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On the Relationship Between Vulnerability and Sovereignty in Québécois Settler Self-Determination and the Shift to a Relation

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On the Relationship Between Vulnerability and Sovereignty in Québécois Settler Self-Determination and the Shift to a Relation On the Relationship between Vulnerability and Sovereignty in Québécois Settler Self-Determination and the Shift to a Relational Conception of the Self as Treaty Partner by Joëlle Alice Michaud-Ouellet Master of Arts, University of Victoria, 2009 Bachelor of Arts, Laval University, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Political Science © Joëlle Alice Michaud-Ouellet, 2019 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This Dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisory Committee On the Relationship between Vulnerability and Sovereignty in Québécois Settler Self-Determination and the Shift to a Relational Conception of the Self as Treaty Partner by Joëlle Alice Michaud-Ouellet Master of Arts, University of Victoria, 2009 Bachelor of Arts, Laval University, 2006 Supervisory Committee Doctor James Tully, Department of Political Science Co-Supervisor Doctor Michael Asch, Department of Political Science Co-Supervisor Doctor John Borrows, Faculty of Law Outside Member ii Abstract The dissertation studies the relationship between Québécois and Indigenous peoples with regards to two different approaches to self-determination. It offers a critique of sovereignty-based self- determination in the form of the nation-state – a hegemonic model throughout the world and within Québécois political imagination – by shining light on the co-constitutive relationship between vulnerability and sovereignty, tracing the origins of their conceptual association in the work of Hobbes. The dissertation argues that, comparatively, by asserting the priority of relationality over individuality, the work of Marcel Mauss contributes to a relational theory of self-determination. By positing togetherness, relationality, reciprocity, and difference as forming the most basic reality of politics, Maussian gifting offers new perspectives on the question of vulnerability in the context of intercultural relations. Finally, through a study of the ethos of Indigenous treaty philosophy, the dissertation argues for re-envisioning Québécois self- determination through the role of treaty partner and honouring the gift of hospitality contained in the early treaties and alliances of peace and friendship with Indigenous peoples. iii Table of Content Abstract iii Table of Content iv Acknowledgement v Introduction 6 Defining self-determination 11 The land question 17 Chapters outline 20 Chapter One: Vulnerability Introduction 26 The emergence of vulnerability as a political concept 27 Conclusion 51 Chapter Two: Hobbes and the Relationship Between Vulnerability and Sovereignty Introduction 52 Certainty 55 Security through vainglory 74 Conclusion 85 Chapter Three: Québec Introduction 87 Vulnerability in Québécois nationalism 90 On the marginalisation of Indigenous peoples in Québécois political imagination 107 To be a nation-state 113 Conclusion 131 Chapter Four: Relational Self-determination Through Gifting Introduction 133 Sahlins’s reading of Mauss through Hobbes 136 Derrida and non-reciprocal gifting 149 Relational self-determination through gifting 156 Conclusion 170 Chapter Five: On the Ethos of Indigenous Treaty Philosophy Introduction 171 Treaty as a pre-colonial tradition 180 Examples of early alliances in Québec 183 The treaty of Tadoussac of 1603 187 Treaty teachings 193 Conclusion 217 Conclusion 220 Bibliography 226 iv Acknowledgments This dissertation is about acknowledging the importance of gifts and gifting in shaping who we are. I begin by acknowledging and expressing respect and gratitude for the Lkwungen-speaking peoples on whose territory the University of Victoria is located and the Songhees, Esquimalt, and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continues to this day. I came from Québec to study at UVic, and in all sorts of ways I still belong there, but on this land I was given the chance to critically reflect on what it means to have self-determination and responsibility as Québécoise, settler, and treaty partner. I express gratitude for the gifts received from my supervisors Doctors James Tully and Michael Asch. Without their guidance and patience over the years, this doctoral research would not have been possible. I am particularly grateful for their unique perspectives on intercultural relations applied to settler/Indigenous relations; their teachings will be forever with me. I thank Doctor John Borrows for taking the time to review this work and for his kind and generous comments. I am also grateful for the support of a number of colleagues over the years, Simon Labrecque, Renée McBeth Beausoleil, Kelly Aguirre, Danielle Taschereau-Mamers, Marta Bashovski, and Tim Smith. v Introduction This dissertation aims at offering a critique of the hegemonic approach to theorizing self- determination and its articulation around the notion of sovereignty. It also aims at making a contribution towards reinterpreting self-determination along relational grounds. Approaching self-determination from a relational perspective allows for critically engaging the theoretical foundations that form the basis of the dominant understanding of self-determination as/through sovereignty and its implications for the way people(s) relate to each other and the world. Self- determination is currently almost exclusively theorized and enacted through the logic of sovereignty – a logic that operates through different modes of closure, objectification, and inclusion/exclusion, with the purpose of resisting the effects and affects that ensue from our need to be in relations with that which is different. I argue for moving away from this logic and embracing an understanding of self-determination that accounts for our deeply relational and interdependent human condition. I apply this reflection to the context of Québécois/Indigenous relations, with the hope of contributing to the transformation of the current colonial state of affairs and renewal of treaty relationships based on respect, reciprocity, and equality in differences. The dissertation is written primarily for a non-indigenous audience, since it has Québécois settler self-determination as its main object. Indeed, analyzing the implications of the notion of sovereignty for self- determination poses settler movements of self-determination and the state form as prime targets of my critique. Using Québec as an example, my goal is to contribute to an in-depth problematization of the dominant terms of state-based nationalism, as expressed in different assumptions, discourses, and practices of sovereignty in relation to Indigenous populations and the land. Decolonizing Québécois self-determination is the ultimate ideal guiding this project. I argue that in order to do this, we must first confront the inherently colonial quality of sovereignty-based self-determination, and second, tackle the question of our self-determination in conjunction with the one of our role as treaty partners. The issue of Québécois self- determination is inseparable from the question of what it means to be honourable treaty partners. I do not mean to suggest that the two issues of self-determination and treaty partnership are one and the same, but to insist on this point that for the Québécois people they are inextricably related. As a result, the only possible source of legitimacy for settler self-determination, whether Québécois or other, is to be found in treaty politics. My decision to focus on the case of Québec is motivated by a few different reasons. The first and most important one is found in the basic fact that I was born and raised in Québec. I am one of those non-indigenous settlers directly concerned with Québec self-determination. I take at heart the survival and flourishing of Québécois culture and language under conditions of self- rule, and I feel a strong attachment and responsibility towards the future of Québec as a self- determined society. For me, this comes with an equally important responsibility to contribute to decolonizing the terms of Québec self-determination. There is no escape from the fact that Québec is a settler society and we have a responsibility to address this problem directly and openly, just like any other settler society. I hope my dissertation offers a contribution in this sense. My second reason for wanting to critically interrogate the theoretical foundations of Québec self-determination is that I believe this specific case offers a rich context for reflecting on the issue of self-determination in colonial context. Québécois are in this dual position of forming a minority in relation to the rest of Canada and a majority in control of a settler state in 7 relation to Indigenous peoples living on the territory known as Québec. As a linguistic and cultural minority within the Canadian federation, Québec has seen different movements and expressions of self-determination aimed at resisting assimilation and affirming a right to self-rule. Indigenous peoples too have always resisted their assimilation into the Canadian state. They too, over and over since contact, have affirmed the specificity of their ways of life and their sui generis right to govern themselves. Yet, beyond apparent similarities, this dissertation is based on the view that Québec’s hegemonic approach to self-determination generally depends on deploying onto Indigenous peoples the corollaries of modern sovereignty that form the basis of Canadian sovereignty.
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