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Carotenoid Oxidation Products Are Stress Signals That Mediate Gene Responses to Singlet Oxygen in Plants

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Carotenoid Oxidation Products Are Stress Signals That Mediate Gene Responses to Singlet Oxygen in Plants Carotenoid oxidation products are stress signals that mediate gene responses to singlet oxygen in plants Fanny Ramela,b,c, Simona Birtica,b,c, Christian Giniesd, Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnate, Christian Triantaphylidèsa,b,c, and Michel Havauxa,b,c,1 aCommissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; bCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France; cUniversité Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez- Durance, France; dInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 408 SQPOV, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, F-84000 Avignon, France; and eGénomiques Fonctionnelles d’Arabidopsis, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 1165, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8196, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, 91057 Evry, France Edited by Krishna K. Niyogi, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board February 23, 2012 (received for review September 29, 2011) 1 O2 (singlet oxygen) is a reactive O2 species produced from triplet toxicity (4, 10, 11) and, therefore, products resulting from their 1 excited chlorophylls in the chloroplasts, especially when plants are direct oxidation by O2 are potential candidates for this function. exposed to excess light energy. Similarly to other active O2 species, This possibility is explored in the present work. 1 O2 has a dual effect: It is toxic, causing oxidation of biomolecules, and it can act as a signal molecule that leads to cell death or to Results 1 1 acclimation. Carotenoids are considered to be the main O2 quench- Products Generated by in Vitro and in Vivo O2 Oxidation of Ca- ers in chloroplasts, and we show here that light stress induces the rotenoids. The oxidative breakdown of β-carotene is known to oxidation of the carotenoid β-carotene in Arabidopsis plants, lead- produce a number of volatile short-chain compounds (12, 13), and ing to the accumulation of different volatile derivatives. One such we looked for those products in a β-carotene solution illuminated β 1 compound, -cyclocitral, was found to induce changes in the ex- for up to 60 min in the presence of the O2 generator Rose Bengal. 1 pression of a large set of genes that have been identified as O2 GC-MS analysis indicated that several products rapidly accumu- β 1 responsive genes. In contrast, -cyclocitral had little effect on the lated during O2 oxidation of β-carotene: β-cyclocitral (β-CC), β – expression of H2O2 gene markers. -Cyclocitral induced reprogram- β-ionone (β-I), and dihydroactinidiolide (Fig. 1A). This effect ming of gene expression was associated with an increased toler- was accompanied by a less pronounced, transient production of ance to photooxidative stress. The results indicate that β-cyclocitral α-ionene. is a stress signal produced in high light that is able to induce defense The compounds detected in vitro were then studied in vivo in 1 mechanisms and represents a likely messenger involved in the O2 Arabidopsis leaves subjected to high light stress (1,400 μmol − − signaling pathway in plants. photons m 2·s 1, 7 °C). All four products shown in Fig. 1A were present in dichloromethane extracts of control, unstressed leaves, PLANT BIOLOGY oxidative stress | reactive electrophile species indicating chronic oxidation of β-carotene (Fig. 1 B–E). β-CC, dihydroactinidiolide and, to a lesser extent, β-I accumulated in B–D eactive O2 species (ROS) are inevitably produced in chlor- plants exposed to high light stress (Fig. 1 ). In contrast, the Roplasts during photosynthesis, especially under environmen- α-ionene levels did not change with the light treatment (Fig. 1E). tal stress conditions that inhibit the photosynthetic processes and, We searched for the corresponding molecules derived from hence, lead to excessive absorption of light energy (1, 2). Reduced the oxidation of xanthophylls, such as 3-hydroxy-β-CC or 3-hy- forms of O are generated by transfer of electrons from the droxy-β-I, but none of those compounds could be detected in 2 Arabidopsis photosynthetic electron transport chain to molecular O2, whereas leaves. In Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures, 1O was found to be the triplet excited chlorophylls can transfer excitation energy to O2, 2 1 mainROSproducedinhighlight(14).Wecheckedtheformationof resulting in the formation of singlet oxygen ( O2) (3, 4). The latter the latter ROS in Arabidopsis leaves during high light stress by using ROS is a strong electrophile agent that can react with many 1 classes of biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, and the transcript levels of several O2 marker genes: At1g57630, fi At1g05100, At3g50970, and At2g29450 (8). Quantitative RT-PCR DNA (4). Using hydroxy fatty acids as speci c reporters of en- 1 zymatic and nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation mechanisms, 1O (qRT-PCR) measurements revealed a strong induction of all O2 2 A was demonstrated to play a major destructive role during the gene markers after 7 and/or 51 h of illumination (Fig. S1 ), in- Arabidopsis 1 execution of ROS-induced cell death in leaves (5). However, dicating that leaves produced O2 during the light 1 treatment. In contrast, because the expression of H2O2 gene markers besides its toxic effects, O2 can also trigger a signaling cascade, leading to programmed cell death (6) or to acclimation (7). Ge- responded to the light stress in a very complex manner, without netic studies of the conditional Arabidopsis mutant flu that pro- a clear trend display, it cannot be concluded that the light stress 1 treatment led to a rapid and massive production of H2O2.Onlythe duces massive amounts of O2 during a dark-to-light transition 1 At1g49150 gene showed an induction after 7 h of illumination showed that O2 signaling has specific features in terms of gene induction compared with signaling by other ROS (6, 8, 9). Despite 1 the identification of several components of the O2 signaling 1 Author contributions: F.R. and M.H. designed research; F.R., S.B., C.G., L.S.-T., and M.H. pathway, it remains unclear how the O2 signal is transduced from performed research; F.R., S.B., C.G., L.S.-T., C.T., and M.H. analyzed data; and F.R. and M.H. the chloroplast to the nucleus, leading to changes in gene ex- wrote the paper. pression. Because of its high reactivity and short lifetime, the di- The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1 rect involvement of O2 as a signaling compound seems unlikely. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. K.K.N. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial 1 More probably, signaling finds its origin in the reaction of O2 with Board. preferential target molecules that can serve as mediators. Among 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. the antioxidants present in the chloroplasts, carotenoids are This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. 1 considered to be the first line of defense of plants against O2 1073/pnas.1115982109/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1115982109 PNAS | April 3, 2012 | vol. 109 | no. 14 | 5535–5540 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 1 H O gene markers A O2 gene markers 2 2 O A B 1,6 2,5 At1g27130 At4g23290 1,4 2 O 1,2 O 1,5 1 0,8 1 0,6 0,4 O 0,5 0,2 0 0 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 16 3,5 At1g05100 At4g10500 14 3 12 2,5 10 2 8 1,5 6 BC3 * 2,5 4 1 -Cyclocitral -Ionone 2 0,5 2,5 2 0 0 * 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 2 1,5 9 2,5 At3g50970 At1g03060 1,5 * 8 Relative mRNARelative level 7 2 1 6 1 5 1,5 4 0,5 1 0,5 3 2 0,5 0 0 1 017 017 0 0 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml Relative values Relative Time (h) Time (h) 10 1,8 At2g29450 At1g49150 1,6 8 3 8 D * E 1,4 Dihydroactini- 1,2 7 -Ionene 6 2,5 1 diolide 0,8 6 4 2 0,6 5 2 0,4 4 1,5 0,2 0 0 3 1 0 µl 5 µl 15 µl 50 µl 1 ml 0 µl 5 µl 15µl 50 µl 1 ml 2 * -ionone -cyclocitral 0,5 1 1 Fig. 2. Effects of β-I or β-CC on the expression of O2 and H2O2 gene 0 0 markers in Arabidopsis leaves, as measured by qRT-PCR. Transcript levels of 1 017 017 O2 gene markers [GST tau3 (GSTU13, At1g27130), Mitogen activated pro- Time (h) Time (h) tein kinase kinase kinase 18 (MAPKKK18, At1g05100), Toll-Interleukin-Re- sistance domain-containing protein (At3g50970) and GST 103–1A (GSTU5, Fig. 1. Volatile oxidation products of β-carotenemeasuredbyGC-MS.(A) At2g29450)] (A) and H2O2 gene markers [Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein Relative changes of four major products generated by the in vitro oxidation of kinase 21 (CRK21, At4g23290), Oxidoreductase (At4g10500), 2-oxoglutarate- β 1 β β -carotene by O2 produced by Rose Bengal in the light: -I, -CC, dehy- dependent dioxygenase (OAP2, At4g03060) and Hypothetical protein α – β droactinidiolide, and -ionene.
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