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A Rivalry of Necessity: an Analysis of Mechanisms of Contention Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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A Rivalry of Necessity: an Analysis of Mechanisms of Contention Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations Graduate Program in International Studies Fall 12-2020 A Rivalry of Necessity: An Analysis of Mechanisms of Contention Between The Islamic Republic of Iran and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Aras Syahmanssuri Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds Part of the International Relations Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Syahmanssuri, Aras. "A Rivalry of Necessity: An Analysis of Mechanisms of Contention Between The Islamic Republic of Iran and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" (2020). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, , Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/6pm4-h381 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/130 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Program in International Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i A RIVALRY OF NECESSITY: AN ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS OF CONTENTION BETWEEN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA by Aras Syahmanssuri B.A. June 2003, Salahaddin University - Erbil M.A. February 2012, University of Sulaimani A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY DeCember 2020 Approved by: Peter Schulman (DireCtor) Aaron Karp (Member) NiCholas Abbott (Member) Mitsue ShiokaWa (Member) ii ABSTRACT A RIVALRY OF NECESSITY: AN ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS OF CONTENTION BETWEEN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA Aras Syahmanssuri Old Dominion University, 2020 DireCtor: Dr. Peter SChuman The 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution that extremely concerned the Saudis leaders culminated after the overthroW of a monarchical regime of the Iranian Shah and the poWer rise of a theoCratic Shia government led by Ayatollah Khomeini. From the early days of this revolution, Khomeini raised a unique slogan, which was “exporting the revolution” to neighboring countries. Through targeting the Shia minority in neighboring Countries, this slogan highly ConCerned the Gulf Countries including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Examining four decades of hostility, Which starts from the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran, this study indicates that the rivalry between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has become a necessary platform that has mobilized a confrontation that has challengend each state. In other words, it seems this rivalry has beCome a demanding strategy caused by claims of supremaCy and leadership that Would guarantee and assure each state their national seCurity interests. This dissertation foCuses on two distinguishing aspeCts of this rivalry between the IRI and the KSA. Firstly, it studies the nature and the struCture of the rivalry between the IRI and the KSA; seCondly, it investigates three essential faCtors that have been invested in or exploited by both parties as meChanisms of their ongoing rivalry. Despite the reduCtive analysis of the Saudi-Iranian rivalry as emanating from a primordial schism betWeen Shia and Sunni Muslims, this study argues that several faCtors or meChanisms play significant roles in maintaining the continuity of the rivalry betWeen both parties. To determine the frameWork of this dissertation, three essential meChanisms are examined. First, the Saudis and Iranian respective roles within the oil market and command of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Second, both Iranian and Saudis attempts to reCruit and exploit iii agents or proxy groups that inClude state, sub-states, and militias. Third, the role of leadership and decision-makers in both countries constructing foreign policy interests sinCe 1979. iv Copyright, 2020, by Aras Syahmanssuri, All Rights Reserved. v This Dissertation is DediCated to My Wife (Katan). It Would not Be Done Without Her Support. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have been around me throughout my Ph.D. journey in the United States. First, I want to thank the Higher Committee of EduCation Development in Iraq for offering five years of financial support. SeCond, I want to give my sinCere thanks to the former director of English Language Center, David Silvis, and the director of ODU International Admission, Steven Risch, who both offered me the ODU admission letter when I met them both in Erbil, the Capital of Kurdistan Region of Iraq, in March 2014. Without them, I Would not have the chance to admit to ODU. In addition to his courage and support, the bases of this dissertation are compiled With Professor Steve Yetiv ‘friend, mentor, and teacher’, therefore I dedicate this dissertation to him, and I hope his soul rests in peaCe. My sincere gratitude to Dr. SChulman who has been my aCademiC advisor and the Chair committee of my dissertation; without his constant support, I would not in this stage. And many thanks to my Committee members: Dr. Aaron, Dr. Abbot, and Dr. ShiokaWa. Many appreCiations to Dr. Karp, Dr. Earnest, and Dr. Shiokawa Who all helped to get a GA position When I faced a financial crisis in 2016. I also thank GPIS and GSIS family for being my family while I have lived in the United States. Some other friends I want to name them here Kevin Felix, Ryan Elza, Dan Shank, Hersih Hussein, Bnar Mustafa, and Dr. Kurnia Foe they were all around when I needed them. Finally, my love for my heroes San, Sako, Amed, Mom, and Dad, I am sorry for not being there sometimes when you needed me. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 THEORETICAL APPROACH ........................................................................................................ 3 THE DEFINITION OF RIVALRY .................................................................................................. 5 PETRO-AGGRESSION APPROACH ............................................................................... 8 PROXY WAR THEORY .................................................................................................. 12 THEORY OF DECISION-MAKING ............................................................................... 14 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................................... 17 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................ 23 HYPOTHESES ............................................................................................................................... 23 OIL WEALTH AND COMMAND OF OPEC ................................................................. 23 SUPPORT OF PROXIES .................................................................................................. 27 THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP ........................................................................................ 32 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 35 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 38 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 38 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 38 THE EARLY APPEARANCE OF ISLAM ...................................................................... 42 THE FIRST CLASH: SUNNI-SHIA DIVISION ............................................................. 44 THE OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES OR CALIPHATES COEXISTENCE .... 47 REVIEW ON SAUDI IRANIAN RIVALRY IN MODERN HISTORY ....................................... 54 ORIGINS OF POLITICAL SCOPE OF ISLAM: STATE-CENTERED APPROACH ... 56 SHIA-SUNNI CONFLICT AND SECTARIANISM ....................................................... 58 SAUDI-IRANIAN POWER STRUGGLE: CONTROL OF RESOURCES .................... 60 FUTURE OF ISLAM AND THE SHIA REVIVAL ....................................................................... 66 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 67 3. OIL WEALTH AND COMMAND OF OPEC ....................................................................................... 70 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 70 HISTORY BACKGROUND OF IRI’S OIL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT ............................... 72 THE HISTORY BACKGROUND OF KSA’S OIL INDUSTRY .................................................. 79 IRI AND KAS PRESENCE IN OPEC FROM ITS FOUNDATION .............................................
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