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Téléchargez La Fiche Objet Pantelegraphe De Caselli PANTELEGRAPHE DE CASELLI, 1861 Inv. 10581-1 ©Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris/Photo P .Faligot Le point de vue de l’historien Giovanni Caselli est né à Sienne en 1815. Il devient ecclésiastique à l’âge de 20 ans, et enseigne la physique à l’université de Florence. Ses travaux l’amènent à réaliser un télégraphe autographique qui permet de transmettre des écritures manuscrites, des dessins, des plans, que ne pouvaient pas transmettre les télégraphes électriques de l’époque. Cette invention s’inscrit dans l’Histoire des communications. En France, le télégraphe de Chappe garde une place primordiale de 1793 à la première moitié du XIX ème, mais la maîtrise de l’électricité et de l’électromagnétisme tend à faire disparaître ce télégraphe optique au profit des télégraphes électriques, qui permettent une transmission quasi-instantanée et indépendante des intempéries. Au milieu du XIX ème , apparaissent des modèles variés de télégraphes électriques transmettant les lettres alphabétiques directement ou après un décodage (télégraphes de Wheatstone et Cooke, Morse, Hugues,Baudot..). Mais aucun de ces télégraphes ne donne la possibilité de transmettre des signatures ou des portraits comme peut le faire le pantélégraphe. Sollicitant l’aide de Gustave Froment, Caselli met au point son invention pendant plus de cinq ans. Il en fait une démonstration devant l’empereur Napoléon III en 1860 aux ateliers Froment. Ce dernier, féru de science, en sera enthousiasmé. En 1861, une autre démonstration sera faite à Florence pour le roi Victor-Emmanuel devant lequel Caselli transmis le portrait. L’exploitation d’une ligne Paris-Marseille verra le jour en 1863. Une autorisation de 4 mois sera accordée pour l’exploitation d’une ligne Paris-Liverpool en 1864. Son invention trouva un écho jusqu’en Chine. De hauts fonctionnaires de l’état chinois, qui voyaient se résoudre le problème de la transmission des idéogrammes, ont fait le déplacement aux ateliers Froment en 1863 et envisagèrent une démonstration à Pékin(elle restera sans suite). Conçu pour transmettre des images, le pantélégraphe aurait pu transmettre du texte mais par crainte de le voir détrôner les télégraphes électriques déjà en place, l’administration des Télégraphes en a limité son fonctionnement aux signatures bancaires en appliquant des tarifs exorbitants pour les dépêches privées. Cette invention n’aura pas le développement qu’elle aurait mérité mais, par son système de balayage, elle a ouvert la voie aux fax, à la téléphotographie (Bélinographe), à la télévision et a participé au développement de l’électrochimie. Le point de vue du technicien Le pantélégraphe de Caselli est constitué de deux imposantes structures en fonte d’environ 2m de hauteur, au centre desquelles est suspendu un pendule supportant une masse en fer de 8kg. Les deux structures sont identiques; l’une sert à l’émission d’un document, l’autre à sa réception. En leur centre elles comportent un châssis métallique en étain. Sur le châssis de l’une des structures on y dépose une feuille métallique émettrice, sur laquelle le message est tracé à l’aide d’une encre isolante. Sur le châssis de l’autre structure on dépose une feuille réceptrice imprégnée de ferrocyanure de potassium. Deux styles reliés aux pendules par l’intermédiaire de bielles effectuent des mouvements de balayage des feuilles. Le style émetteur explore le message tracé à l’encre isolante. S’il rencontre la partie conductrice du papier métallisé, le courant de la pile est lancé dans le circuit émetteur. Le courant s’écoule alors dans le sol. Si le style touche l’encre isolante, le courant part dans le fil de ligne jusqu’au récepteur et arrive sur le papier imprégné de ferrocyanure de potassium K4[Fe(CN)6] Sous l’effet du courant électrique le ferrocyanure de potassium se décompose en un complexe insoluble bleu, le ferrocyanure ferrique ou bleu de Prusse Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 schéma de S.Gallice Dessins transmis par le pantélégraphe Inv : 105816-3 et -4 ©Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris/Photo P .Faligot Pour la bonne réalisation d’un fac-similé, les styles émetteur et récepteur doivent être parfaitement synchronisés. Des chronomètres régulateurs (pendules auxiliaires) peuvent commander l’alimentation d’électro-aimants. Ces derniers, placés de part et d’autre de la masse suspendue, retiendront le pendule en cas de décalage temporel entre l’exploration et la reproduction du document. Une amélioration du pantélégraphe permet l’envoi et la réception de 2 messages simultanément. En 1982, au musée postal de Riquewihr, le pantélégraphe du Musée a prouvé pendant 7 mois qu’il fonctionne encore très bien. .
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