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Ideology of National Identity and Racial Inequality in Contemporary Curaçao Angela E

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Ideology of National Identity and Racial Inequality in Contemporary Curaçao Angela E Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 7-6-2016 The oundS of Silence: Ideology of National Identity and Racial Inequality in Contemporary Curaçao Angela E. Roe Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC000734 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Caribbean Languages and Societies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Roe, Angela E., "The oundS of Silence: Ideology of National Identity and Racial Inequality in Contemporary Curaçao" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2590. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2590 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE SOUND OF SILENCE: IDEOLOGY OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY CURAÇAO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in GLOBAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL STUDIES by Angela E. Roe 2016 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Angela E. Roe, and entitled The Sound of Silence: Ideology of National Identity and Racial Inequality in Contemporary Curaçao, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ______________________________________ Andrea Queeley ______________________________________ Heather Russell ______________________________________ Guillermo Grenier ______________________________________ Jean Muteba Rahier, Major Professor Date of Defense: July 6, 2016 The dissertation of Angela E. Roe is approved. ______________________________________ Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs ______________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2016 ii @Copyright 2016 by Angela E. Roe All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this doctoral dissertation to my mother, Dorothy Spong, who always believes in me, even when I don’t. Through her emotional, mental, and financial support she has made this Ph.D. possible. I also dedicate it to my father, Robert Roe, who instilled in me that unassailable passion to contest injustice and inequality, who taught me the tricks of the academic trade, and who, in spite of his recent passing, continues to whisper in my ear. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A work like this is in the end the result of the joined efforts of a community. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to those who for all sorts of reasons have become my community, starting with my Dutch anthropology professor André Droogers, who guided me through my MA degree at the Free University of Amsterdam, and who showed me the route to a Ph.D. in the USA. Following his directions I met Dr. Jean Muteba Rahier, who agreed to become my major professor and who welcomed me at Florida International University in Miami. Over the years Dr. Rahier has provided me with gems of knowledge that have proven to be invaluable and empowering assets to my work and personal life, and he has helped me tremendously in sharpening my critical gaze. I am forever thankful for his support and feedback, his chastises, his praises, his faith in me, and his good humor. I also am most grateful to Dr. Guillermo Grenier, for his inspired teachings and the many hours we spent discussing and reflecting on my dissertation topics. His support has added great depth to the theoretical frameworks and the topics that I address. Furthermore I am much appreciative to Dr. Heather Russell, who has always been a source of positivity and encouragement, and to Dr. Andrea Queeley, for her patience and acuity. Also, I extend a deep thank you to Dr. Kathleen Martin. She was the first to interest me in self-ethnography and the power of being a “vulnerable observer” (Behar 1996), in my first semester at FIU. Her inspiration and encouragement has been crucial to this study. v I also am greatly indebted to my Curaçaoan colleagues who became part of my life after I finished my coursework in Miami and went to live in Curaçao. I thank Richenel Ansano for his valuable, detailed feedback on my dissertation and his warm and empowering support in general. And I thank my friend Dr. Louis Philip Römer for his in- depth, thorough, and ever present feedback, and the many spirited conversations we had through social media. I deeply thank my beloved friend, Dr. Mamyrah Prosper, for her friendship, for encouraging and supporting me in my writing process, listening to my woes, and for offering me her place when she was traveling for the summer so I could write undisturbed for many weeks on end. And I extend a deep gratitude to the many wonderful friends and colleagues in my Caribbean Studies Association community, who have welcomed me home in our shared Caribbean space, inspired me, encouraged me, and who have showed me my worth, time and time again. To the people who have participated in my research I say a special thank you, for their willingness to open up so eagerly and courageously about topics that were until then so unspoken despite their importance. We spent many beautiful hours together. Then there are three very special people that I wish to thank. I also am most thankful to my partner Selwyn de Wind, for his warmth, his patience, his support, for loving everything that I do, and for his endless feedback on my work. I am deeply grateful for my dear father, who has been one of my greatest teachers, in life and in my academic pursuits. As a professor in psychology he introduced me into the world of academia and large universities when I was only a toddler. My dream becoming an academic started with him. He has always graciously extended his knowledge and skills vi to me, helping me to bring my work to a higher level and to challenge myself. He has been a great force in writing and finishing my dissertation. But the person who I am most indebted to is my precious mother, Dorothy Spong, who has supported me emotionally, spiritually and financially throughout this journey of doing the research I had always dreamed of. She encouraged me to start the Ph.D., chased away my doubts time and time again, talked me through down from whatever ledge I was on, and helped me with anything that I needed to complete this degree. She was my inspiration to start this particular research, for the story of this dissertation starts with her. Without her this work would not have been possible. And last but not least I am very thankful to FIU for giving me the opportunity to obtain this degree and to acquire this wealth of knowledge, and for the financial support provided. vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION THE SOUND OF SILENCE: IDEOLOGY OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY CURAÇAO By Angela E. Roe Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Jean Muteba Rahier, Major Professor This dissertation addresses racism in contemporary Curaçao—a former Dutch colony in the Caribbean that remains a component of the Kingdom of The Netherlands. The dissertation theorizes racism as a partially hidden constituent of the island’s ideology of national identity, which throughout its history has emulated hybridity before being influenced, more recently, by multiculturalism. The research’s main objective is to uncover the ways race and racism have been entangled with Curaçao’s hegemonic ideology of national identity, a reality too often omitted and always under-theorized in Dutch and Dutch Caribbean scholarship. Using historical, ethnographic, statistic, and discourse analysis data, the dissertation reveals how profound the operations of race have been on Curaçaoan society, and on all Curaçaoans on the island and in the diaspora. It discusses the historical formation of ideologies of race and national identity in Curaçao, to contribute to the explanation of the current state of race relations on the island. It exposes the silencing impacts that the hegemonic ideology of national identity has had on individual Curaçaoans’ understanding of self through the reflexive presentation of an viii intergenerational family history. The dissertation ends with ethnographic analytic descriptions of five neighborhoods differently located in Curaçao’s racial/spatial order, which reveal the mechanizations of multiculturalism and the prevalence of racism. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introduction: Trouble in Paradise. an Introduction to the Study of Race and Nation in Curaçao ............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Curaçao, a Racial Paradise? .....................................................................................5 Research Objective and Contribution ....................................................................14 Theorizing Race and Nation ..................................................................................17
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