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Home , Civic nationalism, Richard Price

Keywords cent Scottish referendum, one of the Introduction Abstract on acivicpatriotism andM andtwo mainclaimsare presented.distinction The firstisthat despite Price’s emphasis ard M Price andJohnStuart two ofpoliticalthought, liberals, of British andthephilosophicalreflections Rich­ history light on the question of , context in the British in particular, by to turning the suasive was notion of notable by its absence. This paper attempts to shed Ireland.particular, In ofGreattion oftheUnited Kingdom andNorthern any Britain per ing onbehalfoftheBetter Together apositive campaign to visionandconcep articulate cal discussionsofnationalism. The second claimisthat Price andM ofthecivic/ethnicdividearedoubts aboutthesustainability here reflected inphilosophi­ their accounts ultimately cohere around thecentrality ofa “national history”. Empirical namely the articulation of a genuinely British national ofagenuinelyBritish history.namely thearticulation simultaneously suggestingtheonlyobvious for prospect itssuccesful reconfiguration, tention apersuasive whilst British of to nationality constructing thehistorical difficulty Question In reflecting eventsthe on the of re- and C The recent referendum on Scottish independence by was characterised a fail­ onsiderations Scottish Scottish Referendum, Nationalism, British , J. S.M British a Mill Discourse on ill’s embracing ofmany elements ofethnic nationalism, both ill. Their ideasare setoutwithreference to thecivic/ethnic of Nationalism , Price and C Referendum onundrum: articulate anational, British identity to campaigning for Union, the in try debate was problem the by faced those most interesting of preceding the aspects Primljeno: rujan2014. znanstveni rad Izvorni Cardiff University & Philosophy ofEnglish,CommunicationSchool Huw Williams

on ill’s account draw at

the the the ill, civic, ethnic ­­ing to

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7 Political Theory 8 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 Union has produced. The firstneeds no most brilliant thinkers that liberal the that can inform such questions. ly no shortage of discussion and debate of thoughttory political there- is certain and his the - ofspective theory political more than one and sense, from per the it (Stanley, 2014).This is a shame in conundrum,this or preferred to ignore that leading the forces were oblivious to ishness. For most the it part appeared gether under anotion of civic Brit thin - bringing idea dispersed four to- with narrative this and attempt amore culture and values, or instead di united British identity highlighting shar toadvised attempt arecalibration of a BetterTogether and 2014). Reeves, bannerder the of “One ” (Smith frame for apost-industrial so identity, have they which to re tried - remnants of acollective working class most guilty of inclinging this to the dear.them Labour The perhaps is Party adjust about ideas their Britain has cost that inability the of major the to parties altogether arguable (Easton, is 2014). It cant minority British the reject identity tish, or Welsh first – and a not insignifi- selves as English, Northern Irish,- Scot almostwhilst three in fivethem- identify zens themselves identify as British first, that only roughly one infive British citi- (Jones etal., 2012).Today data indicate a greater of sense difference political and latterly English the –have cultivated Scotland and , nations as these – volved government inNorthern Ireland, years since establishment the of de- has become far more difficult inrecent sage. This question of British identity of togetherness central so to mes their - inspire electorate the and foster asense In to look two paper of this I will the It is an open question the whether campaign would have been ­­ciety, un- spense ­spense ed ­­­ed - lutionary Controversy. lutionary mous, for his role insparking- Revo the iswho perhaps most famous, or infa- ologian, and thinker political statistician to one Richard Price, aphilosopher,- the philosophy know will name. the Irefer likely that average the student of political nition he receives today. In it fact, is un- far more obscure interms of recog the - breadth of his interests –yet heremains- impressiveequally mind, inthe striking nationality. constitution the in particular of British his general about ideas nationality, and interest and significance indiscussing be ception of no small in1707.Thiswill vanguard of union new the since its in- Scottish tradition that at had been the , and represented Anglo- the Scottish heritage, son of Angus-born ond point of note is that was Mill of Burke about sets is his perhaps adversary . The irewhichwith responds to inhis Reflections on the is DrPrice the that (2014) 2 1 maxi­­ going His libertarians. emphasis on that separates himfrom more thorough- uponed afar reaching is that is, of his course, ground­­­ gard to oursubsequent discussion. First ticular, parhaps obvious points, with re- . It is worth recalling two par of and virtues the speech free other basic (Mill, he 1989)inwhich extols most renowned for his famous On tract, introduction. John Stuart is Mill perhaps ments emerge in his thought. some might venture authoritarian –ele- ures and some more – perfectionist him to extol of virtues the pleas higher - 1984. controversy,On the for see example, Butler, forSee, example, Joseph Hamburger, 1999. The secondThe character represents an mizing general the happiness leads 2 For Richard Price 1 The sec The - - owed Kant, and of eventhe 20 many his moral foreshad- eson and . In eyesof the rectly to the of Francis Hutch- 2011) published in 1758 responding di- Mary WollstonecraftMary Chapel where he inspired likes the of minister at famous the debate and fame, Price – by now the 1991: 143). century philosopher G.E.Moore (Gealy, bring him to fame, his work on moral philosophy that would embarked on writings and his theological took as afamily apost chaplain. Here he where he completed his training and ily he followed his uncle to parents and of dispersal his nuclear fam - (Thomas, 1977:8). Withthe death of his histo later typify thought political tradition that –aradicalism would come burgeoningthe Welsh non-conformist teachings of some of early the figures in morethe Arminian radical, and Arian How Lordthe Governer Oliver Cromwell. War and with support personal the of in his native Wales following Civil the puritan tradition, had which root taken put place intheir (Dreyer, 1978:465). thatcals Burke loathed and so wish influentialgroup of dissenters and radi- ing representative the of an increasingly one for his lost legacy,- Price be 3 fundamental principles of calculation for on national the cy debt and establishing mography and , influencing poli- He wrote soon influential tracts on de- intervene inpublic affairs (Tho God’s and calling his duty personal to unable to resist what he considered to be markable institution and environs. Allardyce,See 2008for of ahistory re this - Although disinclined towards public Price was in fact aproductPrice was infact of the ­­ever, influenced became he soon by 3 –found himself Review mas, 1971). ­­mas, 1971). (Price, ed to­ed th

side the UK. side the Arguably he remains better known out- from Yale in 1781. ceived his honorary doctorate alongside administrationcial of states, the and re - down an invitation to assist finan inthe - side of Atlantic, the where he turned his works were celebrated on other the associate of other leading Americans, and of friend Benjaminclose Frank and over sold 100,000copies. He was a and unstinting support for colonists the tions wholeheartedly. His pamphlet Revolution, of both he which supported War of Independence and French the cametics in relation to Ame the ­ mous interventions world inthe of- poli insurancethe industry. His two most fa- 4 sentative government considered be will contextin the of his thought on repre- pages. Mill’s own account of nationality following inthe assessed that be will , and it isaccount this daymodern theorists political refer to as considered ahistorical exemplar of what an accountalso of that can be dom. Contained withinsermon is this would spread enlightenment and- free divested of national and cosmopolitansal, order that would be mankindtaking astep to closer auniver by Glorious the Revolution of 1688– of same the millenarian process started Frenchthe Revolution as acontinuation Country titled mon (that would later published) be en- most famous as he act, preached aser K. Zebrowski, 1994;Rémy 2012. Duthille, Cone, 2014;Jack Fruchtman, 1983;Martha to lielargely for elsewhere. See example, Carl in recent interest academic decades, seems to have written prolifically Richardon Price While D. O. Thomasthe is one British author Shortly before his death came his (1991) provided moral justification A Discourse on the Love of our . In address this he interpreted 4 Observa ­­lin and rican - - -

9 Political Theory 10 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 offered as an attempt to negotiatethe within an overarching narrative. tive identity) have will to them embed (and elements other unifying of substan­ importance the sise of factors ethnic longing, that perspectives whilst empha- create amore substantial of- sense be tions of nationalism require to ahistory lines maystrict misguided. Civic be no - parating forms of nationalism along such timately point to suggestion the that­­ se appear to exemplify distinction the - –ul theoretical conceptions – that may first suggestion the sense, cal here is that suggests dichotomy afalse inan empiri- for nation. the unifying Whilst Kuzio reliancein their on ahistorical narrative ality respectively, ultimately they overlap conceptstheir of patriotism and nation- principles and concepts inarticulating Price and draw Mill different on very element thattheir ideas. unifies Whilst cepts to agreat degree –there is one key prefigurewhich the civic conand ethnic ­­ spite different very aims and values – differing accounts demonstratesthat de­ claimedbe that an analysis of two their likes of Taras Kuzio (2002).Here it will questioned terms inpractical by the has more recently fundamentally been nationalismethnic –adistinction which troublesomethose concepts of civic and implications there are for understanding infer what also retical discussion will inasmuchpurpose aslargely this - theo paperhave The will a dual lack thereof). sights into contemporary the debate (or nationalism that provides intriguing in- approach towards question the of British work is precisely to engage in a historical alism. todaywhat nation as ethnic is described - ments that more pertain obviously to as afoil, of because ele the - inparticular One final preliminary comment is An overarching motivation for this it necessary to loveit necessary cerebral days we donot necessarily think ofidea patriotism, more evenifinthese In it sense this appears to close the very it underpins to state. allegiance the their dividual and nation-state, their and how ture of relationship the in- the between tionalism, concentrate which on na the - cent discussions of civic and na- ethnic to morediscussion speak certainly re- and divergent their aims, Price and Mill’s maiden for representative government. ­ditions would allow best it a hand to be - people, and about set deducing what con­ importance the nised of nationality for cated nationalism, rather that he recog- is not much so that case the advo Mill - Geor der of sense a functional nationalism that un­ proach and identifying what constitutes rather by amore ap taking - sociological should ing same the direct question of what question of nationality, not through ask - loyal to one’s country. on takes Mill the preted as feeling the of proud being and tionalism – where nationalism is inter ling question the of grounds the for na- tackterm patriotism - he is specifically of aslight of hand here, using whilst the other words, and Ihope Iam not guilty makes which be, us pride take init. In tion state, and what it exactly is, or should tions for our identificationwiththe na- mean that he is looking at founda the - lovethe of our country, Iinterpret to this points. When Price refers to basis of the conceptsthese from differing starting that fact the Price and approach Mill concepts following in the discussion and slippage different that between occurs Price or wish Mill to express aggres the - to patriotism that sense inthe neither tainly notion this of nationalism is closer ­­pins representative government. As Despite differences the in approach gios Varouxakis­­gios (2008)suggests, it constitute our nationalism, but one’s country. Cer - - nise as civicnise nationalism: pression of what we would today recog- offers us a clear and uncomplicated ex- foundations of relationship, this and he are incorrect assumptions about true the nationalism? how should weexpress our feelings of form of aquestion: why should we and ism should To be. put point the inthe and correct expression of our national- terms of our theme –what grounds the nation,the but more importantly –in plain to us not only duties the we have to statement,initial is, its purpose Country Our of Love words of Richard Price’s Discourse on the of Country Our Price and theLove state. abilitythe of nationality to underpin the ultimately important inaccounting for argument that elements of ethnicity are analyzes nationalism, with resulting the ofideal civic nationalism, Mill whilst ture that Price is putting forward his Rather, incontemporary parlance Iven- ments of superiority and aggression. sociated with word, the suggesting senti- sive of idea nationalism that is often as- and and friends kindred are who as- orbers, that of body companions community of we which are mem- not forests the and fields, butthat wewhich happen to have born, been not or soil the spot the on of earth by our is meant, country case, inthis He continues by noting that there In other words Price wishes to ex- (Price, 1989:1-2) to it we which ought to cultivate and proper expressions of that love country, and nature, the foundation, to explain duty the we owe to our We with some of begin opening the . According to his that have to most led the horrific conse- tion, in his view, are two of factors the ism to alluded earlier). Pride and ambi- patriotismtion between and national- here we return to apparent the distinc- ambition with others (and and rivalry country, and that patriotism is about exceptionalseeing value inour own patriotism has become synonymous with tions that we to need reconsider: that he ongoes to note two other assump- passionate feelings context, inthis and rationalise and regulate our powerful, Price wishesto ask of us. to He is trying ever, would to misunderstand be what our loyality? To questions, ask these how­­ as state, the or , sufficient to ensure rather distant or abstract concepts such and passion for Are our the Country? to ask what is to ignite our enthusiasm civictheir society. ing apeople and patriotism their within required as foundation the for sustain- constitution, its government –that is statethe and only state the –its laws, its language and state. In Price’s view, it is tion an interpenetration land, between articulates Herderianwho inthe - tradi such as his compatriot J. Jones R. (1966), fundamentalbeen to countlessothers- disregards and ideas concepts that have tion for nation. the From outset the he such as raceor language –as founda the - istics often associatedwith nationality, that matter, other significant character to one sideany about ideas land –or for and institutions. political their He puts tion is anything other than its citizens intofall trap the of that thinking na the - Perhaps first the response to is Price Price’s warning therefore is not to 1989: 2-3) gether by same the polity civil (Price, byed same the laws, and bound to - constitution of government, protect- sociated with us under same the -

11 Political Theory 12 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 virtue and liberty” (Price, andvirtue 1989:11).Truth liberty” interests as follows: he describes “truth, any notion of competitive patriotism – by undermine Price further described ests, and interests the of nation the as constrainedbe by broader these inter Prussian philosopher's vision. more cosmopolitan radically than the suggesting an international system even mous text, Toward Peace Perpetual publicationthe of 's fa- zenship, were as articulated they before poltianism of citi - with his global talk elements belonging to Price’s cosmo­ tant to far-reaching keep inmind these ternational community first. It is impor thatideal places interests the of in- the competition – and to uphold instead the Hobbesian anarchic system of eternal citizens to invert of perspective the a urges nations the of world the and their of In good. wider this terms basic Price our own benefitthrough consideration (Price, 1989:10)and insists that we limit embraces which world” the all good-will is regard the to general justice and that says, “the noblest principle inour nature he offersperspective radical. truly is He forgotteneasily or overlooked that the hewhich expresses principle, this it is ple and straightforward manner in place as global citizens.place as global ment to consider ourselves first inthe reflected in tian ideal, Price’s encourage- of patriotism is acosmopolitan,- Chris institutions.political and connected only with to respect our therefore, purified according be to Price, international politics. Patriotism must, immoralthe events one associates with quences interms of conflict, war all and 5 lightenment thought, 1977. Schlereth, see themeOn the of in En- The interests each of country are to Supervenient on interpretation this 5 Given sim- the , and - - voice to majority, the and pro which - protect individual freedoms and givea forideal nations: all institutions that cause of its that virtues should the be ofbecause features, its special rather- be We should not feel love for our country same the essentially for be each country. instead an institutionalconcept that can with regard to its foundations, and offers nationthe of any distinguishing features What is to Price does effectively empty that binds population the to each other. corporating elements these as glue the tions, culture and language, nor for in- ofscape or country the its unique- tradi pride ora special delight land inthe - As stated previously, there is no place for question –such as language the or land. “indigenous” features of in country the ism that beyond looks any unique and onspective foundations the of national - of Price's concept of patriotism is aper tutions of country. the embodimentthe of values the and insti - he is foremost the of servant Society, and of monarch, the but arecognition that expression of submission to person the submission to sovereign the is not an curity. In context, this our and respect no foundationbe for our or- se trates –without there obedience this will requires that law the we obey and magis- Furthermore, our duty to our country nifest itself, and for to virtue flourish. dom there is no way can ma truth ­ the liberty, Price argues that without- free foreshadow elements of Mill’s message on our patriotic With zeal. sentiments that dom completes of trinity the of objects from knowledge- free of whilst truth, the lives. Virtue therefore follows directly allowswhich people to live Godly good, enlightenment of humanity, and that relates to information and general the What we have, therefore, case inthe - Clark on goes to note that humanity: and opportunity the for emancipating est emphasis is upon placed future the grounds for patriotism, great the whilst - there is a rejection of traditional the plausibleis certainly to extent the that tant for part Price, but Clarke’s argument ing that plays infact history an impor We return will to point this later inargu- extricate from history. an and articulation of trend anew to try time.the He regards Price’s arguments as tionalism within United the Kingdom at torespect prevailing the notions of na- patriotism and identity, with especially as of to the Price’s about ideas ous nations. mote and enlightened,- virtu peaceful, Price’s version of its national identity meant that never had against Revolutionary and Napoleonic the wars in and victory final survival ard Price (Clark, 2000:233). was given classic expression by Rich- universalising ‘religion of humanity’ sants cence, and led by guided bien the pen­ would its reassert natural- benefi jacket were removed, human nature tion on its people. Once strait this - lar state, was an illegitimate imposi- identity,nal identity the - of a particu should emancipate mankind; Natio­ historical or philosophical enquiry pastthe was something from which admirers of French the Revolution, to For them. reject enthusiastic the and afterbegan 1789,systematically numbersmall of in men, especially more the all sensational a when continuities of Englishness made it about ancient the origins and long Thewide acceptance of assumptions J. C.D. Clarke (2000)is inno doubt everywhere. In England,everywhere. this - cosmopolitan nature of Price’s thought point made by Clark with regard to the ever, to bare it is out worth trying the fore coursing hare, particular this how- rejection of English this narrative.- Be forthcomingwas so in his “sensational” account for why Price, as aWelshman, construed as relevant inattempting to concludingthe section). dum debate –apoint return we will to in identity that have referen the dogged - lying tensions to forge intrying aBritish developments hint at some of under the national identity of that (such country nation that was to become central to the continuities” of one the predominant “ancient the was in fact origins and long peoples and two separate kingdoms, it was an amalgamation of three distinct Price which in1789is discussing try” tive of that fact the although “coun the - Englishmen and Britons. This is sugges- – to conflate England and Britain and common practice now insome quarters common – and practice then remains Kingdom of in1707,it was had joined Scotland to form United the Wales, annexed had which been in1536) sion: although England included (which not insignificant- the discus to aspect land and Englishmen implies another prior to formal the addition of Ireland). dom of Great Britain (as it was then, stage of history inthe United the King- terms, to failed root take –at least at this concept, clearly more civic inmodern Firstly suggest they thatspects. Price’s Such considerations might be also of use the Secondly names the Eng- His remarks are revealing in two re- 233). (Clark, 2000: ti-historical ideology demands of any ahistorical or an- disavow identity or continuity by the Englishmen were not compelled to dictated to it by its government. -

13 Political Theory 14 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 ligious millenarianism and his utopian portant it because exemplifies Price’s re- ing of history. tion in1688,through understand this - stretching back to Glorious the Revolu- tion of his country’s recent travails, 6 Simon. cialists such as Fourier, and Owen Saint- form by secular passedin early the - so bent to his thought, wassur which to be There is no denying a strong utopian imitation of divine the order on earth. path that inevitably leads towards the towardstime millennium as new a the thathistory interprets passage the of (Fruchtman 1983), with aphilosophy of as a typical example of millenarianism view. Price's work is interpreted by some underpinningsChristian of his world- attentionparticular to religious, the best. nations are consideration asecondary at distinguishing the spect elements of framework,in a global and re in this - tion of rights equal for individuals with - tive state the is avehicle for realiza the - makes obvious From sense. - perspec this nationalism that is essentially impartial phy to need hold the then aconcept of is end the point of- his philoso political restrained concept of nationalism. If this vious reason for pure his ethically and cosmopolitan regime offerthe most ob- andtics his hopes for federal a peaceful, that ofseem his ideal international- poli concept that civicly is so “pure”. It would in accounting for why Price offers us a earth. On Owen, see Powell, see On Owen, earth. 2012. asm for possibility the of creating heaven on werethey raised, and an evangelical enthusi - within which theology Calvinist pessimistic ert a similar rejection we of Owen, see the Curiously, with regard to his compatriot Rob- This interpretation is not only im- This aspect Thisof aspect Price’sthought draws 6 One can read Price's interpreta- - held his homeland and its in par virtues as samein the Britain, sense or that he consideredwho Wales a“country” to be any a Welsh sense patriot, or someone plicit basis for that thinking Price was in terms of his Welshness. There is no ex- Price offers of (British) nationalism in speculative, for considering concept the there mayalbeit acase, more be also such for acivic perspective adissenter, to engender alove for country. their tionalism and provide more than enough general would appeal as basis for the na- institutions, rights and civic elements in ofbecause religiousconvictions their why had of who sufferedperspective those senters. It is to easy understand from the expressing position the of his fellow dis- ship, work and politics. Here he is clearly ensure rights equal with regard to wor priority and precedent for any state is to Test laws, he was convinced that the nation under what were known as the formist continued who to suffer discrimi conception of nationalism. As anon-con- motivation for Price’s sermon and his highlighted perhaps most the obvious zens’ love, and arguments inthese are principlesthese and is testing her citi- thatfact hisis country not to true being own.their of people the to form agovernment of abusethe of government, and right the freedom of conscience, right the to resist right the to characterize British society: principlesbasic should that believed be tion as an event established which three Hein his thinking. regarded revolu the - Clark, that he is not entirely ahistorical large degree. It demonstrates, also contra that defines its pure, civic nature to a element to on his thinking nationalism it because providesalso an additional cosmopolitanism more generally, but In addition to obvious the appeal of Indeed, his main complaint is the - - - taking afirsttaking look at Mill’s work Consid than ’s core When ideas. phone culture, one no look further need nic to an tied anglo- Mill given such importance by Mill. elements of identity, raceor language otism, without requiring any distinctive are adequate as abasis for British patri- result, he suggests that elements these –and else above as a liberty everything motes religious tolerance and individual provides aform of Britishness that pro- ofmodel nationalism offered by Price can mantain, least, that at the very the inrelation to way this of We thinking. gard of that to types ideas the Mill arise myth and history. We with re see - will toidentities English inparticular tied aroundbased characteristics ethnic and attempt to construct British identity he was attuned to limitations the of an fringe, therefore, it isplausible that that ly distinct cultural and national entity. cism regarded –who Wales as an entire- dulging inaburgeoning Welsh romanti- of his compatriots in- those –especially 19 guage of majority the until late into the tinctiveness (Welsh remained lan the - have aware been of Wales’cultural dis- as a Welshman Price would no doubt broader philosophy. political However, any of traces Welsh it would and appear link to try fruitless and took pride inhis Welsh identity, but connection home with his childhood (1924: 152)that he maintained astrong some suggestions from Roland Thomas against patriotic chauvinism). There are would at be with his odds own warnings regardticular (inamanner, say, that th th To appreciatetheform of amore- eth As one hailed from who Celtic the century) and feeling the among many patriotism with his - cy). Itcy). is worth quoting at Mill length, in areboth supporters of greater- democra ment that two the sense in the between noted, of course, that there is clear agree- nation according to Price (it should be state the whilst provides basis for the the foundation of state the according to Mill, it stated can be that nationality is the contrast two the instraightforward terms, samethe civic institutions. to In trying citizensists between and sharing their in beyond simple the relationship that ex- of nationhood and nationality that go stitutions.grounds These aresense the to maintainneeded state the and its in- to ensure ideals, than these stability the other grounds are required, broader that in fundamental terms that he thinks population.the For Mill, however, it seems of ensuring loyalty and support amongst civic nation should sufficient be in terms individual; that is, objectives the of the nationalismin what state the offers the to understanding foundations the sees of of Price’s attitude, according who to my In it respect this amounts to inverse the underpinning state the that is important. strumental value of national identityin nity vision, inMill's rather it is in- the or restore any kindof national commu- first instancethere is no desire to protect it is worth addressing that fact the inthe strong “ethnic” foundations. as out making avirtue described ofbe ernment are grounded upon what might his on ideas functioning the ofcivic gov- to Price, illuminating spectrum the how ism text inthis is at opposing the end of tions. However, on national section the - ism by attention giving special to institu- celebrates civic the element of national- read him as another philosopher who first(1991), the be tendency wouldto erations on Representative Government Before noting someelements, specific

15 Political Theory 16 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 sidering context inthe of Britain, with a ofsense nationality. This is conworth - elementsthese is likely to weaken the sentence, namely that alack inany of firstwhat is these of is statedthelast in quotein this require attention, and the and it. preserve tify Three other elements quires fellow this feeling inorder to jus- ity preceeds state, the as it were, and re- tionality rather than state the –national- to places Mill which a precedent on na- mously begins: his reflections on nationality. He fa- It is clear from quote this extent the 1991: 308). causes contribute which to it (Mill, weakened by failure the of any of the national feeling is proportionally by themselves... Yet in general the dispensable, or necessarily sufficient circumstances, however, are either in- incidents past. in the None of these and regret, connected with same the tive pride and humiliation, pleasure community of recollections;- collec of anational history, and consequent antecedents;political possession the But strongest the of is identity all of graphical limits are one of its causes. gion, greatly contribute to- it. Geo language, and community of reli- of raceand descent. Community of Sometimes it is effect the of identity have generated been by various causes. ly. This feeling of nationality may or aportion of themselves exclusive- should government be by themselves same government, and desire that it other people, desire under to the be each other more than willingly with makewhich co-operate them with and them between any others – mon sympathies donot which exist united among themselves by com- constitute aNationality are ifthey A portion of mankind may said to be views on problemviews this are telling, par wardssense of aunified nationhood. His to undermine differences and work to- tionality, to act it he viewed as necessary where there existed more than one na- tutions to succeed. He says: maximize opportunity the for state insti- terms of identity inorder was needed to strongly that believed uniformity in themselves asdescribe anation. But he than one group of people with a desire to incountries thatpecially included more some of problems the of nationality, es- history, afactor to we which return. shall important constituent of –national all thy element is identifiedthisthe mostas versial amongthird The them. notewor mits are most the obvious and uncontro- ish nationality. Indeed, geographical li­ or religion as clear constituents of Brit- cannot consider race, ethnicity, language as constitutingtifies nationality: one namely numerous the factors iden- Mill to second the pointview of interest – In context the of countries those (Mill, 1991:310). main of with those nationalities governments should coincide inthe of institutionsboundaries that the necessarya general condition of free and country the of another... it is in have confidence the of part one of altogether differentset of leaders ferent of sections country. the An are acts political differentthe dif- in formwhich opinions and decide influences ernment, cannotThe exist. of representative working gov- the to unitedthe public opinion, necessary read different and speak languages, out fellow-feeling, ifthey especially nationalities. Among apeople with - ble made in a upcountry of different Free institutions are next to impossi- himselfMill was of course aware of - - the maximizationthe of pleas higher - the Mill’s concept of happiness advocates addition it is important to that recall rather than just own their interests. In wards welfare the as a whole, of society with broad this principle, working to- that inaccordance leaders act political system as an effective means of ensuring democratic the view such aswill Mill piness. From utilitarians perspective this ism is maximization the of general hap- orderpolitical according to utilitarian - that order aim the of social and the the to appreciate more them fully. We know tive of Mill’s broader philosophy inorder provide some context from- perspec the many , but to it is worth trying continues, infamously: ticularly inrelation to Britishness. He These commentsThese are interesting for ish nation (Mill, 1991:314). Highlander as members of Brit the - plies to Welshman the or Scottish the of world. the same The remark ap- or interest general inthe movement mental orbit, without participation revolvingtimes, inhis own little rocks, half-savage the relic of past power –than to on sulk his own dignitythe and prestige of French vantages of French protection, and French citizenship, sharing ad- the on terms privileges equal the to all of of French the nationality, admitted cultivated people amember –to be and feelings and of civilised ahighly brought into current the of ideas the ofBasque French Navarre, to be not more to a beneficial Breton, or a tage. Nobody can suppose that it is absorptionthe is greatly to its advan- backward portion of human the race was originally an inferior and more and inanother: absorbed it when for one nationality to merge and be provesExperience that it is possible peripheral peoples. judgement on value the ofthe life the of is exemplarylogic –given initial the are saved from ignorance. their Mill’s benefitthemselves peoples will they as welfare.eral In addition, marginal these governingthe regime and reducing gen- ofsense nationalism, by undermining sist inundermining British the or French lifestyle in their ty thatthey should per freedom.their There is not enough - utili about piggishtoo to worry abuse the of Scottish Highlander or Welshman the is thatseems for Millthe life of Breton, the put point the inafairly way, crude it firstthe principle of utilitarianism. To demoted to a clear second with regard to identity principle the sees of freedom problem of creating anational of sense sion of nationality. In context this the strumentality is evident inMill’s- discus is ultimately instrumental, and in- this quality. plex kind, and ultimately life of better of asociety, happiness of a more com- to leads development the in his view discussion and ideationalthat conflict, cause of its benefit in terms of promoting dom, and freedom of individual, the - be of togenerally idea the - subscribes free by is Mill evident Liberty inOn . Here he This element perfectionism advocatedof 7 piness of pigs is sufficient for humans. leading to implication the that hap the - tween lower and pleasures, higher thus tham, makes which no- distinction be thrown up by utilitarianism the - of Ben attempts to overcome problem the fectionism relating to his philosophy. He ures, and there so is an element of per Gray, 1989. of promoting a‘philosophy of swine’, see For adefence of against Mill accusation the In value the respect, of this freedom - - 7

17 Political Theory 18 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 from prob hybrid this aparticular to be - ing isolation the of peoples Celtic the advantagethe of consider whilst both, English and Anglo-Scots have mixed to to mean that British in the context the vantages of mixed nationality: Britishness inhis comments on ad- the clue to his support for concept this of nationality. There maybe anadditional overarching,tially supervenient British say that groups both shared inapoten- of Union. the In itto respect, this is true two “peoples”these constituted core the own background as well that as fact the Perhaps is this not surprising given his alongside Scots Anglicized English. the that makes spacefor linguisitically the Britishthe nation he expounds is one “other”as Celtic the for Mill. However, Welsh– are they what we might describe to assimilateseek Scottish the Gaels and ishness anationality to be that should by Mill. It is clear that he considers Brit- areScots general inthe picture offered in terms of Britishness, on where the We can interpret words these of Mill 315). neighbouringthe (Mill, vices 1991: mixture from exaggerated being into its progenitors, protected by ad- the aptitudescial and excellences of all as well as physical),- inherits spe the influencesthe in operation are moral (but greater inastill degree, because ple, like acrossed breed of animals The them. - unitedpeo between vals treme forms, and filling the interup remain, but by softeningtheir ex- sufficientcases, examples are sure to guishing of inthese types, which, to human the race. Not by- extin inacommonties union, is abenefit ing of attributes their - and peculiari ture of nationalities, and blend the - Whatever really tends to admix- the It is worth reflecting for a moment, - - tion, it consitutes asomewhat different associatedalism - tradi with German the readily embracedpects by nation ethnic - that although Mill’s concept refers to as- son and distinction. to conclude with such compari acrude - would fail to dojustice to either account day nationalism.modern ethnic Yet it kind of attitude embraced by purported emphasisthe on identitythe reflects uisite for any state, succesful and here term 'common sympathies' is aprereq- ofsense nationhood designated by the otherthe hand, that asserts Mill the conceptporary of civic nationalism. On can roughly compared be to contem the - nationaltheir passion which – an aspect uniteswhich people and of is focus the tions and freedoms it guarantees is that philosophers. institu the Price believes - foundation for our nationby two these differentvery understandings the of Centrality The of a National History incorporates elements of strength. moves disadvantages and obstacles and ensure greater hegemoneity, re which - steps can justifiablytaken in be order to ments of diharmony respects in these of ethnicity, and where there are ele- attention givesMill particular to aspects unity forged can be inmany ways, and ty, better the its chances for success. This greater unity the interms of that identi- stone for order, political the where the ality that identifies it as a key foundation we findwith isaconceptMill of nation - what might this exactly In be. sum, what it is unclear from forgoing the remarks bution from fringe, Celtic the although suggest that he may have acontri seen - A sympathetic reading of might Mill lem for that them have they to overcome. One important element to note is We therefore are presented with two tives inhis address was to the persuade Price’s sermon. once more, implicit to be seen can be in elementthis of nationality, inlooking moment, but first it be mustnoted how contextthe of contemporary the UKina history”. analyze element Iwill this in turalprecedents embraced in a “national cording to and- is political Mill the cul most important source of sympathy ac- religion and geography. However, the of sympathies. these referred Also to are language –are just some of sources the –race, as ethnic ethnicity,described and noted above, elements those that can be common sympathies refers Mill to. As to returnnecessary to concept this of a practice. To appreciate point this it is as complicatedbe as it is in in theory cepts of nationalism from eachother can that extricating civic and con ethnic - sophical demonstrate: theories namely analysisthe of two the foregoing philo- suggest aperhaps less obvious point that Price’s approach, Iwould like to further ethnicity and language. cious than aconcept to restricted strictly for it fact the is somewhat more capa- nic concepts of nationalism –allowing said to reside in practice alongside- eth peoples, concept Celtic this the might be guage and ethnicity inhis treatment of obvious importance attributed to lan- to ed elements that include but are not restrict- with eachother, and that on is this based of fellow feeling and citizens identifying places great emphasis on importance the tionalism.that Thisthe fact he reflects captured by term “identitarian” the na - concept,ed might which broadly be ludes to constitute adiscrete, ifconnect- thatnised numerous the features- he al approach. Namely, it should recog- be It that seems one of main the objec- contrasts inmind these Bearing with ethnic markers. ethnic Thatsaid, given the add something more substantive to the maintain of asense nationhood –and myth or shared memories to inspire and was aware of for need the some kindof ality, but it suggests that Price himself are withlinked Mill’s account of nation- offree any of other the constituents that vine pathway. Clearly Price’s narrative is narianism professed by Price, on adi- according beginning, the - to mille the land shared same the Monarch) marked arate Kingdoms of England and- Scot a hundred- sep the inwhich year period (towards end the of hundred years, precise, to be but the short at history very time, the less than a past”(Mill, 1991: 308). The Union had a with same the nected incidents inthe humiliation, pleasure and regret, con- “collectivenational history: pride and what is Mill referring to inrelation to a to createthat Price was trying exactly ror. There is no denyingthe impression Spaniardsthe as nations are who iner with occasional reference to Turk the or vinism is present even inPrice’s ideal, He peace. Christian says, federation embodying apermanent citizens, working whilst towards aglobal state that ensured freedoms the of its was realization the of an entirely just dential work of ultimateThe God. goal reformcal illustrated which provi the - involvedhad been inaprocess of politi- since Glorious the Revolution in1688, congregation that United the Kindgom, In an respect, this element of chau- 1989: 43-4). thy of favour the us shewn (Price, us studyLet to shew ourselves wor appearedGod for it and delivered it. and favoured country. Often has It distinguished long has been avery have greatest the reason for loving it. happiness, and, without doubt, you You love your and country desire its - -

19 Political Theory 20 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 tion to appeal the of ele mixing- these people he presents –drawing our atten- ments theoretical inthe concept of a ic” and “ethnic” (or “identitarian”) ele- to acknowledgeboth “civnecessary the - philosopher political that sees itrary is that the fact reflects a notable contempo- ft.17). refer to assimilation) 1999:23 (Rawls cerpts (not unsurprisingly, those, that fore quoting lines from above the ex- next feature basic - of peoples, be liberal concept of “common sympathies” as the ment. To endout this he sets Millian the civic element of constitutional govern- kind of unity of identity to bolster the LP like his predecessors it is made clear in in a diverse and heterogenous society, stitutional arrangement sustained can be tempts to demonstrate how such a con- work inPolitical Liberalism (2005)at- ever, eventhough much of his earlier mate constitutional government. How- belongs people” to a“liberal as alegiti- he identifiesthe first basicfeature that Peoples in is his work is illustrated inTheLaw of complete state institutions. This priority about how to achieve most the just and hisrespect is alargely ‘civic’ project that apply state, to liberal the and inthis fundamentalthe principles of justice associated with attempt the to interpret John In Rawls. general Rawls’ work is philosophers, political lytical namely workin the of most the famous of ana- counts of nationality, and it is illustrated continues popular to be intoday’s ac- national is history acornerstone that concept of “common sympathies” and a us. he notesdency of favoring around those sharing of freedoms and general the ten - that he is aware of for need the some I note inmost it this because part Indeed, it is worth noting that the (Rawls, 1999: 23) by(Rawls, that fact the see that accountsee thin eventhis of civic putting forward anational we history of ethnicity and identity. However, in chauvinistic rejecting whilst conceptions rive from freedoms the it provides for us, and pride for our nation-state shouldde- civic nationalism that claims our passion just as intheory. readily case the provided by Price and that Mill is this that with to respect two the accounts practice, and it my has been argument nic nationalism are to overlap seen in increasingly that case the civic and- eth Scottishthe Referendum. As noted, it is tion to recent, the startling events during civic and nationalism, ethnic and in rela- sions relating to division the between context in the both of- theoretical discus to some noteworthy considerations, two British thinkers has drawn attention discussion of nationalism with regard to A British National History Kingdom. torespect recent events United in the of national this that history Iturn with ture. In conclusion, it is to centrality the on bigger the tance focused when pic- some moral questions of great impor how can mindset neglect liberal the workthe of is this an Rawls, example of Much though there is of inspiration in minority cultures within majority. the its attempt to eliminate or absorb some national enitrely can history be in valid Mill’s chapter as a whole argues that a from Rawls’ that perspective) liberal should troubling the be (at fact least manner overlooking –seemlingly what inadirect andidea unreconstructed concept borrows he because also the tion to Inote this, Rawls’ of use the ments at aphilosophical level. In addi- In Price’s sermon we have of an ideal It is my hope that brief this historical - ry”. Such histories are common place in lap emphasis intheir on “national histo- different approaches and accounts over how endthis we see his and Price’s very tive that precedent takes over else. To all ethnicity it historical the is infact narra- Celts, and that despite emphasis the on of minority cultures such as that of the larly noteworthy for its chauvinistic view contextthe of- discussion, this is particu history. geography and concept the of anational yond markers ethnic –namely religion, of common identity he mentions- go be and that recognise many of sources the should acknowledge its capacious nature accounts, it remains that case the we fairly closely day with modern ethnic though we may associate his concept However, it is my suggestion that even of are which clearly innature. ethnic constituted by arange of elements, some ofbecause its breadth. Nationalism is account he presents interesting is also tained long in the The run. subsequent requires to ensure is main good this - haps) towhat find sense a of nationalism there (somewhat seeks begrudgingly, per mizing general the happiness, and from thattarian good works towards maxi- that representative government is autili- al terms, with conclusion the begins Mill ning representative government. In mor that constitutes its utility inunderpin- articulating what it is about nationalism that it is more inapproach, sociological interesting account firstlysense the in element of chauvinistic pride. resort to insome does which an senses through –one collective history their through institutions, their but also to with identify each other not just forging of anarrative that allows citizens nationalism rests to some degree on the Mill’s “identitarian” nationalism, in Mill, on other the hand, provides an - ­­ - 8 isfailed largely corroborated by de- the lish The perspective. suggestionthat it narrative that ahistorical rejected Eng- (or English, it) as he calls identity ina an abortive attempt to ground British successfully. articulated been quickly, so elled and how it might have World War IIyears), why it has unrav- (with perhaps exception the of post the why it easy particularly has never been perhaps give us an of even better sense but two the accounts presented here cult prospect post-devolution in the era, thated is this an altogether more diffi- common British nationalism. Isuggest - campaign was an attempt to articulate a largely missing in the tion, an important ingredient that was Kindgom. As suggested introduc inthe - reflect on recentevents the in United crucial inbindingcrucial apeople together. elementthe of identarianism that is so derpinned its nationalism, and ensured that aprevalant national has history un- ism, yet over centuries the has ensured nic markers inits concept of national - that has had to increasingly- eth eschew is obvious the example of a nation-state Union.the The of America similar to one the Price which creats for wards creation the of national histories tionalism, can themselves inclined be to­ accounts towards acivic notion of na - or have moved away from more ethnic that fact the states that are grounded on, Price’s account draws our attention to haps more interesting that an analysis of andracial linguistic difference. per It is oftenthey intertwinewith accounts of tions of nationalism are prevalant, as states where and ethnic identitarian no- USA, see Kaufmann,USA, see 2000. nationalOn the question of case inthe the Clark suggests that Price represented Such reflectionsultimately us lead to Better Together 8 -

21 Political Theory 22 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 still indiscussion years inthe still prior to Home Rule for Scotland and Wales was ous degrees of resistance.that The fact identitarian national identities withvari- Anglicization and remaining to wedded 1980) and other elements eschewing happen much later inWales) (Morgan, identities (although process this would creasingly took pride dual intheir “civic” Anglophonethe Scottish and Welsh in- different ways. Asignificant majority of identities persisted over time, albeit in important factors) Scottish and Welsh dominance (amongst other arguably more Greater English identity to linguistic tied with­­­ ­sorbingthe identities peripheral Celtic as justification for marginalising and ab­ linguisticthis homogeneity could serve the 19 the velopment of aBritish nationalism in 9 ion. many to Scots feel at home Un in the - contributed to abroader for tendency to follow trend, this nowhich doubt Enlightenment such as David Hume were latterly leading names of Scottish the figures,literary government officials,and united as one state). The gentry, many years before two the would formerly be under crown their in1603(one hundred of English the and Scottish kingdoms tounge,Germanic Scots of Stuarts the gave (who up native their Englishthe language eversince reign the identity was one to that tied had been Mill’s account, predominant the Scottish lematic situation because, as implied in Union, was this not an altogether prob - land+. In terms of mainstays the of the perhaps one it might as Eng describe - around aconcept of Greater England, or Scots language,Scots Jones see (1997). For an informed study of of history the the Yet in spite of predominance the of a 9 in this Anglophonein this national identity. Again, as Mill’s account suggests, th and 20 th century that revolved ) and union the broader symbolic British identity that nascent Scottish nationalism within a hoped. What to seems have persisted is a emerged to extent the that he might have mongrel breed refers Mill to never really or Scots, the UKas the awhole. The root properly amongst majority the of ish nationalism, that has never taken cept of Greater English, rather than Brit- would largely involve reverting to acon- longer historical suggests view that this since 1950s–but the the because also UK, or increasing the multiculturalism burgeoning of national identities inthe lematic not just of because recent the identitarian nationalism would prob be - ion grounded of or inasense ethnic, inspire pride in,and support for Un the - foregoingthe suggests, any attempt to notabletainly been absence). in their As mainstream British coverage were cer Scotland and Northern Ireland inthe culturalthe and religious between links a telling “national (references history” to campaign to present electorate the with of any attempt by Better the Together one telling example of broader the lack its absence referendum inthe debate is discussions United inthe Kingdom, for into usvide with asegue contemporary other than limits the of paper. this hereeschewed –for no justifiable reason more complex discussion that has been Irelandern fit intothe picture is evenan 2014). Where Ireland, and later North- weakness of “British” nationalism (Ellis, identities – and in some the senses ment to persistance the speaks of these and Wales inorder to bolster recruit- establishing separate forces inScotland thatfact War the effort had to resort to even separated . The land+, and prospect the of aFederal, or taneous existence of reality the of Eng- Firstthe World War indicate simul the - Northern Island however, does, pro- - Duthille, R.(2012) Richard R.(2012) Duthille, Price on Pat - Dreyer, F.Genesis (1978)The of Burke's Cone, C. (2014) Butler, M.(1984)Burke, Paine, Godwin Writings: Burke, E.(2014)Revolutionary Allardyce, A. (2008) The Village that nantly civic account demonstrates that British . Price’s predomi- andpatriotic zeal building the of the any convincing way since post-war the not articulated, or been re-imagined in yet enduringtial British identity that has opening ceremony of Olympics. those Nationalthe during the Health Service, bycally tribute the of dancing nurses to II institutions –reflected most esoteri- element courtesy of World post the War 2012Londonthe Olympics, and acivic bydenced for call the “Team GB” during tain elements of - evi more recently has found ahook on cer aroundonce coalesced Empire, and which LITERATURE Enlightenment and Dissent, 28:24-41. riotism and Universal Benevolence. History Reflections. of Kentucky. Century Thought. The University Press The Influence of RichardPrice on 18 Press. University Cambridge ­­­bridge: and the Revolutionary Controversy. Cam bridge University Press. litical Thought). Cambridge: Cam- (Cambridge Texts in the History of Po- and the First Letter on aRegicide Peace Reflections on the Revolution in France Green Action Club. ington Green London N16.Newington Changed the World: A History of New- It unstable, this is exactly insubstan - Vol. 50, No. 3:462-479. The Journal of Modern Torchbearer of Freedom: th ­ -

Hamburger, J. (1999)John Stuart Mill on Gray, J. (1989)Mill- Liberty: ADe On Gealy, W. (1991)Richard Price, F. S. R. Fruchtman, J. (1983)The Apocalyptic J.Ellis, (2014) National inthe Armies Easton, M.(2014)How British Britain? is Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ‘United’of so-called the Kingdom of politics startling absence practical inthe and Mill both Price’s speaktotheories its pathies. The centrality this of notionin reawaken and engage our common- sym and –to try on spectrum political the tional –from history’ numerous points forterial a various versions of our ‘na- our that could have provided ample ma - hundreds of years of common endeav- nality of Olympic Team GB. There are or and- ba the BBC, the Health Service ences to symbolism the of National the ticulated inway that beyond goes refer elements refers Mill ar to be –can still has little way inthe of identitarian the even anationalism of kind–which this ceton University Press. Liberty and Control. Prin New­ Jersey: fence. London: Routledge. 620: 135-145. (1723-1791). ism Century English Republican Millennial- Priestley: AStudy in Late Eighteenth Politics of Richard Price and Joseph 2014 at Cardiff University. the First World War September 10-12, Conference Paper: Ireland, Wales and ment inIreland and Wales, 1914-16. Field: National Identity and- Recruit 31. 08.14. co.uk/news/uk-24302914 retrieved NewsBBC Website http://www.bbc. . American Philosophical Society. Y TraethodyddY CXLVI, - -

23 Political Theory 24 Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva 2014 A Review of the (2011)AReview Price, Principal R. on (1991) Observations Price, Na the R. - (1989) ADiscourse onPrice, R. Love the Morgan, K.(1980)Rebirth of aNation: Mill, J. S.(1991)Considerations on Rep- Mill, J. Liberty S.(1989)On and other Kuzio, T. (2002)The myth the civicof Kaufmann, E. (2000) Ethnic or civic na- Jones, W. R. (2012) et al Jones, J. (1966)Prydeindod. R. Jones, C.(1997)The Edinburgh History of Ulan Press. Questions and Difficulties in Morals. bridge: Cambridge University Press. Political Thought) of History the Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in of War the cy with in:Price: America, Government, and Justice the and Poli- The Principlesture of of Liberty: Civil oftional Library Wales. at ein Gwlad The . Aberystwyth: Na- (facsimile)of Country Our , Press. Wales 1880-1980.Oxford: Clarendon Books. in Philosophy). Buffalo: Prometheus resentative Government (Great Books bridge University Texts. British Thought) . Cambridge: Cam- writings (Cambridge Texts in History of No. 1:20-39. alism. framework for understanding nation- ofstate: Hans survey acritical Kohn’s alism of StudiesCanadian in Nation Review tion? Theorizingthe Americancase. lic Policy Research. Pub for Institute community. political Finally Barked: England asan emerging bie: Llyfrau’rDryw. versity of Edinburgh Press. the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Uni- , vol. nos.1-2: 133-55. XXVII, Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol. 25 TheDog that in: Llandy Cariad Cariad . Cam . - - - - Thomas,R. (1924)Richard Philos Price: Thomas, D. O. (1977)The Honest Mind: Thomas, D. O. (1971) ‘Richard Price, Stanley, T. nationalism (2014)Scottish Zebrowski, M. K. (1994) Richard Price: Varouxakis, G.(2008) Cosmopolitan Smith, O. (2014) R. & Reeves, T.Schlereth, Cosmopolitan (1977)The J.Rawls, (2005)Political Liberalism. New J.Rawls, (1999),TheLaw of Peopleswith Geoffrey P. (2012) The Greatest Dis­ Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Thought and Work of RichardPrice. of Cymmrodorion.ble Society 1723-91’ 27.09.2014. retrieved cause-british-identity-has-withered/ tionalism-has-prospered-be- timstanley/100286488/scottish-na- http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/ has withered The Telegraph website has prospered because British identity rence &Wishart Ltd. tion: Power, Hope, Community. Law Vol. 55, No. 1:17-35. Century. British Platonist of Eighteenth the art Mill. de Benthamiennes John Stu- 4 | Spécial Thought d’etudesand Revue Activism. Patriotism inJ. S.Mill’s Political Humphrey Milford. opher and Apostle of Liberty. London: tre Dame Press. Dame and London: University of No- Ideal in Enlightenment Thought. Notre York: University Press. Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard “The Ideal of Public Reason Revisited”. University of Wales Press. andRobert Owen his Legacy. Cardiff: Williams and Noel Thompson (eds.), Evercovery Made By Man, in:Chris Columbia University Press. Journal of the History of Ideas Transactions of the Honoura - One Na One - - - vom patriotizamiM nagrađanski naglasku nje izmeđugrađanskog ietničkog. Autor brani dvijetvrdnje. jedaneovisno Prva oPrice M Richarda Pricea iJohnaStuarta oslanjajući senapovijest liberala, političkemisliifilozofska promišljanja dvaju britanskih članak pokušava kontekst, rasvijetliti fenomen nacionalizma,snaglaskomnabritanski Velike i Sjeverne Britanije Irske. Ono što je nedostajalo je bila jasna ideja britanskog. Ovaj SAŽE kampanje kampanje E RIJČI KLJUČN nacionalne povijesti. jući jedinuočitumogućnostnjegovog britanske kroz uspješnogredefiniranja artikulaciju koće ukonstruiranju uvjerljivog koncepta nacionalnosti,istovremeno britanske sugerira­ onacionalizmu.kusiju Drugatvrdnja jedaPrice iM sumnje okoodrživosti građanske/etničke podijeleovdje sepropituju krozfilozofsku dis­ stavljajukog nacionalizma, oba pristupa u fokus ideju 'nacionalne povijesti'. đansko, etničko TAK o britanskoj Mill, Price zagonetki: ipitanjenacionalizma Nedavni referendum jeodređeni nezavisnost neuspjeh zaškotsku pokazao Bolje zajednoda formuliraBolje pozitivnu viziju i koncepciju Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva Razmatranja škotskog referenduma irasprava Škotski referendum, nacionalizam,RichardPrice,Škotski britanski J. S.M illa. Njihove idejerazmatraju seuodnosunarazlikova­ illovo zagovaranje mnogih elemenata etnič ill upozoravaju napovijesno poteš ­ mpirijske Empirijske ill, gra ­ ­ ­

25 Political Theory