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Construction of a Capillary Viscometer and the Study of Non-Newtonian Liquids" (1965)

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Construction of a Capillary Viscometer and the Study of Non-Newtonian Liquids Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1965 Construction of a capillary viscometer and the study of non- Newtonian liquids Hsun Kuang Yang Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Yang, Hsun Kuang, "Construction of a capillary viscometer and the study of non-Newtonian liquids" (1965). Masters Theses. 7238. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7238 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ... ··f • CONSTRUCTION OF A CAPILLARY VISCOMETER -'"' '. ·~ i : AND THE STUDY OF NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS BY HSUN KUANG YANG I fl ;/() 1\?: f A THESIS submitted to the faculty of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Rolla, Missouri 1965 Approved by (advisor) ii ABSTRACT A capillary tube viscometer was built for the purpose of investigating the fluid properties of non-Newtonian aqueous CMC and Carbopol solutions. The viscometer was tested with Newtonian liquids (glycerine, water and two different oils) having known viscosities to insure that the viscometer was operating correctly. The shear stress-shear rate data obtained for different concen­ trations of CMC and Carbopol solutions were correlated using the simple power law model. The power law constants were only slightly affected by saturating the solution with iodine and carbon tetrachloride. Aging had very little effect on the viscosities of the CMC solutions but had a considerable effect on the Carbopol solutions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii 1 I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 A. Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids 7 1. The Bingham Plastic Model 7 2. The Ostwald - de Waele Model 8 3. The Eyring Model 10 4. The Ellis Model 10 5. The Sisko Model 11 B. Viscometers 11 1. Capillary Viscometer 12 2. Rotational Viscometer 12 3. Other Types of Viscometer Treatment of Data from Capillary Viscometer c. 12 Using the Power Law Model 13 1. Newtonian Fluids 14 2. Non-Newtonian Fluids 17 D. Reynolds Number and Friction Factor 19 E. Effect of Turbulence 19 F. Err.or in Capillary Viscometry iv III. EXPERIMENTAL 22 A. Object of Investigation 22 B. Materials 22 1. Non-Newtonian Liquids 22 2. Newtonian Liquids 25 C. Apparatus 25 1. Liquid Reservoir 26 2. Capillary Tubes 29 3. Pressure Gages 32 4. Piping, Valves and Fittings 33 5. Pressure Regulator 33 6. Constant Temperature Bath 33 7. Weight and Time Measurements 34 D. Operation of the Viscometer 35 E. Inside Diameter of "Thermometer" Capillary 39 F. Test of Viscometer System 39 G. Analysis of Data for Non-Newtonian Liquids 43 H. Correction or Elimination of Data Points 52 IV. DISCUSSION 56 A. Effect of Aging the Solution 65 B. Effect of Concentration of the Polymer 65 C. Effect of Solution on Non-Newtonian Behavior 66 D. Recommendations 67 v 1. Constant Temperature Around the Capillary 67 2. Gaskets 68 3. Fluid Head Correction 68 v. CONCLUSIONS 69 IV. APPENDICES A. Capillary Data Tables 71 B. Figures for Aged Non-Newtonian Liquids 101 107 C. Notation 110 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 112 VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 113 IX. VITA vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Description of Capillary Tubes 30 2 Calculation of Inside Diameter of "Thermometer" Capillary Tube 40 3 Results Using Calibration Liquids 42 4 Constants of Power Law Model 64 5 Capillary Data for 0. 05% Carbopol at 22. S°C 72 6 Capillary Data for 0. 1% Carbopol at 22. 7°C 74 7 Capillary Data for 0. 2% Carbopol at 22. S°C 76 0 s Capillary Data for 0. 1% CMC at 23. S C 7S 9 Capillary Data for 0. 2% CMC at 23. 5°C so 10 Capillary Data for 0~2% Carbopol (without solute) at 22. S°C Sl 0 11 Capillary Data for 0.2% CMC at 23. 5 C S3 12 Capillary Data for 0. 05% Carbo pol (aged) at 22. S°C S4 13 Capillary Data for 0. 1% Carbopol (aged) at 22. 7°C S6 14 Capillary Data for 0.2% Carbopol {aged) at 22. S°C ss 0 15 Capillary Data for 0. 1% CMC {aged) at 23. S C 90 16 Capillary Data for 0. 2% CMC {aged) at 23. 5°C 92 A-1 Capillary Data for Oil Number 243 at 25°C 94 A-2 Capillary Data for Oil Number 67S at 25°C 95 vii Table Page A-3 Capillary Data for glycerine at 25°C 97 A-4 Capillary Data for glycerine at 20°C 99 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Basic Shear Diagram 4 2 Flow Chart of Pseudoplastic Liquid 9 3 Appearance of Turbulence 20 4 General Description of Capillary Viscometer 27 5 Pressure Vessel and Temperature Bath 28 6 Capillary Tube 31 7 Flow Chart for Glycerine at 25°C 44 8 Flow Chart for Oil Number 243 at 25°C 45 9 Flow Chart for Oil Number 678 at 25°C 46 10 Friction Factor - Reynolds Number for Oil 0 Number 243 at 25 C 47 11 Friction Factor - Reynolds Number for Oil Number 678 at 25°C 48 12 Flow Chart for 0. 1 o/o Carbopol at 22. 7°C Showing the Effects of Kinetic Energy and Fluid Head 53 0 13 Flow Chart for 0. 05% Carbopol at 22. 8 C 57 14 Flow Chart for 0. 1 o/o Carbopol at 22. 7°C 58 15 Flow Chart for 0. 2% Carbopol at 22. 8°C 59 16 Flow Chart for 0. 1% CMC at 23. 8°C 60 17 Flow Chart for 0. 2% CMC at 23. 5°C 61 18 Flow Chart for 0. 2% Carbopol (Without Solute) at 22. 8°C 62 19 Flow Chart for 0. 2% CMC {Without Solute) at 23. 5°C 63 ix Figure Page 20 Flow Chart for 0. 05% Carbopol (saturated with iodine and carbon tetrachloride and aged for one year) at 22. 8°C 102 21 Flow Chart for 0. 1% Carbopol (saturated with iodine and carbon tetrachloride and aged for one year) at 22. 7°C 103 22 Flow Chart for 0. 2% Carbopol {saturated with iodine and carbon tetrachloride and aged for one year) at 22. 8°C 104 23 Flow Chart for 0. 1% CMC (saturated with iodine and carbon tetrachloride and aged for one year} at 23. 8°C 105 24 Flow Chart for 0. 2% CMC (saturated with iodine and carbon tetrachloride and aged for one year) at 23. 5°C 106 1 I. INTRODUCTION Real fluids have been classified into the two categories of Newtonian or non-Newtonian according to their behavior under imposed shearing forces. In Newtonian fluids the shear stress is linearly related to the shear rate; whereas, in non-Newtonian fluids this relationship is not, in general, linear. There exist quite a number of shear stress - shear rate functional relation­ ships describing non-Newtonian fluids; most of these relations are semi-empirical. Many investigations of the rheology of non­ Newtonian fluids are under way. In recent years, the problems of describing heat and mass transfer processes in non-Newtonian fluids have begun to attract the attention of research workers. In this department, recent studies of mass transfer from liquid droplets falling in non­ Newtonian liquids have indicated a considerable difference between the mass transfer mechanism in Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. (1 ). In order to help explain these mass transfer dif­ ferences, it was felt that the fluid dynamic characteristics of the non-Newtonian liquids used in these mass transfer studies should be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to construct a capillary tube viscometer and study the rheological properties 2 of the non- Newtonian fluids studied in reference ( 1 ). Although the aqueous non-Newtonian systems used are rather common, the effect of the added solute iodine was unknown and had to be investi­ gated in this project. Two different concentrations of carboxymethy­ cellulose (CMC) from the Hercules Powder Company in distilled water and three different concentrations of carboxypolymethylene (Carbopol) from the Goodrich Chemical Company in distilled water were used in this project. The concentrations and tempera­ tures were the same as in the mass transfer experiments (1). Before the non-Newtonian fluids were examined, it was necessary to test the viscometer with Newtonian liquids of known viscosities. 3 II. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review will be divided into the following sections: (1) a general discussion and classification of non- Newtonian fluids; (2) a brief discussion of types of viscometers; (3) a detailed analysis of the relations necessary to describe a "power-law" non-Newtonian fluid flowing through a capillary viscomter; {4)Reynolds numbers andfrictionfactors; (5) effect of turbulence; and (6) errors in capillary viscometry. A. Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids The discussion presented in this section will be very brief. For more details, the reader is referred to other sources (2-13). Any discussion on non-Newtonian fluids should start with a description of a Newtonian fluid. A plot of the shear stress Trx (force per unit area) versus shear rate dux/dr for a New- tonian fluid should give a straight line through the origin. See figure 1, page 4. Mathematically this is expressed as (2. 1) where T rx = shear stress, force per unit area = flux of x-momentum in the r -direction (4) 4 Bingham Plastic Newtonian Dilatant To Pseudoplastic SHEAR RATE, du/dr Figure 1 • Basic shear diagram 5 = fluid velocity in the x-direction = rate of shear IJ.N = the "viscosity", the slope of the straight line For pipe flow with the notation used above, x refers to the axial direction in a pipe and r refers to the radial direction.
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