The Father of Radio: a Brief Chronology of the Origin and Developments of Wireless Communication and Supporting Electronics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Analysis on Electric Field Based on Three Dimensional Atmospheric Electric Field Apparatus
J Electr Eng Technol.2018; 13(4): 1697-1704 ISSN(Print) 1975-0102 http://doi.org/10.5370/JEET.2018.13.4.1697 ISSN(Online) 2093-7423 Analysis on Electric Field Based on Three Dimensional Atmospheric Electric Field Apparatus Hong-yan Xing†, Gui-xian He* and Xin-yuan Ji** Abstract – As a key component of lighting location system (LLS) for lightning warning, the atmospheric electric field measuring is required to have high accuracy. The Conventional methods of the existent electric field measurement meter can only detect the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field, which cannot acquire the realistic electric field in the thunderstorm. This paper proposed a three dimensional (3D) electric field system for atmospheric electric field measurement, which is capable of three orthogonal directions in X, Y, Z, measuring. By analyzing the relationship between the electric field and the relative permittivity of ground surface, the permittivity is calculated, and an efficiency 3D measurement model is derived. On this basis, a three-dimensional electric field sensor and a permittivity sensor are adopted to detect the spatial electric field. Moreover, the elevation and azimuth of the detected target are calculated, which reveal the location information of the target. Experimental results show that the proposed 3D electric field meter has satisfactory sensitivity to the three components of electric field. Additionally, several observation results in the fair and thunderstorm weather have been presented. Keywords: Three dimension electric field, Permittivity sensor, Lightning, Electric field analysis. 1. Introduction cloud, which changes with the clouds changes [8]. So, there will be an existence of horizontal components of Monitoring of the atmosphere electric field is an the electric field other than the vertical component. -
The Stage Is Set
The Stage Is Set: Developments before 1900 Leading to Practical Wireless Communication Darrel T. Emerson National Radio Astronomy Observatory1, 949 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 In 1909, Guglielmo Marconi and Carl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy." In the Nobel Prize Presentation Speech by the President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [1], tribute was first paid to the earlier theorists and experimentalists. “It was Faraday with his unique penetrating power of mind, who first suspected a close connection between the phenomena of light and electricity, and it was Maxwell who transformed his bold concepts and thoughts into mathematical language, and finally, it was Hertz who through his classical experiments showed that the new ideas as to the nature of electricity and light had a real basis in fact.” These and many other scientists set the stage for the rapid development of wireless communication starting in the last decade of the 19th century. I. INTRODUCTION A key factor in the development of wireless communication, as opposed to pure research into the science of electromagnetic waves and phenomena, was simply the motivation to make it work. More than anyone else, Marconi was to provide that. However, for the possibility of wireless communication to be treated as a serious possibility in the first place and for it to be able to develop, there had to be an adequate theoretical and technological background. Electromagnetic theory, itself based on earlier experiment and theory, had to be sufficiently developed that 1. -
Detailed Investigation of the Electric Discharge Plasma Between Copper Electrodes Immersed Into Water
atoms Article Detailed Investigation of the Electric Discharge Plasma between Copper Electrodes Immersed into Water Roman Venger 1, Tetiana Tmenova 1,2,*, Flavien Valensi 2, Anatoly Veklich 1, Yann Cressault 2 and Viacheslav Boretskij 1 1 Electronics and Computer Systems, Faculty of Radio Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (V.B.) 2 Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT; LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’Energie), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France; [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (Y.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +38-063-598-5219 Academic Editors: Milan S. Dimitrijevi´cand Luka C.ˇ Popovi´c Received: 11 September 2017; Accepted: 16 October 2017; Published: 23 October 2017 Abstract: A phenomenological picture of pulsed electrical discharge in water is produced by combining electrical, spectroscopic, and imaging methods. The discharge is generated by applying ~350 µs long 100 to 220 V pulses (values of current from 400 to 1000 A, respectively) between the point-to-point copper electrodes submerged into the non-purified tap water. Plasma channel and gas bubble occur between the tips of the electrodes, which are initially in contact with each other. The study includes detailed experimental investigation of plasma parameters of such discharge using the correlation between time-resolved high-speed imaging, electrical characteristics, and optical emission spectroscopic data. Radial distributions of the electron density of plasma is estimated from the analysis of profiles and widths of registered Hα and Hβ hydrogen lines, and Cu I 515.3 nm line, exposed to the Stark mechanism of spectral lines’ broadening. -
High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Its Applications
HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Changsheng Wu In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Georgia Institute of Technology AUGUST 2019 COPYRIGHT © 2019 BY CHANGSHENG WU HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS Approved by: Dr. Zhong Lin Wang, Advisor Dr. C. P. Wong School of Materials Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Meilin Liu Dr. Younan Xia School of Materials Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. David L. McDowell School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: [April 25, 2019] To my family and friends ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratidue to my advisor Prof. Zhong Lin Wang for his continuous support and invaluable guidance in my research. As an exceptional researcher, he is my role model for his thorough knowledge in physics and nanotechnology, indefatigable diligence, and overwhelming passion for scientific innovation. It is my great fortune and honor in having him as my advisor and learning from him in the past four years. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Prof. Liu, Prof. McDowell, Prof. Wong, and Prof. Xia for their insightful advice on my doctoral research and dissertation. My sincere thanks also go to my fellow lab mates for their strong support and help. In particular, I would not be able to start my research so smoothly without the mentorship of Dr. -
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Electromagnetic Field Theory BO THIDÉ Υ UPSILON BOOKS ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY Electromagnetic Field Theory BO THIDÉ Swedish Institute of Space Physics and Department of Astronomy and Space Physics Uppsala University, Sweden and School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering Växjö University, Sweden Υ UPSILON BOOKS COMMUNA AB UPPSALA SWEDEN · · · Also available ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY EXERCISES by Tobia Carozzi, Anders Eriksson, Bengt Lundborg, Bo Thidé and Mattias Waldenvik Freely downloadable from www.plasma.uu.se/CED This book was typeset in LATEX 2" (based on TEX 3.14159 and Web2C 7.4.2) on an HP Visualize 9000⁄360 workstation running HP-UX 11.11. Copyright c 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 by Bo Thidé Uppsala, Sweden All rights reserved. Electromagnetic Field Theory ISBN X-XXX-XXXXX-X Downloaded from http://www.plasma.uu.se/CED/Book Version released 19th June 2004 at 21:47. Preface The current book is an outgrowth of the lecture notes that I prepared for the four-credit course Electrodynamics that was introduced in the Uppsala University curriculum in 1992, to become the five-credit course Classical Electrodynamics in 1997. To some extent, parts of these notes were based on lecture notes prepared, in Swedish, by BENGT LUNDBORG who created, developed and taught the earlier, two-credit course Electromagnetic Radiation at our faculty. Intended primarily as a textbook for physics students at the advanced undergradu- ate or beginning graduate level, it is hoped that the present book may be useful for research workers -
Research Paper Commerce Physics Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Volume-4, Issue-10, Oct-2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8160 Commerce Research Paper Physics Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Ramanjeet Kaur Assistant Professor Physics Department, R S D College, Ferozepur City ABSTRACT The atomic emission spectroscopy is method based on the study of light emitted by atoms to determine the proportional quantity of a particular element in a given sample. Three techniques of atomic emission spectroscopy flame emission arc & spark emission and plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, their working, Principle and applications has been discussed in detail. KEYWORDS : -spectroscopy, flame, spark & arc, plasma, qualitative & quantitative analysis INTRODUCTION Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition termining the accuracy of the analysis. The most popular sampling by its electromagnetic spectrum. Electrons exist in energy levels with- method is nebulization of a liquid sample to provide a steady flow of in an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons aerosol into a flame. An introduction system for liquid samples con- moving between them must absorb or emit energy equal to the dif- sists of three components: (a) a nebulizer that breaks up the liquid ference between them. The wavelength of the emitted radiant ener- into small’ droplets, (b) an aerosol modifier that removes large drop- gy is directly related to the electronic transition which has occurred. lets from the stream, allowing only droplets smaller than a certain Since every element has a unique electronic structure, the wave- size to pass, and (c) the flame or atomizer that converts the anaIyte length of light emitted is a unique property of each individual ele- into free atoms. -
Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk to a Telegraph Clerk
Science Museum Group Journal Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Journal ISSN number: 2054-5770 This article was written by Elizabeth Bruton 10-08-2019 Cite as 10.15180; 191201 Discussion Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Published in Autumn 2019, Issue 12 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201 Keywords electrical telegraphy, poetry, scientific instruments, James Clerk Maxwell Valentine from A Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀, by JC Maxwell, 1860 The tendrils of my soul are twined With thine, though many a mile apart. And thine in close coiled circuits wind Around the needle of my heart. Constant as Daniell, strong as Grove. Ebullient throughout its depths like Smee, My heart puts forth its tide of love, And all its circuits close in thee. O tell me, when along the line From my full heart the message flows, What currents are induced in thine? One click from thee will end my woes. Through many an Ohm the Weber flew, And clicked this answer back to me; I am thy Farad staunch and true, Charged to a Volt with love for thee Component DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201/001 Introduction In 1860, renowned natural philosopher (now referred to as a ‘scientist’ or, more specifically in the case of Clerk Maxwell, a ‘physicist’) James Clerk Maxwell wrote ‘Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ [male] to a Telegraph Clerk ♀ [female]’ (Harman, 2001).[1] The short poem was a slightly tongue-in-cheek ode to the romance of the electric telegraph littered with references to manufacturers of batteries used in electrical telegraphy around this time such as John Daniell, Alfred Smee, and William Grove and electrical units (now SI derived units) such as Ohm, Weber, Farad and Volt (Mills, 1995). -
A Timeline of Technology
A Timeline of Technology 10 million Humans make the first tools from stone, wood, antlers, and bones. Tools and machines years ago. 1-2 million Humans discover fire. Biofuels Candles Car engines Jet engines years ago 10,000 BCE Earliest boats are constructed. Ships and boats 8000-9000 Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture. Biofuels BCE Water 6000-7000 Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Middle East. Bricks BCE 4000 BCE Iron used for the first time in decorative ornaments. Iron and steel 3500 BCE Humans invent the wheel. Tools and machines Wheels and axles c1700 BCE Semites of the Mediterranean develop the alphabet. Digital pens 0-1500 BCE Ancient societies invent some of the first machines for moving water and agriculture. Tools and machines Water 1000 BCE Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools and weapons in many parts of the world. Iron and steel c.150-100 First gear-driven, precision clockwork machine (the Antikythera mechanism) is developed. Clockwork BCE c.50 BCE Roman engineer Vitruvius perfects the modern, vertical water wheel. Turbines 62 CE Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam power. Steam engines 105 CE Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in China. Paper 27 BCE-395 Romans develop the first, basic concrete called pozzolana. Steel and concrete CE ~600 CE Windmills are invented in the Middle East. Wind turbines 700-900 CE Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks. Bullets Fireworks 1000 CE ?? Chinese develop eyeglasses by fixing lenses to frames that fit onto people's faces. Lenses 1450 Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the modern printing press, using rearrangeable metal letters called movable type. -
The Electric Telegraph
To Mark, Karen and Paul CONTENTS page ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENTS TO 1837 13 Early experiments—Francis Ronalds—Cooke and Wheatstone—successful experiment on the London & Birmingham Railway 2 `THE CORDS THAT HUNG TAWELL' 29 Use on the Great Western and Blackwall railways—the Tawell murder—incorporation of the Electric Tele- graph Company—end of the pioneering stage 3 DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE COMPANIES 46 Early difficulties—rivalry between the Electric and the Magnetic—the telegraph in London—the overhouse system—private telegraphs and the press 4 AN ANALYSIS OF THE TELEGRAPH INDUSTRY TO 1868 73 The inland network—sources of capital—the railway interest—analysis of shareholdings—instruments- working expenses—employment of women—risks of submarine telegraphy—investment rating 5 ACHIEVEMENT IN SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHY I o The first cross-Channel links—the Atlantic cable— links with India—submarine cable maintenance com- panies 6 THE CASE FOR PUBLIC ENTERPRISE 119 Background to the nationalisation debate—public attitudes—the Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce— Frank Ives. Scudamore reports—comparison with continental telegraph systems 7 NATIONALISATION 1868 138 Background to the Telegraph Bill 1868—tactics of the 7 8 CONTENTS Page companies—attitudes of the press—the political situa- tion—the Select Committee of 1868—agreement with the companies 8 THE TELEGRAPH ACTS 154 Terms granted to the telegraph and railway companies under the 1868 Act—implications of the 1869 telegraph monopoly 9 THE POST OFFICE TELEGRAPH 176 The period 87o-1914—reorganisation of the -
The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy
Advances in Historical Studies, 2017, 6, 18-39 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs ISSN Online: 2327-0446 ISSN Print: 2327-0438 The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy Roberto Mantovani Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), Physics Laboratory: Urbino Museum of Science and Technology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy How to cite this paper: Mantovani, R. Abstract (2017). The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy. This work is born out of the accidental finding, in a repository of the ancient Advances in Historical Studies, 6, 18-39. “Oliveriana Library” in the city of Pesaro (Italy), of a small mahogany box https://doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2017.61002 containing three specimens of a submarine telegraph cable built for the Italian Received: December 22, 2016 government by the Henley Company of London. This cable was used to con- Accepted: March 18, 2017 nect, by means of the telegraph, in 1864, the Ports of Otranto and Avlona (to- Published: March 21, 2017 day Valona, Albania). As a scientific relic, the Oliveriana memento perfectly fits in the scene of that rich chapter of the history of long distance electrical Copyright © 2017 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. communications known as submarine telegraphy. It is known that, thanks to This work is licensed under the Creative the English, the issue of submarine electric communication had an impressive Commons Attribution International development in Europe from the second half of the nineteenth century on. License (CC BY 4.0). Less known is the fact that, in this emerging technology field, Italy before uni- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ fication was able to carve out a non-negligible role for itself, although primar- Open Access ily political. -
Identification of the Electric Spark Electromagnetic Waveform Based on SVM
Advances in Engineering Research, volume 127 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Automation and Mechanical Engineering (EAME 2018) Identification of the Electric Spark Electromagnetic Waveform Based on SVM Tongtong Li1,*, Ziyuan Tong2, Shoufeng Tang1, Xia Qin1, Mingming Tong1 and Zhaoliang Xu3 1China University of Mining and Technology, China 2School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, Australia 3Xuzhou Hanlin Technology Co., Ltd., China *Corresponding author Abstract—Electromagnetic wave of electrical spark is a current. potential cause to eletrical equipment failure. This research focused on identificating and comparative analyzing the different A. Electromagnetic Characteristics Extraction of the Electric types of electromagnetic waveform generated by eletrical Spark equipment failure based on SVM. After analyzing and extracting the features the electromagnetic waveform, a model was built to First, confirm that you have the correct template for your identificate the type of the elctromagnetic waveform. The paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the collected standard electromagnetic waveforms were used as the US-letter paper size. If you are using A4-sized paper, please imput of the train model and the model accuracy was improved close this file and download the file for “MSW_A4_format”. by adjusting training parameters afer analyzing the results, When the distance between the contact closure electrodes When inputting an unknown type of electromagnetic waveform, gradually decreases or a strong electric field occurs[6], the SVM may predict the output of the network according to the current density gradually increases and produces high recognition rule. Then the types of electromagnetic waveforms temperature ionization, then contact and electrode gas will be were identificated by using adjusted models. -
The Early Years of the Telephone
©2012 JSR The early years of the telephone The early years of the telephone John S. Reid Before Bell Ask who invented the telephone and most people who have an answer will reply Alexander Graham Bell, and probably clock it up as yet another invention by a Scotsman that was commercialised beyond our borders. Like many one line summaries, this is partly true but it credits to one person much more than he really deserves. Bell didn’t invent the word, he didn’t invent the concept, what ever the patent courts decreed, and actually didn’t invent most of the technology needed to turn the telephone into a business or household reality. He did, though, submit a crucial patent at just the right time in 1876, find backers to develop his concept, promoted his invention vigorously and pursued others through the courts to establish close to a monopoly business that made him and a good many others very well off. So, what is the fuller story of the early years of the telephone? In the 1820s, Charles Wheatstone who would later make a big name for himself as an inventor of telegraphy equipment invented a device he called a ‘telephone’ for transmitting music from one room to the next. It was not electrical but relied on conducting sound through a rod. In the same decade he also invented a device he called a ‘microphone’, for listening to faint sounds, but again it was not electrical. In succeeding decades quite a number of different devices by various inventors were given the name ‘telephone’.