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The NASA History Series This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Document3 2/19/03 11:17 AM Page 1 Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos Edited by John M. Logsdon with Amy Paige Snyder, Roger D. Launius, Stephen J. Garber, and Regan Anne Newport front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page iii NASA SP-2001-4407 EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos John M. Logsdon, Editor with Amy Paige Snyder, Roger D. Launius, Stephen J. Garber, and Regan Anne Newport The NASA History Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Office Office of Policy and Plans Washington, D.C. 2001 front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page vii Contents Acknowledgments . .xvii Introduction . .xix Biographies of Volume V Contributors . .xxiii Glossary . .xxv Chapter One Essay: “Space Science: Origins, Evolution, and Organization,” by John E. Naugle and John M. Logsdon . .1 I-1–I-3 G. K. Megerian, General Electric Company, “V-2 Report #2, Minutes of Meeting,” February 27, 1946; G. K. Megerian, General Electric Company, “V-2 Report #13, Minutes of the V-2 Upper Atmosphere Research Panel Meeting,” December 29, 1947; and G. K. Megerian, General Electric Company, “Panel Report #35, Minutes of the Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel,” April 29, 1953 . .16 I-4 Technical Panel on Earth Satellite Program, United States National Committee for the International Geophysical Year 1957–1958, “Minutes of the First Meeting,” October 20, 1955 . .51 I-5 Working Group on Internal Instrumentation of the I.G.Y. Technical Panel on Earth Satellite Program, “Minutes of First Meeting,” March 6, 1956 . .61 I-6 and I-7 Ernst Stuhlinger, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, to Dr. James A. Van Allen, State University of Iowa, November 23, 1956; and James A. Van Allen to Ernst Stuhlinger, February 13, 1957 . .67 I-8 Percival Brundage, Director, Bureau of the Budget, Memorandum for the President, “Project VANGUARD,” April 30, 1957 . .70 I-9 Memorandum for the President, “Earth Satellite,” unsigned but writ- ten by Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Quarles, October 7, 1957 . .74 I-10 Technical Panel for the Earth Satellite Program, United States National Committee for the International Geophysical Year 1957–1958, “Minutes of the Fourteenth Meeting,” November 6, 1957 . .78 vii front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page viii I-11 J. A. Van Allen Chairman, “National Space Establishment: A Proposal of the Rocket and Satellite Research Panel,” December 27, 1957 . .86 I-12 J. A. Van Allen, G. H. Ludwig, E. C. Ray, and C. E. McIlwain, “Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma,” Jet Propulsion 28 (September 1958): 588–592 . .90 I-13–I-17 Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, “Minutes of the First Meeting,” June 27, 1958; L. V. Berkner, Chairman, Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, July 3, 1958; Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research in Space: Procedures for Conducting Experiments in Satellites and Space Probes (Draft II - For Review), 1958; Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director, Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, to Administrator, NASA, Director, NSF, and Director, ARPA, “Recommendation of the Space Science Board for Space Experiments,” December 1, 1958; and Hugh Dryden, Deputy Administrator, NASA, to S. Douglas Cornell, Executive Officer, National Academy of Sciences, October 20, 1959 . .98 I-18 John A. Simpson, University of Chicago, to Lloyd Berkner, Associated Universities, July 30, 1959 . .145 I-19 Richard A. Horner, Associate Administrator, NASA, to William H. Pickering, Director, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, December 16, 1959 . .148 I-20 Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA, “Establishment and Conduct of Space Sciences Program – Selection of Scientific Experiments,” NASA Management Instruction 37-1-1, April 15, 1960 . .151 I-21 NASA, “Evaluation of USSR vs. US Output in Space Science, Release No. 61-34,” February 27, 1961 . .156 I-22 Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, “A Review of Space Research,” 1962 . .162 I-23 H. H. [Harry] Hess, Chairman, Space Science Board, National Research Council, to Dr. H. E. Newell, Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications, NASA, “Future Goals of the Space Science Program,” August 11, 1964 . .170 I-24 Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, “Program Review: Science and Applications Management,” June 22, 1967 . .174 viii front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page ix I-25 Donald Wise, Chief Scientist and Deputy Director, Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, NASA, to Homer Newell, Associate Administrator, NASA, August 24, 1969 . .184 I-26 and I-27 James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, to George Low, Deputy Administrator, NASA, “Conversation with Gerry Wasserburg and Willy Fowler,” October 20, 1971; and Homer Newell, Associate Administrator, NASA, to James C. Fletcher, Administrator, NASA, “Relations with the Scientific Community and the Space Science Board,” December 3, 1971 . .186 I-28 Frank Press, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, White House, to the President, November 27, 1979 . .194 I-29 Space and Earth Science Advisory Committee, NASA Advisory Council, The Crisis in Earth and Space Science: A Time for a New Commitment, November 1996 . .196 I-30 Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA, Strategic Plan 1998, April 1998 . .203 I-31 and I-32 Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, NASA Headquarters, Discovery Program Handbook, November 1992; and Tony Spear, NASA FBC (Faster, Better, Cheaper) Task Final Report, March 2000 . .218 I-33 Committee on the Future of Space Science, Space Studies Board, National Research Council, Managing the Space Sciences, 1995 . .239 I-34 NASA/National Research Council, “The Search for Origins: Findings of a Space Science Workshop,” October 28–30, 1996 . .243 I-35 NASA, The Space Science Enterprise Strategic Plan: Origins, Evolution, and Destiny of the Cosmos and Life, November 1997 . .251 Chapter Two Essay: “NASA and Planetary Exploration,” by Amy Paige Snyder . .263 II-1 and II-2 Roy W. Johnson, Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency, to Commanding General, Ballistic Missiles Division, Air Research and Development Command, March 27, 1958; and U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command, “Development and Funding Plan for Project One, ARPA Order 1-58, as Amended,” 15 May 1958 . .301 ix front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page x II-3 and II-4 Harold Urey and Robert Jastrow to Homer Newell, Assistant Director for Space Sciences, NASA, January 16, 1959; and Homer Newell, Assistant Director for Space Sciences, NASA, to Abe Silverstein, Director, Office of Space Flight Development, NASA, “Proposed NASA Project—Lunar Explorations,” March 23, 1959 . .307 II-5 Albert R. Hibbs, ed., “Exploration of the Moon, Planets, and Interplanetary Space,” JPL Technical Report 30–1, April 30, 1959 . .314 II-6 and II-7 Abe Silverstein, Director, Office of Space Flight, NASA, to William Pickering, Director, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, December 21, 1959; and Homer Newell, Assistant Director for Space Sciences, NASA, “Trip Report for the Visit to Jet Propulsion Laboratory on 28 December 1959 by Homer E. Newell, Jr., Newell Sanders, J. A. Crocker, Morton J. Stoller,” December 30, 1959 . .333 II-8 Gerard P. Kuiper, “Need for a Ground-Based Lunar and Planetary Observatory,” June 1960 . .345 II-9 Homer Newell, Assistant Director for Space Sciences, NASA, to Robert Jastrow, Director, Theoretical Division, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, with enclosure, April 7, 1961 . .353 II-10 and II-11 Owen E. Maynard, Spacecraft Integration Branch, Manned Spacecraft Center, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, “Comments on Mr. Frank Casey’s visit to J.P.L. to discuss Ranger and follow-on programs which could provide information pertinent to Apollo missions,” February 1, 1962; and Donald A. Beattie and Paul D. Lowman to Director, Advanced Manned Missions Program, NASA Headquarters, “Summary of Preliminary Ranger Photo Analyses,” August 14, 1964 . .356 II-12 and II-13 R. C. Peavey, Secretary, Space Science Board, to Space Science Board Members, April 20, 1962, with enclosure, “Scientific Program for the Apollo Mission,” April 20, 1962; and W. W. Kellogg, “Summary of Reponses to Space Science Board Inquiry on Scientific Program for the Apollo Mission,” circa May 1962 . .362 II-14 H. H. Hess, Chairman, Space Science Board, to James E. Webb, Administrator, NASA, August 5, 1963, with enclosure, “Space Probe Sterilization,” August 5, 1963 . .367 II-15 “Mariner-Venus 1962: Final Project Report,” NASA SP-59, 1965 . .371 x front matter 2/19/03 11:26 AM Page xi II-16–II-18 California Institute of Technology, “Suggestions for Martian Exploration Following Mariner IV,” February 23, 1965; Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, NASA, to Lee A. DuBridge, President, California Institute of Technology, August 16, 1965; and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Project Approval Document (Voyager Project),” January 27, 1967 . .384 II-19 and II-20 G. A. Flandro, “Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Utilizing Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter,” April 18, 1966; and Dr. Michael A. Minovitch to Roger Launius, Chief Historian, NASA History Office, November 7, 1997 . .399 II-21–II-23 NASA, “Planetary Program Extension: FY 1968–1969 Program Issues and Options,” October 9, 1967; “Discussion of Planetary Exploration Plans”; and Office of Planetary Programs and Office of Space Science and Applications, “Planetary Program Review,” July 11, 1969 .
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