The Book of Word Records
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The Longest Words Using the Fewest Letters
The Longest Words Using The Fewest Letters David M. Rheingold / Barnstable, Massachusetts Austin Byl, Evan Crouch, Elizabeth Krodel, Celia Schiffman, Nico Toutenhoofd / Boulder, Colorado Claude Shannon may be remembered as the father of information theory for the formula engraved on his tombstone, but it’s not the only measure of entropy he helped devise. Metric entropy gauges the amount of information proportionate to the number of unique characters in a message. Within the English language, the maximum metric entropy individual words can attain is 0.5283 binary digits (or bits). This is the value of any three-letter word composed of three different letters (e.g., WHO). Multiplying 0.5283 times the number of distinct letters equals 1.58, and 2 raised to the power of 1.58 yields the same number of letters. These values hold true for any trigram with three different letters in a 26-letter alphabet. Measurements differ for written text involving other characters including numbers, punctuation, even spaces. Distinguishing between uppercase and lowercase would double the number of letters to 52. Adjusting for word frequency would further alter values as trigrams like WHO occur far more often in written English than, say, KEY. (How much more often? We found 3,598,284 instances of WHO in Project Gutenberg versus 58,863 of KEY, or 61 times as many.) Our lexicon derives from three primary sources: Merriam-Webster, Webster’s, and the Moby II wordlist, with a combined 382,843 words. Of these we find some 2,000 trigrams made up of three different letters, including WHO and KEY, tied for highest metric entropy. -
Whiskey River (Take My Mind) I
whiskey river (take my mind) i introduction 00 Bush rev pg proofs 000i-xxiv i i 12/11/06 9:58:38 AM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK whiskey river (take my mind) iii The True Story of Texas Honky-Tonk by johnny bush with rick mitchell foreword by willie nelson University of Texas Press, Austin introduction 00 Bush rev pg proofs 000i-xxiv iii iii 12/11/06 9:58:39 AM iv copyright © 2007 by the university of texas press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2007 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O. Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713-7819 www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html ∞ The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper). library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Bush, Johnny. Whiskey river (take my mind) : the true story of Texas honky-tonk / by Johnny Bush with Rick Mitchell ; foreword by Willie Nelson. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes discography (p. ), bibliographical references (p. ), and index. isbn-13: 978-0-292-71490-8 (cl. : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-292-71490-4 1. Bush, Johnny. 2. Country musicians—Texas—Biography. 3. Spasmodic dysphonia—Patients—Texas—Biography. 4. Honky-tonk music—Texas— History and criticism. I. Mitchell, Rick, 1952– II. Title. ml420.b8967a3 2007 782.421642092—dc22 [B] 2006033039 whiskey river (take my mind) 00 Bush rev pg proofs 000i-xxiv iv iv 12/11/06 9:58:39 AM Dedicated to v John Bush Shinn, Jr., my dad, who encouraged me to follow my dreams. -
The Host’S Name.… We Found No Matches on Record for the Fingerprints Or Retinal Scan
Copyright © 2008 by Stephenie Meyer All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Little, Brown and Company Hachette Book Group USA 237 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Visit our Web site at www.HachetteBookGroupUSA.com First eBook Edition: May 2008 The characters and events in this book are fictitious. Any similarity to real persons, living or dead, is coincidental and not intended by the author. The author is grateful for permission to reprint the poem “Question” from Nature: Poems Old and New, by May Swenson. Copyright © 1994 by The Literary Estate of May Swenson. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-316-03232-2 Contents Prologue: Inserted Chapter 1: Remembered Chapter 2: Overheard Chapter 3: Resisted Chapter 4: Dreamed Chapter 5: Uncomforted Chapter 6: Followed Chapter 7: Confronted Chapter 8: Loved Chapter 9: Discovered Chapter 10: Turned Chapter 11: Dehydrated Chapter 12: Failed Chapter 13: Sentenced Chapter 14: Disputed Chapter 15: Guarded Chapter 16: Assigned Chapter 17: Visited Chapter 18: Bored Chapter 19: Abandoned Chapter 20: Freed Chapter 21: Named Chapter 22: Cracked Chapter 23: Confessed Chapter 24: Tolerated Chapter 25: Compelled Chapter 26: Returned Chapter 27: Undecided Chapter 28: Unenlightened Chapter 29: Betrayed Chapter 30: Abbreviated -
3.2.2.12. Familia Violaceae 3.2.2.12.A
102 3.2.2.12. Familia Violaceae 3.2.2.12.a. Características ¾ Porte: hierbas y arbustos perennes. ¾ Hojas: alternas, rara vez opuesta y enteras o dentadas; simples o divididas, con estípulas. ¾ Flores: solitarias o en racimos, perfectas, actinomorfas o fuertemente zigomorfas, hipóginas. ¾ Perianto: cáliz, 5 sépalos libres; a menudo con apéndices gibosos en su base; corola, 5 pétalos, imbricados o contortos de los cuales el inferior suele prolongarse en un espolón. ¾ Estambres: 5, libres, filamentos muy cortos. ¾ Gineceo: ovario súpero; carpelos, 3 soldados, raro 5; óvulos, 1- ∞, por lóculo, parietales. ¾ Fruto: cápsula loculicida o baya. ¾ Semillas: ariladas o aladas, abundante endosperma oleaginoso, embrión recto. Corte longitudinal de la flor mostrando a la derecha un par Corte longitudinal de la flor de Viola sp. con el de estambres con su prolongación nectarífera. El ovario en espolón abierto al que penetran los apéndices nectaríferos ligados a los dos pares de corte longitudinal mostrando una de sus placentas con sus estambres óvulos y a la izquierda el estambre libre 3.2.2.12.b. Biología floral y/o Fenología Generalmente presentan flores vistosas con guías de néctar que atraen insectos. Además puede presentar flores casmógamas durante la primavera, las cuales son sucedidas en el verano por flores cleistógamas. Presentan nectarios estaminales. En Viola tricolor (pensamiento) hay un espolón formado por el pétalo mediano. El néctar es producido por apéndices del conectivo, dos anteras tienen apéndices y cuatro anteras no tienen apéndices (Vogel, com. pers.). 3.2.2.12.c. Distribución y hábitat Familia cosmopolita, distribuida especialmente en regiones templadas. Diversidad Vegetal Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE) EUDICOTILEDONEAS ESCENCIALES-Clado Rosides-Eurosides I-Malpighiales: Violaceae 103 (Stevens, 2001) 3.2.2.12.d. -
NJ Native Plants - USDA
NJ Native Plants - USDA Scientific Name Common Name N/I Family Category National Wetland Indicator Status Thermopsis villosa Aaron's rod N Fabaceae Dicot Rubus depavitus Aberdeen dewberry N Rosaceae Dicot Artemisia absinthium absinthium I Asteraceae Dicot Aplectrum hyemale Adam and Eve N Orchidaceae Monocot FAC-, FACW Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle N Agavaceae Monocot Gentianella quinquefolia agueweed N Gentianaceae Dicot FAC, FACW- Rhamnus alnifolia alderleaf buckthorn N Rhamnaceae Dicot FACU, OBL Medicago sativa alfalfa I Fabaceae Dicot Ranunculus cymbalaria alkali buttercup N Ranunculaceae Dicot OBL Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny blackberry N Rosaceae Dicot UPL, FACW Hieracium paniculatum Allegheny hawkweed N Asteraceae Dicot Mimulus ringens Allegheny monkeyflower N Scrophulariaceae Dicot OBL Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny Mountain buttercup N Ranunculaceae Dicot FACU, FAC Prunus alleghaniensis Allegheny plum N Rosaceae Dicot UPL, NI Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry N Rosaceae Dicot Hylotelephium telephioides Allegheny stonecrop N Crassulaceae Dicot Adlumia fungosa allegheny vine N Fumariaceae Dicot Centaurea transalpina alpine knapweed N Asteraceae Dicot Potamogeton alpinus alpine pondweed N Potamogetonaceae Monocot OBL Viola labradorica alpine violet N Violaceae Dicot FAC Trifolium hybridum alsike clover I Fabaceae Dicot FACU-, FAC Cornus alternifolia alternateleaf dogwood N Cornaceae Dicot Strophostyles helvola amberique-bean N Fabaceae Dicot Puccinellia americana American alkaligrass N Poaceae Monocot Heuchera americana -
Studying Word-Formation in English
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY Jūratė Ruzaitė Studying Word-Formation in English A resource book Vytautas Magnus University Kaunas, 2012 UDK 811.111(075.8) Ru218 This resource book was approved for publication at the meeting of the Department of English Philology, Faculty of Humanities on 23 May 2012 (Protocol No. 2) and the meeting of the Committee of the Faculty of Humanities, Vytautas Magnus University on 19 June 2012 (Protocol No. 3). Reviewed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Violeta Kalėdaitė ISBN 978-9955-12-801-4 e-ISBN 978-9955-12-802-1 © Jūratė Ruzaitė, 2012 © Vytautas Magnus University, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................4 Part 1: Theoretical and methodological preliminaries .........................9 1.1. Abstract morphological facts, background, and beliefs .......10 1.2. Morphology in action ...........................................................15 1.3. Studying word formation: an introduction to morphological analysis ....................................................17 1.3.1. Important distinctions in studying word formation ....17 1.3.2. What is a word? ..........................................................21 1.3.3. Analytic principles of morphological analysis .........25 Part 2: Inflectional morphology ............................................................29 Part 3: Studying complex words ...........................................................33 3.1. Analysis of complex -
Floristic Quality Assessment Report
FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al. -
Set Reading Benchmarks in South Africa
SETTING READING BENCHMARKS IN SOUTH AFRICA October 2020 PHOTO: SCHOOL LIBRARY, CREDIT: PIXABAY Contract Number: 72067418D00001, Order Number: 72067419F00007 THIS PUBLICATION WAS PRODUCED AT THE REQUEST OF THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. IT WAS PREPARED INDEPENDENTLY BY KHULISA MANAGEMENT SERVICES, (PTY) LTD. THE AUTHOR’S VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS OF THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. ISBN: 978-1-4315-3411-1 All rights reserved. You may copy material from this publication for use in non-profit education programmes if you acknowledge the source. Contract Number: 72067418D00001, Order Number: 72067419F00007 SETTING READING BENCHMARKS IN SOUTH AFRICA October 2020 AUTHORS Matthew Jukes (Research Consultant) Elizabeth Pretorius (Reading Consultant) Maxine Schaefer (Reading Consultant) Katharine Tjasink (Project Manager, Senior) Margaret Roper (Deputy Director, Khulisa) Jennifer Bisgard (Director, Khulisa) Nokuthula Mabhena (Data Visualisation, Khulisa) CONTACT DETAILS Margaret Roper 26 7th Avenue Parktown North Johannesburg, 2196 Telephone: 011-447-6464 Email: [email protected] Web Address: www.khulisa.com CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION Khulisa Management Services Pty Ltd, (Khulisa) produced this Report for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under its Practical Education Research for Optimal Reading and Management: Analyze, Collaborate, Evaluate (PERFORMANCE) Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity -
Cross-Language Information Retrieval
Cross-Language Information Retrieval MC_Labosky_FM.indd i Achorn International 03/11/2010 10:17AM ii SynthesisOne liner Lectures Chapter in TitleHuman Language Technologies Editor Graeme Hirst, University of Toronto Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies publishes monographs on topics relat- ing to natural language processing, computational linguistics, information retrieval, and spoken language understanding. Emphasis is placed on important new techniques, on new applica- tions, and on topics that combine two or more HLT subfields. Cross-Language Information Retrieval Jian-Yun Nie 2010 Data-Intensive Text Processing with MapReduce Jimmy Lin, Chris Dyer 2010 Semantic Role Labeling Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, Nianwen Xue 2010 Spoken Dialogue Systems Kristiina Jokinen, Michael McTear 2010 Introduction to Chinese Natural Language Processing Kam-Fai Wong, Wenji Li, Ruifeng Xu, Zheng-sheng Zhang 2009 Introduction to Linguistic Annotation and Text Analytics Graham Wilcock 2009 MC_Labosky_FM.indd ii Achorn International 03/11/2010 10:17AM MC_Labosky_FM.indd iii Achorn International 03/11/2010 10:17AM SYNTHESIS LESCTURES IN HUMAN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGIES iii Dependency Parsing Sandra Kübler, Ryan McDonald, Joakim Nivre 2009 Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval ChengXiang Zhai 2008 MC_Labosky_FM.indd ii Achorn International 03/11/2010 10:17AM MC_Labosky_FM.indd iii Achorn International 03/11/2010 10:17AM Copyright © 2010 by Morgan & Claypool All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in -
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies on Viola Tianschanica Maxim –An Uyghur Ethnomedicinal Plant
© 2016 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 4 (3), 95-106 ISSN 0719-4250 http://jppres.com/jppres Original Article | Artículo Original Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Viola tianschanica Maxim. – An Uyghur ethnomedicinal plant [Estudios farmacognóstico y fitoquímico de Viola tianschanica Maxim. – Una planta de la etnomedicina Uyghur] Yun Zhu, Lulu Zhao, Xiangfei Wang, Peng Li* School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University. Key Laboratory of Phytomedicine Resources & Modernization of TCM, Shihezi Xinjiang 832002, PR China. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Resumen Context: Viola tianschanica Maxim. (Violaceae) is a perennial herb widely Contexto: Viola tianschanica Maxim. (Violaceae) es una hierba perenne distributed in Central Asia, especially in the Xinjiang of China. The whole ampliamente distribuida en Asia Central, especialmente en Xinjiang, herb has been used in traditional Uygur medicines as an antifebrile- China. Esta hierba se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional Uygur como detoxicate drugs. antifebrífugo-desintoxicante. Aims: To characterize macroscopical and microscopical features of the Objetivos: Caracterizar las peculiaridades macroscópicas y microscópicas root, leave and rhizome of the V. tianschanica Maxim. Explore and de la raíz, hojas y rizoma de V. tianschanica Maxim. Analizar y establecer establish the micro-morphology and quality control methods for this los métodos de micro-morfología y control de calidad de esta planta. plant. Métodos: Las investigaciones farmacognósticas y fitoquímicas -
Psaudio Copper
Issue 128 JANUARY 11TH, 2021 Things change with time, as my very close friend likes to say. Here’s my New Year’s wish: that things change for the better in 2021. A new year brings new possibilities. We’re saddened by the loss of Gerry Marsden (78) of British Invasion legends Gerry and the Pacemakers. Their first single, “How Do You Do It,” hit number one on the British charts in 1963 – before the Beatles ever accomplished that feat – and they went on to have other smash records like “Don’t Let the Sun Catch You Crying,” You’ll Never Walk Alone,” “I Like It” and “Ferry Cross the Mersey.” These songs are woven not just into the fabric of the 1960s, but our lives. In this issue: Anne E. Johnson covers the career of John Legend and rediscovers 17th century composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Larry Schenbeck gets soul and takes on “what if?” Ken Sander goes Stateside with The Stranglers. J.I. Agnew locks in his lockdown music system. Tom Gibbs looks at new releases from Kraftwerk, Julia Stone and Max Richter. Adrian Wu continues his series on testing in audio. John Seetoo mines a mind-boggling mic collection. Jay Jay French remembers Mountain’s Leslie West. Dan Schwartz contemplates his streaming royalties. Steven Bryan Bieler ponders the new year. Ray Chelstowski notes that January’s a slow month for concerts – with a few monumental exceptions. Stuart Marvin examines how musicians and their audiences are adapting to the pandemic. I reminisce about hanging out with Les Paul. We round out the issue with single-minded listening, the world’s coolest multi-room audio system, mixed media, and a girl on a mission. -
A Supplementary Topical Index
179 A SUPPLEMENTARY TOPICAL INDEX The following index has been designed to· help the reader locate ~. Sa ntiago specific types of wordplay published in 26 issues of Word Ways ;aint Louis from February 1978 through May 1984; it updates a similar index 12. Lagos, for 40 issues of Word Ways from February 1968 through November' Bucharest 1977 appearing in the February 1978 issue. Both indices use the 19. Lenin same format: a logological core consisting of (1) letter-patterns. :>an Antonio in words, (2) operations upon letters in words, and (3) relation-. 27. Wash ships between letters and sounds, and a periphery (the intersection r, Cremona of logology with other branches of wordplay) consisting of (1) lit Copenhagen erary wordplay and games, (2) academic language studies, and ~. spelling (3) word games and puzzles, Wordplay involving special sets of ::rlin, West words (presidents, statenames, -cide words, etc.) is separately indexed. Each article is cited by year and page: thus, 79-123 directs the reader to page 123 of the 1979 volume, For 'articles on a com up 6. tart mon topic pu blished the same yea r, the year is omitted but the l1. lap up page retained, as 80-23, 141, 212. Citations in parenthesis denote ). ham up corrections or follow-up material. The letters q, f, P or b follow-· wrap up ing a citation identifies it as a special format: a quiz, a fictional 26. butter or humorous article, a poem, or a book or journal review. divvy up 36. stuck I. DEFINITIONS, SOURCES OF WORDS ed up 41.