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Resistance Operating Concept Resistance Operating Concept Chief Editor and Author: Otto C Resistance Operating Concept Resistance Operating Concept Chief Editor and Author: Otto C. Fiala, Ph.D., J.D. COL, USAR(R) Cover: Illustration “The Mission”, based on a photo by Vaclev Havel. All copyrights © reserved to Mrs. Tatjana Havel. Mrs. Tatjana Havel grants permission to its reproduction here, on the cover of the Resistance Operating Concept, for publishing by the Swedish Defence University. No part of this image may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. The views and opinions expressed in this volume belong entirely to the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of any Armed Forces, any University or any other Governmental Agencies. © Special Operations Command Europe SOCEUR No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Printed by: Arkitektkopia, Stockholm 2019 First edition, first printing, November 2019 ISBN 978-91-86137-93-9 For information regarding publications published by the Swedish Defence University, call +46 8 553 42 500, or visit our home page www.fhs.se/en/research/internet-bookstore/. Contents FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH 9 FOREWORD – BG LÖFBERG 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 PREFACE 15 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 17 1. Purpose 17 2. Scope 17 3. Total Defense or Comprehensive Defense 18 4. U.S. Department of Defense Doctrinal Terminology 20 5. Understanding, Defining, and Differentiating Resilience and Resistance 21 6. Resilience/ Resistance Conceptual Model 21 CHAPTER 2 - RESILIENCE AS A FOUNDATION FOR RESISTANCE 23 1. Operating Environment 23 2. Structural Elements of the Operating Environment 23 3. Prerequisites for a Successful Resistance 23 4. Planning for Resistance 27 5. Resilience as an Aspect of Deterrence 30 6. Resistance within Defense Planning 31 CHAPTER 3 - RESISTANCE 33 1. Operating Environment 33 2. Aggressor Actions and National Resistance 34 3. Enemy Effects on National Defense Resources 34 4. Adversary Imposed Conditions onto the Operating Environment 35 5. Fundamental Resistance Planning Considerations 36 6. Resistance Organization Components 38 7. Methods of Warfare 42 8. Communication Synchronization/ Strategic Communication 43 9. Organizing the Underground for Resistance 47 10. Underground Functions 51 11. Leadership and Governance Activities and Functions, and Governments-in-Exile 71 12. Nonviolent Resistance 75 13. Deterrence as an Aspect of Resistance 78 14. Restoration of Sovereignty/ Stability Operations Considerations 78 CHAPTER 4 - INTERAGENCY PLANNING AND PREPARATION 81 1. Introduction 81 2. Whole of Government Planning Considerations 82 3. Comprehensive Approach 82 4. Government Levels 82 5. Government Interagency Planning and Responsibilities 83 6. Preparedness 86 7. Criteria for Successful Planning 88 8. Authorities and Legal Framework 89 9. Operations Security (OPSEC) 89 CONCLUSION 91 APPENDIX A - LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 93 1. Introduction 93 2. Law and Legitimacy 93 3. National Legal Frameworks 94 4. International Law: International Humanitarian Law and the Law of Armed Conflict 94 5. Terminology: The Relationship between Law of War, Law of Armed Conflict, International Humanitarian Law, and International Human Rights Law 95 6. Principles of Law of Armed Conflict 96 7. The Geneva Conventions 97 8. Individual Status on the Battlefield: Two Types; Belligerent or Civilian (See; LOAC/ IHL) 98 9. Members of Organized Resistance, Militias and Volunteer Corps 99 10. Individual Status and Direct Participation in Hostilities 100 11. Unlawful Combatants 102 12. Belligerent Occupation and Status under International Treaty Law 103 13. Belligerent Occupation, Hostilities and Law Enforcement 103 14. Occupation and Foreign Allied Forces 104 15. The Lawful (exiled) Government and Belonging to a Party to the Conflict as a Resistance 104 16. Conclusion 105 APPENDIX B - METHODS OF NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE 107 1. Introduction 107 2. A Compendium of Nonviolent Methods 108 3. Organization 112 4. Factors Asserting Legitimacy 112 5. Communication and Propaganda 113 6. Training 113 7. Summary 113 APPENDIX C - RUSSIAN HYBRID WARFARE TACTICS AND CONSIDERATIONS 115 1. Introduction 115 2. General Description 116 3. Hybrid Warfare from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century 116 4. Recent History 116 5. Hybrid Warfare Capability Development and Application by Russia 117 6. Operational Factors of Success 125 7. Conclusion 125 APPENDIX D - SECOND WORLD WAR RESISTANCE CASE STUDIES 127 1. Introduction 127 2. Case Studies Summaries 127 3. Conclusion 128 CASE STUDY 1. FRANCE: WWII RESISTANCE 129 1. Background 129 2. Weakened Pre-War Resilience 129 3. Government (Internally Displaced Versus Exiled) 130 4. Early Resistance Efforts 131 5. Developing Resistance Networks 132 6. Resistance Network Dynamics 133 7. Network Commonalities 134 8. Political Unification Efforts 134 9. External Support 135 10. Integrating Resistance into the Conventional Force Liberation Campaign 135 11. Post-Conflict 137 12. Summary 137 CASE STUDY 2. POLAND: WWII RESISTANCE 141 1. Background 141 2. Polish Independence and Pre-war Resilience 141 3. Government(s)-in-Exile 142 4. The Nazi Occupation 143 5. Resistance Groups 144 6. Lack of Unity of Effort 146 7. Home Army (AK) Operations 146 8. External Assistance 147 9. Summary 147 CASE STUDY 3. PHILIPPINES: WWII FILIPINO AND AMERICAN RESISTANCE 149 1. Background 149 2. Geography 149 3. Resilience 149 4. Governance of the Philippines 150 5. Resistance Groups 150 6. Communications and Strategic Communication 151 7. Resistance Phases 151 8. Legal Status of the Resisting Americans 152 9. Networks 152 10. Utility of Resistance 152 11. Summary 153 CASE STUDY 4. THE FOREST BROTHERS: WWII AND POST WWII BALTIC RESISTANCE TO SOVIET OCCUPATION 155 1. Background 155 2. The First Soviet Occupation 156 3. The Nazi Occupation 157 4. The Second Soviet Occupation 157 5. The Three Stages of Resistance 157 6. The Forest Brothers 158 7. Forest Brothers’ Strategy, Operations, and Tactics 159 8. Soviet Tactics and Operations 162 9. Resistance Unravels 163 10. The End of Organized Resistance. 164 11. Summary 164 APPENDIX E - COLD WAR RESISTANCE CASE STUDIES 165 1. Introduction 165 2. Case Studies Summaries 165 3. Conclusion 166 CASE STUDY 1. HISTORICAL U.S. SUPPORT FRAMEWORK TO NATO STAY-BEHIND GROUPS 167 1. Background 167 2. National Security Council Document No. 68 (NSC 68) 167 3. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) 168 4. Structure and Organization 168 5. Stay-behind Forces, Piercing the Iron Curtain, and NATO 169 6. Summary 169 CASE STUDY 2. SWITZERLAND: TOTAL DEFENSE MODEL 171 1. Background 171 2. Resilience 171 3. Information Activities 171 4. Total Defense and Resistance 172 5. Resistance Organization 172 6. Conclusions for Contemporary Planning 174 7. Summary 175 CASE STUDY 3. ITALY: STAY-BEHIND GROUP - OPERATION GLADIO 177 1. Background 177 2. Structure and Organization 178 3. Conclusion 179 4. Summary 179 CASE STUDY 4. NORWAY: STAY-BEHIND GROUP - ROCAMBOLE181 1. Background 181 2. Intelligence 182 3. Costs 183 4. NATO 183 5. NATO Plans for Guerrilla Warfare to Delay and Slow a Soviet Attack 183 6. Post 1970 184 7. Summary 184 APPENDIX F - CASE STUDIES LESSONS LEARNED 185 1. Introduction 185 2. Second World War Case Studies 185 3. Cold War Resistance Case Studies 193 APPENDIX G - ASSESSING RESILIENCE 195 1. Introduction 195 2. Resilience and Hybrid Warfare 195 3. Resilience Enhances Deterrence by Reducing Adversary Leverage Points 196 4. Engaging in Continuous Resilience Assessment 196 5. Individual Resilience Preparation 198 APPENDIX H - POPULATION INTERACTION WITH FOREIGN OCCUPIER 199 1. Introduction 199 2. Collaboration, Accommodation, and Resistance (C-A-R) 199 3. Relationship between the C-A-R Spectrum and Components of the Resistance Organization 200 4. Effects of Significant Coercion or Terror 201 5. Context of Today’s Threat 202 6. Individual Conduct under Occupation 203 APPENDIX I - SWEDISH GOVERNMENT - SWEDISH CIVIL CONTINGENCIES AGENCY (MSB) - "IF CRISIS OR WAR COMES" PAMPHLET 205 APPENDIX J - GOVERNMENT INTERAGENCY PLANNING AND PREPARATION CHART 211 REFERENCES 213 U.S. Department Of Defense Joint Publications 213 U.S. Special Operations Command Publications 213 United States Army And Service Publications 213 Other United States Government Publications 214 NATO Publications 214 Other Publications 214 Commentaries 222 Statements and Speeches 222 GLOSSARY 223 PART I – ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND INITIALISMS 223 GLOSSARY 225 PART II – TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 225 ENDNOTES 227 FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH Nearly thirty years after the end of the Cold War, European nations once again face threatening neighbors with potentially expansive intent. Many threatened nations belong to military alliances, but even those with strong alliances and friends do not necessarily have the power to prevent incursion. This could make those states appear to be easy targets. This book is intended to prevent that. This multi-year project, developed by a diverse group of people, combines myriad instruments of national power into a focused guide on a difficult topic and makes it accessible to all. This publication applies a sharp focus on one aspect of Unconventional Warfare – resistance. The concept of resistance is a familiar one. Historically, nations have resisted invasions using conventional forces. Some of those events are included as case studies in this book. The
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