
With regard to progress with implementation strategy of Reclassification of designated types and integration of Target 4, areas where detailed study on Àora and vegetation small protected areas KNA re-examined previously as well as classi¿cation of types was ¿nished are reached designated types based on detailed investigations on step 3. But un-investigated areas and newly designated Forest Genetic Resources Protection Areas, proposed areas are on step 1 or 2. Overall, it was evaluated that the modifications of the designated types for 31 places and progress of this target was rather slow, because newly suggested integrated management scheme of small designated areas is going up due to strengthening of recent adjacent Forest Genetic Resources Protection Area for policies to expand Forest Genetic Resources Protection more ef¿cient management. Area. However, quantitative indicator of securing at least 15% of each eco-region and vegetation unit is expected to Looking to the future : key challenges be achieved by 2020. Developing management scheme and reorganization of forest protection areas to better ¿t of global standards Key successes including IUCN Expanding protected areas through assessing the value Detailed investigation on large areas including Forest of biodiversity in speci¿c regions and private forests Genetic Resources Protection Areas In order to improve Developing a guideline for effective management and insuf¿cient understanding of biological resources in large use of forest protection areas unit (more than 100 ha) of Forest Genetic Resources Protection Areas, KNA completed review of 97 places with area of 52,396 ha in 2015 by investigating floras, monitoring of plants with high value of conservation, and developing of distribution maps of rare endemic plants since 2007.
22 23 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 05 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The conservation of at least 75% of diversity conservation areas for important plants in each ecological area managed for the conservation of effective species diversity and genetic diversity
Outline tools to maintain or improve biodiversity in these regions. Korea Forest Service and KNA selected the areas of air Scope holes, forest wetlands, high mountain and sub-alpine Protect at least 75% of the most important areas regions where conservation value of biodiversity is high for plant diversity and conserve plants and genetic and habitats of plants populations are under the threat to diversity in each ecological region. It allows to protect be decreased by various disturbing factors such as climate plant biodiversity in air hole areas, forest wetlands, change. Conservation and restoration of rare and endemic alpine and subalpine regions, where plants species are plant habitats are subject to this target, but as they are dealt more sensitive to climate change within target 7 and 8, the details are excluded in this target. Forest wetlands are key targets of ecosystem conservation Strategy of inland wetland, because 64% of the land is forest Step 1 (Highest-priority action) in Korea. KNA conducted first (2006-2010, targeting Investigate the current status of the air hole zone national forests) and second investigations (2011-2014, Investigate the current status of forest wetland areas targeting public and private forests) on forest wetlands Investigate the current status of alpine and subalpine throughout the entire country since 2006, and KNA Syringa patula var. kamibayshii (Nakai) M. Kim. In order areas completed investigations on 1,264 sites with total areas to conserve plant species spotted in air holes, KNA has of 391 ha. Among them, 110 sites with high conservation been monitoring changes in phenology and populations in Step 2 (Priority action) value were designated and managed as Forest Genetic Investigate vegetation in the air hole zone and 9 places including Yeoncheon since 2009. Resource Protection Areas. Since 2005, KNA are establish a management system Considering implementation strategy defined Target 5, involved into forest wetland conservation project (2015- Investigate forest wetland areas and build a it is evaluated that current activities on alpine and sub- 2019) for development of effective management and management system alpine regions are already reached step 3 but others are utilization measures of forest wetlands. Investigate vegetation in alpine and subalpine areas correspond to step 2. Progress in forest wetlands is slower To protect Baekdudagan (Baekdu Mountain Ranges), and build a management system than expected due to large number of regions and sites which is the key pillar of forest ecosystem in Korea being subjects to investigation. More than 90% of air Step 3 (Future development direction) peninsula, Korea Forest Service legalized and launched holes, forest wetlands, and alpine and sub-alpine regions Build a monitoring system for the air hole zone and Act on the Protection of Baekdudaegan Mountain are subjects to conservation activities planned to be establish the management objective Ranges since 2003. Sub-alpine and alpine areas within achieved by 2020 if considerable efforts are implemented. Build a monitoring system for forest wetland areas Baekdudaegan are also designated as Forest Genetic and establish the management objective Resource Protection Areas for ef¿cient conservation and Build a monitoring system for alpine and subalpine management of their ecosystems. Currently, five sites Key successes areas and establish the management objective (1,558 ha) including Mt. Deokkyusan, Mt. Sobaeksan, Detailed investigation and monitoring of vegetation Mt. Jirisan and others are under protection and intensive of forest wetlands In order to develop management A map of distribution status of forest wetlands studies are conducted concerning the sites. plans of conservation and restoration through detailed (1,264 sites) Current status Air hole (wind hole) is an unique micro environment investigation by wetland types, KNA conducted The goal of this target are to ¿gure out important areas for on the slope of talus, block field and block stream, investigations on 1,264 sites from 2015 to 2019 and will biodiversity conservation and their effective protection where cold air is blowing out during summer season and detail results and make efforts to establish management of at least 75% of the regions. The important areas for warm air is blowing out during winter season. It is one strategies as well as develop utilization model using the biodiversity conservation which meet requirements of of important regions for biodiversity that plays a role results of forest wetland investigation project (2006-2014). Target 4 may located inside or outside of protected areas. of shelter for northern plants including Echinosophora According to an annual plan, KNA completed detailed In any case, it is important to secure proper management koreensis (Nakai) Nakai, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and investigation on 241 sites in 2015.
24 25 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Annual investigation plans for forest wetland conservation projects Box 1 a hypothesis of convection current freeze, a hypothesis Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Grade of natural convection current, a generation effect, Jeju 22 Jeonnam 38 Chungbuk 33 Gyeonggi 21 Mointoring of Air Holes in Korean Peninsula temperature lag phenomenon, setting of frost, an 1~2 grade Gyeongnam 34 Jeonbuk 32 Gangwon 71 Conservation Gyeongbuk 44 Gangwon 40 Jeonnam 16 Chungnam 14 365 Korea Forest Service (KFS) and Korea National insulating effect by talus, a hypothesis of thermo-diode, a subtotal 72 84 77 61 71 Arboretum (KNA) have defined the idea of air hole and a hypothesis describing the relevance with bed Jeju 23 Jeonbuk 42 rocks were summarized. In addition, KFS and KNA Chungbuk 117 Gyeonggi 84 and summarized existing theory which describes 3~5 grade Gyeongnam 57 Chungnam 43 Gangwon 185 Management Gyeongbuk 100 Gyeongbuk 125 have created a DB and maps of environment and space Jeonnam 41 Chungbuk 73 899 the mechanism of how air holes occurs. KFS and KNA elaborated definitions and standard terms used related spatial information concerning distribution and a subtotal 121 158 217 209 185 in relation to topography of air holes, generation environmental conditions concerning each of 9 air hole Investigated sites 193 242 294 270 256 1,264 process of mountainous terrain, air hole phenomenon, areas in the Korean peninsula, based on researches its environments and glacial terrain. Existing 11 of geologic maps, topography, soil maps, forest type Conduct researches to conserve plant species in sub- Conservation value of Gwangneung forest was hypotheses about air holes such as geographical maps, ecological maps, road networks, maps on land alpine and alpine regions KNA monitored population recognized by being designated as Biosphere Reserve by features, hypothesis describing the freezing induced by use and land cover, and ¿eld surveys. dynamics including growth and development of Abies International Coordinating Council of UNESCO Man evaporation heat, a hypothesis of adiabatic expansions, Source : Korea National Arboretum 2013. Air holes in Korea. koreana and spruce trees growing naturally in Mt. and Biosphere (MAB) on June 2010. Its total area is Hanllasan and Mt. Jirisan and other sub-alpine and 24,465 ha including a core area (755 ha), a buffer zone alpine regions where distribution areas and number of (1,657 ha), and a transition area (22,053 ha). Monitoring individuals have decreased significantly due to climate has been conducted every five years on biodiversity of change, and based on the monitoring results, conservation Àora and fauna as well as on environment conditions such strategies are being developed and applied by KNA as air and water quality. Areas was managed according to Conservation activities in Gwangneung Biosphere MAB recommendations. Reserve Gwangneung forest where KNA is located is a royal forest of Joseon Dynasty and has been conserved naturally for about 540 years, thereby it is one of the important places for biodiversity conservation.
Looking to the future : key challenges Establishing a national level DB on regions with important biodiversity and expanding monitoring activities Strengthening local and international network of cooperation to conserve species vulnerable to climate change and plant species in sub-alpine and high mountain regions Expanding research projects on plant micro-reserves within forests in connection with Target 4
26 27 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 06 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
commenced, and a new research to monitor biodiversity Key successes The management of congruence by year is conducted by installing experimental plots Monitoring environmental changes and plant species according to various kinds of harvesting methods and with biodiversity conservation for at least 75% diversity by timber harvesting types Korea Forest remaining trees. Service and KNA have monitored plant species diversity In addition, Korea Forest Service has developed and of the production land of harvested areas of Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. distributed technologies for tending of forest to improve in Bongwha, Gyeongbuk. Changes of plant species ecological health of forests such as inducing multi- diversity is monitored through diameter measurement and layered structures of forests, facilitating development of vegetation cover measurement after setting up a dispersal low vegetation, increasing diversity of tree species, and retention harvest (15% of persistence rate), an aggregated in the process of conducting, designing and inspecting retention harvest (15% of persistence rate), a dispersal forest tending, Korea Forest Service has been conserving retention harvest (50% of persistence rate), an aggregated biodiversity of forest ecosystem by monitoring changes retention harvest (50% of persistence rate) and control before and after the operation. groups and changes of non-biological environmental Among the implementation strategies of the Target 6, factors caused by harvesting are investigated together. currently the step 2 has been completed and it is evaluated that we reached step 3 and preparing policy tools for Development of eco-friendly timber harvesting system executing the target will be possible by 2020 but the considering inÀuence area of forests In order to conserve application to target sites is slow. However, by improving forest ecosystem and maintain landscapes, Korea Forest the eco-friendly timber harvesting system considering Service launched project on improvement of eco-friendly forest biodiversity conservation and making efforts for timber harvesting system in 2015 and established test sustainable management of Commercial Forest Foster sites (26 ha, Pyeongchang) considering influence area Complexes, it is viewed as possible to achieve 90% of the of forests. Monitoring to test ecological effects on forest Outline Forest area in Korea is 63,680 km2 (6,368,000 ha) target by 2020. which accounts for 64% of the total land areas, and Scope according to land use statistics, forest areas are included KNA makes efforts to manage at least 75% of separately in agricultural areas and natural environment production lands to be congruent to biodiversity conservation areas. The area of Commercial Forest Foster conservation. The production lands include Complexes used in forestry such as timber production are agriculture, horticulture, pasturing and forest farming, 2,920,000 ha. Forest lands are also used for production here it is about biodiversity conservation and of mushroom, wild herbs and vegetables but there is no management of lands for forest farming. accurate statistics. As Commercial Forest Foster Complexes are focusing Strategy on timber production for sustainable forest management, Step 1 (Highest-priority action) forestry operations like harvesting, reforestation and Compose a network of relevant organizations tinning are conducted. In the past, the harvesting were mainly clear cutting for ef¿cient timber production, but Step 2 (Priority action) as environmental issues were raised, eco-friendly timber Identify current status of production land harvesting system has been introduced and used since Identify the status of organic farming 2010. Eco-friendly timber harvesting system is a way that Step 3 (Future development direction) leaves some remaining trees, which are single trees or Establish a production land conservation strategy group form with a density of 50 trees per ha, instead of the previous clear cutting in order to enable sustainable forest management while minimizing disturbances in the Current status forest ecosystem. According to statistics, land area of Korea is 106,176 km2 Recently in order to develop the most effective eco- including 17,587 km2 (16.6%) of city, 27,022 km2 (25.5%) friendly timber harvesting system in terms of forest of managed areas, 49,488 km2 (46.6%) of agricultural biodiversity conservation, monitoring activities and areas, and 12,079 km2 (11.4%) of natural environments impact assessment on forest biodiversity are ongoing conservation areas. targeting the forest regions where recently works were
28 29 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum biodiversity conservation is underway. Looking to the future : key challenges Influence areas of forests Areas that can offset the • Monitor biodiversity and establish DB concerning various negative impacts occurred by timber harvesting with the positive effects of surrounding forests. forest production lands Conduct an evaluation on impact of disturbing forest • DR50% Control ecosystem by types of forest production activities • Develop management guidelines congruent to biodiversity conservation by types of forest production activities DR15% Enumeration districts monitored by type of AR15% lumbering of Mongolian oaks (in Gyeongbuk). Box 2 remaining levels (15 % and 50 % of live stems) in 1 ha plot were applied because modifying patterns and levels of Changes of plant species composition in five Monitoring of plant diversity responses after harvest was only way to mitigate effects of timber harvest. AR50% treatments of control, dispersed (15% and 50%) timber harvest in South Korea conducted by In short term, remain 50% and dispersed plot (DR50%) and aggregated (15% and 50%) plots, after revealed positive conserving effect on pre-harvest National Arboretum of South Korea retention harvest by appling Nonparametric plant composition but it needed to be balanced AXIS II To minimize bad ecological impacts on plant diversity Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination. between ecological impact and economic value. In after timber production, variable harvest methods 15% retention, aggregated patch (AR15%) exhibited were applied in the world, such as retention and limited change in plant composition and positive mixed (aggregated and dispersal) harvest techniques. diversity impact. Recently, National Arboretum of Aggregated retention, the practice of leaving unlogged Korea established midterm (over 20 years) monitoring patches within logged areas is a form of retention plan on the biodiversity effect include plant population forestry that has gained increasing use globally as an adaptation, insect community and fungi diversity after alternative to clearcut logging. variable retention harvest as well as forest succession in In South Korea, retention harvest experiment was clearcut areas in this experiment. established in Mongolian oak (Quercus monglica) forest Source : Kim, J. S. 2014. in 2010. Two patterns (aggregated and dispersed) and two
Changes in mean plant richness and Shannon diversity index (H’) after variable retention harvest in cutted (AR15C and AR50C) and uncutted (AR15NC and AR50NC) aggregated area and dispersed (DR15 and DR50) area.
Scenic view of 15% aggregated retention harvest experiment in Mongolian oak forest in Bonghwa, South Korea, established in 2010.
30 31 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 07 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The pursuit of in situ conservation Box 3
In-situ conservation of Cypripedium degradation due to ruthless collection and trampling. japonicum Thunb. In Korea, there are about 11 locations and severely fragmented. To protect habitats, Korea National Korean Ladyslipper (Cypripedium japonicum Outline Cypripedium guttatum Sw, and Habenaria radiata, KNA Arboretum has installed protection facilities in 4 established a fence for proactive in situ conservation. Thunb.) is a very rare species of orchid and grows regions to prevent ruthless collection and human Scope As areas and population of Korean endemic species, in Korea, Japan, and China and is known only from activities. More research is now conducting such For in situ conservation of at least 75% of plant Abies koreana (Korean fir) growing in sub-alpine a few scattered population. This species is listed as as conservation genetics, population dynamics, and TM species that are known to be threatened, conducting regions including Mt. Hallasan and Mt. Jirisan are Endangered on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species propagation to accomplish conservation strategies. and listed as Critically Endangered in national level of in situ conservation activities and related studies signi¿cantly decreasing, Korea Forest Service, Ministry Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2013. preferentially for plants (CR, EN and VU) among of Environment, Korea National Arboretum, Korea Forest Korea. It is under major pressure from habitat loss and plants listed in Rare Plant Data Book of Korea. Research Institute and Korea National Park Service formed a Korean Fir Conservation Council responsible Strategy for the project on studying its habitat area for further Step 1 (Highest-priority action) conservation and restoration. Accurately evaluate and diagnose the nationwide In addition KNA monitored 100 habitats of species distribution of rare and endangered plants vulnerable to climate change through conservation and adaptation projects for the species conducted since Step 2 (Priority action) 2009, and analyzed population dynamics in connection Implement the in situ monitoring and expansion of with climate factors and used results as basic for in situ conservation facilities and target plants conservation and restoration. Among the 3 steps of implementation strategies in Target Step 3 (Future development direction) 7, it was evaluated that the step 2 was finished and we Establish an action plan for in situ conservation of reached the step 3. Concerning the most of rare plants, threatened species (CR, EN and VU) current situation was ¿gured out and measures for in situ conservation were taken, and now research projects for in Distribution map in Korea situ conservation of threatened plants is expanded so it is Current status expected that target is achieved by 2020.
In situ conservation of threatened plants is a primary Monitoring of population approach to conserve the habitats so that evolutionary Key successes process can be continued. In particular, as there are cases In situ conservation of Cypripedium japonicum in which survival of some plant species have complex Cypripedium japonicum is growing in 10 areas in the correlations with other species (pollinators and soil country including Gwangneung forest, and This rare microbes), in situ conservation can be only conservation plant is Critically Endangered (CR) species. Starting measure. from 2010, habitat areas of Cypripedium japonicum was For in situ conservation, there should be accurate protected by fencing its growing places. The populations information on the most threatened species, and KNA of Cypripedium japonicum is increased by 35% as of experts prepared a catalogue of rare plants as discussed in 2015, therefore it is evaluated as one of successful in situ Target 2 and also completed country's distribution map conservation cases. of each plant species through distribution researches on In situ conservation of forest plant species vulnerable to rare and endemic plants in the country which have been climate change KNA conducted in situ conservation conducted since 2010. of 100 forest plant species vulnerable to climate change Based on these data, KNA experts designated 71 since 2009. Monitoring on plants phenology and threatened species and starting from 2010 KNA experts vegetation dynamics is conducted with 9 public local has monitored habitats jointly with 9 public arboretums arboretums. in each region to conserve in situ populations. In Analysis of environmental characteristics for in situ particular, for 13 rare plants that are conceived as conservation of sub-alpine tree species For in situ severely threatened including Cypripedium japonicum, conservation of threatened species in sub-alpine regions
32 33 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Institutions performed monitoring of rare plants and the target species Institutions performed Target species Category monitoring 11 species including Cypripedium japonicum and Gyeonggi Hwanghaksan Arboretum Hanabusaya asiatica 10 species including Echinosophora koreensis nakai and Gangwon DMZ Native Botanic Garden Pinus pumila 8 species including Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai and Chungbuk Midongsan Arboretum Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi 10 species including Berchemia floribunda (Wall.) Brongn. Chungnam Geumgang Arboretum and Iris ruthenica Ker Gawl 11 species including Deutzia paniculata Nakai and Gyeongbuk Daegu Arboretum Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz. 9 species including Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai and Gyeongnam Gyeongnam Arboretum Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai 8 species inclduing Berchemia racemosa Siebold & Zucc. Jeonbuk Daea Arboretum and Iris koreana Nakai 8 species including Lycoris chinensis Traub and Lindera Jeonnam Wando Arboretum sericea 12 species including Mankyua chejuense and Euchresta Jeju Island Hanllasan Research Institute japonica
In-situ conservation of C. japonicum
such as Abies koreana and Picea jezoensis, KNA Looking to the future : key challenges conducted an assessment on environmental characteristics Selecting priority and executing in situ conservation according to species distribution models and has utilized in accordance with assessment results on plant species the results for in situ conservation such as exploring conservation status of Target 2 shelters and alternative habitats with regard to climate Working on evaluation on in situ conservation status change scenarios. and effective management through consistent monitoring of population dynamics Expanding in situ conservation through mass- propagation and reintroduction of rare plants in conjunction with Target 8
34 35 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 08 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
(Makino) Schltr., Veronica pusanensis Y.lee., and Aerides Key successes The pursuit of ex situ conservation japonicum Reichb. fil. and consistently monitored their Ex situ conservation network of rare and endemic plants growth condition. and restoration KNA experts conserved rare and endemic plants as well Step 2 of Target 8 is in progress now, and restoration as 71 threatened species by creating preservation sites in projects for some rare plant species are in step 3, so if cooperation with 9 public and private arboretum during the efforts for ex situ conservation and restoration are the period from 2011 to 2016. According to characterized continued, it is expected that the target could be achieved strategies for each region, public and private arboretums by 2020. in each region have conserved collected rare and endemic plants at nearby regions with similar geographical and Outline environmental characteristics. Scope Ex situ conservation of 75% of threatened species Ex situ conservation network and using 20% of those species for restoration/ rehabilitation programs, therefore conservation and Region Institution Conservation targets restoration research projects targeting CR, EN and Korea National VU plant species among plants listed in Rare Plant In country Rare plants in Korea Arboretum Data Book of Korea were priority activities. DMZ Native Botanic Gangwon Rare northern plants Garden Strategy Daegu Rare and endemic plants of Gyeongbuk Step 1 (Highest-priority action) Arboretum Ulleungdo island Expand the infrastructures for threatened species Gyeongnam Rare and endemic plants in the Gyeongnam for their ex situ conservation and build a nationwide Arboretum southern areas of Korea infrastructure Geumwonsan Gyeongbuk Rare plants of Mt. Jirisan Arboretum Step 2 (Priority action) Midongsan Rare and endemic plants in the Chungbuk Secure genetic resources of threatened species Arboretum limestone zone more than 80%) ( Geumgang Rare plants of islands in the Yellow Chungnam endemic species is 69, rare plants is 295, and endemic Arboretum sea Step 3 (Future development direction) plants is 92. A seed laboratory provides materials for long- Daea Rare plants in Byeonsanbando, Mt. Develop an ex situ conservation action plan for Jeonbuk term storage and propagation of seeds through analyses Arboretum Naejangsan and Mt. Deogyusan threatened species of seed forms and their physiological characteristics. Wando Rare plants of islands in the Develop a species restoration program Jeonnam KNA has collected living plants all over the country and Arboretum southern sea Halla then managed them after planting on ex situ conservation Jeju Rare and folk plants of Jeju island Arboretum sites for securing genetic resources of threatened species. As of 2015 KNA holds 1,160 species including 422 taxa Current status of rare plants (74% of the all rare plants), and 171 taxa of Ex situ conservation is conserving diversity of endemic plants (47% of all endemic plants). In addition, threatened plant species outside of habitats, and plays KNA performed ex situ conservation of 71 threatened a supplementary role of in situ conservation. Ex situ species in cooperation with 9 arboretums in the country conservation is a safe back-up tool to respond to an through a network of public arboretums for conservation extinction in the wild. Ex situ conservation can be divided of rare plants. by types into seed conservation, in vitro conservation, In addition, KNA experts are involved into restoration gene bank, and collection of live plants by a botanical habitat of rare plants facing the highest threat of garden. extinction through reintroduction. By 2015, KNA had Seed conservation, which is one of ex situ conservation developed artificial propagation technologies for 10 measures, is the most cost-effective tool and related to rare orchid species including Gastrochilus japonicus the Target 9. As of 2015, KNA keeps the seeds of 2,210 (Makino) Schltr., Neofinetia falcata (Thunb.) Hu, and native plant species (representing 54% of entire forest Habenaria radiata (Thunb.) Spreng., and conducted in situ Korea National Arboretum Gyeongnam Arboretum Daegu Arboretum plant species) in a seed bank. The number of rare and restoration of 9 species including Gastrochilus matsuran
36 37 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Development of propagation technologies for restoration propagation of the plant in 2013, and built an alternative of rare Orchidaceae KNA developed arti¿cial propagation habitat for the plant in 2015 by introducing about 200 Box 5 technologies for rare orchid species faced extinction in individuals at Hamyeong Arboretum in Busan, where is its habitat due to overexploitation, and conducted by located nearby plant's native habitat. IUCN Red List assessment Training Workshop and criteria, SIS (Species Information Service), and etc. In addition, a number of expert researchers 2015 restoration of 10 species through reintroduction Korea-Japan joint research on conservation of rare and Korea National Arboretum hosted IUCN Red List from universities in Korea and plant related research of them into habitat including Gastrochilus japonicus endemic plants For the conservation of Cypripedium Assessment Training Workshop for experts during institutions participated in workshop which enhancing (Makino) Schltr., Neo¿netia falcata (Thunb.) Hu, Aerides japonicum Thunb. and Lychnis kiusiana Makino which three days from 24th to 27th of Oct. 2011. Manager understanding about IUCN Red List. japonicum Reichb. ¿l., Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. are rare plants of Korea growing also in Japan, KNA of IUCN Global Species Programme introduced and Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2011. and Habenaria radiata (Thunb.) Spreng. conducted joint researches with Fukushima University (for trained about IUCN SSC, IUCN Red List categories Creation of alternative habitats for Lychnis kiusiana Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.) and with Kumamoto Makino KNA experts collected seeds of Lychnis University (for Lychnis kiusiana Makino). kiusiana Makino from its habitat and conducted mass-
Box 4 Re-introduction project of epiphytic orchids and monitoring. Korea National Arboretum experts in Korea will constantly conduct re-introduction research for remaining species in future. Epiphytic orchid is commercially popular plant species IUNC Red List assessment Training workshop Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2013. because of their ornamental value in Korea. The high demand in commercial purpose is a main List of re-introduction project of epiphytic orchid in Korea reason of their over-collection from the wild for indiscriminate and illegal trade. Totally of 10 species are native for Korea and all of them are designated as rare species at national level. Korea National Arboretum have been implementing re-introduction project for Epiphytic orchids in Korea. Re-introduction research has been conducted for 5 species until now such as seed collection from wild, Publishing teaching material propagation, genetic diversity, and reintroduction
Cases of re-introduction project Looking to the future : key challenges Strengthening management of ex situ conservation sites in connection with Target 2 and 7, and conducting consistent monitoring Collecting more genetic resources of threatened plant species and increasing the number of ex situ conservation sites Increasing restoration of habitats by developing mass-propagation technologies for rare plants Increasing exchanges with international plant conservation networks and enhancing capacity through collaborations
38 39 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 09 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
Securing genetic diversity of crops is important as they Meanwhile, for tree species used in timber production, The genetic diversity of crops and the preservation of are used in breeding program for improving plant species which is the traditional products in forestry, a breeing and traditional knowledge with social and economic values. KNA selected 1,115 improvement program is being implemented mainly by species by conducting reclassification and cataloging Korea Forest Seed & Variety Center and Korea Forest works based on the above mentioned current status of Research Institute under Korea Forest Service through resource plants by use, and has been preserving seeds securing genetic diversity by collecting genetic resources and living plants after collecting them by priority. More by seed origin, and making breeding populations. information on the conservation was suggested in Target 8. Target 9 entered step 3, which is final step of In addition, KNA is conducted seed collection and implementation strategies. The goal of step 1, an Outline Current status joint researches through regional-level biodiversity inventory on crops (plants), is pursued in connection Mankind is dependent much on plants for the necessities conservation network in East Asia, Central Asia, and with the Target 1 and 2, and the goal of step 2, establish Scope of life. Including food crops such as wheat, rice and Southeast Asia, with an aim to enhance genetic diversity promotional strategies in accordance with the Global Conserve at least 70% of genetic diversity of crops corn, various materials such as medicines, spices, plants, of species similar and relative to native species in Korea. Plan of Action for PGRFA, is being implemented under including wild relatives and other socioeconomically woods, and textiles are being produced from plants and Collected seeds are stored both in KNA seed bank and the 2nd basic plan for conservation, management and valuable plant species, while respecting, preserving plants are widely used as ornamental plants and feed. Seed Vault of the National Backdudaegan Arboretum. improved use of agricultural bio-resources (2014-2018). and maintaining associated indigenous and local Each country has plant species important for society The secured plant genetic resources have been used by As of now collection to secure genetic diversity of crops, knowledge and economy, and aggressive activities to conserve KNA's Useful Plant Resources Center for developing development of propagation technologies and technology genetic diversity of crops should be conducted for their mass-propagation technologies and cultivation guidelines exchanges using regional-level networks in step 3 are Strategy sustainable use. These activities are related to Target 1 an to support commercialization, and some plant genetic ongoing, but the progress was evaluated as bit slow due Step 1 (Highest-priority action) online Àora of all known plants (identifying species and resources are provided to companies for extracting useful to the large number of target plants. Build an inventory relevant to major crops ¿guring out current distribution status), Target 8 ex situ substances and developing products. Build a database integrated with traditional conservation, and Target 13 maintenance of traditional knowledge relevant to crops knowledge related to plants. Vascular plants growing in the country including Step 2 (Priority action) cultivated plants are a total of 5,121 taxa, and among Establish promotional strategies according to the them currently used resource plants are 3,613 taxa Global Plan of Action for PGRFA (70.6%), and taxa with unknown use are 1,509 (29.4%). When looking into utilization ratio by use is 44.8% for Step 3 (Future development direction) Secure genetic diversity of small-scale crops and medicinal plants, 38.5% for ornamental plants and 35.7% develop propagation technologies for edible plants. Build a global network for advanced technologies and information sharing
Current state of resource plants by use (The Korea Forest Service, 2014)
By use Unknown Classification Ornamental Feed/ Total Food Medicine Spices Industry Restoration sum uses plants Manure Taxon 1,828 2,293 87 916 1,970 782 1,191 3,613 1,508 5,121 Resource Composition plants 50.6 63.5 2.4 25.4 54.5 21.6 33.0 - - - ratio (%) Vascular plants in the 35.7 44.8 1.7 17.9 38.5 15.3 23.3 70.6 29.4 100 Korean peninsula (%)
40 41 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 10 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The development of effective management plans for invasive plants
❶ ❷ Outline in several regions in various forms took place with exchanges mainly with China. As the time of inflow Scope 1 Seed bank of the Korea and route of introduction of such alien plants cannot be National Arboretum For effective management of invasive species, estimated accurately, so they are classi¿ed as previously 2 Korea Plant Species Management System establishing management plan to prevent the invasion introduced alien plants (Archaeophyte). (nps.forest.go.kr) of new species and to manage major regions of Classifying alien plants by introduction time to Korea, 3 The view of Seed Vault plant diversity in forests where invasive species are in National Baekdudaegan 66 taxa (20.6%) were introduced during first period Arboretum introduced (from the time of opening the port to 1921), 34 taxa (Bongwha, Gyeongbuk) 4 An MOU on Forest Seed (10.6%) flew during the second period (from 1922 to and Plant Conservation in ❸ ❹ 1963) and 221 taxa (68.8%) were introduced during third East Asia Strategy Step 1 (Highest-priority alien) period (from 1964 to present), and from the third period Identify the status of alien plants inflow of alien plants increased rapidly as international garden, regional ecological forest in the country. Recently, Key successes Identify new alien plants exchanges is accelerated and recognition on alien plants Integrated Management System for Forest Bio-species Build a checklist for useful target plants with high Perform ongoing monitoring are also increased in this period. has been launched, and being implemented for systematic conservation values KNA developed a checklist on In 2011, KNA published the list of 321 taxa of alien management as well as specimens, seeds, living plants forest plant species with high potential values and priority Step 2 (Priority action) plants distributed in the country and currently KNA and related traditional knowledge. for conservation as the ¿rst step of implementation of the Analyze invasive plants by Àow route is working on systematic lists and standardization of Managing Seed Vault to preserve genetic diversity The objectives in Target 9. Checklist arranged 17 lists of forest Identify the danger of invasive plants terminology through status assessment such as taxonomic National Baekdudaegan Arboretum has been operating products, medicinal plants, herb medicines, functional treatment, distribution information, and status assessment the Seed Vault which is a long term seed storage facility plants as well as Korea Plant Names Index by comparing Step 3 (Future development direction) on native plants, naturalization and extinction concerning to preserve plant genetic resources from the end of 2015. and reviewing them and it contains 1,115 species Develop a management plan for alien plants about 360 taxa based on research results in taxonomy. The Seed Vault finished its construction at the end of Manage invasive plants according to a systematic including Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai. Based on the KNA monitored distribution areas by assuming coastal 2015, and it is of underground tunnel type and has largest management system lists, the Useful Plant Resources Center is working to areas, pasture areas, industrial roads as major routes duplicative storage facility for wild seeds, with an aim develop mass-propagation technologies for conservation of influx used by alien plants, and KNA is conducting to safely protect plant genetic resources from extinction. and utilization according to de¿ned priorities. The facility can store more than 1 million wild plant Designating and managing the Forest Bio-resource species and is pursuing duplicative storage of not only the Management Institutions For implementation of native plants of Korea but also related species of Asian CBD ABS and the GSPC, Korea National Arboretum Current status countries. designated and operated public and private arboretum As trades between countries, traf¿c, travels and tourism as Forest Bio-resource Management institutions to are expanding due to the globalization of economy, systematically register and manage secured or newly Looking to the future : key challenges society and culture, increasing spread of alien species introduced plant resources from locally and abroad by Working to consistently secure plant genetic diversity worldwide is becoming a signi¿cant issue. The inÀow of public and private sector as the National Plant Collection. according to collection strategies and propagation plans alien species can be a threat to biodiversity, food security, In 2015, KNA designated 4 management institutions for for plant resources health or economic development, so countries around the working with introduced species belong to 4 orders at Establishing the Korea Integrated Management System world have strong interests in the prevention of inÀux and local level and abroad such as lilac. for Forest Bio-species for conservation of plant genetic the management of alien species. Operating and improving Korea Plant Species diversity and related traditional knowledge According to the time of inflow, Invasive Alien Plant Management System Korea National Plant Species Developing mass-propagation technologies for plant (IAP) is applied to plants considered as being introduced Management System had been developed and operated species with high social and economical values and after the opening of the port (1876). Although it is hard since 2008, in order to manage information of plants expanding the distribution of the technologies to ¿gure out the exact time of inÀow of invasive species DB on invasive and exotic plants (the Korea Biodiversity planted by public and private arboretum, school botanical to country, it can be assumed that invasion of plants Information System)
42 43 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum was accepted by establishing a Working Group on Key successes management plans for invasive alien plants including Establishing DB on distribution of alien plants and their introduced species. characteristics KNA made a distribution map of alien It is evaluated that Target 10 now reached step 2 by plants in country through ¿eld expeditions and herbarium implementation strategies, and for achieving the goal specimen information on 321 species listed in the alien of the step 3 a countermeasure for comprehensive plant index, and developed a DB encompassing type management of alien plants and establishment of of inflow, the duration of influx, flowering and fruiting a management system with participation of Korea seasons, number of distribution areas in Korea, distribution Forest Service and other related institutions are being characteristics, country of origin, and plant feature is implemented but with slow progress. provided to general public through Korea Biodiversity Information System (NATURE www.nature.go.kr).
Invasion degree of IAP in South Korea (2015)
Degrees Description Taxa Rate (%) SI Serious Invasion 6 4.5
Investigation on types of invasion of alien species in forests CI Concerned Invasion 17 12.7 MI Minor Invasion 31 23.1
investigations and assessment on types of invasion by PI Potential Invasion 80 59.7 Box 6 invasive plants by use of forests targeting Baekdudaegan, Total 134 100.0 forest genetic resource protection area, DMZ among Monitoring the distribution of Invasive Alien Plant forest ecosystems with high biodiversity in Korea. In While monitoring the distribution of invasive alien addition, KNA analyzed and assessed impacts on nearby plants, Senecio inaequidens DC. which is a plant of ecosystems targeting imported species in arboretums and Compositae from Africa was found in surrounding botanical gardens which are ex situ plant conservation areas of roads in Paju, Gyeonggi-do Province. Some institutions. of the strains were con¿rmed to have been introduced Invasive alien plants flew in and are settling down due with the afforestation to stabilize slopes of the roads to the occurrence of disturbance places caused by man- as well as soils. The plant has well adapted to the local made development in DMZ and the surrounding areas environment, the growth and the dissemination have where natural environments and biodiversity are gaining been good, so the plant is now in the settlement stage. more importance, and as a result 134 taxa were found to Source : Jin Jang et al. 2013. exist up to date through literatures and ¿eld surveys, so we would like to reÀect it when establishing management measures to conserve biodiversity of the DMZ in the future. KNA monitored distribution and expansion trends of alien plants in forest areas as a national focal point of Asia-Paci¿c Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN) and supported development of control technologies for ef¿cient management of alien plants. At regional level, through East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN), Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (CABCN), Southeast Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (SABCN) and East Asia Botanic Garden Network (EABGN), a plan to conduct researches by developing checklist of potential invasive alien plants of each country as well
Senecio inaequidens DC. as major invasive alien plants subject to management Exploration and report of unrecorded alien plants (Geranium dissectum L.)
44 45 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Evaluation of invasion degrees considering the scope Looking to the future : key challenges of distribution of alien plants In 2015, KNA suggested Box 8 Box 9 Consistent monitoring of inÀux, distribution and spread invasion degrees in accordance with the type of invasion Current species composition of IAP in forests of alien plants Current situation of spread of introduced based on research results on alien plants in the country. Developing management technologies through an species of ex situ conservation institutions In a total 4 degrees, it was found that species of Serious Monitoring of invasive alien plants distribution in assessment of alien plants adaptation strategies in Invasion (SI) are 6 taxa including Oenothera biennis L. forests shows that most of species composition were ecosystems and their risk There are roughly 50 arboretums and botanical gardens and, Ambrosia tri¿da L., species of Concerned Invasion occupied by Compositae and Poaceae. According to which conduct ex situ conservation activities. As a Conducting impact assessment and evaluation on (CI) are 17 taxa including Rumex crispus L. and Rumex types of invasion, most plants Àew in through mainly the impact of introduced species in habitats and plant result of researching the impact of introduced species obtusifolius L., species of Minor Invasion (MI) are 31 taxa trails, forest roads and reforested areas. However it conservation institutions placed on nearby ecosystem. on surrounding ecosystems, there were cases in which including Rumex acetosella L. and Cerastium glomeratum was evaluated that in places where vegetation is stable Magnolia, Acer, Ilex, Elaeagnus plants appeared in the Developing DB on characteristics and ecological Thuill. species of Potential Invasion are 80 taxa including the success rate of inÀux by invasive alien plants was information of invasive plants and service for general surrounding ecosystem after diffusing mainly through Symphytum of¿cinale L and Physalis angulata L.. extremely low. public seeds, so we have consistently monitored and managed Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2014. the plants. Sharing information on characteristics and distributions of invasive alien plants at regional level through overseas Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2015. network, and developing management measures for the Box 7 plants Establishing a legal basis on the exchange and Monitoring of inflow routes of Invasive Alien movement of alien plants concerning countries in Asia Plant
As a result of monitoring areas where invasive alien plants have flown in (e.g. ports, shores, roads and pastures), the emergence rate of invasive alien plants was 33% compared to natural plants. It was found that most of dominant species found during researches on local vegetation were invasive alien plants. In addition, the areas are used as the ruling bases where alien plants Current species composition of invasive alien plants in forests Current situation of spread of introduced newly Àowing in and then as places where the plants species of ex situ conservation institutions adapt themselves to environment for further spread. Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2013. Exploring and reporting unrecorded alien plants Concerning 27 taxa newly introduced after 2011 such as Euphorbia heterophylla L., E. hrta L., we identified Publication of educational materials the plants for the first time and reported distribution (invasive alien plants in forests, 2015) information and characteristics and consistently conducted monitoring activities on growth, reproduction and expansion of the plants. Publishing educational materials to increase the public awareness Starting from publishing Field Guide on Naturalized Plants of Korea in 2012, educational leaÀets for primary school children in 2013, a guidebook for easy identification of naturalized plants by middle and high school students in 2014, and Invasive Alien Plant Impact on Forest for the general public and related experts in 2015 were published.
Monitoring of inflow routes of invasive alien plants
46 47 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 11 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
Target 11, step 1 and 2 have been accomplished by Looking to the future : key challenges The prevention of plant extinction caused by related government agencies including the Ministry Strengthening of conservation and management of of Environment, and goal of step 3 could be achieved international trade habitats of CITES subject plants by 2020 as related government agencies and research Developing of mass-propagation technologies to institutions have consistently worked on it. prevent reckless harvest of conserved plant species and for conservation of endangered native species in Korea Key successes Reinforcing of cooperation with related institutions and Developing identification markers for Cypripedium networks at home and abroad for the implementation of japonicum's country of origin which is included in CITES Outline CITES Cypripedium japonicum is a native rare plant As of 2015 the subject plants of CITES are 15,581 in Korea and critically endangered species on Red List Scope species, and among them 20 species are natural plants in of IUCN and also included in CITES. Recently, as sale It is to prevent the extinction of plant species in the Korea (19 species in Annex 1 and 1 species in Annex 2). of Cypripedium japonicum seedlings from Japan for wild due to global trades and we put efforts to prevent A total of 77 species (including 9 species for degree 1, ornamental use is increased, KNA developed country global trades of endangered species in Korea after 68 species for degree 2) were designated as endangered of origin identi¿cation technologies using microsatellite being recklessly harvested. species by Wild Life Protection Act in Korea, and markers to secure genetic resources of the plant. among them endangered plants for degree 1 including Developing mass-propagation technologies for subject Strategy Cypripedium guttatum Sw., Cypripedium japonicum plants of CITES To prevent the extinction in the wild Step 1 (Highest-priority action) Thunb., and Neofinetia falcata (Thunb.) Hu, and caused by reckless harvest in habitats, KNA developed Establish a CITES species database endangered species with degree 2 such as Cypripedium propagation technologies for Cypripedium japonicum, Enhance recognition through educational and macranthos Sw., Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw., and Cypripedium macranthum Sw., Dendrobium moniliforme promotional campaigns Kuhlhasseltia nakaiana (F.Maek.) Ormerod are included Sw, Cymbidium kanran Makino, and Angraecum in the subject plants of CITES. For woody plants, included in CITES in connection with Target 8. Step 2 (Priority action) Japanese yew and Pinus koraiensis are included in the Publish manuals for each CITES species subject plants. Maintain laws related to international trade CITES is not a convention with the purpose of regulating global trade only, it also has a goal of inducing In situ conservation facility (Cypripedium guttatum Sw.) Step 3 (Future development direction) international cooperation for conservation and sustainable Emphasize the conservation and recovery of CITES use of wild flora and fauna, so proactive preservation species habitat activities for subject species by country are required. In Korea, global trade and licensing works related to CITES are performed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Environment, MFDS, Korea Customs Current status Service, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and the National Activities on collecting of rare or commercially important Policy Agency. plants in the wild are threatening factors destroying When looking into implementation steps of the their habitat. To react to this situation, implementing, monitoring and reviewing of Target have been done in conjunction with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The CITES classified subjected animals and plants into the following groups Annex 1 (endangered species), Annex 2 (species required to be under trade regulations so that they would not become endangered species and subject species of Annex 1 and 2 and similar species) and Annex 3 (species that some countries are requesting the member countries to protect) by considering endangered status and global trade situations.
Identification of a country of origin by using markers of Microsatellite (Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)
48 49 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 12 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
Key successes including Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. had been added. The continuous supply of all plant-based products Building up propagation and background management Developing propagation technologies for Taxillus yadoriki systems The 'Useful Plant Resources Center' has developed harvested from the wild and registering the patent Taxillus yadoriki is a plant living propagation technologies for collected seeds or living off Quercus plants and has high demands as it is known to plants and has set up and operated systems on integrated have anticancer effects and be effective in treating diabetes background of propagated plants. In 2015, the center and high blood pressure, but as it has limited period for propagated 152 plant species including Hosta yingeri harvesting, hard to cultivate and over-harvested in wild, S.B.Jones and Justicia procumbens L. into 4,523 plants. Taxillus yadoriki is a critically endangered species. KNA For the management of passport data, the center arranged developed an in vitro propagation technologies for Taxillus Outline outside for natural or arti¿cial causes, and there are 328 backgrounds and labels of 4,390 plants and 1,698 species yadoriki to resolve the problems and the technologies were designated endemic plants. (For domestic species, 208 plants and 365 species, and for patented in 2014. Scope As a result of expanding agricultural foundation and foreign species 426 plants and 297 species). Developing of DB on seed information KNA has To provide consistent supply tools to respond to global trade, people in Korea earn most of plant-based Development of mass propagation techniques for rare operated seed bank to build up a foundation for sustainable increasing interest on and consumption of native products from cultivated plants but some medicinal herbs endemic plants Useful Plant Resources Center of KNA supply of products based on plants and has set up DB plants, establishment and implementation of plans or rare and endemic plants are harvested from the wild. are putting efforts to develop mass propagation techniques to conserve and use wild plant resources through the on forms and physiological characteristics of collected Therefore, to prevent the destruction of habitat and the for rare and endemic plants among forest plants, and assessment on the cultivation of wild plant resources seeds and is providing information necessary to develop extinction due to reckless harvest from the wild, it is have developed mass propagation techniques for 61 rare and development of mass-propagation technologies. propagation technologies using the seeds. Such information required to develop mass-propagation technologies that plant species including Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii is renewed reflecting research results annually, and in can satisfy the demand from society while preserving the A.Henry (EN), Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. (EN) and 2015 characteristics in forms of seeds of and collection Strategy habitats. Trifolium lupinaster for. alpinus (Nakai) M. Park (EN), and information of 150 species including Thalictrum KNA has operated Cultivated Plant Index Committee for 27 endemic plant species such as Clematis trichotoma Step 1 (Highest-priority action) petaloideum L., and physiological information such as Identify the status of propagation technologies for systematic management of useful plants including Nakai, Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai and Aster glehnii germination percent, drought resistance, dormant types and Develop propagation technologies to wild plants some plants harvested from the wild, and updates and F.Schmidt. germination promoting treatment concerning 60 species that are dif¿cult to cultivated manges the Cultivated plant index. In addition KNA has established and operates Useful Step 2 (Priority action) Plant Resources Center since 2014 for conservation and Mass propagation systems development for wild propagation of useful plant resources. The center holds plants (secure market competitiveness) 4,390 accession of 1,698 species including rare/endemic, Quickly cultivate and identify highly ef¿cient ornamental, food, medicinal plants and orchids and plants cultivation areas growing in the warm temperature zone, and propagated in greenhouse and field plots, and propagated plants are Step 3 (Future development direction) supplied to arboretums and botanical gardens to be used Export wild resources for restoring habitats of rare and endemic plants and for Explore new resources cosmetics or industrial research materials. In addition it has Form a new market created and distributed a Standard Cultivation Guideline Disseminate the gardening culture using natural based on research results concerning propagation plants technologies for those cultivating useful plants. ❶ ❷ The exported items are increasing in horticulture industry with high growth potential, but demands for the use of Current status native plants are high due to loyalties for imported plants. In many cases, people in rural areas in developing KNA is conducting researches to use wild flowers as countries directly harvest plants from the wild to use gardening materials and improve gardening culture by them as food, fuel, lumber and medicine, so it is urgently using wild Àower resources. needed to build up supply systems to prevent the Target 12 assumes three steps of implementation extinction of the plants. strategies but it is hard to determine progress of each of It has been reported that there are a total of 14,444 species them as plant species are on different implementation of native or cultivated plants in Korea, 4,182 of them step. However when evaluating the progress in general, are native species and 9,942 are cultivated plant species many species are on step 2 mass production system imported for special purposes. There are 321 naturalized development but many species did not reach step 3, so ❸ ❹ the progress is evaluated as slow. 1 Research building of Useful Plant Resources Center 2 Green houses and nursery of Useful Plant Resources Center plants stabilized after being imported secondarily from 3-4 Development of propagation technologies through seeds, cuttage and tissue culture
50 51 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 13 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
Box 10 transplanting them to a pot (about 10cm). As Aconitum The innovation, practice, maintenance and barbatum var. hispidum (DC.) Ser. has growth Development of mass propagation characteristics to be adopted in dry environments, promotion of traditional knowledge related to techniques of Aconitum barbatum var. so the plant has thick and deep roots, thereby if it's plant resources hispidum (DC.) Ser. possible it is better not to exceed 2 months when temporarily managing the plant in a pot. If in case of After mixing ¿ne soil and decomposed granite (5 1, having longer period of temporarily managing the plant volume volume), seeds were sown on the soil, and in a pot and then trying to transplant it, it is required then allowing the seeds to fully absorbing water before to lower the nutrients in the pot and periodically cut Outline Current status storing them in a refrigerator (5℃) for about 40 days. roots going outside of the pot to prevent the root from After the cold stratification, the seeds can be moved Due to industrialization, urbanization and popularization, stretching out. As the plant is sensitive to the heat, Scope into growing soil at a depth of about 5 ~ 10mm from traditional knowledge on the various use of plant when the temperature goes up above 25℃ (greenhouse Indigenous and local knowledge innovations and the surface of the soil. Most of the seeds germinate resources is facing threat of disappearing and although temperatures), it is needed to manage the plant with practices associated with plant resources maintained about 30 to 40 days after sowing, and true leaves grow there are many medical books and old literatures related shading (about 50%). or increased, as appropriate, to support customary around 15 days after the germination and during this to agriculture or forestry on use of natural plants but the Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2015a. use, sustainable livelihoods, local food security and time the plants are managed in a way that temporarily health care. It is complementary to the Target 9 and quality and quantity are insufficient compared to the aims to collect and preserve traditional knowledge number of natural plant species. associated with plant resources traditionally used in Korean peninsula.
Strategy Step 1 (Highest-priority action) Establish long-term plan for traditional knowledge Establish a database of folk plants use Intensify the research on traditional plant knowledge Collect traditional knowledge from old documents
Step 2 (Priority action) Establish a systematic method to protect traditional A result of propagation knowledge experiment on Aconitum Prepare an English version of traditional knowledge barbatum var. hispidum (DC.) Ser. (verification of on the Korean peninsula in vitro germination rate, Pursue research cooperation on traditional sowing in soils, seedling knowledge of plants in North Korea growth, reproduction results) Step 3 (Future development direction) ❶ Develop a database of biological resources based on traditional knowledge Promote bio-industry based on traditional knowledge Looking to the future : key challenges Continuously pursuing the development of propagation technologies for useful plants according to social and economic values and conservation priorities Developing and distributing cultivation guidelines to improve the utilization of useful plants such as industrialization of the plants Expanding researches to develop horticulture and 1 Folk plants in Korea gardening materials using natural wild Àower resources (traditional knowleges and the use) Guidebook for propagation and cultivation of useful resource plants (2015) 2 Treatises on Forestry and Economy ❷
52 53 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum infrastructure for traditional knowledge on folk plants distribution, literatures, utilization periods and examples and external cooperation for conservation and the use of of application based on 'National Plant Names Index' traditional knowledge on folk plants were selected. since 2013. Building up DB on information of folk plants use KNA compiled 15,000 traditional knowledge on 931 folk Looking to the future : key challenges plants species after conducting investigations from 2005 Translation of traditional knowledge from Korean to 2012 (the ¿rst investigation), and provided open access into English will be finished by 2017 and protection to public through Korea Biodiversity Information System system of traditional knowledge will be established and (NATURE www.nature.go.kr) investigation on traditional knowledge of plants in North Conducting in-depth investigations on traditional Korea will be completed by 2020. knowledge on native plants From 2013, KNA published Developing cultural contents using bio-resources a comprehensive book on traditional knowledge on folk knowledge and cooperative system with Korea Forest plants (17,982 data for 974 species) and conducted second Service and companies to facilitate bio-industry based investigation on areas skipped during the first round of on traditional knowledge will be starting from 2018 investigation period (2005-2012) including mountains and remote places. Collecting of traditional knowledge from old literature 500 plants species included in old literatures such as Yimwongyeongje (Forestry and Economy), Donguibogam (Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine), Bonchogangmog (Compendium of Materia Medica), and Sanrimgyeongje (Forestry Economy)were reviewed and arranged plant names,
On site survey
For the first time in 1997, Rural Development book Folk plants in Korea - traditional knowledge and Administration conducted investigation on traditional the use and has provided services to the general public native knowledge of agricultural societies and traditional through DB on folk plants (17,982 data for 974 taxa) agricultural knowledge and then built up 1,829 database. included in the Korea Biodiversity Information System The Ministry of Government Administration and Home (NATURE). KNA had arranged traditional knowledge Affairs conducted investigation and exploration projects on 500 plants contained in old literatures by exploring on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in rural areas. traditional knowledge noted in Treatises on Forestry and Korea Forest Service arranged names of plants (common Economy, Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine name) and use, focusing on major mountains through through historical research from 2013 to 2015. exploration and arrangement projects for traditional Most of goal of step 1 among three steps of Target 13 knowledge related to use and management of folk plants were achieved and now we are in step 2 but as it was since 2002. The Korea Intellectual Property Office has evaluated that the progress is slow and more efforts built up and operated DB on traditional knowledge should be made to meet goal of step 2 and reach step 3 by focusing on literatures in the ¿eld of traditional Korean 2020. medicines. In addition, National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has collected Key successes and arranged information on traditional plants focusing Establishing 'Long-term Plans for Traditional Knowledge on national parks since 2009. KNA established Long-term Pans for Traditional KNA had conducted on site investigation on using Knowledge (2015-2024) in 2015 to achieve the goal of traditional knowledge on native plants in Korean target 13. As four implementation strategies, collecting peninsula through research on exploration and traditional knowledge for folk plants and advancing conservation of traditional plant resources from 2005 identi¿cation of explored data, global standardization of to 2012 and published 9 volumes of Folk plants in DB on traditional knowledge on folk plants and provision Korea I~I;. In 2013, KNA published comprehensive of information, building up value added utilization On site survey
54 55 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 14 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
plants to promote the importance of trees and forests and Key successes The promotion of plant diversity education enhance interests towards native plants. Eighteen educational programs are being implemented by Along with these educational programs, KNA held more and recognition KNA starting from single program on forest environment than 70 various special exhibitions including Exhibition of Firn (A Green Class) in 1993. At first the programs mainly Plants and Exhibition of Fruits of Native Plants to enhance included simple interpretation on plants but recently awareness of the general public toward plant diversity. programs reÀecting major issues such as climate change, Implementation strategies of Target 14 was set for biodiversity and forest ecosystem service were developed development and utilization of educational programs and are operated. The number of participants in the to enhance awareness on plant diversity, although programs gradually increased due to enhanced interests Outline Current status development of educational programs in connection with in the country, so as of 2014 the accumulated number the climate change in the step 1 is insufficient but the KNA developed arboretum training programs targeting of programs exceeded a million, and more than 100,000 Scope progress in general is evaluated as being in step 2, so it is each class including children, elderly and disabled and visitors participated in the programs annually in the recent As objectives for plant diversity conservation can be has operated the program for visitors, and recently KNA viewed that the goal of step 3 could be achieved by 2020. achieved by changes in awareness of people of all added the programme on increasing of public awareness social stratum from experts to general public, training and promotion of awareness on the importance of about importance of plant diversity and conservation to importance of the Demilitarized zone (DMZ) which is plant diversity and the need for conservation would the existing educational program. Box 11 known as a rich repository of living things. be a valuable foundation in achieving the goal of this KNA implementing the programme - Exiting Bioblitz Korea target. To this end, we would work to promote enhance Green World (forest kindergarten) for children and As a major achievement of 2016 Bioblitz Korea, a total of 1,541 species were found in border areas of the DMZ. communications, education and awareness with the preschoolers, Green Class in an Elementary School and 「Bioblitz Korea」, a science related participation Along with 482 plant species and 822 insect species, subject of plant diversity in conjunction with the Target Green Class for elementary students in a certain grade activity, held in 2010 for the first time in Korea in various benthic invertebrate, ¿shes, rare mushrooms, 15 and Target 16. for primary schoolchild, Green Class for adolescents which expert biologists, amateurs, and general public herptiles and birds were observed. for middle and high school students, and Green Class join in for short periods of 24 hours to ¿nd out various In particular, 1 new plant species, 2 unrecorded Strategy Visiting and Teaching Students for kindergarten and species in a region and then make an index of them. insect species, wildcats which are included in Least- primary school students who experience difficulties in The training activities include 'Walking' and 'Talking' Step 1 (Highest-priority action) concern species of IUCN, and mountain goats which paying on site visit. educations, and participants get experiences with experts. Develop and manage educational programs related are natural monument no. 217 were found. (Photo KNA operates courses on Exploration to see mountain Bioblitz Korea which has become the 6th in 2016 to plant diversity conservation forwarded by the research and planning team) birds in Gwangneung forest, Excursion to specialized was held in Haean-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon- Develop and mange educational programs related to Source : http://www.forest.go.kr exhibition garden, Excursion to Forest Museum, climate change do which is close to the DMZ, in order to promote the Excursion to Forest Zoo, and Excursion to Tropical Greenhouse. In addition, KNA executes A program to Step 2 (Priority action) Implement UNESCO sustainable development enhance happiness and Forest prenatal education as education (ESD2) standard leisure programs in which visitors can experience various Implement the biodiversity convention (CBD3 services provided by forests, and a summer camp in CEPA4) communication, education, and public forests targeting primary school students and families recognition program standard during summer vacation. KNA operates a forest culture experience class Step 3 (Future development direction) in which visitors can make forest products and Expand educational programs, handcrafts related to forest culture, a contest to including manpower and databases know plants in Korea right and classes for Display and participate in the biodiversity convention CEPA exhibition
2) UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development 3) CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity 4) CEPA : The Convention’s Communication, Education and Public Awareness
57 Korea National Arboretum 5 years (2011-2015). was delivered by oral presentation under the title of Rare Looking to the future : key challenges Receiving external certifications on forest education and Endemic Plant Conservation through Education and Developing educational contents and programs using programs KNA acquired a certification of UNESCO Network Activities A Case Study of Korea National research foundations such as arboretums, botanical ESD, the official project for UNESCO ESD program, Arboretum during the AZEC 2015. gardens and exhibition gardens for Our Cultural Heritage (Playing in Forests with Our For distribution of educational programs on forests, KNA Facilitating capacity building and information sharing Culture) which is developed for sustainable development published and distributed a source book on educational by developing Korea Arboretum and Botanic Garden of forests in 2015. programs for forests in connection with traditional plays Education Network (KABGEN) among arboretums, For the pilot application of research based educational to 130 related institutions including Korea Forest Service, botanical gardens and schools programs, KNA conducted 4 rounds of exploring local governments, arboretums, and commercialized a Developing educational programs and sharing naturalized plants program in total in 2015 and the story telling book animals are in plants and teaching information in connection with CBD-CEPA and regional programs were participated by 240 adolescents and the tool for play using gravity of wood made of 21 kinds of level networks families. The operational achievements of this program natural or planted plants. Improving quality by having on site application of educational programs and acquiring certifications through external evaluation
Box 12 participants to continuously pay attention to naturalized plants growing around cities where they are living, we Exploring naturalized plants are working for a project to make a map of naturalized plants in my town, and the Korea National Arboretum It is an example in which naturalized plants studied has been sharing observation tips from experts, and by Korea National Arboretum included into training educational materials. program. The program is an ecology exploration Through this educational program, the participants' program for families and is conducted as a scientific recognitions on naturalized plants have changed from project where citizens participate in researches negative in the first place to positive and friendly in performed by scientists. Since 2015, a program for the course of the education and the participants could exploration of naturalized plants has been conducted, much easily observe other living things (honeybees, and it is an educational program performed in cicadas and green frogs) in surrounding environments, connection with research, exhibits (exhibition gardens) and the number of exploring naturalized plants was the and training. Major contents include searching for highest as the understanding and interests on the idea of naturalized plants in exhibition gardens, exploring naturalized plants were enhanced through ¿eld training. naturalized plants in the exhibition gardens by using (the number of exploration by each living thing in Kids a search table, collecting and observing seeds of Donga Science 2015). naturalized plants, and making specimens of naturalized Korea National Arboretum is conducting educational plants. Through this educational program, in order for programs for each target audience in terms of the importance of conserving native plants, and rare and endemic plants, and invasive plants, along with the exploration of naturalized plants Source : http://www.forest.go.kr
58 59 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 15 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
programs to educate manpower conducted by related in charge of forest in developing countries, such as A Training specialists for plant conservation institutions in Korea such as public and private arboretum Capacity Building Course for Overseas Forest Interns, and nurturing experts in connection with Botanical A Complex Management Course for Forest in terms of Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and East Climate Change in Latin America, and An Afforestation Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN). Course to Make Green Belts in Mongolia and trained The implementation strategies of Target 15 is to meet the about 70 experts annually, including supporting of ¿eld goal of nurturing experts by KNA itself and as a result trips and education by KNA of progress assessment the goal of step 2 seems to be Expert course for forest education It was opened in 2012 Outline completed and it is viewed that the goal of step 3 could by KNA to enhance capacity of experts on forest training Scope be achieved through consistent expert nurturing programs and it provides opportunities for in-depth learning and supporting activities by 2020. required to operate forest training such as classi¿cation of For conducting expert training in the area of plant plants, insects, wild birds, mushrooms and lichen, and as conservation and nurturing manpower in order to of 2015 a total of 609 training experts were prepared by reinforce necessary manpower for research institutions Key successes the course. along with the increasing number of research institutions Asian Regional Botanic Gardens Training Course KNA for conservation of plant diversity, arboretums or Forest guide training course KNA launched this course held Asian Regional Botanic Gardens Training Course botanic gardens provide training program for experts in 2013 to educate forest guide in KNA and operated jointly with BGCI in New Zealand in 2013. The course in the area of plant conservation such as botany and theoretical and practical educational courses for helping was attended by people involved into plant conservation biology in connection with Target 14. to acquire the certificate for forest guides, and 2,042 and restoration at arboretums and botanical gardens experts were nurtured as of 2015. of 9 countries in East Asia including Laos, Malaysia, Nurturing phenology researchers for assessing the Strategy Vietnam and Korea, and provided opportunities to form impact of climate change KNA has operated projects Step 1 (Highest-priority action) networks to share information and improve capacity for for conservation and adaptation of vulnerable forest Develop employee-training programs in national implementing GSPC. plant species to climate change jointly with Korea Forest and regional unit Courses for experts education through international Service, and has offered on site training for researchers Connect national arboretums and university training cooperation The Forest Training Institute of Korea in public and private arboretum to nurture experts for courses for plant conservation Forest Service opened expert training courses for of¿cials Training course on regional arboretums in Asia (2013, in New Zealand) monitoring phenology of plants.
Step 2 (Priority action) Open an international-level training program signi¿cantly, so it is urgently needed to nurture experts on Increase budgets and reinforce facility support various plant conservation areas. Box 13 according to the expansion of plant conservation To nurture experts, the Forest Education Center of the Training Course research facilities Korea Forest Service has nurtured about 200 training experts by operating tree identi¿cation course, capacity Korea National Arboretum is operating a system for Step 3 (Future development direction) building course for forest training experts, capacity research fellow, senior research fellow and ¿eld experts Transfer knowledge and technologies related to plant building course for recreational forest commentators, prepare professional manpower for plants conservation. conservation arboretum coordinator course, forest training course Research fellows are young scientists, who acquired for teachers and overseas forest internship course for advanced degrees, studying their areas of expert capacity building to nurture global experts. In addition, with experts in Korea National Arboretum as part of Current status the Korea Arboretum and Botanic Garden Education education science and engineering personnel, and As the importance of biodiversity conservation increases Network (KABGEN) and public and private arboretums they are given opportunities to use expert knowledges in the world, the number of research facilities and are operating their own educational programs such as related to forest life and improve their capacities. institutions for plant diversity conservation is increasing, training course for gardeners. Senior research fellows are retired researchers or and recently in Korea along with increasing of demands KNA provides capacity building programs that allow professors who studied each area for a long period from people and societies for plants, new arboretums participation in research projects. Ten post doctorate and they conduct researches together with experts experiences in relevant ¿eldsm and the areas of expert were constructed including National Baekdudaegan researchers and 34 researchers with masters degree are and research fellows for efficient advancement of for onsite specialists include building up of exhibition Arboretum, National Central Arboretum and participating in the programs as of 2015. KNA prepare more researches on forest life. gardens, management technologies, propagation of Saemangeum Arboretum. than 2,000 experts annually by operating A Course for Onsite specialists are for improving operation, plant resources and cultivation management. Accordingly demands for experts (expert researchers, Forest Education Experts and A Course to Nurture Forest management and researches of arboretums in its quality Source : http://www.forest.go.kr gardeners, forest commentators, botanical garden Commentator which are programs to nurture experts. and quantity by inviting civilian experts with wide coordinators, and training experts) are increasing In addition, KNA is offering technological supports for
60 61 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Target 16 Progress in implementation of KSPC 2020 targets
The establishment and strengthen national-, regional- and international-level plant conservation organizations, networks and partnerships
Outline Conservation International (BGCI) and Ecological Restoration Alliance of Botanic Gardens (ERA) at Scope international level. Building up networks and cooperative systems with In particular, the EABCN is a regional network created related institutions at national/regional/international by KNA and participated by 6 institutions in 5 countries levels and enhancing cooperation to achieve the goal (Korea National Arboretum in Korea, Forest and Forestry of this target. Products Research Institute in Japan, Institute of Applied Ecology and South China Botanical Garden, CAS in Strategy China, Botanical Garden-Institute, RAS in Russia, and Step 1 (Highest-priority action) National University of Mongolia in Mongolia) and it was Establish networks of¿cially launched through a multilateral MOU in 2014. Facilitate regular contact between networks In order to build up regional networks, KNA launched connection with expert educational institutions for forest Looking to the future : key challenges Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network and public/private arboretums Expanding development of educational programs to Step 2 (Priority action) (CABCN) through MOUs with countries in Central Asia Increasing opportunities to participate in joint studies in training experts on plant conservation by reÀecting social Strengthen communication and cooperation between (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan), connection with regional level networks such as EABCN demands networks and Southeast Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network to enhance capacity of expert researchers Facilitate constant network participation Increasing supports for expert training programs in (SABCN) by signing MOUs with Southeast Asia countries (Laos, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia). In Step 3 (Future development direction) 2016, EABGN's general meeting held in Seoul, South Establish a conservation strategies for networks Korea. Box 14 Share information and conduct joint research project Implementation strategies of target 16 was developed by Examples of training utilizing the BRAHMS considering new regional networks instead of existing, program and EABCN is in its 3rd step, CABCN and SABCN We have tested a basic utilization training concerning Current status completed the step 1, and step 2 is in progress, it is the Botanical Research and Herbarium Management KNA, starting from signing an MOU with Northeast viewed that the goal could be achieved by 2020. System (BRAHMS)5 for two days from Dec 18th to Forestry University of China in 1999 to build up Dec 19th 2014 for the management of plant information. partnerships for plant conservation studies, and as of The training was participated by 34 personnel from 12 2015 KNA has signed a total of 68 MOUs (36 with related institutions including public/private arboretums, domestic institutions and 32 with overseas institutions) and it was found that there is a lack of experiences on and 40 MOUs of them were signed (21 with domestic other programs excluding the currently utilized Korea institutions and 19 with overseas institutions) for recent 5 Biodiversity Information System, and preference of years (2011-2015). training on BRAHMS program which enables easy In addition KNA participates as a member in a number management of collections and scientific names. of plant conservation networks at local and international According to results of the pilot training, it was required level. At national level, KNA is a member of Korean to operate regular course of educational programs. Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta (KABGA) Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2014. and Rare and Endemic Plant Conservation Network, and at regional level KNA joined in East Asia Botanic Garden Network (EABCN) and East Asia Biodiversity Theory education for experts in the forest eduction Conservation Network (EABGN), and Botanic Gardens
EABCN special committee meeting (Jeju, 2015)
62 63 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Key successes Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network Box 15 Conservation Network (CABCN) to develop East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN)* (CABCN) For enhancing cooperation on biodiversity cooperation in biodiversity conservation in Central Asia. Since its launch in 2014, it has conducted cooperative researches and cooperation between Korea and Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Korea and Central Asian countries signed an MOU for projects in three areas including building up inventory Central Asia, MOUs were signed for collecting bio- Network joint Àora exploration, material collection, bio resources of biodiversity in East Asia, joint studies to conserve resources jointly and exchanging and sharing research Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network exchanging and sharing research materials by Aug 2016, species vulnerable to climate change, capacity building materials with 4 countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, (CABCN) Central Asia Green-Road project launched to and had onsite workshops (2 times in Uzbekistan in of participating institutions and is working on projects Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and are bolster cooperation between Korea and Central Asia for May, 2015 and in Kyrgyz Republic in May, 2016), such as creation of an integrated list of plants in East working to launch CABCN and Secretariat of¿ce was biodiversity researches and conservation. This project is expert technology training (1 time), an international Asia and monitoring vegetation changes resulted from opened in Uzbekistan in 2016. planned for 15 years with three stages of implementation, symposium (October 2015), and an exchange of climate change and for consistent strengthening of Conservation of useful plant resources in Nepal In order and the ¿rst step for project (2015-2019) is about joint personnel (one research fellow). Flora of the Western exchanges and cooperation seminars or on site workshops to build up partnership with Nepal which is one of hot researches on key areas of major biodiversity such as Tien Shan, Chimgan Mountains was pulbished in 2015. have been hosted for more than one time in a year. From spots in terms of biodiversity, MOU with the Department the Tien Shan Mtns., researches on systematics of major Agreement on establishment of Central Asia Biodiversity 2014 to 2015 it published three illustrated plant books of Plant Resources (DPR) of Nepal was signed in 2014 taxa, nurturing of capacities of taxonomists, a short term Conservation Network (CABCN) has been made and including Important Plants of East Asia I, II Resilient and joint researches were conducted for investigating and technology training, and exchange of personnel. In 2015 articles of association are being negotiated at present. In Dwarf Relict Plants Tell Stories using the results of joint collecting plant resources in 2015. four countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, May 2016, International of¿ce on ex situ conservation in researches on Àoras in East Asia. Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and Korea National Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Arboretum established Central Asia Biodiversity Source : Korea National Arboretum. 2015. * East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (EABCN) Regional network launched in 2014 under the leadership of KNA and includes 6 member institutions in 5 countries (Korea National Arboretum in Korea, Forest and Forestry Products Research Institute in Japan, Institute of Applied Ecology and South China Botanical Garden, CAS in China, Botanical Garden-Institute, RAS in Russia, and National University of Mongolia in Mongolia)
On site workshop of vegetation monitoring (Korea, 2014)
5) Central Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network (CABCN) : CABCN is a network created by research institutions and experts in the field of forest and plant researches from Korea and 4 Central Asian countries including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan for cooperating in conservation of Central Asia biodiversity at regional level. Network united 6 institutions in 5 countries. It has been promoted as part of the Green-Road Project of Central Asia.
64 65 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum A Review of Progress in implementation of the Korea Strategy for Plant Conservation 2020 by Korea National Arboretum
Appendix
❶
1 On site workshop for vegetation monitoring (Japen, 2015) 2 On site workshop for vegetation monitoring (Mongolia, 2016) ❷
Looking to the future : key challenges National level KNA will pursue Bioblitz Korea and conservation and restoration activities for rare and endemic plants through the rare and endemic plant conservation network in conjunction with public/private arboretums and will enhance research capacity through cooperation with the KABGA. Regional level KNA will strengthen operational foundation of regional level biodiversity conservation networks such as EABCN, CABCN and SABCN, and will facilitate joint studies by expanding the working group of established networks Global level KNA will make that its research results On site workshop for such as building up biodiversity inventory through monitoring vegetation cooperation with BGCI and ERA and other international changes (Korea, 2014) agencies, and studies on restoration of ecological system would contribute to the achievement of GSPC objectives.
66 67 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Current status Summary of Progress Towards the KSPC Targets KSPC Target (and level of confidence for Comments ranking)
The following is a summary information of the progress As a result, evaluating progress of Target 1 according to the steps is as following ; step 1 "Revise the plant checklist of evaluation whether the goals of KSPC targets are Target 1 Korean peninsula" has been completed (if needed, additional The completion of online achieved by 2020. Progress assessment consists of five complementation works will be performed consistently), step 2 flora for the Korean "Build online flora of Korean peninsula" is ongoing, and step 3 scales, and reviewed the progress of the confidence Peninsula high level of data (high, medium, low) with a review by On track to achieve target assumes developing the lists of fungi, lichens and bryophytes will be achieved by 2020. practitioners and experts by target. This shows a summary of whether we are on the right track. According to implementation strategy defined Target 2, re- evaluation of the conservation status should be conducted every five years, which was done consistently as defined for step 1 and Target 2 evaluating of endemic plants against IUCN criteria as defined An evaluation of step 2 is in progress and will be completed soon. Evaluating of Progess Assessment endangered species high conservation status of all listed plants in Korea Plant Names Index On track to achieve target is planned for step 3. Another ongoing process is assessment of East Asia endemic species against IUCN Red List criteria working group with executing date of 2020.
Target 3 assumes share of comprehensive information on Target 3 implementation strategies. Progress evaluation is complicated The development and for this target, but overall approach for establishing a better 5. Exceeding target (achieving target is expected Progress towards target but at an insuf¿cient rate, i.e. sharing of implementation information sharing system makes it possible to achieve goals within the deadline due to exceeding designated unless we step up our efforts we will have missed strategies high by 2020 if consistent efforts are made. performance) the target in 2020 On track to achieve target On track to exceed target, i.e. we are doing even better and expected to achieve the target before 2. No change (goals are set but not implemented) With regard to progress with implementation strategy of Target Target 4 4, areas where detailed study on flora and vegetation as well as 2020 No signi¿cant change, i.e. we are neither moving The securing of at least classification of types was finished are reached step 3. But un- towards the target nor away from it 15% of each ecological investigated areas and newly designated areas are on step 1 or region/ vegetation 4. Achieving target (achieving target is expected 2. Overall, it was evaluated that the progress of this target was unit through effective rather slow, because newly designated areas is going up due within the deadline if the current trend continues) 1. Away from target (worse than the status before management and medium to strengthening of recent policies to expand Forest Genetic On track to achieve target, i.e. if we continue our setting the goal) restoration Progress towards target but not to achieve it Resources Protection Area. However, quantitative indicator of efforts we expect to achieve the target by 2020 Moving away from target, i.e. things are getting securing at least 15% of each eco-region and vegetation unit is rather than better expected to be achieved by 2020. 3. Progress but insuf¿cient (dif¿cult to achieve target within the deadline if more efforts are not made) Target 5 Considering implementation strategy defined Target 5, it is The conservation of at evaluated that current activities on alpine and sub-alpine regions least 75% of diversity are already reached step 3 but others are correspond to step 2. conservation areas for Progress in forest wetlands is slower than expected due to large important plants in each number of regions and sites being subjects to investigation. ecological area managed medium More than 90% of wind holes, forest wetlands, and alpine for the conservation of Progress towards target and sub-alpine regions are subjects to conservation activities effective species diversity but not to achieve it planned to be achieved by 2020 if considerable efforts are and genetic diversity implemented.
Among the implementation strategies of the Target 6, currently the step 2 has been completed and it is evaluated that we Target 6 reached step 3 and preparing policy tools for executing the The management target will be possible by 2020 but the application to target sites of congruence with is slow. However, by improving the eco-friendly timber harvesting biodiversity conservation medium system considering forest biodiversity conservation and making for at least 75% of the Progress towards target efforts for sustainable management of Commercial Forest Foster production area but not to achieve it Complexes, it is viewed as possible to achieve 90% of the target by 2020.
68 69 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Current status Current status KSPC Target (and level of confidence for Comments KSPC Target (and level of confidence for Comments ranking) ranking)
Among the 3 steps of implementation strategies in Target 7, it Target 13 was evaluated that the step 2 was finished and we reached the The innovation practice, Most of goal of step 1 among three steps of Target 13 were Target 7 step 3. Concerning the most of rare plants, current situation was maintenance and achieved and now we are in step 2 but as it was evaluated that The pursuit of in situ figured out and measures for in situ conservation were taken, promotion of traditional the progress is slow and more efforts should be made to meet conservation and now research projects for in situ conservation of threatened low high knowledge related to goal of step 2 and reach step 3 by 2020. plants is expanded so it is expected that target is achieved by Progress towards target On track to achieve target plant resources 2020. but not to achieve it
Implementation strategies of Target 14 was set for development and utilization of educational programs to enhance awareness Target 8 Step 2 of Target 8 is in progress now, and restoration projects for Target 14 on plant diversity, although development of educational The pursuit of ex situ some rare plant species are in step 3, so if the efforts for ex situ The promotion of plant programs in connection with the climate change in the step 1 is conservation and conservation and restoration are continued, it is expected that diversity education and insufficient but the progress in general is evaluated as being in restoration high the target could be achieved by 2020. recognition high On track to achieve target On track to achieve target step 2, so it is viewed that the goal of step 3 could be achieved by 2020.
Target 9 entered step 3, which is final step of implementation The implementation strategies of Target 15 is to meet the goal Target 9 strategies. The goal of step 1, "an inventory on crops (plants)", is of nurturing experts by KNA itself and as a result of progress The genetic diversity pursued in connection with the Target 1 and 2, and the goal of Target 15 assessment the goal of step 2 seems to be completed and it of crops and the step 2, "establish promotional strategies in accordance with the Training specialists for medium Global Plan of Action for PGRFA", is being implemented under the is viewed that the goal of step 3 could be achieved through preservation of traditional plant conservation high Progress towards target "2nd basic plan for conservation, management and improved use consistent expert nurturing programs and supporting activities knowledge On track to achieve target but not to achieve it of agricultural bio-resources (2014-2018)." As of now collection by 2020. to secure genetic diversity of crops, development of propagation technologies and technology exchanges using regional-level networks in step 3 are ongoing, but the progress was evaluated Target 16 as bit slow due to the large number of target plants. The establishment and strengthen Implementation strategies of target 16 was developed by national-, regional- considering new regional networks instead of existing, and It is evaluated that Target 10 now reached step 2 by and international-level EABCN is in its 3rd step, CABCN and SABCN completed the Target 10 implementation strategies, and for achieving the goal of the step 1, and step 2 is in progress, it is viewed that the goal could plant conservation high The development of step 3 a countermeasure for comprehensive management of be achieved by 2020. organizations, networks On track to achieve target effective management alien plants and establishment of a management system with medium and partnerships plans for invasive plants participation of Korea Forest Service and other related institutions Progress towards target are being implemented but with slow progress. but not to achieve it
When looking into implementation steps of the Target 11, step Target 11 1 and 2 have been accomplished by related government The prevention of plant agencies including the Ministry of Environment, and goal of step extinction caused by 3 could be achieved by 2020 as related government agencies international trade high and research institutions have consistently worked on it. On track to achieve target
Target 12 assumes three steps of implementation strategies but Target 12 it is hard to determine progress of each of them as plant species The continuous supply of are on different implementation step. However when evaluating the progress in general, many species are on step 2 "mass all plant-based products medium production system development" but many species did not harvested from the wild Progress towards target reach step 3, so the progress is evaluated as slow. but not to achieve it
70 71 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum References
Akcak aya H. R. and Ferson, S. 2007. RAMAS Red List 3.0. Threatened species classi¿cation under uncertainty. Jeong H.R., Kwon H.J., Choi K., Chung J.M. and Moon H.S. 2014. Traditional Knowledge on the Regional Folk ²Setauket Applied Biomathematics, Inc. Published at https //www. ramas.com/redlist.htm Plants in Inland of Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea. Korean J. Plant Res. 27 (4) 309-325. Anon. 2012 Plants under pressure ± a global assessment. IUCN Sampled Red List Index for Plants. Royal Jin Jang, Park S.H., Jung S.Y., Chang K.S., Yang J.C., Oh S.H., Han Y.S., and Yun S.M. 2013. Two Newly Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Naturalized Plants in Korea Senecio inaequidens DC. and S. scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. Journal of Asia-Paci¿c Biodiversity December 2013, Vol.6 (4) 449-453. BGCI. 2012. The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, Uk. Kim, J. S. 2014. A Study on Stand Structure, Environmental factor and Understory vegetation for Variable Retention in Quercus mongolica Forest. Kyungpook National University Graduate school. Daegu, Korea. BGCI. 2012. A Guide To The GSPC All the targets, objectives and facts. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, Uk. Korea National Arboretum. 2011. Annual report of research and development project, Pocheon, Korea. CBD. 2009. Plant Conservation Report A review of progress in Implementing the Global Strategy for Plant Korea National Arboretum. 2013. Air Holes in Korea. Pocheon, Korea. Conservation (GSPC). Montreal, Canada. Korea National Arboretum. 2013. Annual report of research and development project, Pocheon, Korea. CBD. 2014. Plant Conservation Report 2014 A review of progress towards the Global Strategy for Plant Korea National Arboretum. 2014. Annual report of research and development project, Pocheon, Korea. Conservation 2001-2020. Montreal, Canada. Korea National Arboretum. 2014. KSPC by Korea National Arboretum, Korea National Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea. CBD. 2014. Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Montreal, Canada. Korea National Arboretum. 2014. Investigation Report on Public and Private Forest Marshland. Korea National Chang C.S., Kim H., Son S.W., and Kim Y.S., 2016. The Red List of Selected Vascular Plants in Korea. Korea Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea. National Arboretum and Korean Plant Specialist Group, Pocheon, Korea. Korea National Arboretum. 2015. Annual report of research and development project, Pocheon, Korea. Corlett R.T. and Westcott, D.A. 2013. Will plant movements keep up with climate change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28 482-488. Korea National Arboretum. 2015a. Guide for propagation and cultivation of useful resource plants. Korea National Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea. FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2010 Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. FAO, Rome, Italy. Korea National Arboretum. 2015. English Names for Korean Native Plants. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea. 778pp. Greer, J. 2012. Peace in Korea’s DMZ Reuniting the Land of Embroidered River and Mountains. California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento. Lee, B.C. 2009. Rare plants data book of Korea. Korea National Arboretum, Pochoen, Korea. Haven s, K., Kramer, A.T. and Guerrant, E.O. Jr. 2014. Getting plant conservation right (or not) the case of the Lee B.H., Han H.K., Kwon H.J., and Eom A.H. 2015. Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Roots of United States. Int. J. Plant Sci. 175 (1) 3±10. Cypripedium japonicum and C. macranthum in Korea. Kor. J. Mycol. 2015 March, 43 (1) 20-25. Hawkins, B. 2008. Plants for life medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens. Botanic Gardens Mark, J., Newton, A.C., and Old¿eld, S.F. 2014. AWorking List of Commercial Timber Tree Species. Botanic Conservation International, Richmond, UK. Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK. Hawki ns, B., Sharrock, S. and Havens, K. 2008. Plants and climate change which future? Botanic gardens Novotny, V., Drozd, P., Miller, S.E., Kulfan, M., Janda, M., Basset, Y. and Weiblen, G.D. 2006. Why are there so Conservation International, Richmond, UK. many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests? Science, 313 1115-1118. IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. 2010. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Pi, J.H ., J.Y. Jung, J.G. Park, H.H. Yang, E.H. Kim, G.U. Suh, C.H. Lee and S.W. Son. 2015. Habitats Criteria. Environmental and Population Characteristics of Cypripedium japonicum Thunb., a Rare Species in Korea. KJEE 48 (4) 253-262 (2015) IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List criteria review provisional report. http //www.iucn.org/themes/ssc Tokushima Committee For Endangered Species Conservation. 2010. Conservation and management manual for IUCN. 2001. Draft guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List criteria at National and regional levels. endangered species conservation in Tokushima. Tokushima City Museum, Tokushima. Japan http //www.iucn.org/themes/ssc USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network, GRIN IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Introduction. http //www.iucn.org/ themes/ssc (Online database). Beltsville, Maryland Available at http //www.ars-grin.gov Jeong M.J., Choi G.E., Ghimite B. Lee H.Y., Jung J.Y. Choi M.S., Ku J.J., Lee K.M., Lee C.H., Suh G.U., and World Resources Institute (WRI). 2008. Ecosystem services a guide for decision makers. World Resources Son S.W. 2016. Effect of Seed Collection Stage and Temperature on Germination of Deutzia paniculata Institute, Washington DC. Nakai, the Korea Native Species. Korean J. Hortic. Sci. Technol. 34 (3) 372-382. http //www.plants2020.net
72 73 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Annex 1. List of Research Projects
Target Period Research Project Target Period Research Project
1 2012~2016 Survey on Forest Lichens and Fungus Diversity 2012~2016 Establishment of Asian Hub Seed Bank Base 2014~2018 Survey on Potential Higher Fungi Excavation in Arboreta and Forests 2015~2019 Assessment and Application of Subject Plant Characteristics for Soils Exhibition Garden Function Promotion 2015~2017 Research on Unidenti¿ed Native Plant Names of Korean Peninsula 2010~2014 Study of the Exhibition Garden Plant Introduction, Use and Creation 2012~2016 Taxonomic Reconsideration on Korean Cyperaceae Plants 10 2013~2015 InvasiveTypesAssessmentand Monitoring in the Forest of Naturalized 2011~2015 Upgradability of Forest Biological Specimen Infrastructure of Korean Plants Peninsula 2016~2020 Study on Changes and Risk Evaluation of Exotic Plant Diversity 2015~2024 Publication Survey on Silvics of Korean Peninsula 2012~2014 Study on Taxonomic History through Historical Analysis of Korean 12 2011~2015 Mass Propagation and Cultivation Technique Development of Useful Native Plants Plant Resources 2014~2023 Study on Speciation and Origin for Korean Endemic Plants 2014~2018 StudyonOur Wild Àowers Use for Spreading Garden Culture
2 2010~2019 Establishment of Infrastructure on Rare and Endemic Plant Conservation 13 2013~2017 Infrastructure Establishment for the Sovereignty Procurement of and Restoration Ethnobotanic Traditional Knowledge 2012~2015 AStudyonthe Arrangement and Utilization by Type of the Forest 3 2015~2020 Discover Exhibition Materials and Develop Management Technique of Historical Data by chronological period Tropical Plant Resources Research Center 2010~2014 Development on Arti¿cial Environment and Plant Management Skills of 14 2013~2015 Development of Plant Interpretation technique on the Exhibition Garden Tropical Greenhouse Trail Vegetation by District 2014~2018 Studyonthe Hosta Genus Resources Diversity Conservation and 4 2007~2016 Current Status Research on Designation Condition and Plant Resources of Exhibition Education Forest Genetic Resources Reserve 2016~2020 Study on Education Program Application Plan Utilizing Exhibition Garden and Research Infrastructure of Arboreta · Botanical Gardens 5 2013~2017 Biodiversity Conservation Study of Gwangneung Forest and Experimental Forest 15 2011~2014 Development of Professional Display · Interpretation Training Course for Forest Education of Arboreta 6 2016~2020 Initial Habitat Monitoring of Transition for Comparative Study of Gwangneung Forest 2012~2014 Development of Gardner's Business Manual for the Management of Arboreta · Botanical Gardens Exhibition Gardens 7 2013~2017 Study on the Investigation. Collection and Conservation. Use on DMZ and Northern Area Plants 16 2014~2018 Establishment of East Asia Biodiversity Conservation Network 2015~2019 Green Road of Central Asia I . Research on the Flora of Central Asia and 2011~2015 Exploration and Resources Collection of Domestic and Foreign Potential 8 Establishment of Taxonomic Study Infrastructure Plant Resources 2016~2020 Useful Plant Collection for the Forest Plant Convergence Platform Foundation Establishment 2016~2020 Developmenton Mass Propagation Method for the Forest Plant Application Base Establishment
74 75 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Annex 2. List of Publications 2013 2010~2013 Rare Rare Plants in Korea Korean Wind-Hole Photo Book of Korean and Endemic Plants Endemic Plants Conservation and T 02 T 08 Restoration Business T 08 Record T 02
Seasonal Changing Northern Tunisia / Central and Southern Investigation Manual Environment and Plants of Tunisia / Plants of of Vulnerable Forest Biodiversity of Mediterranean Grassland and Sahara Plant Species to Gwangneung Forest Desert Climate Change T 11 T 05 T 11 T 02
Useful Plants of Report on the 2012 Index Seminum Korean Temple Dokdo and Ulleungdo Inventory of Gardens Vascular Plants T 12 T 07 and Wild Animals T 13 in Mt. Jumbong Experimental Forest of Korea National Arboretum T 07
2012 Investigation Useful Exploration Guideline to Korean Forest Education Report on Public Plant Resources Traditional Garden Annual Report of and Private Forest Proliferation and Creation Korea National Marshland Cultivation Manual Arboretum (Issue 1) T 13 2010 T 07 T 08 T 14
76 77 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum 2014
Forest Education Forest Education Geography and Forest of Korea II / Annual Report of Annual Report of Vegetation of Geography and Korea National Korea National Mt.Jumbong Vegetation of Arboretum (Issue 2) Arboretum (Issue 3) Experimental Forest Southern Gyeongbuk 2011 2012 T 01 T 01 T 14 T 14
2nd Livelihood Garden Forest of Korea I / Important plants of Competition : My Conservation of East Asia : Plants tell Own Garden in my Korean Fir (Abies stories Imagination Born by Koreana) in My Hands a Changing T 02 Environment T 15 T 01
Korea National 2014 Investigation Arboretum's Strategy Report on Public for Plant Conservation and Private Forest (KSPC) Marshland T 03 T 05
2013 Report on the 2014 Report on the Experimental Forest Experimental Forest of Korea National of Korea National Arboretum (1st Year) Arboretum (2nd Year) T 07 T 07
78 79 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum 2014 Report on 50 Major Tree Species 3rd Livelihood Garden Gardening Diary Conservation of Myanmar Bago Competition : Adjustment Business Yoma Area Livelihood Garden in T 12 of the Forest Plant My Mind Species vulnerable to T 08 Climate Change T 12 T 07
Rhododendron 100 Lilacs Mountain Travel Essay Mountain Travel Essay Gardening 2 : Gyeonggi-do 3 : Gyeongsangnam- T 09 do T 09 T 13 T 13
Atla of Vietnam's Floristic Diversity Ulleungdo·Dokdo Ethnobotany in Korea : Forest Tree Species of Hon Ba Nature Useful Folk Resources The Traditional Vol.6 Reserve, Vietnam Plants Knowledge and Use of Indigenous Plants T 11 T 11 T 13 T 13
Northern Tunisia / Central and Southern Mountain Travel Essay The Annals of the Plants of Tunisia / Plants of Joseon Dynasty, Mediterranean Grassland and Sahara T 13 Articles on Forestry (Korean-English- Desert (Korean- Arabic-French) English-Arabic-French) T 13 T 11 T 11
80 81 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum 2015
The Forest Education The Forest Education Field Guide to the The Field Guide to Program : Primary Program : Middle & Sedges 100 of Korea Lichens School Education High School Education Curriculum Curriculum T 01 T 01 T 14 T 14
DMZ Human Nature Plant Resources English Names for Important Plants of Environmental Report Status Investigation Korean Native Plants East Asia II Report of the Forest T 14 Genetic Resources T 01 T 07 Reserve, 6th~8th T 14
Seek Winter Tree with How to Distinguish Resilient Dwarf Relict Flora of the Western Spear Naturalized Plants Plants Tell Stories Tein Shan : the Chimgan mountains T 14 T 14 T 07 T 11
Forest Interpretation Basic Forest Mini-Gardening using Garden portfolio Workbook Interpretation (for Tropical Plants of Korea National Forest Interpreter Arboretum T 15 Training Experts T 12 Course) T 12 T 15
82 83 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Korea National Arboretum www.kna.go.kr
Korean Temple Traditional Korean Gardens Gardens (revised) T 13 T 13
Beginning of Gwangneung Forest investigation and procurement of useful plants, registration of forest plant resource information, and entry and exit The Korea National Arboretum is located in a part of the forest administration of specimens. surrounding Gwangneung, where the seventh King of Joseon Dynasty, King Sejo the Great and his Queen Junghee are buried. It Area 1,120 ha (Total area of Gwangneung Forest 2,240 ha) was managed strictly as a royal forest for over 500 years. However, Mountain Travel Essay DMZ Ecological during the Japanese occupation in 1911, the area excluding the Plants 6,344 species (wild : 938 species) of Gangwon-do Culture Map - Humane royal tomb was incorporated as a separate forest land during a Exhibition Garden : 3,344 species T 13 T 14 survey on the national forests. This is what has become today’s Tropical plant resources: 3,000 species Gwangneung Forest. In 1913 it was designated as a test ground Wildlife 4,376 species for forestry and a seedbed was installed here. In 1929, the forestry Birds 180 species / Mammals 20 species testing grounds of G wangneung branch office was installed Insects 3,972 species / Fish 22 species and then in January 1976 it was promoted to the forestry testing grounds central regional office. Native Woody plants (4 species): Plants of Kalopanax septemlobus var. magnificus, Past and Present of Gwangneung Forest Gwangneung Rhododendron mucronulatum f. albiflorum, Forest Fraxinus rhynchophylla var. densata, Populus With the national forest survey that started in 1911, forests around davidiana f. tomentella royal tombs needing protection and management having speci al Herbaceous plants (10 species): DMZ Ecological You can see Plant relation with the royal household among the entire forest around Culture Map - Animal Evolution through Oplismenus undulatifolius var. elongatus, the tomb (Gwangneung) were incorporated as type 1 disposable Ferns Stipa coreana, Symplocarpus renifolius for. palli diflora, T 14 national forests. Remaining forest area (current testing forest) that Hosta clausa var. normalis, T 14 made up the rest of the tomb and forest area were incorporated Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, Adonis into indispensable national forests, which is today’s Gwangneun g test forest.
Beginning as the Gwangneung Arboretum The Gwangneung Arboretum, which was opened on April 5, 1987, was the first arboretum for researching forestry under the Korea Forest Service and made the approximately 500 ha area around Gwangneung its home. The purpose of its founding The Forest Education UniÀcation Symphony was to provide natural education on forests, emotionally Program : Linked with Played by DMZ Plants Traditional Games purify people, and to teach the importance of environmental T 14 preservation through the permanent preservation and exhibit of T 14 forest specimens.
Role of the Korea National Arboretum The KNA takes on several roles for plants and the ecology. It is in charge of examining, collecting, proliferating and preserving forest plants, and the collection, categorization, production and storage of forest bio specimens. It also deals with exchange and cooperation with other Korean or foreign arboretums,
84 85 A Review of Progress in implementation of the KSPC 2020 by KNA Korea National Arboretum Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1400119-000265-01 ISBN : 979-11-87031-33-8 93480