DOCSLIB.ORG

Resistance Operating Concept Resistance Operating Concept Chief Editor and Author: Otto C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Resistance Operating Concept Resistance Operating Concept Chief Editor and Author: Otto C. Fiala, Ph.D., J.D. COL, USAR(R) Cover: Illustration “The Mission”, based on a photo by Vaclev Havel. All copyrights © reserved to Mrs. Tatjana Havel. Mrs. Tatjana Havel grants permission to its reproduction here, on the cover of the Resistance Operating Concept, for publishing by the Swedish Defence University. No part of this image may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. The views and opinions expressed in this volume belong entirely to the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of any Armed Forces, any University or any other Governmental Agencies. © Special Operations Command Europe SOCEUR No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Printed by: Arkitektkopia, Stockholm 2019 First edition, first printing, November 2019 ISBN 978-91-86137-93-9 For information regarding publications published by the Swedish Defence University, call +46 8 553 42 500, or visit our home page www.fhs.se/en/research/internet-bookstore/. Contents FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH 9 FOREWORD – BG LÖFBERG 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 PREFACE 15 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 17 1. Purpose 17 2. Scope 17 3. Total Defense or Comprehensive Defense 18 4. U.S. Department of Defense Doctrinal Terminology 20 5. Understanding, Defining, and Differentiating Resilience and Resistance 21 6. Resilience/ Resistance Conceptual Model 21 CHAPTER 2 - RESILIENCE AS A FOUNDATION FOR RESISTANCE 23 1. Operating Environment 23 2. Structural Elements of the Operating Environment 23 3. Prerequisites for a Successful Resistance 23 4. Planning for Resistance 27 5. Resilience as an Aspect of Deterrence 30 6. Resistance within Defense Planning 31 CHAPTER 3 - RESISTANCE 33 1. Operating Environment 33 2. Aggressor Actions and National Resistance 34 3. Enemy Effects on National Defense Resources 34 4. Adversary Imposed Conditions onto the Operating Environment 35 5. Fundamental Resistance Planning Considerations 36 6. Resistance Organization Components 38 7. Methods of Warfare 42 8. Communication Synchronization/ Strategic Communication 43 9. Organizing the Underground for Resistance 47 10. Underground Functions 51 11. Leadership and Governance Activities and Functions, and Governments-in-Exile 71 12. Nonviolent Resistance 75 13. Deterrence as an Aspect of Resistance 78 14. Restoration of Sovereignty/ Stability Operations Considerations 78 CHAPTER 4 - INTERAGENCY PLANNING AND PREPARATION 81 1. Introduction 81 2. Whole of Government Planning Considerations 82 3. Comprehensive Approach 82 4. Government Levels 82 5. Government Interagency Planning and Responsibilities 83 6. Preparedness 86 7. Criteria for Successful Planning 88 8. Authorities and Legal Framework 89 9. Operations Security (OPSEC) 89 CONCLUSION 91 APPENDIX A - LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 93 1. Introduction 93 2. Law and Legitimacy 93 3. National Legal Frameworks 94 4. International Law: International Humanitarian Law and the Law of Armed Conflict 94 5. Terminology: The Relationship between Law of War, Law of Armed Conflict, International Humanitarian Law, and International Human Rights Law 95 6. Principles of Law of Armed Conflict 96 7. The Geneva Conventions 97 8. Individual Status on the Battlefield: Two Types; Belligerent or Civilian (See; LOAC/ IHL) 98 9. Members of Organized Resistance, Militias and Volunteer Corps 99 10. Individual Status and Direct Participation in Hostilities 100 11. Unlawful Combatants 102 12. Belligerent Occupation and Status under International Treaty Law 103 13. Belligerent Occupation, Hostilities and Law Enforcement 103 14. Occupation and Foreign Allied Forces 104 15. The Lawful (exiled) Government and Belonging to a Party to the Conflict as a Resistance 104 16. Conclusion 105 APPENDIX B - METHODS OF NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE 107 1. Introduction 107 2. A Compendium of Nonviolent Methods 108 3. Organization 112 4. Factors Asserting Legitimacy 112 5. Communication and Propaganda 113 6. Training 113 7. Summary 113 APPENDIX C - RUSSIAN HYBRID WARFARE TACTICS AND CONSIDERATIONS 115 1. Introduction 115 2. General Description 116 3. Hybrid Warfare from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century 116 4. Recent History 116 5. Hybrid Warfare Capability Development and Application by Russia 117 6. Operational Factors of Success 125 7. Conclusion 125 APPENDIX D - SECOND WORLD WAR RESISTANCE CASE STUDIES 127 1. Introduction 127 2. Case Studies Summaries 127 3. Conclusion 128 CASE STUDY 1. FRANCE: WWII RESISTANCE 129 1. Background 129 2. Weakened Pre-War Resilience 129 3. Government (Internally Displaced Versus Exiled) 130 4. Early Resistance Efforts 131 5. Developing Resistance Networks 132 6. Resistance Network Dynamics 133 7. Network Commonalities 134 8. Political Unification Efforts 134 9. External Support 135 10. Integrating Resistance into the Conventional Force Liberation Campaign 135 11. Post-Conflict 137 12. Summary 137 CASE STUDY 2. POLAND: WWII RESISTANCE 141 1. Background 141 2. Polish Independence and Pre-war Resilience 141 3. Government(s)-in-Exile 142 4. The Nazi Occupation 143 5. Resistance Groups 144 6. Lack of Unity of Effort 146 7. Home Army (AK) Operations 146 8. External Assistance 147 9. Summary 147 CASE STUDY 3. PHILIPPINES: WWII FILIPINO AND AMERICAN RESISTANCE 149 1. Background 149 2. Geography 149 3. Resilience 149 4. Governance of the Philippines 150 5. Resistance Groups 150 6. Communications and Strategic Communication 151 7. Resistance Phases 151 8. Legal Status of the Resisting Americans 152 9. Networks 152 10. Utility of Resistance 152 11. Summary 153 CASE STUDY 4. THE FOREST BROTHERS: WWII AND POST WWII BALTIC RESISTANCE TO SOVIET OCCUPATION 155 1. Background 155 2. The First Soviet Occupation 156 3. The Nazi Occupation 157 4. The Second Soviet Occupation 157 5. The Three Stages of Resistance 157 6. The Forest Brothers 158 7. Forest Brothers’ Strategy, Operations, and Tactics 159 8. Soviet Tactics and Operations 162 9. Resistance Unravels 163 10. The End of Organized Resistance. 164 11. Summary 164 APPENDIX E - COLD WAR RESISTANCE CASE STUDIES 165 1. Introduction 165 2. Case Studies Summaries 165 3. Conclusion 166 CASE STUDY 1. HISTORICAL U.S. SUPPORT FRAMEWORK TO NATO STAY-BEHIND GROUPS 167 1. Background 167 2. National Security Council Document No. 68 (NSC 68) 167 3. The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) 168 4. Structure and Organization 168 5. Stay-behind Forces, Piercing the Iron Curtain, and NATO 169 6. Summary 169 CASE STUDY 2. SWITZERLAND: TOTAL DEFENSE MODEL 171 1. Background 171 2. Resilience 171 3. Information Activities 171 4. Total Defense and Resistance 172 5. Resistance Organization 172 6. Conclusions for Contemporary Planning 174 7. Summary 175 CASE STUDY 3. ITALY: STAY-BEHIND GROUP - OPERATION GLADIO 177 1. Background 177 2. Structure and Organization 178 3. Conclusion 179 4. Summary 179 CASE STUDY 4. NORWAY: STAY-BEHIND GROUP - ROCAMBOLE181 1. Background 181 2. Intelligence 182 3. Costs 183 4. NATO 183 5. NATO Plans for Guerrilla Warfare to Delay and Slow a Soviet Attack 183 6. Post 1970 184 7. Summary 184 APPENDIX F - CASE STUDIES LESSONS LEARNED 185 1. Introduction 185 2. Second World War Case Studies 185 3. Cold War Resistance Case Studies 193 APPENDIX G - ASSESSING RESILIENCE 195 1. Introduction 195 2. Resilience and Hybrid Warfare 195 3. Resilience Enhances Deterrence by Reducing Adversary Leverage Points 196 4. Engaging in Continuous Resilience Assessment 196 5. Individual Resilience Preparation 198 APPENDIX H - POPULATION INTERACTION WITH FOREIGN OCCUPIER 199 1. Introduction 199 2. Collaboration, Accommodation, and Resistance (C-A-R) 199 3. Relationship between the C-A-R Spectrum and Components of the Resistance Organization 200 4. Effects of Significant Coercion or Terror 201 5. Context of Today’s Threat 202 6. Individual Conduct under Occupation 203 APPENDIX I - SWEDISH GOVERNMENT - SWEDISH CIVIL CONTINGENCIES AGENCY (MSB) - "IF CRISIS OR WAR COMES" PAMPHLET 205 APPENDIX J - GOVERNMENT INTERAGENCY PLANNING AND PREPARATION CHART 211 REFERENCES 213 U.S. Department Of Defense Joint Publications 213 U.S. Special Operations Command Publications 213 United States Army And Service Publications 213 Other United States Government Publications 214 NATO Publications 214 Other Publications 214 Commentaries 222 Statements and Speeches 222 GLOSSARY 223 PART I – ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND INITIALISMS 223 GLOSSARY 225 PART II – TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 225 ENDNOTES 227 FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH FOREWORD – Maj Gen SMITH Nearly thirty years after the end of the Cold War, European nations once again face threatening neighbors with potentially expansive intent. Many threatened nations belong to military alliances, but even those with strong alliances and friends do not necessarily have the power to prevent incursion. This could make those states appear to be easy targets. This book is intended to prevent that. This multi-year project, developed by a diverse group of people, combines myriad instruments of national power into a focused guide on a difficult topic and makes it accessible to all. This publication applies a sharp focus on one aspect of Unconventional Warfare – resistance. The concept of resistance is a familiar one. Historically, nations have resisted invasions using conventional forces. Some of those events are included as case studies in this book. The
Recommended publications
  • Steganography As a Means of Attacking Information Systems

    Steganography As a Means of Attacking Information Systems

    Scientific and Practical Cyber Security Journal (SPCSJ) 2(4): 75-80 ISSN 2587-4667 Scientific Cyber Security Association (SCSA) STEGANOGRAPHY AS A MEANS OF ATTACKING INFORMATION SYSTEMS Anna Romanova 1, Sergiy Toliupa 2 1Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Faculty of Information Technology, 2 Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Faculty of Information Technology ABSTRACT. An analysis of steganography methods that are can be potentially used as instruments in attacks on information and communication systems is presented. The possible solutions to ensure resilience to such attacks are presented. Keywords: steganography, TEMPEST, covert channel, information protection Cryptography is widely used as one of the most efficient and approbated methods of critical information resources protection. Nevertheless, in particular cases it might be more effective to hide the communication channel itself instead of making the information within it unreadable. Such a practice, namely concealing data within unsuspicious, innocent-looking containers, is called steganography. Any concept might have a double application. While being primarily considered a means of information protection, steganography can be used with ill intentions, as well. In fact, several high-tech attacks are based on the hidden data transmission, and contemporary methods of counteraction do not provide satisfactory level of resilience to those. These attacks are not always considered to be steganography-based, as they, for the most part, use a variety of features, characteristic for information and communication systems – physical effects, transmission protocols, communication infrastructure, specific features of software, cryptography etc. Nevertheless, the attack requires a classical statement of the task of steganography – how to transmit data so that a potential attacker could not acquire them due to not knowing about the presence of a transmission channel, even if he or she has a suspicion about one and the possible methods are known.
  • The Dark Unknown History

    The Dark Unknown History

    Ds 2014:8 The Dark Unknown History White Paper on Abuses and Rights Violations Against Roma in the 20th Century Ds 2014:8 The Dark Unknown History White Paper on Abuses and Rights Violations Against Roma in the 20th Century 2 Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU) and Ministry Publications Series (Ds) can be purchased from Fritzes' customer service. Fritzes Offentliga Publikationer are responsible for distributing copies of Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU) and Ministry publications series (Ds) for referral purposes when commissioned to do so by the Government Offices' Office for Administrative Affairs. Address for orders: Fritzes customer service 106 47 Stockholm Fax orders to: +46 (0)8-598 191 91 Order by phone: +46 (0)8-598 191 90 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.fritzes.se Svara på remiss – hur och varför. [Respond to a proposal referred for consideration – how and why.] Prime Minister's Office (SB PM 2003:2, revised 02/05/2009) – A small booklet that makes it easier for those who have to respond to a proposal referred for consideration. The booklet is free and can be downloaded or ordered from http://www.regeringen.se/ (only available in Swedish) Cover: Blomquist Annonsbyrå AB. Printed by Elanders Sverige AB Stockholm 2015 ISBN 978-91-38-24266-7 ISSN 0284-6012 3 Preface In March 2014, the then Minister for Integration Erik Ullenhag presented a White Paper entitled ‘The Dark Unknown History’. It describes an important part of Swedish history that had previously been little known. The White Paper has been very well received. Both Roma people and the majority population have shown great interest in it, as have public bodies, central government agencies and local authorities.
  • Niepodl Wyd2.Indd

    Niepodl Wyd2.Indd

    43 Cena 32,00 zł (w tym 8% VAT) Czasopismo humanistyczne 44 Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie Rocznik XX • 2013 • nr 3-4 (43-44) Czasopismo humanistyczne Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie Rocznik XX • 2013 • nr 3-4 (43-44) „Niepodległość i Pamięć” Czasopismo humanistyczne 2013 © copyright by Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie RECENZENT NAUKOWY prof. dr hab. Adam Dobroński REDAKTOR NACZELNY dr Tadeusz Skoczek REDAKTOR NUMERU Krzysztof Bąkała KOLEGIUM REDAKCYJNE dr Stefan Artymowski Paweł Bezak Jan Engelgard (z-ca red. naczelnego) Joanna Gierczyńska Andrzej Kotecki Krzysztof Mordyński dr Emil Noiński Dorota Panowek (sekretarz redakcji) Sylwia Szczotka Jerzy Wągrodzki dr Jolanta Załęczny Na okładce: Zespół ludowy polsko-czesko-ukraiński z Werby w po- wiecie dubieńskim, 1936 r., zbiory Zbigniewa Wojcieszka. Fotografi a prezentowana na wystawie czasowej Muzeum Niepodległości „Wołyń czasu zagłady 1939–1945”. ISSN 1427-1443 Spis treści Słowo wstępne ........................................................................................... 5 ARTYKUŁY Krzysztof Bąkała, ,,Przybyli na Wołyń nieproszeni…” .........................9 Franciszek Ziejka, „Przy lackim orle, przy koniu Kiejstuta, Archanioł Rusi na proporcach błysł!”. Tradycje unii horodelskiej w życiu narodo- wym czasów niewoli ............................................................................49 Dariusz Faszcza, Komenda Okręgu AK Wołyń wobec eksterminacji lud- ności polskiej w 1943 r ......................................................................... 73 Mieczysław Samborski,
  • Resistance Rising: Fighting the Shadow War Against the Germans

    Resistance Rising: Fighting the Shadow War Against the Germans

    Activity: Resistance Rising: Fighting the Shadow War against the Germans Guiding question: What, if any, impact did the French Resistance have on the Allied invasion of France? DEVELOPED BY MATTHEW POTH Grade Level(s): 6-8, 9-12 Subject(s): Social Studies, English/Language Arts, Journalism Cemetery Connection: Rhone American Cemetery Fallen Hero Connection: Sergeant Charles R. Perry Activity: Resistance Rising: Fighting the Shadow War against the Germans 1 Overview Using primary and secondary sources and interactive maps from the American Battle Monuments Commission, stu- dents will learn about the impact of the French Resistance “Often, civilians and on the battle for France and the overall outcome of the war. members of the military in Students will critically analyze documents to learn about the non-traditional roles are overlooked when teaching ways in which the Resistance operated. Students will create World War II. To more fully a newspaper to inform the public and recruit potential mem- understand the impact and bers to the movement. scale of the war, students must hear the stories of these men and women.” Historical Context — Matthew Poth The French Resistance was a collection of French citizens who united against the German occupation. In addition to the Poth is a teacher at Park View High School German military, which controlled northern France, many in Sterling, Virginia. French people objected to the Vichy government, the govern- ment of southern France led by World War I General Marshal Philippe Pétain. The Resistance played a vital role in the Allied advancement through France. With the aid of the men and women of the Resistance, the Allies gathered accurate intelligence on the Atlantic Wall, the deployment of German troops, and the capabilities of their enemy.
  • The Warsaw Uprising

    The Warsaw Uprising

    The Warsaw Uprising The Warsaw Uprising Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Warsaw Uprising Historical reconstrucon of the bales in Mokotów of 1944 Source: Piotr VaGla Waglowski, Rekonstrukcja historyczna walk na Mokotowie w 1944, 2008, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn what was the Operation Tempest and how did the Warsaw Uprising proceed. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu Approaching from the East, the Red Army entered the pre‐war Polish territories in 1944. Thus, a military operation (Operation Tempest) was prepared in order to initiate local uprisings and liberate Poland from the German occupation. It was meant as a move to show the approaching Russians that the territories they were on had their owners already – the Poles – and their own authorities, represented by the government‐in‐exile. Unfortunately, the attempts to coordinate joint operations between the Polish Home Army and the Red Army usually ended with the arrests of the Poles. Such situations took place repeatedly, both after the liberation of Vilnius and the capture of Lviv. It clearly demonstrated Stalin’s attitude towards the Polish government‐in‐exile and their representatives in the occupied country. The situation was further accentuated by the creation of the Polish Committee of National Liberation in July 1944 as a competing authority. However, the Red Army, approaching the outskirts of Warsaw, rekindled the hopes for the quick liberation of the capital. In that situation, the Government Delegate at Home, Stanisław Jankowski, and the Home Army Commander, General Tadeusz Bór Komorowski, decided to start an armed uprising in the city.
  • The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

    The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

    bailes_hb.qxd 21/3/06 2:14 pm Page 1 Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) is A special feature of Europe’s Nordic region the Director of SIPRI. She has served in the is that only one of its states has joined both British Diplomatic Service, most recently as the European Union and NATO. Nordic British Ambassador to Finland. She spent countries also share a certain distrust of several periods on detachment outside the B Recent and forthcoming SIPRI books from Oxford University Press A approaches to security that rely too much service, including two academic sabbaticals, A N on force or that may disrupt the logic and I a two-year period with the British Ministry of D SIPRI Yearbook 2005: L liberties of civil society. Impacting on this Defence, and assignments to the European E Armaments, Disarmament and International Security S environment, the EU’s decision in 1999 to S Union and the Western European Union. U THE NORDIC develop its own military capacities for crisis , She has published extensively in international N Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: H management—taken together with other journals on politico-military affairs, European D The Processes and Mechanisms of Control E integration and Central European affairs as E ongoing shifts in Western security agendas Edited by Wuyi Omitoogun and Eboe Hutchful R L and in USA–Europe relations—has created well as on Chinese foreign policy. Her most O I COUNTRIES AND U complex challenges for Nordic policy recent SIPRI publication is The European Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation L S Security Strategy: An Evolutionary History, Edited by Shannon N.
  • NSA's Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure

    NSA's Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure

    Under the Radar: NSA’s Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure Susan Landau* INTRODUCTION When Google discovered that intruders were accessing certain Gmail ac- counts and stealing intellectual property,1 the company turned to the National Security Agency (NSA) for help in securing its systems. For a company that had faced accusations of violating user privacy, to ask for help from the agency that had been wiretapping Americans without warrants appeared decidedly odd, and Google came under a great deal of criticism. Google had approached a number of federal agencies for help on its problem; press reports focused on the company’s approach to the NSA. Google’s was the sensible approach. Not only was NSA the sole government agency with the necessary expertise to aid the company after its systems had been exploited, it was also the right agency to be doing so. That seems especially ironic in light of the recent revelations by Edward Snowden over the extent of NSA surveillance, including, apparently, Google inter-data-center communications.2 The NSA has always had two functions: the well-known one of signals intelligence, known in the trade as SIGINT, and the lesser known one of communications security or COMSEC. The former became the subject of novels, histories of the agency, and legend. The latter has garnered much less attention. One example of the myriad one could pick is David Kahn’s seminal book on cryptography, The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet.3 It devotes fifty pages to NSA and SIGINT and only ten pages to NSA and COMSEC.
  • CV Matilda Ernkrans Minister for Higher Education and Research

    CV Matilda Ernkrans Minister for Higher Education and Research

    CV Matilda Ernkrans Minister for Higher Education and Research Ministry of Education and Research Party Swedish Social Democratic Party. Areas of responsibility • Higher education • Research • Student finance • Space issues Personal Matilda Ernkrans was born in 1973. She lives in Hallsberg, is married and has two children. Education “Regardless of where Degrees in political science and sociology, you live in our country, Örebro University (studies combined with work) 1994–1997, 2002 there must be good Social studies programme at upper secondary level, opportunities for further Alleskolan 1989–1992 education. We will make Positions and assignments sure that the situation Minister for Higher Education and Research 2021– for Sweden’s students is Minister for Higher Education and Research 2019–2021 good and that they feel Chair, Committee on Education 2018–2019 secure while studying. Chair, Committee on Environment and Agriculture 2010–2018 We are investing in Member, Committee on Social Insurance 2006–2010 Member, Committee on Cultural Affairs 2002–2006 education and research Member of the Riksdag 2002– to build a stronger Employment officer 1994–2002 society.” Other Member, Swedish Social Democratic Party National Board 2017– Chair, Swedish Social Democratic Party, Örebro County district 2016– Alternate member, Swedish Social Democratic Party National Board 2011–2017 1(2) Member of the Riksdag Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives 2010–2018 Member of the Riksdag War Delegation 2010–2018 Chair, Swedish Social Democratic Party, Hallsberg 2007–2011 Member, Hallsberg Municipal Council 1994–2011 Local politician with municipal assignments 1991–2002 Sweden is governed by the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the Green Party. The Government took office on 9 July 2021.
  • Translator's Introductory Note

    Translator's Introductory Note

    Report ‘W’ KL Auschwitz 1940 – 1943 by Captain Witold Pilecki Copyright © by Andrzej Nowak and Hubert Blaszczyk, President of the Association of Polish Political Prisoners in Australia, 2013([email protected], [email protected]) Copyright © translations Report W (IPN BU 0259/168 t 6) by Dr. Adam J. Koch Acknowledgements: Hubert Blaszczyk, President of the Association of Polish Political Prisoners in Australia The Editorial Board gratefully acknowledges the support and financial generosity of Isis Pacific Pty Ltd in publishing of this book. The Editorial Board wishes to thank Mr. Jacek Glinka for his dedication to design and graphic setting of our book. Foreword: Dr.George Luk-Kozik, Honorary Consul-General for Republic of Poland Admission (A Yesteryear's hero?) and afterword (Instead of an Epilogue): Dr. Adam J. Koch My Tribute to Pilecki: Andrzej Nowak Biography: Publishers, translated by Krzysztof Derwinski Project coordinators: Andrzej Nowak, Jacek Glinka, Andrzej Balcerzak, Hubert Blaszczyk Project Contributors: Jerzy Wieslaw Fiedler, Zbigniew Leman, Zofia Kwiatkowska-Dublaszewski, Bogdan Platek, Dr. Zdzislaw Derwinski Editors: Dr. Adam Koch, Jacek Glinka, Andrzej Nowak; Graphic Design: Daniel Brewinski Computer processing of text: Jacek Glinka Publishers: Andrzej Nowak with the Polish Association of Political Prisoners in Australia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, without the prior permission of publishers. Picture Sources: The publishers wish to express their thanks to the following sources of illustrative material and/or permission to reproduce it. They will make the proper acknowledgements in future editions in the event that any omissions have occurred. IPN (Institute of National Remembrance) in Poland, Institute’s Bureau of Access and Documents Archivization, copies of original documents from IPN and Album ‘Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki 1901- 1948’ by Jacek Pawłowicz of IPN.

  • Scenario of the Exhibition: Tomasz Łabuszewski, Phd, in Cooperation with Anna Maria Adamus, Phd, Ewa Dyngosz, Edyta Gula and Michał Zarychta

    STOLEN CHILDHOOD Scenario of the exhibition: Tomasz Łabuszewski, PhD, in cooperation with Anna Maria Adamus, PhD, Ewa Dyngosz, Edyta Gula and Michał Zarychta Graphic design: Katarzyna Dinwebel Reviewers: Bartosz Kuświk, PhD Waldemar Brenda, PhD Producer: Pracownia Plastyczna Andrzej Dąbrowski Photographs from the following archives: AKG images, Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance, Municipal Archive in Dzerzhinsk, State Archive in Warsaw, Archive of Polish Armenians, BE&W Foto, National Library, Bundesarchiv, Centre for Documentation of Deportations, Exile and Resettlements in Cracow, Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation, Getty Images, Museum of the Second World War, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Polish Army Museum in Kołobrzeg, Warsaw Rising Museum, Regional Museum in Jarocin, Museum of the Castle of Górka Family in Szamotuły, National Digital Archive, Ośrodek Karta, Polish Photographers’ Agency Forum, Polish Press Agency, Underground Poland Studio, Documentary and Feature Film Studio, Association of Crimean Karaites in Poland. With special thanks to: Bogdan Bednarczyk, Janusz Bogdanowicz, Alina Głowacka-Szłapowa, Tomasz Karasiński, Kazimierz Krajewski, PhD, Ewa Siemaszko and Leszek Żebrowski, as well as the Institute of National Remembrance branch offices in Łódź and Poznań. Photograph on the front panel: Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance Despite their efforts, the authors of the exhibition did not manage to reach all authors of photographs used in the exhibition or holders of proprietary
  • The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009

    The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice, 1919–2009

    The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2009 First published in paperback in 2009 by the International Labour Office, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland First published in hardback in 2009 by Cornell University Press, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States (available for sale in North America only) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 Gerry Rodgers, Eddy Lee, Lee Swepston and Jasmien Van Daele International Labour Office. – Geneva: ILO, 2009 ISBN 978-92-2-121955-2 (paperback) ILO / role of ILO / ILO standard setting / tripartism / workers rights / quality of working life / social security / promotion of employment / poverty alleviation / decent work / history / trend 01.03.7 Also available in hardback: The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919–2009 (ISBN 978-0-8014-4849-2), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2009.
  • 20 the FRENCH COUNTER-ATTAC K Wo Deep Salients Had Now Been

    20 the FRENCH COUNTER-ATTAC K Wo Deep Salients Had Now Been

    CHAPTER 20 THE FRENCH COUNTER-ATTAC K wo deep salients had now been driven into Syrian territory, the poin t Tof the eastern thrust being just south of Kiswe and 25 miles fro m Damascus, the blunt end of the western resting at Jezzine and Sidon , some 30 miles from Beirut. In the Merdjayoun sector, however, the advance had moved fewer than 10 miles beyond the frontier, and thus , between Jezzine and Damascus, the enemy still held a deep , wedge of territory embracing the Litani Valley, Mount Hermon and its foothills . In the eastern sector the Vichy forces defending Damascus on the lin e of the Nahr el Awaj were in a very strong position . East of the road they had good cover for infantry and tanks in gardens and among houses behin d which rose the steep boulder-strewn Jebel el Kelb and Jebel Abou Atriz on which the defenders were strongly sited . West of the road stood th e Tel Kiswe, Tel Afair, and Jebel Madani, which commanded both the Deraa and the Kuneitra roads . Most of the undulating lower country was scattered with lava boulders which made it impossible for wheele d vehicles to leave the roads, and even impeded the movement of infantry , who cut their boots to pieces in a few hours of marching over the stones . It will be recalled that, on the 14th Brigadier Lloyd had replaced th e wounded General Legentilhomme in command of the British and Free French forces ; Colonel Jones took over the Indian brigade . Lloyd's plan of attack provided that the Indian brigade, plus the Free French battalion of marines, should attack west of the road before dawn on the 15th an d occupy Moukelbe, Tel Kiswe and Kiswe village, whereupon, about 8 a .m.