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The Water Quality Analyses of Groundwater Monitoring

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The Water Quality Analyses of Groundwater Monitoring GROUNDWATER RESORCES AT RISK IN AFGHANISTAN (Evaluation of the past and present situation of groundwater resources and consequences for the future, on the basis of previous groundwater investigation and present groundwater monitoring data) Scientific Investigation Report in Afghanistan By M. Hassan Saffi, Hydro geologist Edited by Leendert Vijselaar June 2007 Paikob-e-Naswar, Wazirabad, PO Box 208, Kabul, Afghanistan Phone: (+93)(020) 220 17 50 Mobile (+93)(0)70 28 82 32 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dacaar.org 1 Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 2. OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................................. 5 3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 6 4. THE HYDROLOGICAL BASINS OF AFGHANISTAN ....................................................................... 10 4.1 KABUL /I NDUS RIVER BASIN ................................................................................................................. 10 4.2 HILMAND RIVER BASIN ........................................................................................................................ 11 4.3 WESTERN RIVER BASIN ....................................................................................................................... 11 4.4 NORTH -EASTERN RIVER BASIN ............................................................................................................ 11 4.5 NORTHERN RIVER BASIN ..................................................................................................................... 11 5. CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................... 12 6. GEOLOGY OF AFGHANISTAN ............................................................................................................ 13 7. HYDRO GEOLOGICAL BASINS OF AFGHANISTAN ...................................................................... 15 7.1 SOUTHERN AFGHANISTAN ARTESIAN BASINS ...................................................................................... 16 7.2 NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN ARTESIAN BASINS . .................................................................................... 18 7.3 CENTRAL AND NORTH -EASTERN AFGHANISTAN FOLDED AREA (K ARST OR FRACTURED AREA ). ....... 22 7.4 INTERMOUNTAIN CLOSED BY INTER -MOUNTAINOUS BASIN ................................................................. 23 8. NATIONAL GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK ............................................................ 24 9. NATIONAL GMWS WATER LEVEL AND WATER QUALITY DATA EVALUATION ............... 24 9.1 GROUNDWATER LEVEL AND EC FIELD DATA EVALUATION ................................................................. 25 9.2 WATER QUALITY ................................................................................................................................. 27 9.2.1 Physical parameters ............................................................................................................................ 28 9.2.2 Chemical Analysis Properties ............................................................................................................. 30 9.2.3 Bacteriological determination ............................................................................................................. 39 9.2.4 Major Ion Chemistry ........................................................................................................................... 40 10. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 43 11. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 45 12. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 47 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................... 48 ANNEX 1 GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS ............................................................................................... 49 ANNEX 2 WATER LEVEL AND ELECTRO CONDUCTIVITY ................................................................................... 52 ANNEX 3A PHYSICAL , CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - ANIONS .............................................. 54 ANNEX 3B PHYSICAL , CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - CATIONS ............................................. 57 ANNEX 4 MAJOR IONS (A NIONS AND CAT IONS ) CHEMISTRY OF GMW ............................................................ 60 ANNEX 5 RAINFALL DATA ................................................................................................................................ 63 ANNEX 6 WATER LEVEL AND EC VARIATION OVER TIME ................................................................................. 71 ANNEX 7 GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS PLACEMENT ......................................................................... 93 ANNEX 8 SULPHATE CONCENTRATION .............................................................................................................. 94 ANNEX 9 SODIUM CONCENTRATION ................................................................................................................. 95 ANNEX 10 CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS .......................................................................................................... 96 ANNEX 11 FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS ........................................................................................................... 97 ANNEX 12 BORON CONCENTRATIONS ............................................................................................................... 98 ANNEX 13 BROMINE CONCENTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ 99 2 List of Abbreviation and Technical Terms Aquifer A rock formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is water bearing. Commonly used synonyms are ground-water reservoir, water- bearing bed, and water-bearing deposit Capillary water Just above the water table, in the aeration zone, is capillary water that moves upward from the water table by capillary action. This water can move slowly and in any direction. While most plants rely upon moisture from precipitation that is present in the unsaturated zone, their roots may also tap into capillary water or into the underlying saturated zone Confined (also known as artesian or pressure aquifers) exist where the groundwater Aquifer is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the soil surface. This is how a flowing artesian well is formed. Contaminant Any substance that when added to water (or another substance) makes it impure and unfit for consumption or use DACAAR Aid Agency in Afghanistan DE Deepened Well Depletion The loss of water from surface water reservoirs or groundwater aquifers at a rate greater than that of recharge DW Dug Well Evaporation The conversion of a liquid (water) into a vapor (a gaseous state) usually through the application of heat energy during the hydrologic cycle; the opposite of condensation Evapo- The loss water from the soil through both evaporation and transpiration transpiration from plants GMWs Groundwater Monitoring Wells Groundwater Groundwater discharges include, evaporation, transpiration and Discharge groundwater flow to the surface as drainage, springs, karezes and pumping for irrigation and water supply. Groundwater Indicates the position where the atmospheric pressure and hydraulic head Level are at equilibrium (balance) in the aquifer Groundwater Any event that produces a change in pressure on ground water level Level cause the groundwater level to vary. Differences between supply and Fluctuation withdrawal of groundwater cause level to fluctuate. Groundwater Groundwater management is define as the ongoing performance of Management coordinated action related to groundwater withdrawal and replenishment to achieve long-term sustainability of the resource without detrimental effects on other resources Ground-water The movement of ground water in an aquifer. The movement of ground movement water through an aquifer is extremely slow, generally on the order of centimeters per day or meters per year. Groundwater Groundwater recharge is defined as the downward flow of water Recharge recharging the water level forming an addition to the groundwater reservoir. Infiltration The process whereby water enters the soil and moves downward toward the water table Intermittent A stream that flows only following precipitation or when receiving water stream from springs, ground-water seepage, or melting snow Long Term In basins where the
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