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Impact Assessment of British Colonial Economic Activities in the Gambia (1816-1994)

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Impact Assessment of British Colonial Economic Activities in the Gambia (1816-1994) IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BRITISH COLONIAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE GAMBIA (1816-1994) By Cajetan Ifeanyi Nnaocha N.C.E. Hist. /Govt., B.A. (Ed.) History, M.A. History, Advanced Diploma Bus. Admin.) (Matriculation Number: 10659) Being a Dissertation Submitted to St. Clements University British West Indies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Colonial Economic History September 2015 1 Declaration I hereby declare that this Dissertation was entirely my handiwork and output. In carrying out this research, concerted efforts were made to formally acknowledge through the bibliography, all sources of data and information used. Nonetheless, in case of unintentional omissions or incomplete referencing, I nevertheless, still express the acknowledgement of such sources. I accept full responsibilities for any shortcomings and errors of judgment, logic or fact in this work. Cajetan Ifeanyi Nnaocha ……………………………… Signed 2 Certification This is to certify that this Dissertation entitled “Impact Assessment of British Colonial Economic Activities on The Gambia (1816- 1994)” by Cajetan Ifeanyi Nnaocha with Matriculation No. 10659, was carried out under my supervision and guidance. Also, that the Dissertation has been approved for submission to St. Clements University, British West Indies, for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Colonial Economic History . ………………………………………… …………………………….. Professor Dr. Yasmine Yusoff Professor David Le Cornu Supervisor Academic Adviser ………………………………………………… St. Clements University 3 Dedication This Dissertation is dedicated chiefly to the Almighty God who gave me the good health, strength and knowledge to carry out this challenging research. It is also dedicated to my highly beloved late parents; Pa Paul Ogbonnaya Nnaocha and Mrs. Ezinne Regina Adaku Nnaocha who denied themselves minimum comforts to see me through in my pursuit of education and to my late senior brother, Director, Charles Uzoma Nnaocha whose death caused an irreparable loss in our immediate family. 4 Acknowledgement A research of this challenging nature cannot be complete without the assistance of people. My special thanks and gratefulness go to the Almighty God for the strong health, sound academic mind and knowledge he bestowed in me to carry out this work successfully. To Him be the glory and honour! I am highly indebted to my able and committed Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Yasmine Yusoff whose guidance, instruction and meticulous inputs contributed a great deal in shaping my PhD Dissertation. She has been to me a supervisor of high academic integrity and an embodiment of research excellence! I also remain grateful to St. Clements University President, Professor David Le Cornu , who has worked indefatigably for the success story of the University. My immense gratitude goes to my late parents, Pa Paul Ogbonnaya Nnaocha, who died on the verge of completing this treatise and to my mother, Mrs. Ezinne Adaku Regina Nnaocha who was a woman of inestimable value. It is pertinent to acknowledge with deep sense of appreciation, the immense assistance given to me by Dr. Kenneth Igharo, whose advice and inputs largely helped in the successful completion of this work. I also remain grateful to my childhood friend, Henry Anuforo whose assistance played out very well in making my dream of acquiring a PhD come through. There were other great people whose advice and encouragement helped me out in the course of this research. Among them are Elder Emereonye Duru, a class mate and a friend indeed!, Mr. Henry Anuforo, Vitalis Uzoukwu, Victor Onuegbulem, Vitalis Achugonye, Charles Egwuagu, Godson Egbujor, Dr. Sylvia Colley, Mr. Abdul Kareem Kamara, Professor Samba Diop, Mr. Felix Oyejide Omotosho, Hassoum Ceesay and Lamin Yabo of the National Council of Arts and Culture, The Gambia who provided me with the necessary materials to boost my research. Also not forgotten are the useful roles played by Mr. Momodou Ceesay of the Ministry of Foreign and Economic Affairs, Banjul, The Gambia, Mr. Sulayman Ceesay, Lamin Cham of the Gambia Groundnut Corporation (GGC), Lamin Fatty of Region 3 Educational Directorate, Mansankoko, 5 Lower River Region, The Gambia, Mrs. Binta Ceesay and Landing Sonko of the Region 1 Educational Directorate, Kanifing, and Kausu Drammeh of the University of The Gambia who painstakingly went round to distribute and collect the Questionnaires on my behalf. Finally and most significantly, my special gratitude goes to my highly beloved wife, Mrs. Stella Ijeoma Nnaocha, who has highly been very supportive in my life and to my wonderful children: Chinwe Grace Nnaocha, Chimere Fortune Nnaocha and Chidiebere Glory Precious Nnaocha. Also, not forgotten is my younger brother, Rev. Fr. Gerald Ikechukwu Nnaocha who has been standing in for me at the village front. This Dissertation marks the end of a rigorous and long academic pursuit, the realization of a dream and the beginning of a new and exciting career in academics, which will open up more opportunities for the expansion of the frontiers of knowledge. To God be the glory, Amen! CAJETAN IFEANYI NNAOCHA. BA (Ed.) History UNN, MA Lagos. 6 Abstract It has been speculated that Colonialism has been a major set-back in the development of The Gambia and a critical determinant of national development performance in the country. As The Gambia totters towards a failed state, speculations are rife that the British and other European countries especially the French caused a great disarticulation to the country which continues to have major adverse and multiplier effects on The Gambia. It is in recognition of these speculations that the study attempted to assess empirically the actual impact of British Colonial Economic Activities on The GAMBIA’s national development from 1816- 1994. To carry out this assessment study, extensive literature review was carried out which formed the background knowledge to the study as well as provided the necessary input to the discussion of the findings from the study. In carrying out this study, a total of 300 respondents made up of men and women were drawn from the five geo -political zones in The Gambia; and administered with questionnaires, and their responses collated and analysed. The data generated from interviews and questionnaires were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Four hypotheses were tested in order to quantitatively analyze the findings from the study. The analysis confirmed all the hypotheses stated as well as the fact that Colonialism has played a critical role in Gambia’s national development and that The Gambian society is yet to come to terms with the concomitant effects of colonialism. A statistical technique of Measure of Central Tendency was used for hypothesis 1, 2, 3 and Pearson’s Product- Moment Correlation Coefficient(r) for hypothesis 4, were used in analysing the collated data, and testing of the research hypothesis. Results revealed that British colonialism had unfavourable impacts on The Gambia’s development and that the present state of the country’s economy is largely attributable to colonial legacies. The findings of the research also strongly attest to the fact that the British benefitted more from the colonial enterprise and that if Gambians (Africans) at all benefitted from it, it was coincidental and or minor. 7 Finally the study concluded by alluding that, though, The Gambia had passed through the excruciating and painful experience of British colonial exploitation from 1816-1965, which that had robbed her of ancestral and God’s given natural and human resources, it should see Colonialism as one of those challenges of development process and brace up to overcome it. This study therefore suggested that the country’s economy should be diversified and mechanized, the citizens should be empowered to alleviate poverty through affordable education, government should avoid wasteful spending, government and government institutions should be transparent and accountable to the people, human capital development is an absolute necessity for The Gambia’s economic development, among other recommendations. In addition, there is need to promote goal-oriented national projects that encourages technological capacity building and Research and Development (R&D). This, it is hoped will engender economic self-sustenance, growth and development. 8 Table of Contents Page(s) Title Page 1 Declaration 2 Certification 3 Dedication 4 Acknowledgement 5-6 Abstract 7-8 Table of Contents 9-10 Chapter One : General Background 1.1 General background and Conceptual Framework ........................................................ 11-82 1.2 The Nature of Senegambia Economic Activities before the Colonial period 1.3 Historical Background of The Gambia and the establishment of the European Contact 1.4 British Colonial Interests in The Gambia – Justifications 1.5 The Colonial Economy of The Gambia 1.6 The Post- Colonial Economy of The Gambia 1.7 Objectives of Study 1.8 Statement of Problems 1.9 Research Questions 1.10 Working Hypotheses 1.11 Significance of Study 1.12The Research Scope and Methodology 1.13 Pre-view of Subsequent Chapters Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature 2. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 83-112 2.2 Assessment of the Impact of the British colonial economic activities in The Gambia 2.3 The Post Colonial economic Under-Performance of The Gambia’s Economy 2.4 How Colonialism affected Economic Development
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