" 7 5 v l w u o l?) M MOI RS OF THE EOL OGI CAL URV Y E G S E .

EN L N A N D G A D W A L E S .

EXPL ANA r HE T 3 6 SD 340 TI ON o S E S 2 .

TH E GE OL OGY OF

THE COUNTRY NEAR H A D L YM E S SI D MOUT N E R GI .

H . B . W OOD W ARD , an d

w A E HER F . . . . . U SS , G. S

'

KE - OW F . i h n ibu i s b A . J. O S BR NE B A R. S W t Co tr t on y J , . ., .

S E C ON D E D I T I ON .

I ' QUBL I SHED BY ORD E R OF TH E L ORD S COM M I SSI ONE RS OF HI S M AJESTY S TREASURY.

L ON D ON A E T ’ STA I ONERY OF I E PRI NTED F OR H I S M J S Y S T F C ,

- L ON 1mm 34 40 BACON STRE T E . Bx D AR I NG S , , , E ,

An d t o be purchase d fro m STAN ORD 1 2 1 3 an d 1 4 L ONG ACRE L OND ON E . F , , , , , D E W ARE ED I NBURGH S 2 Sr . AN R S U W . A . K; JOHN TON , 1m m, , Q , ;

F I GGI S COL GBAF SI ON n“

f rdn an ce Sur e M a s or th ou h an Book se ll e r From an y Age n t fo r the sal e o O v y p , r g y

- Ge n e al O dn an ce Sur e Ofil oe Sou ham ton . or f rom the D i re cto r r , r v y , t p

1

e hi in a n d Six e n c Price On S ll g p e. GEOL OGICAL S URVEY OF ENGL AND AND W AL ES, AND

M US EUM OF PRACT I CAL GEOL OGY.

OF I CE : 2 JERM N STRE ET L OND ON S W ( F 8, Y . . .)

N L I ST OF PU BL I CA TI O S . Cate lo us of Photo a hs Guide s t’ ati n cl d moi s M useum Catalo ues et c. r‘ l s, M e r , g . gr p , . Sur e Office outham ton ice 6d Th Rii rii iilgtgligt Stigliggbggige d from t he Ordn an ce v y . p , pr . Maps m A e nts M use um ue s and M emoi s c n he ob n n ce Su e or f o . Catalo gmdes r a taine d from the Ord a rv y . r g g , .

&c., are sold at the M use um.

I ND EX M AP OF THE Bmmsn ‘

’ On the t - 25th l l ch t the mlle dfifigioom - - lo r il Zs tl n coloured ls i}o u e . . f ,

- - he mile r QUARTER I NCH M AP OF ENGL AND AND WAL ES (i inch t o t . o I to

She et Solid D i ft . She e t . Solid. D . r rift. d a. d s. . a. d. s. d.

1 w K 1 3 wi ll 1 . F I SHGUARD ith 2. (AL NWI CK. BERWI C 7 ( , ar ii 1s e . 2 6

s. ( CARL a n 1 M 1 4 ABERYST YTH H EREF ORD 2 a I SL E d . OF AN . ( ) 4 OX F R . (N E WCASTL E . STOOKTO 1 5. (BI RM I NGHAM O D ) 2 0 5 ith e 1 0 CAM B D GE i PS WI OH 9 L AN ASTER an d isL . RI 2 w . ( C ( , ) a 6 OF CA D ' M AN) 18. (BRI STOL . B HT &c. 2 s

7. M ANCHESTE L EED 19 BATH C TI L D F ORB B ( R. at e .) . ( UTE 8’ ( L A M B JB O A a n a OqE EEM BE 2 0 20 ith 24 ND ON DOVER 0 w . , , and 9 wi th 1 L E AD S B N 0. HO E ( YH . HE EWS EI G TO ) 2 e 2 e Bun 21 wit a M OUTH wi tli I SL ES , g 3 n . (S EgORD D I ”1 9 0 g gfi ' ’ F éc ' M 0 EN 1 Ed 0 5 S . 9? 0 22. PL M OUTH a L E ( Y NM EEGI S ( 0 12. (L OUTH and ARM OUTH 2 0 23 l l l EM UTH t S Y ) 6 . ( O o EL SE iggly

ONE- I NCH M AP NEW SERI ES 1 i nch to the mile or 1 to 63360 WI TH ACC P , ( , ) AN NG M E I I RS. ‘ ' ' " “ ” “ OI “ i e bhBhed ‘ th Soll d or a. D rif t Edition or in b oth. E9 . I ma.Porit ot aI Sm ar e ‘ y c31 i 2.0 ii g E.x ligaibr fie m i s She i olrs. Ne w Se e e ts l t o 73 co e spond to t e Quarter Sheets of r ' rr h th e 0 1 Se i e Es fito 110 So l - s . me ot these are n ow colour i n te d n d a re r p pr . a gi ven i n the table below ; the rest are still issue d as sheet s orthe Old Se ri e s M ap

Price of M ap. Solid D ift M amo“ . r . .

s. b 33 STOC ON . KT 5 3 31 1 . W EL L I N GTON GUI SBROUGH 5 3 l 6 CHA

35 an d 44. SCAL B a n d Y 314. RIN GWOOD W HI TBY

43. E GTON 53 K ' . PI C ERI NG 317. CHI CHESTER 54 S . CARBOROUGH X ET F A B 55. L M OROUGH 326 5n d SI D M 340. OUTH 82 HA . RROGATE an d L M E REGI S Y . . ' ‘ 328. D ORCHESI ER. M BOUBNEM O H BRI D I JNGTON 330. N E W F OREST (pts 1 SEL B 7 . OF WI GHT Y 1 . (pts. 72. BE VE RL E Y 331 . PORTSM OUT H an d 734 H ORNS EA I OF WI GHT 1 10; M ACOL ES F I EL D , CON BOGNOR GL ETON 333 W OR T H N . I G a n d 12 - - 3. STOKE UPON TRENT 1 6 TTI NGD E . N 125. D E BY and WI RE S WgRTH

126. N EWARK and N 0 T TI N GE

141 . L OUGHBOBOUGH a n d BURTON 142 M E ‘ H . L TON M OW BRAY 342 PORT L A N D . a n d A T H 155. E R S T ON E and W Em OUTE CHARNW OOD 343. SW ANAGE 1 56. L EI CE STER 346. N E W UAY 187. HUN TI NGD ON 347. BOOM N an d ST 203. BED F ORD 4 0 229 CA . RM ARTHEN 348 P m . TH an d L I S 230 AM M A . NF ORD é gg 231 M ERT . HYR TYD F I L 49 L 3 . P YM OUTH and I VY 232 ABE R V . GA ENNY BRI D GE 246 W EST . GOWER O 350. T UAY 247. SW ANSEA ’ 351 an d L AND S 24 PO ' ‘ 8. NTYPRI D D D I SI BI CT 249. N E W PORT (M ON) 352. F A L M OU TH a n d HE NL EY- ON- THAM ES TRUBO 26 2 BRI D u 17 . GEND M EVAGI SSE Y 283. CARD I F F H 267. UNGERF ORD and N WED BY ° 357 an d 300. I SL ES OF L Y L OND ON 4 Sbe e tS) e ach 283 AN D OVE , . R I SL E OF AN Sh ( e e ts 36, 284. BASI NGSTOK E 45 46 56an d 57 295. TAUNTON and BRI D G I SL E OF WI GHT S ia l W ATER ( pe c She er 298. SAL I SBUR Y N GHAM (Spe cial 209. WI NCHES TER G E 200. AL RESF ORD OXF ORD (Special Shee t)

M MOI RS OF THE G OL OGI UR E E CAL S VEY.

ENG A N D A N D W L A L E S .

EXPL ANAT N F H T IO O S EE S 326 340 .

T H E GE OL OGY OF

THE COUNTRY NEAR SI D MO L E I S UTH AND YME R G .

OD W ARD an d H . B . W O ,

W . A . E . USSH ER, F .O. S .

- W i h o J KES BROW NE B A F R. S . U . . t C ntributions by A . J . ,

S E C ON D E D I T I ON .

' PU BL I SHE D B Y ORD ER OF THE L ORD S COM M I SSI ON E RS OF HI S M AJE STY S TRE ASURY.

L 0 N D 0 N I NTE D F OR H I S M AJ E STY ’ S STATI ONERY O I CE PR FF ,

— L 34 40 BA ON STREET E . ON TD . C B Y D ARL I NG S , , , ,

An d to be purchase d from T N ORD 1 2 1 3 an d 1 4 L ONG ACRE L OND ON E . S A F , , , , , A D OHNSTON L TD . 2 ST . N REW S UARE ED I NBURGH W . A . K . J , , , Q , ' I I S Co . GRA F I ON D UBL I N HOD GES F GG , , _

o m a n A e n f r h s l e o f O dn an ce Su M r t u an B ook e le Fr y g t o t e a r rve y aps , o hro gh y s l r , ‘ - l o r f om h D i o Ge n e a O dn an ce fil c ut am to n . r t e re ct r r , r Surve y O e , So h p

1 91 1 .

' n e illi n a n d Szx en cz Pr ice O Sh g p . n

PREF A E F R C TO I ST ED ITION.

The are a re fe rre d to i n the following page s i s o f gre a t inte re st n ot o l on a ccou o f its e ol o i l hi o u t a l f the n y nt g g ca st ry , b so rom fact that it i s intimate ly a ssociate d with such notabl e ge olo gi sts a s Buc l D e la Be che a n d on be re The o i i al su e k and , C y a . r g n rv y on the o n e - inch scale w a s made by D e la Be che on the old se ri e s o n e - inch ma ps (21 but the re i s so me do ubt a s to the y e a r o f u bli ca i o for u f u e l n o e s e e affixe to an o f p t n , , n ort nat y , dat w r d y the ol e Ge ol i - d r og cal Su rve y maps o f the south we st o f Engla nd . Gr e e ou h . i n hi i h l i a l Mr n g , s Pre s de nti al Addre ss to t e Ge o og c Soci e in 1 834 s a e s h D e l a Be che on e o f ou r i ce ty , t t t at Mr . , V e si e s c i u e the i e i f the B a of O a ce Pr d nt , a t ng nd r d r ct on o o rd rdn n , ha s o uce a e olo i ca l m a f the o u o f D e o hi ch pr d d g g p o C nty v n , w , for e xte nt an d minute ne ss o f informa ti on a n d be au ty o f e xe cu ” i o ha s a. e hi t n , v ry gh cl aim t o re ga rd ; from which we m ay i fe i h e aso bl e ob bili h the ori in al m a w as n r , w t r na pr a ty , t at g p ubli she in 1 8 p d 33.

So e e i i o s s e e a H W . m r v n w r made at a late r d te by Mr . . Bri stow along the e aste rn ma rgin s o f the two she e ts - (old se ri e s)

a bo e e f e e to an d s ill la e r ur i the e a s 1 873- 76 the v r rr d , t t , d ng y r ,

a e w a s r e - su e e on the old s he the sub i isio s o f the r a rv y d map , w n d v n N e w Re d c s the Rhae i c e th u e i a l e osi s e e ro k , t b ds and e s p rfic d p t , w r su e e for the i th ie s o f the e ace ou s rv y d first t me , and e boundar Cr t o c s e e e i se The e s e o io a s f ar as Br a sco be r k w r r v d . w t rn p rt n n m ,

Sou hle i h hu e al o l a w as a e b M r . t g , S t , D w od and Sto ck nd m pp d y sshe the s e i i l b W o o i h U r , and e a t rn port on ma n y y Mr . dward , w t the he l o f Re i w ho su e e the bo e i ac s f o p Mr . d , rv y d rd r ng tr t r m e Re i l h L ym g s to U p yme and H a wkchurc .

W o o a a e a s e ci a l s u o f the L i as i n the I n 1 884 Mr . dw rd m d p t dy n e ighbourhood o f L yme Re gi s at the time tha t he w a s writing hi s porti o n o f the Me mo ir o n the Ju r a ssi c Ro cks o f Brita in ;

- u e s- B o e s u i e the an d du ring the ye a rs 1 894 97 Mr . J k r wn t d d Cre tace ous are as with re fe re n ce to the co rre sponding M e moir on

At the sa e i e the l a s - e io e the Cre tace ous Ro cks . m t m t m nt n d i i o s a n d so e e v isio s u si the six ofli ce r made a fe w add t n m r n , ng u he a i i o s e e i ch s hi ch e e he a v a ila ble . F n map , w w r t n rt r dd t n w r W o o in 1 901 he he e xa i e the cu i s m a de by Mr . dward w n m n d tt ng i Notwith on the railway be twe e n Axminste r and L yme Re g s .

standing the fact that six - inch maps ha v e be e n u se d to some e xte nt i i it i s e ce ssa t o e e be h the on e du ring late r re v s on s , n ry r m m r t at

e a e ce six - i ch su e i nch map a s n ow i ssu e d i s not bas d on r nt n rv y ,

- 1 - The but mainly on the re su rve y during the y e a rs 873 76. ge ologi cal bou nda ri e s have be e n a lmost wholly tra nsfe rr e d from

- i n t e office an d sli h e o s the o ld to the n e w on e in ch m a p h , g t rr r due t o di scre panci e s be twe e n the two e dition s o f the topogra phi cal

ma u s he e fo e i e i bl ha e c e in . But he se e o s p, m t , t r r , n v ta y v r pt t rr r e se i us i n i e o f the f a c s h the n e w m a cannot b ve ry r o , and v w t t at p the old on e h contains much more information tha n , and t at no

— 1 8 Wt 35447 9. 750. ( 821 . iv PRE F ACE .

t can be - sc le o f his distric le e re - su e the six i h com t rv y on nc a ' p .t h hi e s it has be e de cI de d to pubhs s unde rtake n for ma ny y ar , n t map in its pre se nt form . W b . The Me moir has be e n jointly pre pare d y Mr oodward and ble for the ch e U sshe the l e be i i l e spo si p Mr . r att r ng ma n y r n a t r ; . th s e li W i h on the Ne w Re d rocks and the forme r for e part d a ng t The ch e s on the C e e us the Rhae tic be ds an d the L i as . apt r r tac o ’ Ju e s- B o e s obser rocks have be e n l arge ly pre pare d from Mr . k r wn e ou s R s of vation s as re corde d in hi s Me moir on the Cre tac ock h id ls f the b illi a o l o i n the i le Britain , wit a a o rom r nt z na w rk M dd

R e . W . r A . and Uppe r Chalk publishe d by D . ow

AL L H . E J . J . T ,

D ire ctor .

ice Ge ologi ca l Surve y Ofl ,

r n tre e t L on don . 28, Je my S ,

s ch 1 906. 21 t Mar ,

T N PREF ACE TO SECOND E D I IO .

F or the pre para tion of the se cond e diti on of thi s me moir we W who has be e i e u h e i e b to H . B ar nd te d Mr . . oodward , n k nd no g to unde rtake e ntire re sponsibility for the work an d to ca rry it f lo i a l e hou h n o out since his re tire me nt rom the Ge o g c Surv y . T g i si of the ma has b e a e so a i i l i fo io re v on p e n m d , me dd t ona n rmat n has be e i co o a e i n the e oi l a a e ul of f u he n n rp r t d m m r, part y s r s t rt r i si s to L e Re i b n u s . W o a e o e s a d s v t ym g y Mr odw rd . Som n t g

e s i s ls h e be e e b e s sshe an d Ju e s- B e g t on a o av n mad y M ssr . U r k rown in the chapte rs on the N ew Re d Sandston e Se ri e s and Cre tace ous Roc s e s c i l k r pe t ve y . I n the pr e face to the 1 st Editio n 1 833 was m e ntio ne d as the probable date of publicati o n o f the Old Se ri e s on e - inch She e s 21 22 the o i i l e l o i t and , r g na G o g cal Surve y Maps of the i fo a i o si e a he e b an From n rm t n nc g t r d y Mr . W o odward d ubli she in the Su of o e s for 7 5 t is p d mmary Pr gr s 1 90 (p . 1 9) i n ow e i e h h se s e e ubli she i 1 v d nt t at t o map w r not p d t ll 834 .

H J . J . . TEAL L ,

D ire ctor .

Ge o lo i ca l Surve O ce g y fi , 28 Je rm n tre t , y S e , L on don .

3l st ch 1 91 Mar , 1 . NTEN CO TS .

PAGE .

REF ACE t o the l et E i ion b the D i e c o P d t , y r t r

REF AC to t he 2n E i ion b the D i e ct o P E d d t , y r r

— CHAPTER I . I N TROD U CTI ON

PER M R AN D S TONE SER I E S . I AN AN D TRI A . CH APTER I I . ED S S 1 0 9 M a rls ; Pe bble B e ds ; Uppe r Sa n dsto n e ; Uppe r (Ke upe r) 3431:

— R ae i c B e s B o in at L me T TRI A S con i n ue . CH AP ER I I I . ( t d) h t d ; r g y Re gis

— L L M i l L i i As . e L i as e as CHAPTER I V . ow r ; dd

— CRETACEOU S . Gault a n d U e G e e ns an Se l CHAPTER V . pp r r d ( born i an )

— ETACE O S c n i n u e . C alk CH AP TER VI . CR U ( o t d) h

— A T CHAPTER VI I . F UL S

— i i n an Che r P TEA D E P S I T S . Cla h l ts d CHAPTER V I I I . L A U O y w t F t (in part E oce n e )

— Ot e V all e Sid Valle Axe VAL L E D EPOS I TS . CHAPTER I X . Y t r y ; y ; V all e y ; L ym an d Cha r V all e ys

— OSI CH APTER X . L AN D SL I PS AND COA ST ER ON

— m a n d E CON OM I C GE OL OG . B uil i n S on es L i e CHAPTER X I . Y d g t ; Ce me n t ; M a rl ; B rick Clay ; R o a d M e tal ; Scythe Ston e s ; San ds ; Gun Fli n ts ; Gypsum ; Pyrit e s ; So ils ; W at e r Supply

— i n ci al o o n he Geolo B G . L is of s t APPE ND I x . BI L I O RAPH Y t pr p w rk gy of the D i stri ct

I ND EX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .

PAGE

M a St . lo ical M a of t he Co u n n o o f O e y y 1 . Ge o F I G . g p try rth tt r r

r Avicul a (Pt e ri a ) co n to rta Po tl .

Pi n ha B a n e a L me Se ct i on of the L i as Cliffs from y y, r y Re i s t o Gol e n Ca g , d p

S aw . i J de 0 . Psilon ot ice ra s pla n o rb s ( . )

i n e S ow . L ima g ga t a J . m Gryphae a a rcuata L a . M i lle I so cri n us (Pe n ta cri n us) ba salt ifo rmis ( r) ch oth Schlothe imi a a n gu la ta (S l . )

c li H W o odw . Scaphe us a n cylo he s .

n i J S ow . Cor on ice r a s buckla d ( . )

dc B . Ar n i o ce r as se mi co st at um (Y . )

r ke i J ow . Ast e r oce r a s b oo ( . S )

ow . Ast e ro ce r as o btusum (J . S )

S ow . M icr o de ro ce r as bi rchii (J . ) E xt r a cr i n us bri a re us (M iller )

1 Ox n ce ra x n o t um u e n st . 6. y ot o s o y (Q )

E ri t a u i e t . 1 7. chi o ce ras r a cos t m (Z )

1 . D e r ce r a a ma um J . S ow 8. o s r t ( )

B e e n B i n 1 9 . l i e m t s cla vatus la e . L ipa ro ce r as stri atum (Re m) 2 ' 1 . L i a c r a h n l i S ow . p ro e s e e y (J . )

22 . o . D e r o ce r a s davoe i (J . S w )

Ac u i i rod s a n n n g aa Ag .

2 D a 4 . pe dI us polit us D e la B e che 2 5. Pholido ho r u de l a be che i A p s g .

Se c i o n at W e o-r oft n e a A mi n s e t y , r x t r

27. Se ct io n of W hit e clifl e s of Se a o n , w t t

Se ct i o n s Of t he Cli s om H i Pe a n e a Si mou h t o ff fr gh k , r d t , B e e r H e a d 50 Vi e w o f the Cliff on t he n o rth si de o f B e e r H a rbo ur 58

M a 0 30 . p o f t he coun try n e a r H o n ito n a n d W ilmi n gton 6

31 . Ske tch of Quarry n o rth - e ast o f W ilmi n gto n 60

Se ct io n om H o n i o n t o Ra mo n H ill n o h o f U l me 64 fr t y ds , rt p y

33. S e ct i on fro m n e a r B ro a dhe mbu ry t o Stockl an d 64

34 . Se cti o n t hrough M e mbu ry 65

35. Se cti o n from We st ga te H ill t o Gittisham H ill 65

36. Se ctio n in Ra ilw ay- cutti n g e ast o f Combpyn e Sta tio n 68

37. Se ct i o n of Pipe i n Gre e n sa n d o n Salco mbe H ill 71

8 - 3 . Se ction sout we s of Sho o ls a rm sou h of 76 h t F , t

39. Se ct io n a c oss t he Bi n on a n d D wl a n L n li 79 r d o ds a ds p . .

PL A — TE . The L a n dslip at Bi n do n a n d D o wl a n ds be twe e n L yme R e gis an d Axmo uth Fro n tispie ce . THE GEOLOGY

OF THE COUNTRY NEAR

SI D M OUTH AND L YM E REGI S.

CHA ER I PT .

I R D NT O U CTI ON .

The are a to be de scribe d i n thi s Me moir i s inclu de d i n She e ts 326 340 o f the Ge olo i ca l Su e l a i b and g rv y M ap. D e vo n c ms y f ar the e e io i h the r i e gr at r port n , w t ma ke t towns of Axm nst r ,

~ H i t h i - id O e S . a t S on ton and tt ry M ry , and e wate r ng place s of ou h i h Se . To D o se be l h m t and aton r t ongs t e e aste rn borde r , w t the se a of L e Re i s hile a s ll o i o f o e se port ym g ; w ma p rt on S m r t , i h the h le of hil son li e s a lo the i b o f the Axe w t am t C , ng r ght ank on the h- i Th - o n nort e aste rn marg n . e total land are a re pre se nte d the m a u s t o bou 1 4 u i i e p amo nt a t 8 sq a re m l e s, and the co ast l n e x e s for b u 2 ile s f o e a t nd a o t 0 m , r m Otte rton Point to Black Ve n n r L e Re i ym g s .

The are a consists o f a table - l and de e ply furrowe d by the rive rs Axe O e he i ibu a ie s Th u l a be and tt r and t r tr t r . e p ands m y co si e e as the s u he e in a i o f the Bl o ills n d r d o t rn t rm t n o ackd wn H , which ri se to he i ghts o f from 850 to a little ove r f e e t be twe e n W e llington and Chard on the borde rs o f D e vo n and Some rse t ; and i n our pre se nt di strict attain e le va tio ns o f 885 fe e t at B e mbu ry o 873 f e Hill 81 2 fe e on i i h Hill e e t . s s F rt , t at S Cyr , t G tt am , and ’ 72 fe e ill 5 t on Raymond s H , de sce nding to from 400 to a little o e l - v r 500 fe e t a o ng the se a borde rs . The uplift of the highe r Bl a ckdown Hills may be said to hav e ir e c e the c u se s o f the s e a s an d bo h the n th d t d o r tr m , t Otte r a d e Y i o ibu a o f the Axe h e he i sou c f ar arty , an mp rtant tr t ry , av t r r e s away on the southe rn l pe s o f the mo st e le vate d tract of Bla ck o o a s le Hill i n the i ci i o f hi h he e o s d wn , kn wn Stap , v n ty w c t r ccur l f 1 f e l obab o E oce e a e . a patch o grav , pr y n g The ge ne ral tre nd of the two ma in stre ams in the are a is from

- - i h su bse u e be s the h no rth e ast to south we st w t a q nt nd toward sout , a s if to follow the strike of the unde rlying rocks afte r le aving the The Sid hich i t Cre tace ous and Te rtiary pl ate au . w dra ns he de e p valley above Sidmouth flows also to the south- south- we st ; whil e w s o ce ob bl ibu a the little rive r L ym , a n pr a y a tr t ry of the rive r

s f the o h- e s h u h the le o s Char , whi ch flow rom n rt a t t ro g va f Mar h e a h ou h us to the e s of our is i wood to the s at C arm t , j t a t d tr ct .

“ 449 an d urn eol. Soc. x i . 1 878 . h un See U sshe r ua/rt. Jo . G , v , , p t e Co r , Q xx t y l 6 48 ha M am. Geo . Sara 1 90 . . betwe e n Wellington an d C rd ( ), , p ON 2 I NTR OD U CTI .

Along the coa st the Sid and the Axe ha ve a pe rpe tu al conflict the e a s e l e o f the shin le ha v i e e c with the se a , t r y tr nd g ng a t nd n y f the i e s o r to i e he e a s a so ha t o dam the ou tl e ts o r v r , d v rt t m tw rd , t t the i r e xits ar e choke d an d the rive r - wa te rs filte r throu gh the be a ch i n l a o o e xce pt in time s o f nd fl d . The sce ne ry o f the di stri ct owe s it s va ri e d cha rm to the ve ry i rre gula r m ann e r in whi ch the tabl e - l and ha s be e n cut ba ck by i i the hi h la to o e c i n o i e flu vi atil e a ge nc e s, ca us ng g nd pr j t pr m n nt spurs a n d bluffs that se pa ra te num e rou s sma ll va lle ys or goyl e s an d d omin ate t he m ai n valle y s (se e p.

The l a nd be low the I OU- fo o t co ntou r i s of small e xte nt an d c n n t th i e - flats o f the a i s e a s an d he i r bo e s o fi e d o e r v r m n tr m t rd r .

The barre n sum mits an d ste e p u ppe r sl ope s of the table - la nd strongly co n trast wi th the f e r tility o f the l o we r slo pe s a n d bro a de r The o e o i e e l e a i o s e e u ili s i v alle y s . m r pr m n nt v t n w r t e d n old time s for ca or be aco u e ou s i i a i o s o f hi h a r mp n , n m r nd c t n w c e m e t with i n e r h— - i a t works or pla ce na me s i n the d stri ct .

The towns an d vill a ge s ar e situate d on the porous stra ta of alle av e l or sa s o e he ce a su l o f a e u v y gr nd t n , w n pp y w t r co ld re a dily be obta i n e d by sha llow we lls ; or the y ne stle a m ong the combe s a t a highe r le v e l whe r e copi ous n a tu ra l springs i ssu e he re and the r e f o the hill - i e r m s d s .

The i la o ul a i o i s i n the a i a i cul u n nd p p t n m n gr t ra l , but the f amous i n du stry o f la ce - ma king o ccupi e s ma ny cotta ge rs i n H o i o an d su ou i v illa e s n t n rr nd ng g . Othe r indu stri e s of lime bu rning an d q u arrying ar e me ntio ne d i n the Cha pte r on E conomi c Ge olo gy .

The r e a re f e w di stri cts i n whi ch na tura l f e ature s ar e more o b i ousl co e c e i h Ge olo i ca l r u v y nn t d w t g St ctu r e . Th e forma ti on s re pre se nte d on the M ap a re a s follows

RE CENT an d Allu ium v . PL E I STOCE NE . Valle G a e l y r v . Cla ith lin s an d Ch & e c. in a y w r rt E ocen e . F t t, ( p ) U e C al r pp r h k . M i le C al dd . U PPE R h k L o e C al w r . CRE TA CE OU S h k U e G e en s n pp r r a d . Se lborn i an l . Gau t .

M i l L 1 e as. J URASSI C dd L o e L 1 as w r . R aetic B e h ds. U e e u e M a ls pp r (K p r) r . U e San ston pp r d e . Pe b le B e s b d . L o e M a ls w r r .

The e e a l a g n r rrange me nt o f the stra ta i s shown i n the se ction e r a e on the Ge olo i ca l M a ng v d g p.

The L o e a ls hi w r M r w ch a ppe ar in faulte d tra cts to the we st o f O e St . ar are n t ry y o e xpose i n the coa s cliffs i hi the a e a tt M d t w t n r . Be e e Bu le i h Sal e tw n d g t rton and E xm outh the y ar e we ll e xhibite d n d o e r li e L o e R v w r e d Sandston e s an d Bre cci a s whi ch we tw rd a , s a , li e on an I rre gula r surface o f the Palaeo zoi c Rock s . I TROD 3 N U CTI ON.

At the base of the New Re d Rocks the re is thus e vide nce of a e a b e or u co fo i a s the Ol e oc s e e fol e gr t r ak n n rm ty , and d r r k w r d d e o e io to the e i i f he e e it i s i ossible to and r d d pr r d pos t on o t n w r , mp e ic th e I f pr d t e nat ure o f the P al aeo z oi c floor be n e a th the ar a . Co l e su e s e e e a he he i h be o f the u o ble a M a r w r r c d , t y m g t npr fita e m e t The l typ with in the Cu lm M e asure s o f North D e von . on y de e p boring i n the are a was that made a f ew ye a rs ago at L ym e Re i s see hi s hou h c ie to a e h of fe e g ( p . and t , t g arr d d pt t , wa s n ot d e e p e nou gh to re ach e v e n the base of the Ke upe r Ma rls . I t i s i u at doubtful whe the r Palae o zo c Rocks would be e nco nte re d , hi s lo c li i hi fu he e h f fe e Alo the t a ty , w t n a rt r d pt o t . ng e s e i of the e a the a e u l difie r e n t as he e a w t rn marg n ar c s wo d be , t r boring could be comme n ce d in the L owe r M a rls an d pe rhaps re a ch the olde r ro cks within f e e t ; but so f ar a s the prospe cts o f workable co al a re conce rne d the re i s n o j u stifica tion for such an r i e nte rp se .

The t able - land is ca ppe d by an a ccumulation o f flint and chart s o e s e be e in l a or l a a n d o - e x e si e i h the flat t n m dd d c y o m , c t n v w t i m su s o f the hills . hi s e s s o n e ace ous Ro c s co mm t T r t Cr t k , i si e G e e sa che r sa a n d sa s o e u e la i pr ng U pp r r n nd , t , nd nd t n , nd r n i n l ul l n i The che p ace s by Ga t c ay a d lo ca lly ove rla n by Chalk . rt be ds and the u nde r lying sands f o rm the ste e pe r uppe r slope s o f the bl - l a he e s on e u e ar ls f o Si ou h t o ta e nd . T y r t K p r M r m dm t Se a ton a n d Axminste r ; o n Rhse ti c be ds be twe e n Culve rhole Point an d Axminste r ; o n L owe r L i as cl ay s an d lime sto ne s fro m the co a st we st o f L yme Re gi s t o Axmin ste r ; an d on the Middle L i a s ne a r ” H a wkchu rch and Forde Abbe y Farm on the north- e aste rn m argin o f the e ar a . The se facts supply abunda nt proo fs o f two pe ne pl a ins or gre a t l i s o f e u a i o The u e l i i s du t i . a e o the e os o e r p a n d n d t n pp r p n r n , p h s a i l subae i al o f the e a e ou s R s u i t ap m n y r , Cr t c o ck d r ng he Te r ti ary pe rio d ; the lowe r pla in to the de nu da tio n o f the Jurassi c and N e w Re d R c s b the e a ce ou s e a The l o e la i i s o k y Cr t S . w r p n marke d by the j uncti on of the Cre ta ce ou s stra ta with the u nde r l i ol e Se co a oc s the e o e ou c o s of hi h he y ng d r nd ry r k , r d d t r p w c t y succe ssi e l o e l a or o e s e f o e as to e s W e m a v y v r p v r t p r m t w t . y me a su re the e xte nt to whi ch the se unde r lying rocks we re de nude d by e stimating the thi ckne ss o f stra ta from the Middl e L i as on whi ch the Cre tace o us f orma tio ns re st in the no rth- e a st corne r o f the a e to the lo e s s a a a bo u 1 50 fe e a bo e the ba se of r a, w t tr t ( t t v the K e upe r Marls) on which the y re st on the we ste rn m argin o f

— - hi hic e ss u i f o c u al e a ur the tabl e land . T s t kn j dg ng r m a t m s e L L i as Rhae i Be s an d e u e me nts o f the owe r , t c d K p r Marls would f e give a total o f about e t . Thi s i s on e o f the striking facts e xe mplifie d in the structure o f the district ; but whe the r we look t o the su cce ssion an d arra nge e a t o the o a i c e a i s so bu a l m nt o f the str ta , rg n r m n a nd nt y pre se rve d i n or t o the e ff e c s of f aul s fol s an d some of the m , t t , d , othe r di s turban ce s so cl e a l e i c e a lon the coa s i la r y d p t d g t and n nd , the di stri ct is on e whi ch forms an admirable training ground for the e olo is o e he ha it has ac e an d g g t . NO w nd r , t n , t t attr t d inspire d a ossils e e colle c e u i the la e many worke r . F w r t d d r ng tt r part of L e Re is Cha ou h the 1 8th ce ntu ry at ym g and rm t , and we re sold 4 I NTROD U CT I ON .

l he i o che s . a s cu riositie s to vi sitors and to pa sse nge rs on c a T r Buc a ce ho e ve soo be ca e a e . sci e ntific impo rt n , w r , n m app r nt k i e i e i e e s I n e olo land who was born at Axm nst r , ga n d an nt r t g gy , . the L i a s u a i e s e h1 s e a rly i n life by colle cting fossils from q rr n ar a f e e he as a o u h re sI de d a t Cha ou h home . D e la B c y t rm t and t r

- I ue ce n o 1 81 721 . wa rds at L yme Re gis during the y e a rs nfl n d l ho he s m e t at the Asse bly Roo s doubt by Buck and , w m fir t m m t e Re is he e o e hi se lf i h e a a ssI du I t o at L ym g , d v t d m w t gr t y a e Re i s an d - be e e Si m ou h L stu dy o f the co a st se cti ons tw n d t , ym g I n a e e be fo e the Ge olo i cal So cI e ty I n 1 81 9 Bridport . pap r r ad r g i o of the cliffs wo rkm out for he ga ve an e xce lle nt pi ctori a l se ct n , g h s a an d the o a i c e a i s the first time the se qu e nce o f t e trat , rg n r m n H e he e sc ibe the whi ch chara cte ri z e the su cce ssive gr ou ps . t n d r d i u o li tu s o f hi ch we e o u ce a u e a n d fo ssil fish D ape d s p , w r pr d fig r , e I n ho se e a l a s whi ch happil still re tains its origin a l na m . t r y d y be a r e f e a s D . Con he l abou re d I n a sso ci a ti o n with W . y , a t rw rd i b r Vi car o f Axmin ste r (1 836 and to ge the r the y publ she d o se u r u s Co n be ar e fu he vati on s o n the o ste ol ogy o f the I chthy o sa . y rt r i i o f the Ple si osa u r u s e nri che d o ur knowle dge by his de scr pt on , h f the I cht h o sa u ru s w a s s b ou h i to o i ce which , like t a t o y , fir t r g t n n t

i i e s o f ha f a ou s fossil - co lle c o f rom L yme Re gi s by the d scove r t t m t r , n n Buc la n i n an e a l a e On the E xca a M ary An i g . k d , r y p p r v i f alle s o ice how the hills alle s of his is ic t on o V y , n t d and v y t d tr t H e e co i e ha the se a are abru ptly te rminate d by the se a . r gn z d t t be lie i ha the e se ha d n o sha re i n sha ping the m ; and , v ng t t pr nt w n i f ha ilu i a l or as w e shou l stre ams e re i a de q u a te , n e rre d t t d v ( , d

- i n w r n i l f r e the a s o f v alle e o s o . o say , to re t a )wa te rs had pe r o m d t k y r n

- H e the n publi she d the fir st ge ologi ca l ske tch m ap o f the district . L a e Buc l a i n co u c i o i h Con be ar e u bli she a t r , k nd , nj n t n w t y , p d a hi a c ou o f the e a l a li f Bin n wl an ds gr p c c nt gr t nds p o do n a d D o ,

while D e l a B e che pre pa re d hi s on e - inch ge ol ogica l map o f this an d a o i i is i c s to the o h a n d e s hi ch fo e the dj n ng d tr t n rt w t , w rm d ba sis for the e s abli sh e o f the e ol i l r t m nt G og ca Su v e y . Through the l a bou rs of the se gre a t m a ste rs the di stri ct be came ” cla ssic r oun fo r the e olo i ca l s u e a n d it ha s a e g d g g t d nt , attr ct d a n d e e ill a r a c u be o f or Re fe e l a e v r w tt t a n m r w ke rs . r n ce s to t r o bse e s a re e co r e i n the e x an d biblio a h rv r r d d t t gr p y .

1 “ W M i s G. at on Obse at on lati . e e c ie fl to the Natu al H is , rv r v h y r to ry ” of the W e ste n Co un tie s o f E n lan 1 v 79 o l . i 7 7 . . 5 76 an d Ro e ts r g d , G. r , , pp , b , ” s ory an d An tiq uitie s of the B oro ugh o f L me Re gis an d Charmo uth 1 834 H y , , p. gg CHA E I PT R I .

NEW RED AND N R E S STO E SE I S . ER I AN AND RI A P M T S .

The rocks groupe d as Pe rmian an d Tri a s fo rm the foundatio n o f the e i e e a e a at th su a e e a co i e a ble nt r ar , and app r e rf c o v r ns d r o i o I n e e a l he are o si e e to e e se on p rt n o f it . g n r t y c n d r d r pr nt c tin e n t a l e se co i i o s i h i - e si s u h i and d rt nd t n , w t r ve r d po t , m c w nd dr ifte d mate ri al and e xte nsive accumulatio ns i n inland saline a e s w t r . The se que nce o f the se Ne w Re d rocks i s a dmirably displ aye d i n the cliff s f o e i ou h an d a li h t x u h u le i h r m T gnm t D w s o E mo t , B d g Sa l e o an d Si o u h but th lo e s i i si o o f sa t rt n dm t , e w rmo t d v ns nd s o e b e cci a a n d co lo e a e if e se o he e co e t o t n , r ng m r t , pr nt, n w r m the su f ce i n the c u e e sc i i o The be s e e se e r a tra t nd r d r pt n . d r pr nt d a re as f o llo ws

R ae c B h ti e ds. 1 M l Up e r ar s Ke u e r M arls. New Re d p p

- n T i as. e upe r as me t Be ds. L r San dsto n e Uppe r San dston e gn n u te r gan gs o e . i s t Ser e . Pe B s B un l B bble e d te r Pe bb e e ds. L o M a ls P mi n we r r e r a .

hi s Re d a o e i s it w h T S ndst n Se r e , as as te rme d by D e l a Be c e , ha s be e e e e l e sc ibe an d f o the f a ha it o he e n r p at d y d r d , r m ct t t n w r e xhibi s e i e f n r a i t v d nce o a y ma rke d b e k , the re ha s be e n cons de r able dive rsity o f o pini o n o n the qu e stio n o f the co rre la ti o n o f th u i i i e s bd v sion s with P e rm a n a n d Tri as e lse whe re . ha t he ol e s i isio L o e Sa s o e an d B e cci a hi ch T t d t d v n ( w r nd t n r , w o ccurs be ne a th the L owe r M a rls) is e qu iva le nt to stra ta n ow ou e a s e i w a s su i se i n 1 81 6 b Co n be are a n d gr p d P rm an , rm d y y Bu la wh e r u i th i i f ha r f the ck nd, o w re st ck w th e de nt ty o c racte o r o the - t odt e - li e ge n de o f the Thurin ge rw ald with the ro cks o f ‘ H e a vitre e ne ar E xe te r ; and in thi s vie w Murchison at a subse 2 qu e nt da te e ntire ly a gre e d . On the pre vi ou s e diti o n o f the ge olo gi cal surv e y m ap only two di v isio ns we re intro du ce d : the N e w Re d M a rl an d the Ne w Re d a s o e an d n o e i e bou a wa s a be h S nd t n , d fin t nd ry dr wn twe e n t e m .

The ub i i si o s o e u i the cou se o f the r e - su e s d v n ad pt d d r ng r rv y , e e s e sc ibe i n e ail i n 1 875 the e i e se i e s w s w r fir t d r d d t , and nt r r a 3 the n re fe rre d to the Tri a s .

- A . I i re o e e the u e i o f v D r . s o co e I n 1 888 the Re . rv ng p n d q t n rr i a n d s o l u e ha the L o e a ls a n d u e l i n lat on, tr ng y rg d t t w r M r nd r y g re d ro cks should be groupe d as Pe rmi a n ; the Bu dl e igh Salte rto n ‘ - th f th e a a T pe bble be d a n d e mass o e U pp r S ndstone s B unte r . o him w e a re spe cially inde bte d for the corre l a ti o n indi cate d i n the ble u e a l a e o f H ull co cu s . e e e ll pre ce ding Ta . Fo r y r t r Pr n rr d g n ra y f r I i but e fe e t o o u the L e with the vi e ws o D . rv ng , pr rr d gr p ow r

l o f E n lan an d W ale s 1 822 the Ge o o . 31 3 Outlin e s of gy g d , , p (f o otn ote ). 7 872 . n d A G i ie A See Silu ia Ed. 5 1 333 a . e e ss ua rt ourn r , p ; , ddr Q . J . , , k , l 1 2 1 60 o . o 1 iii . 89 . Ge S c , x v , , p 3 1 875 . 1 63 ua rt. Journ . Geol . Soc ss e e ol . M a . 1 U r G , , p ; Q ii . 876 h , g , xxx , , 4 1 . 59. 77 i . 878 p. 3 xxx v , , p 4 l 1 1 4 i . 888 . 9. ua rt our n eol . Soc. Q . J . G v , , p , x 6 NE w RE D SA ND STONE SE RI E S.

e i clu e i h the L e Ke u e the Marls with the Bunt r, and to n d w t ow r p r be e l e ca lcare ous bre cci as at the mouth of the Sid that had n p acd 1 bse ue l D r . I i n b r I i i h the Bu e . Su y D . rv ng w t nt r q nt y rv g the Ke u e r b se acce pte d the grouping of the se bre ccias W i th p a . v Hul l e e W i h D r . I r n me n t be ds and at the same time Prof . agr d t I g ? i s W i h in re garding the Pe bble - be d as the true base o f the Tr a t i Bu e the n e w h re ga rd t o the divi sion be twe e n Pe rm an and nt r, t at e rI e s I s Pe rm I an the lowe st portion Of the Ne w Re d Sa ndstone s , tha t the Budle igh Salte rto n pebble - be d and mu ch o f the Uppe r the Bu e an d h the Sa ndstone Should be groupe d with nt r, t at Otte rton Point and Sidmouth bre ccias ma rk the base of the

e u e m a be c ce e . K p r, y on d d The divi si ons adopte d on the m ap ar e those e mploye d durI n g

- an d the sub e c ill he e f e be e e the re su rvey o f the are a, j t w t r or tr at d r i in a ccordance with this g oup ng . 3 ma She e 325 th l e I n the e xplanation of the adjace nt p, t , e ow r a e s ibe he i e e l e l io s subdivi si ons o f thi s se ri e s re d cr d, t r g n ra r at n be ing shown i n a se ctio n drawn throu gh Bra dninch in a sou th e aste rly dire cti o n to the borde r Of the pre se n t m ap ne ar Straight a F I n h se io the L o e Sa s o e B e cci a ss g te arm . t at ct n w r nd t n and r a p i i e l s c lle the L e l s di s be ne ath a th ck se r s of Mar , a d ow r Mar to tin guish the m from the Ke upe r or U ppe r Marl s which form so l a o f the su f ce i n the e a we ha e n ow e c ibe rge a part r a ar v to d s r . he r i ll e I n T se L owe r M a rl s a e the olde st ro cks supe rfic a y pre s nt . the io be fo e i o e he i b oa ou i e a se ct n re m nt n d, t r r d tcrop r se s stward t o form the l owe r slope of the e scar pme nt made by the o ve r l i e bble - be F h e t - i y ng P ds . rom t at scarpme nt he Pe bble be ds d p e as at the oi he e the se io i s a e h i di tward, and p nt w r ct n t k n, t e r p Slo e ca ie s he i o our e se e e s f O t p rr t m nt pr nt ar a , w t o tte ry S . Mary .

To the north o f this line of se ction the Pe bble - be ds ha ve be e n e u e the e scar m e n t=fe a ture ha be i n d n d d , and p s e n part oblite ra he ar e sho o l n t t e d. T y wn n y o he e a ste rn borde r of She e t 325 a t L arkbe ar e sou h of a l e a Hi he al in , t T aton, n r g r T e , a large ou lie at Cl s W illi F a an d in a s a ll n t r y t am rm , m o e ne ar W o odbe e r, fu h he s u li rt e r north . T e o t e rs mark the origin al tre nd of the

e bbl e - be d e sca e f Ro c be a e Hill o P rpm nt rom k r , n rthward ; an d the y are spe ci ally me ntione d he re to acce ntuate the fact that the abse nce of the P ebbl e - be ds in She e t 326from Payhe mbury n orth a is due t o f ul i an d e u io T w rd, a t ng d n dat n . he L o we r Marls a re faul e a i s the U e S s o e s t d ga n t pp r and t n , so calle d to di stinguish he f o the S s e s u e l i the L o e t t m r m and ton nd r y ng w r Marls . I m ay he e be e io e h the e bble - be s i h he i r m nt n d t at P d , w t t r accompanying f e a u e s re - e in the sou h- e s co t r , app ar t w t rne r o f She e t 31 1 (the map o n the o h hi n rt ) toward Ke s ll .

L OW ER A L M R S .

he se ise r e d e e - s o e T compr dark gr n p tt d Marls, with subor di na te associati o n of sandston e s on the co ast ; and the ir thi ckne ss m a be e s i a e to be l e a s 500 fe e i y t m t d at t t, and poss bly a. goo d e l o d a m re .

1 ua t urn Geol . o . Jo . S c. xl iii 1 8 2 Q r , v . 9 , . 60 . , p I bid . . 68 an d xlix. 1 893 9 , p , , , p. 7 . 3 The C un e o a oun Exet M em. Geol ry r d r . Sara 1 902. t ( ),

I E 8 N E W RE D SAN D ST ONE SE R S .

h h we the u con of the are a unde r de scription in w i c find pward f he se s are o m e d i t W i ll be se tin uation of the se ri e s. I t map j en

e bble - be s lo he i tha t the o ccu rre n ce s o f L owe r Marls and P d a ng t r l li e o f i s u ba ce the borde rs are a ccompanie d by an irre gu ar n d t r n ; s li ho b the b u e i i o of c dislocations, shown y a r pt t rm nat n ro k t

fe e or o e . ll so i s i c a ou i a s uch a s 200 lo gi ca y d t n t, m nt ng to m t m r o f Bi sho s Cou t Thi s lin e o f di stu rba n ce e nte rs She e t 325 we st p r , I t ha s an l e o . an d continu e s so uthwa rd toward Bu dl e i gh Sa t rt n

f the e n t I re a e a . important be aring on the ge ol o gi cal structure o r it e s o s i the su e ficia l e osi s a re o m , 1 . 9 o n c The ma F i . w p r d p d w p ( g , p ) h h t t h t i o n a o e I n e a t o t he the f a ults a n d m o re e spe ci ally t he e xpl a n a d pt d r g rd Pe b le - e s t f t he Ta l e . The strip o f co u n try n o rt h o f E scot o n t he we s o b b d n e a h the U e S an o f Blu e A n cho r I n n a r e a ssume d t o dip e a stw a rd be t pp r d t L o e M a l s b a a ult sto n es bo t h be i n cut o ff o n the we st a gai n s w r r , y f , g t a a c o f Pe le whi ch tr ace d so ut hw a rd thro ws t he S a n dsto n e s a gai n s p t h bb , , a il a n e a L a shb oo a m e ds co ve re d b r a ve l n or o f t he r w y , r r r , b ( y g ), th k F

- E co . sout h we st o f Tale wat e r a n d a ga i n w e st o f s t

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a hi s i s n o t the c se . but sou th of Otte r St . M ry t a ti on e d (p. y s o e s t o the e u e a ls The re l a ti o n s o f the U ppe r Sa nd t n K p r M r a s to su e s f o able but i n l a ce s so i i a e ar e n ot o nly con rm , p nt m t gg t o e s or f s a ls i o s s , the l ocal horizo ntal pa ssa ge o andy m r nt and t n the osi io i o cca si o n s a difli cult i n e s i a i p vi ce v e r sa . Th s y t m t ng t n e s i h e fe e ce t o he i o f bre cci a te d be d s i n the Sandsto n w t r r n t r

j u nctio n with the Marl s abo v e . xhibi i a con Otte rton P o int consi sts o f re d san dsto ne s e t ng A e sc ibe b the b a se o f the cliff . s y gl om e r ati c chara cte r ne ar d r d I i i n 1 888 An i e u la ban of b e cci a occu s i e D r . rv ng rr g r d r r nt r

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to be Sli h l sub ul a . N e arly all the fra gme nts appe ar g t y ang r ” i h l cl e av e a l so e i Amongst the m he noti ce d sl a te Sl g t y d , v n

a a a i ou s e i sh a i e the f e ls a sli h ly q u rtz , tr p (v r ), r dd gr n t ( p r g t

an o l e i co a i i f e l s a hi c f a e s, kaoli n i z e d), d r gr t nt n ng p t r gm nt The fe w e bbl e s hich i a e r e d a n d e ll o . q u artz te (d rk gr y , y w) p w m s f e i he f orme d the e xce pti on s to the rul e w e r e co po e d o t r trap, ” qu artz or qu artz ite . h e abou s i n hi ch all the co i e d A se cond bre ccia o ccurs e r t , w n ta n The ix o f bo h he se fragme nts are o f hard re d m arl . matr t t l‘ ha o i t o c l c e o us ce m e n t ati on f bre ccm s i s f a i rly rd , w ng a ar

i e s i g io s o f the e o h o f the U e r San (1 I n his nv t g at n p tr grap y pp ho s has fou h all the i e l l . ston e an d M ar s, Mr T ma nd t at m n ra o ci e s W i h the e xce i o of s u oli e h o ccu in the e Spe , t pt n ta r t , t at r fin r

1 J ouru o li 1 3 . 80 . uar t . Ge ol . S c. . 89 Q . , x x , , p 3 “ 1 875 . 53. P . . H u c n i mo uth O t i n so Guide to S d , , p h , 3 1 53. r J our n e o x1iv . 1 888 . ua t . G l . Soc. Q . , , , p T R I A S . 1 1

Ne w Re d de po sits could be supplie d by the olde r rocks o f the

W e s of E l - la t ng and . The staurolite be aring rock s probably y ” 1 to the sou h of the - t pre se nt coast line . I n Se e be 1 868 W hi e i sco e the o f the pt m r, , Mr . tak r d ve r d jaw l ce i e ile H e ro da e do n o n the le f ba o f the O e a rt an r pt yp p , t nk tt r, us abo e its o u h he e the sa s o e i s s e ha bre ccii j t v m t , w r nd t n om w t f Th orm . e spe cime n wa s i n a l a rge block whi ch had fa lle n from ” 2 the low cliff h t bou t e s he e s ua . The la e r . H . . C t a nd t ry t D J art r , o f Bu le i h S l e o a lso fou ce s o f osse ous s uc u e d g a t rt n , nd many tra tr t r at his l li hi s b ci i w in 1 874 t o ca ty . T re c ate d hor zo n as tra ce d at

some fe e t abo ve high- wa te r mark from Otte rto n Po int to 370 a s f o the sou he a The y rd r m t rn promontory a t L a dra m B y . u a e x e si o o f the b i i i i e u la pw rd t n n re cc at on s ve ry rr g r , and

fa ciliti e s f or obse rva tio n de pe nd on the scour o f be ach- mate ri a ls f ro the foo o f the liff s I n hi s i s ce o f o e ha a il e m t c . t d tan m r t n m a n d a h lf the o w f u l ha a , st ny bre ccia as le ss re q e nt y se e n t n t he co c e io a hi h f i ul o la calca e ou s n r t n ry type , w c orms rre g ar n du r r be s i n the sa s o e a n d co a i s sa e ll e s ce e e b d nd t n , nt n ndy p t m nt d y

fin e white ca lcspa r . W ithin a qu a rte r o f a mile from Otte rton Po int four small l r i sibl e but he ha e an i a e i able e ffe c on t he fau ts a e v , t y v n ppr c t

At a bou h e e - u a e s o f ile f o O e o bre cci ate d be ds . t t r q rt r a m r m tt rt n Po in t the se cti on con si sts o f re d sa ndston e s with corru ga te d a lca e ou s ba s e a he r e o ut i n e li e f a n d v e i e ul a e a r c r nd w t d r , ry rr g r n f th lifi I n the lo e a the b e cci a e be s o ccu the t op o e c . w r p rt r t d d r ;

he are u ch f a lse - be e an d e xhibi si s o f i stu ba ce a s t y m dd d , t gn d r n , if u e u o n the o h a t a c a c or s all f a ul hi ch ha e s t rn d p n rt r k , m t , w d

i n a sou h- e s e l i e io f the to o f the cliff an t w t r y d r ct n rom p , at a ngle o f

At B a H e a a ile f o O e o o i the cliff i s abou r ndy d, m r m tt rt n P nt, t

1 60 fe e t i n he ight ; corru ga te d bre ccio - co nglome r ate w a s e xpose d at it s ba se an d f or f e e n fe e u a f o the be a ch l e n i cul a , fi t t pw rd r m t r i f s o e s e e o i ce a lo li e s o f impe rs ste nt bands o worn t n w r n t d, ng n

- e a n d us abo e he cu rre nt be dding i n the r e d sa ndston s ; , j t v t m , a Ne a hi s on the o h the l h o f a re d cla . le nti cu ar patc d rk y r t , n rt , i n he i h an d i s c e b f o sa nd sto ne cliff a tta ins 200 f e e t g t , app d y r m 8 to 1 2 f e e t o f flint a n d che rt gra v e l which e xte nd s northward s o O e o t o abou t a qu a rte r o f a mile from L adra m B ay . Fr m tt rt n Po int to L adra m Bay cal care o us m a tte r i s mo st irre gul a rly s a n d the be i i s n ot shar l di stribu te d i n the sa nd stone , dd ng p y

The re sa - o c or sa s o e i s ar l i e se c e de fine d . d nd r k , nd t n , p t y nt r t d k of calc e ou s co c e io a e i s a l by a n irre gular ne twor ar n r t n ry v n , p rt y u s be s a n d it occa sion a ll inte rca la te d with irre gular cal ca re o d , y

- The cal ca e o us a e r i s abse i n e xhibits fal se be dding . r m tt nt

lace s the ock co sis s of hi c - be e ho o e e ous an d p , and r n t t k dd d , m g n , L e icul ba s s a ll compara tive ly so ft re d sa ndstone . nt ar nd and m n i pa tche s o f d a rk r e d cl ay are notice able in the sa dstone s n the the cliff a li le o h o f the l a s e x osu e o f the lo we r part o f , tt n rt t p r bre cci ate d be ds . Ne ar the sou the rn horn o f L adram B ay the cliff attain s a an d e xhibi s si il ch c e s the he ight o f about 1 60 fe e t, t m ar ara t r ;

9 1 d . 1 869 1 56 I bi . . . 41 . 1 909 . 2 1 . , , p u oc. xxv Q art. Journ . Geol. S v , , p , x 18821 B 1 2 NE W RE D SAN D S T ONE SE R I E S .

ace i e ul r n et thick e ve n - be dde d sa ndstone s gi ving pl to an rr g a the be i f o work o f calcare ous concre tions which obscu r e dd ng r m of Ke u e The cliff i s he e c e b hi l ye p top to base . r app d y a t n a r r h l soil the b se of the l e ou l e h c Marl und e r grave l y , a arg t i r w i he so u he bo u o f hi s u l i e e xte nds t o Otte rton . T t rn ndary t o t r be due t o h i l re s e s he e o hi ch m ay t nd w tward , a p nom n n w or zonta

o r l cal ch e i n s i e . be dding, to a o ang tr k f the b e i e From Otte rton Po int to the di sappe ara n ce o r cc at d ac i c ll ho i n a a Ba the s s e s are p y horizon , e ar L dr m y , and ton r t a r ° ° W he e n ot n t l D i s of f o 1 t o 5 are lo call pre se nt, and r z o a . p r m y l i t o sli h u u s. due to cu rr e nt- be ddi n g may be ascribe d g t nd at on the t o o f the The bre cci ate d horiz on i s about 1 80 fe e t o r so from p i h s cli l sa ndstone s and its di sa e arance ma be du e t o sl g t yn na , pp y h l i t e a e s i n the be ch u ul ion a s if we e e be i , r pp nd at , , r m m r r g t y ar a The b se e - be s o f re e fs i n the sou th part of L adra m Bay . a m nt d l e i ca l f ul a the Ke upe r Marls ar e le t down by a ne ar y v rt a t at hi s f ul B a . q uarte r o f a mile n o rth o f the r o a d to L a dra m y T a t

be li e e o n h o to the sou h o f f o 90 to 1 00 fe e . has, we v , a d w t r w t r m t t Trace d we stward it fo rms the n o rthe rn bou n da ry o f he Otte rton The a ls l e t o n b it ar e 1 5 20 fe e Ke upe r M a rl outli e r . M r d w y to t the ar e fu he shif e b s ll but ell in thickne ss , and y rt r t d y two ma w i At C e marke d f aults on e ithe r side o f H e rn Ro ck Po nt . ong r Po ol the Otte rton P o int bre cci a s re appe a r on the n o rth side o f 1 o m he e t o L e Ro c the b e cci a te be s the m ain f ault . Fr r ad k r d d li he se be s ar e contin uously pre se nt at the base o f the c ff s . T d we re n ot de te cte d in the co a st e xpo sure s o f the U ppe r Sandston e s f o c t o the e ast o L ade R k . The outcro p of the U ppe r Sa nd stone s at t he base o f the clifi he n aturally de pe nds upon the scou r o f the shingle be a ch . T y we re found t o dip be n e a th sandy M a rls at som e what le ss than half a mil e s o f th hi Roc The a s o e s c o o ut on the e w t e C t ks . S nd t n r p l h i hil 1 e e e e c ifi, on t e slope o f H gh Pe ak l (5 3 f t) at be tw n 200 and ' 300 fr o h au l e he ar e o e l i b yards m t e f t at Cong r Pool . T y v r a n y re d s a ls le e e i sh c a i i uff andy m r , mott d gr n , and ont n ng b , grey , and

e e i sh b n s o f l i e a s o f e i h i - e gr n a d am nat d s nd t ne , o t n w t r ppl e mark d

su f c s an d i o c l . r a e , w th casional pse udomorphs afte r rock sa t Be twe e n H igh Pe ak an d P e ak Hills the cliff is known as W ind a e VVin d a e I t i ch is t . s u obs e b i s n é g t or yg m cur d y sl p a d d br , a n d fu o e b ai cha e l s but b a h t e u i the rr w d y r n nn , y a p t o th s mm t ba se me nt be ds of the Ke upe r M arl s m ay be e x amine d at inte rvals i n e i c l se i v rt a ct on . 2 I n 1 - 875 D r . Joli n sto n L avis di scove re d the re mains of L a by . r n thorl o n ln visi Se e le be lo the e s e n slo e o f Hi h e k r y , w w t r p g P a hi ll i c e Hoc Co e i n f ll e n l at P k t k v , a blocks an d débris from se ve ra be ds i n the cl i ff situ a te d abou t 1 0 fe e t f rom the t op o f the ” sa s nd tone .

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As shown o n the n e w se rie s ma s a ua f a mile n e a e Si mo u h than p . q rter o r r d t o ' on old on e - i n ch m a . D r . I vi n ua r t l 1 8 1 52 Jourw eol Soc. i . 8 8 p r Q . . G . v . . g, , x , , p a li e s t i s n ame to the L a am A ch m n a ou al - a - mil of pp dr r ro o tor e S W . h p y, b t h f L a e oc o n the old ma d r k p. z - Jour - ua t. n . Geol . oc xx S . xn 6 h cli s i on 274 i ff ec on b Hu hin s . Q r , . 1 87 . w tc , , p , t t y T RI A S . 1 3

82 I 18 M r . A T . . M e t calfe visite d the spot a n d also fo un d osse o us structure s . H e loca e s t he alus o n h un as t e be ac i n w ich e se re ma i n s we re o d , t t h , h th f di re c ly u n de r a st ile o n t he ri n of the cliff w e n ce a s r a u m i n t he t b k , h t t sa n s o n e s some ha li ht e i n colo u a n t he e s ma be se e n i i n d t , w t g r r th r t , y d pp g t o the e ast . This stra tum i s ve ry n e a r the j u n cti o n with t he Uppe r M a ls . r M r . M e t calfe wa s o f opi n i o n that t he talus with osse ou s str ue u e s had alle n o m is li t e co lo u e be d but ad s at t he l a e t r f fr th gh r r d , d th t

P . O. H u c i n so n h The i a a m m e n t io n e t h ad assign e d a lo w e r ho riz o n . d gr d b M y r . M e t ca lfe i s n o do ubt a re pli ca o f a ca re f ul colo u re d se ct i o n by

M r . H u c i n so n f h i 8 1 878 t a ha e e n o t e S mo ut co as a e Oct . s , d , d d , t h h t t , h t b e ce n l s I n t is r t y pre e n te d t o t he B riti sh Associ ati o n Tri as Committe e . h se cti o n t he L a byrin tho don' t be d is pl a ce d a t 1 00 f e e t a bove t he talus o n t he e a c a n a o u 50 T it e d e e e lo t h a u l . b h , b t f t b w e b se o f t he K e pe r M a r s wo wh a n s a re s o n i n the u e mo st e s of t he S a n st o n e a n d a o e e m b d h w pp r b d d , b v th ,

a t t he ase o f t he M a l - I n t alu o m s a a n co n a i n i n lan e m ai n s . s b r , b d t g p t r fr a i s a n a t W i n d a t e H u c in so n o t a i n e a l a n s e m in M a th b d , yg , t h b d p t t y , “ - D r . o hn L 1 878. J st o n a vi s d e scribe d t he ossife rou s z o n e as n e a rly ha rd e n o u i n so me l a ce s fo r uil i n u o se s co n ai n i n e e an d t e e gh p b d g p rp , t g h r h r ’ ” ma sse s o f m a l a i n i n z r v ry g si e fro m tha t o f a pe a t o t h at of a he n s e gg . I t ” ” n e se e s he a s i l e m a s a r e e le n i ul . h b d , dd , r pp rk v ry p t f ’ F o r 40 o r 50 e e a o ve t he l a n - be d at W i n d at e H u c i n so n s f t b p t yg , t h se c i o n s o s li n e s of e o e s i n t he ma ls co n a i n i n calcs a c s als a n d t h w g d r , t g p r ry t , in o n e o f t he l o we r ban ds crystals o f ce le stin e (sulph a te o f st ro n t iu m) ha d A o h la h f o rme d o n the m . b ve the se e p ce d t e ba n d i n whi ch pse udo mo rphs

a t e ck s l had e e n o un . T e se la t e o e e o ccu a lso i e f r ro a t b f d h t r , h w v r , r h gh r u n p i n thi n b a ds whi ch o fte n di spl ay rippl e m a rks . The Sandsto ne s we re se e n to pass unde r the M arl s o f W i n dy a e but e a Chi Ro c s he a ssu e a co a di be i g t , n r t k t y m ntr ry p, ng thro wn into a syn cline by a compo site f ault whi ch brings u p the n e n th r i h R se e e i o n ma sa dston s o e n o th s de o f t e o cks ( s ct on p). h i i n ow o b u e b alus but the e s e l o h o T e se ct o n s sc r d y t , w t r y d wnt r w i s a bou 60 or 70 fe e le ss ha o i i all e s i e an d a t t ( t n r g n y t mat d), s it do e s n ot appe ar to hav e appre ciably a ff e cte d the Cre tace ous

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dip w e st) o n the we st . I n thi s f au lte d m a ss o f sa nd sto n e fra gme nts o f bone we re 3 The Chi Ro c s n s o e s are in v S . H . Co o . fou nd by the Re . k t k a d t n r hi c be s i h ca l ca e ou s co cr e i o s so e i e s in li e s ve y t k d , w t r n t n m t m n , The U e Sa s o e s are co ce a le b and a r e f a l se be dde d . pp r nd t n n d y h id i n Si o u h but he i ou c o in the the grav e ls o f t e S , dm t , t r t r p at the ou h o f the Sid ha s be e e sc ibe in cliff o n the e a st , m t , n d r d l The f b o f H ul . o e I i a n d u e . e il b D r . P d ta y rv ng , fig r d y r rm r

- e coa se sa s o e s cu e n me nti o ns 50 f e e t o f thi ck be dd d r nd t n , rr t i h l b e cci a e a n d o a he i ba se cu e be dde d and sl g t y r t d , t w rd t r rr nt be dd e d bre ccia s (m ostly of fra gme nts o f indu rate d m arl in a bo i a e to he i e ca l a e i h but u i e su . marly matrix) nt r t d w t , q t rd n t , t m r 00 a s b the Sid e sca e The se rocks a re e xpo se d fo 3 y rd y rpm nt , an d on the co ast the y pa ss u nd e r ma ssive be ds of fin e r - te xture d

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1 8821 1 4 N E W RE D S A N D ST ON E SE R I E S .

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l o all o cu a n d se u h r - sa l ha e be e n fou c y c r , p d omo rp s a fte r ock t v nd t a l omb h n e h bo h b e s a S c e ou . . H . H ho a s o s M t Mr . T m t t at t aryt an d ce le st i ne o ccur i n t he N e w Re d ro cks as ce me nting m ate rials _ the f orm e r min e r al w as f o und i n the ' Re d Marl s o f the L yme Re i s bo i the l a e w a s e co e f o the a l s o f e a g r ng , tt r r rd d r m M r P k 1 H i ll an d lco b b G . e ce a l . Sa m e y Mr . S . P r v The gypsife ro us Marls do n o t e xte nd to the we st o f Salcombe

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the coa s The se stra ta ar e e xpo se d a t se ve ra l pla ce s a long t The o s com le te an d be twe e n Axmo uth an d L yme Re gi s . m t p c a cce ssible se cti o n from the Re d M ar ls to t he W hi te L i a s i s a t v h Bi o Cliff s a li le e s o f Culv e r ho le Cul e rhole be lo w t e nd n , tt w t Po i n t ; but the full thi ck n e ss o f the W hite L i a s i s be tt e r see n at ' Cha r ton B a an d the u n c i o i h the Blue L i as a t Pi n ha y , j t n w t y Bay w h h e f o Ax ou h H a bou I n passing e ast ards a lo ng t e s o r r m m t r r, . w e find the Cha lk a n d Gre e n sa n d re sting o n a f o u n d a ti o n o f the . The m a r l s a r e be i n o r e d an d v a rie gate d K e u pe r M a rls . nt t . e le u ula io s a n d he a re i s l ace b se e a l f au lts g nt nd t n , t y d p d y v r whi ch cut the clifis obliq ue ly a n d so m e time s ne a rly pa ra lle l W i th the co a s o a s the to o f t he re d a l s he r e i s a l a e o f t . T w rd p m r t y r har ale - e or bufi ba e a rl i h a cla e s re a a n d d p gr y nd d m w t d rk y y t ks, thi s m a rks the comm e nce me nt o f the se dim e n ta ry co nd i ti o ns hi ch cha a c e i e the su cce e i Rhae i f m The r w r t r z d ng t c o r a tio n . st ata dip e a stwa rd s a t a n a ngle o f abo u t a n d w ithin a sho rt di stance the a in ass o f the Rhae i c se i e s i s e x o se h m m t r p d , e re a n d the re is l a ce b sli h f aul s so e o f hi ch ho e e m a b d p d y g t t , m w , w v r , y e due t o la n - li in d s pp g . The fo llo i se c i o a t Cu lve r ho le w a s o e i n 1 8 w ng t n n t d 84, but some a dditi on s to the list o f fo ssils we re ma d e du r i n g the vi sit o f ’ the Ge o lo gi sts Asso ci ati o n i n a n d fo u r o the r spe ci e s [n ote d i n s u a e b ac e s ha e si ce be e e o e b c L . q r r k t ] v n n r rd d y Mr . 2 Ri char dson

F I n . t . ( T o e s a o ut 1 0 e e t o scu e p d , r d . b b f , b )

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e e - e e an d it co n c e tio n w dg b dd d , w h r s o r pe bble s W t L ias hi e o f compact lime ston e in the lo we r art A r ca p , ' M odiola m m i ma a bout I m pe rsiste n t masse s o f rude ly arbore sce n t L an d scape St on e o r Co tham about B lac s ale s ith A v , w icula Pter ia c on tor ta k h ( ) , A n a tén a r cccur so r Ca rdiu m P r otoca r p , ( dium) r hccti um c , H i n n ite s M odi ola Pecten r a louieusi s , , , Ple uro hor us e lon a tus . P la cuuo sis a l i n a [ p g p p , ll ' . o hor ia e mmr echi Schiz odus e wa ldi an d y p , ] , i o ccas o n al thin lami n ae of micace o us san dsto n e ’ ith P ulla w stra a remcola at the base a bon e he d lac lc (b k ca are ous grit with small pe bble s f o q uartz )yie ldin g an o ccasi on al re tilian bo n e p ,

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Gree n marl the surface cracks in fille d with fish G e E0 r y M arls re main s 1 0 0 5 3 Passa e Al n n l - J, ( g 4 te r atio s of pa e gre e n ish an d cre am co lo ure d ? Be s m d ). a ls it a ban s of ma l lime st on e an d a a1 r , w h h rd d r y as L dark gre y an d black clays 20 0

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Bo n e B e d a t A mo u co m a i n it it t he e ll - n o w n a n d ic l x th , p r g w h w k r h y ossili e u k A o s be d at Aus Clif i n Glo uce st e s i e . H e t e n e m a e f f r t f r h r h r r d , thi n str a tum re ple te wit h re ma i n s o f sa uri a n s a n d icli thyo lit es o ccupi e s a simil a a i a i ca l it i a m u A s t os o n n e A o a n d P o . a ssiz u i n r tr gr ph p r x th ; r f g , d r g his isit t o E n la n i n t he a ut u m n o f 1 840 i e n t ifie i n i f v g d , d d a se r e s o s e cim e n s o t a i n e b M a A r mi n o n e Pl a co i t wo L e i o i a n d p b d y ry g , d , p d d , ” o n e S a u i fi - T o sh i e ll n o n mu sc e l a l s e ci e s . e oll i n r d , w th w k w h k k p h f o w g h — H e e t e s e ci e s z H bodu s li c t ili . r le w r p y p a s [pro b . Gy o pis i r ia tu l a c h fl a l be r i . n u h t G t c st s G. a ber ti n d S a ur i t a ica li s , [ ] ys p

The B o n e - be d it t he z o n e o f Av icu la co n t or ta was l a ce i n t he , w h , p d 5 e u e b O e l il e t he W i e L i as wa s o u e b him i n t h K p r y pp , wh h t gr p d y e L I 1 8 1 t h o e L i a s z o n e o f Amm o n i t e s la n or bis . n 6 e R ae t ic B e w r , p h ds we re first cle a rly dist i n gu ishe d i n this co u n try t hro ugh t he re se a rche s o f Ch a rle s M o o e t he Whit e L i as a n d B la ck S a le s e i n i n clu e a R r , d d s ae ic a n d h b g h t , u t the Gre y M a rls ge n e rally be i n g gro pe d wi h t he K e u pe r . I n 1 864 whe n the m a ppi n g o f t he Rhae t i c B e ds cam e first t o be un de r

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the Black Shale s a n d W hit e L i a s . The su rve y o f t he Rhaeti c B e ds i n t he a re a o f t he pre se n t m a p wa s ca rri e d o ut o n thi s pri n ciple du ri n g t he ye a rs 1 873- 74 ; whe re as i n t he

1 P B 2 x 1 4 21 3 istol a t. S o se r . . 90 . . r oc. r N a , , , , p 9 1 220 lub iii . 864 . . Proc. Co eswo a . tt ld N t C , , , p 3 “ Re o on the Ge olo of Co n all D e on an d W e st Some se t M r r w , v , r am. p t gy , ( “ r Con be are an d P illi s Outlin ol . Sa a 1 3 223 se e also e s a 8 9 . f G ), , p ; y h p , o the ”

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m mo ut s i e a n d No t i n a - ut W a le s M o n g re ce n t o n e i n ch m a ps o f So h , h h r , t h a e n e lo t he Bl ack S al e s shire t he ba se o f t he t e t ic B e ds ha s b e e n t k b w h he m o s e n i e o u a a a n d o n t o o f t he Gre M a rls a s e i n g t d fi nd ry p y , b t t b th t t e i e o f t he T e e i s m uc t o be s ai lo ca ll f o r e i V co uld be surve ye d . h r h d y h r w l a mo l’ a n Shl l’ e n n e e s i n a e o n t he R ae i c B e s o f G g , ro u i n . I n a i t r t p p r h t g p g g . d i o n o f the cl a se i is o m a i o n so me po M r . L . R icha rdso n ha s s d w th th f r t rt l lie t he Bla ck Sha le s but i s Gre y M a rls (the Sully B e ds tha t u n de r ; th - B o n e i n hi s M r . u e s t a an . J gro upi n g has be e n o ppose d by D r . S r h k r w 20 ou s 39 e e of G e e co o f t he o in at L me Re is (se e p. ) g p r y r rd b r g y g r _ . f t ich co m mde s W i h t he M a rls wit t he R ae t ic B e ds a n a rr a n e m e n t w h h , g h t o be s W e m a a e e i E a , gro upi n g o n the ge o lo gical m ap. y gr w th dw rd F r t he n o i o n t o D e la who a ft e r a visit t o L yme R e gis i n 1 847 bro a che d t “ lt i n l an se a a B e c e t a t he r e d m a rls we re o rme d i n a gre a sa d ( h h t f t . , i c t he i e h as so rt o f A r a lo - Ca s i a n du ri n t he l ast st a t e o f w w p ), g h h h t ” 2 u b i n fiuxe s o f t he o e n se a a u a ll o u i n wa s f o rme d . No do t p gr d y br ght . t he a e a u i n t he R ae t i c a u n a w ile t he L i a ssic a u n a o ve rspre a d r d r g h f , h f

subse q u e n t de pre ssi o n . i cal c an e s The Rhae t i c B e ds t hus ma rk t he co mme n ce me n t o f the phys h g f he T i a s a n d us e e i n which te rmi n at e d t he co n ti n e n t a l co n dit io n s o t r , h r d J u a ssi c c a n e s a e i e n l e e n ot t he m a rin e co n dit io n s o f t he r , h g th t v d t y w r

bro u ght a bo ut u n ifo rmly o ve r the B rit ish a re a . So me o f the h a rde r ba n ds i n t he Gre y M a rl se ri e s a ppe a r t o be de trital 3 m le of G e M ic osco ica ll e a mi n e b D r . Te a ll a sa lime st o n e s . r p y x d y p r y M a rl fro m t he ba se of t he se ri e s at C ulve rhole w a s fo un d t o be Co m

- po se d o f e xce ssive ly fin e gra in e d gr a n ul a r calca re o us ma tte r . At Charton B ay w e find the n e xt goo d se cti o n o f the Rhae tic an d the e i e se u e n ce ca n be se e he n n ot as e i n Be ds, nt r q n , w m k d Th l o ca li i s acce ssible pl ace s by the nume ro us slips o f strata . e ty e i ssi o h ou h the ou s o f Rou s o o r it m a be (by p rm n) t r g gr nd d n , y r e a he b fo o a h hr ou h the Pin ha u e cliff s a n d a c oss c d y tp t t g y nd r , r n h b ar be i o a the broke n gr ound o f Hu mble Gre e . T e e ds e nt nt ge ntle anti cli n e at the base o f whi ch tra ce s o f gre y ma rls with Abo e co e the G e a l s r e ddi sh tinge s m ay be d e te cte d . v m r y M r . a s o e a t ulv e r hole se i e s co i si in e sce i o e : n t d C , a r mpr ng d nd ng rd r e a ls a l e a io s o f ha e a ls a n d bla c cuboi al gr y m r , t rn t n rd gr y m r k d sli a l be s ha a le a ls o f u fa ce ou s a e a a ce i h i e y d , rd p m r t pp r n , w t nt r ba e e e n i sh a ls a n d l i a e u s o e s a l o e he nd d gr m r am n t d m d t n , t g t r a b u f hi The Bl a c Shal e s w e r e e a l obs u e at o t 35 e e t t ck . k gr t y c r d the i e s o f o u r i si s but a sse s o f i n amm ill ate d L a sca e t m v t , m nd p o e 3 i che s hi c e e o b a i e e a t h b e St n n t k , w r t n d n r e ase o f the ov r l i W hi e L i a s L e e s o f the W hi e L i s m a be ce y ng t . dg t a y tra d o n the fo e sho e a li le fu he e a s an d he n he i s e a r r tt rt r t , t t y d app r be e a h a a s f L i The fu ll hi i e n t m s o owe r L a s . t ckne ss o f the W h t L i t h a s a C arto n B a ha s be e n e s i a e a t . y , t m t d 25 fe e t by Mr Ri cha s an d he e co s f o it Ostr e a li a ssi o M i o la rd on , r rd r m a , od ' 4 mi n i um Pl ica tu la D am Ori on i n ' tu sstr z a ta a n d P roto ca r cliu m . , ( p/ ) , At Pin ha o r Pi n e B a the Wh i e L i a s a a i a e a s be i y n y y t g n pp r , ng u a ise b a f aul i h l p a e s e o h o . r d y t w t w t r d wnt r w Se e . _ y ( p The fu ll hi c e ss o f hi s i i sio i s n t t kn t d v n o se e n , and the be ds so on d e sce nd e a stwards be ne a th the blue lime stone s and Shal e s o f the L o e L ia s . On the fo e shor e the B i h w r r la ck Shal e s, w t Av icula con t o r ta Ca rdi u m r h ti cum f si s , az , an d Pe ct e n va lon i e n ,

ua rt. J ourn . l Q Geo . Soc lxi 1 90 . l . . 5 386. l A J u il vo , , Se e a so . S rahan b ee , p t , o f Gaol . A ssoc 1 91 0 846. , , p. M e mon of E a o e s b G W ilso n n . i a d A . Ge i 1 41 dw rd F rb , y k e 861 . 8. 3 , , p Se e H B W ” . . o o a J u assic Roc s o f B i ain M am dw rd , r r . c l. Sa ra v ol . iii . k t , ( ), , 1 893 29— 32 , pp. . 4 P . r o Geol . A s c so xix. 1 c 406. , , 906, p. 1 9 RH E T I C B E D S .

’ we re o bse rve d during a n e xcursion o f the Ge ologi sts Associ a ti on i n 1 906 The bl for co a i i . W hite L ia s i s re marka e nt n ng many “ ” 1 e bble - li e a ut i n e li e f o n its p k concre tion s, whi ch st nd o r e a he r e f ce s he se lu s ar e co o se o f ha hi e o r w t d a . T mp mp d rd w t

l e - e r ix ir A chiba l li e s o e e si i la to the a . S pa gr y m t n , v ry m r m t r d Ge i i e who i n 1 ai a i si o f i s e c io n to the co s k , , 885, p d v t n p t a t , su gge ste d tha t du rin g the a ccumu la tion o f the strata the cal ca r e o u s m u d m ay have be e n from time t o time e xpose d to the ’ su s a h l h i u le u an d he se i f n r ys, so t at fi ms o f t e de pos t c r d p, t , subse u l th i l a se a o ul be q e ntly rol e d by the wa te rs o f e n nd , w d sha pe d into the lumps which form so conspicuous a fe ature i n th ” e rocks .

I n l n e i on s a d S ct .

I n 1 884 the W hite L i a s wa s e xpose d t o a d e pth o f 23 fe e t i n the q u a r rie s at U plyme whe re a n inlie r o f Rhae tic Be ds i s shown o n the m a H e f the L o e L i as ar e so a le p. re se ve ral ba nds o w r p in colour tha t the y m ay re adily be mi sta ke n f or the tru e W hite L i as hi ch o ccu s be lo w r w .

On W i i 1 8 0 t o u t he W it e L i as i n t his acco u n t D r . r ght was le d n 6 o gr p h t he z o n e o f Ammon it e s pla n or bi s ; but i n a lat e r a rt i cle he mo di fie d hi s “ i e s a n d co n ce e a t h e i e i n clu e li - colou e lime st on e s v w , d d th t e s r s d d ght r d ’ ’3 n a t e n t i o n t o t he be l o n gi g t o t wo disti n ct z o n e s o f life . H e first dre w t o ccu e n ce i n t i is i c o f L a n a n e r Co a m M a le t he rr h s d tr t t he dsc pe Sto o th rb , e i n 9 i n c e i n t i c be d b g h s h kn e ss . At U l me a s at Pi n ha B a t he W it e L i a s co n t ai n s e e a n d he e p y , y y , h h r t r o u o u it s m ass n o ule s o r e l e s o f co m act lime s o n e a s a n thr gh t d p bb p t , th t t d u The e we e e ose i n o t co n spi cuo u sly o n t he we athe re d surf a ce s . b ds r xp d i i n cu i n t he W i e L i a s 1 904 a t the Y a wl lime kiln s . Tub fo rm bo r gs o c r h t i cu i n he t o e e a s i n so m a n o e locali i e s . T e a re co n s o us t h r , y th r t h y p p a l a e e e n i n t o a e o f 4 o r 5 i n c e s : t he o c is a com a c h rd y r , xt d g d pth h r k p t pi n kish- bro w n lime sto n e with i rre gula r su rf a ce like t he Su n be d o f l a l e n a i n So me se t . N o ula i e li as o ccu s e o an d e s s o n r d r wh t r b w , r t t r t g

a n s o f it e lim e st o n e a n d m a l ic co n a i n a o o e a l o f se le n i e . b d wh r , wh h t g d d t

f m L i o t a i n e . h Se e . o h a r m c m ( p Fr t e W hite s we re b d Ca di u r wti u , lo M odi ola mi n ima tr e i s ca Pt r o m a P e ct cn ollu ce a n d P . va , Os a l a si , e y , p

n z e n sz s.

i n the e i hbou hoo of I n o the r inl a nd pa rts o f our a re a , a s n g r d i h e e e n o o e o h se c i o s o f the Rhae i c Axm nste r , t e r w r n t w rt y t n t

Be ds .

- e t o f M us u Cas le a n d i n the alle t o t he e as o f At H oo d n o r w s r , v , th b y t y t M a l e e e ose but it wa s i cul t o sa t he ca st le t he Gre r s w r d , d fi y , y xp f t e o ccu a t o e oi n t s o i n t o t he e is o f G e e n whe the r or n ot th y r th r p , w g d br r

sa n d that o ccu rs o n t he slo pe s a n d i n t he valle ys . The Rhae t ic B e ds we re e xpose d i n pl a ce s alo n g t he Axmi n ste r a n d L yme

R is a il a t o t he so u - e ast o f T ill a n d e e a ai n t he oun a is e g r w y th r , h r g b d ry ‘ i n de fin it e o wi n g t o lo ca l slips a n d talus . I n f o rm ati o n was o btai n e d i n 1 873 that t he W hit e L i as ha d be e n re ache d h l a e u a n o t o f W e cr oft at a e of 5 e e e n e a t he i n t e rg q rry r h y , d pth f t b th

- Se e . wa t e r le ve l a n d ro ve d t o a de o f 1 5 e e t . ( p W e re t he , p pth f h

a a t t he su a ce b t he a il a - cu i n t o t he so u h- e s t he ro ck a ppe rs rf y r w y tt g t w t , A e ll t a wa e i n be ds a re m uch bro ke n a n d proba bly fa ulte d . w h t s b g m a de u f t he Axe a n d n ot f ar om t he i o a e s o f i n 1 904 t o the so th o , fr h gh r d w t V V e croft M an o r H o use was sun k ro u 7 e e o f ra ve l i n o the Gre y , th gh f t g t y

M a rls .

“ in hi M emoi s on I ch h osau i &c n s 7. No i T H aw i s . . t ce d by . k r t y r , , p 2 P xi 1 889 . . ro . . A ssoc. . c Gaol , , , p xxx 3 ol . M . 1 8 1 . 6 e a vi . 860 39 G 64 2 ua r urn eol . Soc. x . 90 . Q t . Jo . G , , , p g , , p 4 “ ” 1 901 M am Ge ol . Sa r a 1 902 s f or . . Summary of Progre s , ( . ), , p 55 20 T R I A S .

l n l i n a c o f i e L i a s t he u e la e o f i c i s lo ca ll y g tr ts Wh t , pp r y r wh h y “ . Re l be t e e n e me h W i R e e o se e b M r . C . t r d t e h te o ck, w r b rv d y d w

G e a t o o a n d Cli a l e cr oft a ms the t o - be d e i it i n e i e n ce o f r w d pp F r , p xh b g v d n L o e L i a s wa s s o n i n a bo rin gs . The j un ct i o n o f W hite L i a s a d w r h w

u a e t e e n T l i a n l a n a m s t o t he so u o f M e m u . q rry b w o c s d H as d F r , th b ry

At Gre e n do wn so ut - a f M e m u t he R ae t i c e s e e e o se h e st o b ry , h b d w r xp d , a n d the White L i a s co uld be tra ce d he re a n d the re o n t he ri dge t o t he i n i ca i n an a n i cl i n e e s . An i n li e o f e u e M a l is e e m e t it w t r K p r r h r w h , d t g t , t he pro duct n o do ubt o f t he M e mb ury f a ult ; a n d t he d i st urba n ce I S co n

tin n e d i n t he i n li e rs o f Rhae t ic be ds at S a rte a n d Gre a two o d . To the we st of M e mbu ry t he e xpo su re s o f Rhae ti c B e ds w e re o f Gre y

M a ls a n d t is wa t he ca se a a i n t o t he n o t a t u le . T e e i s r , h s g r h F r y h r much de bri s o f Gre e n sa n d a lo n g t he slo pe s so ut h o f Ya rty F a rm w e st of

M e mb ury . ’ At D a n e s H ill D a l o o t he G e e n sa n d e st s o n a n o u li e o f t he , w d , r r t r R ae t i c B e s o e l a i n e m i n l a ce s t e co n si st m a i n l o f t he h d , v r pp g th p ; h y y G e M a ls but a ce s o f t he Bla c S a le s e e o se e o n t he e a s e n r y r , tr k h w r b rv d t r lo f s e s o H a n e H ill a o e L o e a m . p r r , b v w r F r

L M S E CTI ON OF BORI N G M AD E AT Y E RE GI S .

The fo llowi n g pa r ti cul a rs o f a Bo ring i n se a rch o f Co a l a t L ym e Re gi s a r e o f im porta nce with r e fe re n ce t o the thi ckn e sse s o f t he Rhae i c Be s a n d e u r l A a s e a e b . u s t d K pe r M s . r m rk d y Mr J ke B o e it w a s an e e a u t r wn , nd vo r o find co a l a t a pl ace whe re n o e o lo i s oul ha e r e co e n e the a g g t w d v mm d d tte mpt .

The o i n w as m a e b M e ss s . V i i a n i n 1 901 t o the we s f C l a b r g d y r v , , t o o w y

M a n o H o use a n d a o u al - wa e e e n H o n Ta r , b t h f y b tw r ve rn a n d M iddle M ill

a m o n t he le t a n o f t he L m . The e i F r , f b k y h ght a bo ve Ord n a n ce D a tum i 9 s a bo ut 0 f e e t . The ull a t i cula s so f a r a s e c ul p r r , o d be o t ai n e d we re u lis e d f th y b , p b h

- b M r . J u e s B o n e se e Bi lio a y k r w ( b gr phy). Re co rds a n d sa mple s o f t he t at a e e e n s t o him b A . . r w r s t y C Pa ss a n d Ge o rge H a ycra ft ; a n d

B . W H . o o wa e so n all a d rd p r y e x mi n e d t he co re s tha t ha d be e n pl a ce d i n a s e n e a t he o i n a n d co n t i u e h d r b r g, r b t d some n o t e s . The co re s ho w e ve r , , ha d n o t e e n ca ull b re f y a rra n ge d . The fo llowing i s a n a bstr a ct o f the r e co rd T ic n e ss . h k D e pth . F t I n . . F t . I n . Valley So il rave l an d flin t s 1 D i } , g , 0 8 1 0 8 r ft . Blue s ale s an d ale re e art lime sto n e s I e r h p g y hy , some e s e se m lin W hite L ias se e 1 d r g . 9 fizs b b ( p ) about 62 4 73 f W hite lime ston e s with shaly laye rs 22 1 95 1 Grey an d gre en ish marl 6 2 1 0 1 3 D ark shale s an d occasion al ban ds o f lime sto n e , A vicula con torta Cardium P r o , ( toca rdtu m) ’ r hwticum P e cten va lon ien sz s n , , a d Schiz odus cloa cin us 5 1 33 8 B lue e an d e e n l , gr y, gr s a e s an d marls ard h , h an d soft ban ds (Passage B e ds) 39 1 1 72 9 rGre e n marl 42 1 21 4 1 0 Re d an d gre e n marls 82 6 297 4 R d e an d gre e n marls with ve in s of gypsum 1 1 8 1 0 41 6 2 Re d n d e n m a gr e arls with be ds of gypsum up to 1 6in t ic . h k 31 3 10 730 Re d an d gre e n gypsife ro us marls with 3 ban ds o f calcare ous san dston e H ard red an d bluish clays an d m arls with gypsum 297 7 7 H a r d n d blui rd e a sh silty an d micace o us clays with so me gypsum 1 40 5 CHAPTE R I V . I L AS .

I n n o o he f h c a n t he L i a s a s a w ho le be so t r part o t e country , , e ll se e a n i s n d E e w n s o the co ast fro m Axmouth t o L yme Re g a yp , e a B i Th o e c io i h the e u e r a ls h ou h n r r dpo rt . e c nn t n w t K p M r , t r g the Rhae i c Be n e u i e a u lv e r ho le oi a n d t ds , ca b st d d n e r C P nt Cha rtom B ay ; while fr om Pin hay Bay e a stwa rds the se v e r a l divi Si o n s o f the L i a s ca n be tra ce d i n se q ue n ce thr ou gh L yme Re gi s u i l e a B i o we e ach the i f a s h fo the nt , n r r dp rt , r M d ord S nd t at rm

- pa ssa ge be ds be twe e n the U ppe r L ias and I nfe rior Oolite . Atte ntio n is n o w spe cially dire cte d to the are a which e xte nds fro m L e Re i s t o Bla c V e n but i n e t a i a o le e o f the ym g k , o rd r o g n kn w dg fu ll se ue n ce o f th l i la q e L o we r an d Mi ddle L i a s a s de v e ope d n nd , i t i s ne e dful to e xamine the cliff s t o the e a st o f L yme Re gi s a s f a r a s Se a town e a e , n r Gold n Ca p . B e o e st u i n t he be ds i n e t a il i t i s a o o l a n t o o t a i n a e n e a l f r dy g d , g d p b g r vi e w o f t he cliffs from a bo a t at a sho rt dist a n ce fro m t he sho re . Fro m t he ba se of the L o we r L i a s t o t he M i ddle L i a s a ll t he be ds ca n be e a mi n e a n d me asu e i n e t a i l t e i co n t i n uit be i n o n l in t e u t e x d r d d , h r y g y rr p d e e a n d t e e b a ul s o f ic the a mo un o f is l a ce me n ca n be h r h r y f t , wh h t d p t i m k h e i n e s m a e i n o e a t i cult . L a n sli s i n e e a s t e s t t d w th gr d ffi y d p , d d , b d m a n lace s b ut n o t so a s t o i n t e e e it t he co m l e e e o su e o f t he y p , rf r w h p t xp r se rie s a t o n e po i n t o r a n o the r . The t ic n e ss of t he M i l e a n d L o e L i a s a mo un s t o a o u 830 e e t h k dd w r t b t f , l L i a i n u 45 L L t he M i e s e a o 3 e e t a n d t he o e i as a o u 485 e e . dd b g b t f , w r b t f t N o i s a n i n t he a ul s i c a i n o n t o s o n the e as e n tw th t d g f t , wh h , h v g d w hr w t , t d t o ca rry the be ds be lo w the se a - le ve l so o n e r t ha n would ot he rwise ha ve be e n t he ca se e e a r e o o un it i e s o f m e asu i n t he l a e i isi o n s a t , th r pp rt r g rg r d v Co m a i n e sult it ill be o u n a t the me a u m n diffe re n t po i n ts . p r g r s w f d th s re e t s o f t he subdivi si o n s diffe r t o t he e xte n t o f fro m 5 t o 1 5 f e e t i n sun dry i u i i n a l a i a t i o n t h pla ce s . Th s m ay be d e t o o r g v r s i n e thickn e ss o f t he s a a but it m a also t o some e e n be at t i ut e t o a if e e n ce i n tr t , y xt t r b d d f r e ss u e t he s a t a i i i so me la ce s e i n o e l ai n b t i c an d e a pr r , tr p b g v r y h k h vy

a cc um ulat i o n s il e i n o e s t e a r e at o r n e a t he su a ce . , wh th r h y r rf o m Pi n ha B a t o n e a Bl ac V e n t he cli s a r e most l e ical o r Fr y y r k ff y v rt , n e a l so a n d e a re mo e o r le ss a n e o us t o t ose who alk a lo n the r y , th y r d g r h w g e a c o n acco un o f the c um li n of t he cli fs a n d t he lo o se a me n s o f b h , t r b g f fr g t A m u a l e a ro ck t ha t fre q ue n tly f all . tt e n ti o n st so b p i d t o t he state o f t he t ide a s at i - w a e r t he e ds a re i n a cce ssi le e we e n Pi n ha B a a n d , h gh t b b b t y y L me Re i a n d e e e n L me Re i a n l W Cli s s d B ac e n . t he e st ff , y g , b tw y g k V The L i a ssi c strata e ve rywhe re i n the d i strict indi cate m a rine i h a e s m o e o r le ss u f n co n i i o s , r , o o e a e h d t n w t w t r m ddy gr t d pt , an d n ot far di stant from la nd .

L OW E R L I A S .

Coa st S e cti o n s .

The L o we r L i a s i s e xpo se d i n the cliff s be twe e n Cu lv e rho le Po int o l e Ca he e the s a a a i o f the fo llo i a n d G d n p, w r tr t dm t w ng divi sions A M M ON I TE Z ON E S .

e n B s L i aroceras c 4 W e ar Cliff o r Gre Ammo n ite e d . f p aprico rn us .

- s 1 05 L i aroce ras he n le i Bluish grey clay p y . U ton ia m Ston e barro w o r Be lemn ite Be s . a e so n i . 3. d p j

- 8 D e ro ce ras a m Pale gre y marls 0 r atum . Echioce ras raricostatum l . 2 B lac Ve n B e s o r Blac M a . . d r k k Ox n otoceras ox n o tum y y . D ar shale s an d ce men t s on e s k t Aste roce ras ob usum t . Arn ioce ras semico statum . “ B lue L ias . L ime Coron ice ras bucklan di 1 L me Re i B e s o r . . y g s d 1 05 Schlothe imia an ul ston e s an d shales g ata . Psilo n o tice ras plan orbis

24 L I A S . le l i n hart n he e th u l se i e s m a be ve C o Bay , w r e nde r ying Rhae ti c r y o bse e rv d . I t i s n ot until Pin hay Bay i s re ache d that the L owe r L i a s I S se e n . an d a e c u se he e c i ci e W i h to a dva ntage . A ravine w t r o r r o n d t a fa ul h Bl u e L i as li e s e s so e 40 fe e t , t at throws down the m ton m t on h On the w e s se i i sloca io e ic e b D e la Be c e . t ( e F g . a d t n d p t d y the e a s th re se e e s i o n the W hi e t , e lowe st be ds of the L i as a n r t ng t L i a s n i u he ce the u , a d n marke d contrast a s to colo r . T n pward succe ssio c n e a ch b o f li e s o e ca n be n a be trace d , and and m t n e x i e am n d . The thickne ss of the ma in mass o f stone - be ds may be re cko ne d at 70 fe e on th e e f Pi n h B but e a il e e a su e t e aste rn sid o ay ay , d t d m r e s a e iff e e o i s o n the o o B e n i ica e m nt m d at d r nt p nt c ast t lack V , nd t ha t he hi c e ss i c e se s to 80 or 85fe e t t t kn n r a t . Abou 1 6fe e bo e the a i a ss o f li e s o e s se a e t t a v m n m m t n , and p rat d f o m he b cl s or ha le s he e i s c ba n o f r t m y ay s , t r a on spi cuous d in dur ate d e l k o a s t he H a a l or bl e L e d e a n d gr y mar n wn rd M r Ta g , his i s a u se ful ui e i n ci n the su i f t g d tra g cce ss on o strata . T a king the be ds from t he tOp o f the W hite L i a s u p to the able L e e we h e a full hi c n e ss o f a bou 1 T dg av t k t 05fe e t . O in to the e as e l (li o f the be s the lo e o io n s a bo w g t r y p d , w r p rt , ut 40 fe e in hi e ss are e x o se o n l in the cliff i e i t t ckn , p d y s mm d a te ly e a st o f Pin ha B h o n ot r y ay . T e y d e a ppe a r furthe r on i n t he W e st Cliff n or do he ise a a i i n the Chu ch li , t y r g n r C ffs . . The l owe st z on e i n the L i as must thu s be l ooke d for a s we pa ss e a stwards f o Cul ve rhole o i Charton B a an r m P nt and y , d again e a stwards f o Pin ha r m y Bay . At an d n e ar the base of the L owe r L ias the re o ccur thin la in a e sh le - sh l s W he m t d a s or pape r a e . re e xpose d on the fore sho re some o f the be ds are se e n to be F I G 4 . . c o e i h s i e s o f E chi o e r wd d w t p n n d rms , who se te sts a lso ar e occasio na lly pr e

se e . A o the s i e s D r rv d m ng pec . W i h e co i e Cida r is e dwa r si r g t r gn z d d , Pse u do di a de ma lo b u a t m , H e mi

e di n a be che i H - . bowe r ba n i p , and k . Th e a ssociate d lime ston e s yi e ld Ostr e a Zia ssi ca M odi o la m i n i , m a , ’ A re a l ce ttzf Ge r mlli a y , , and Ple u r a m a cr o wcom be i a g/ . The Ammonite s Psi lo i n o t ce ra s plan or bis and Ca lo ce ra s jo hn sto n i have be e n fo u nd at Pi n ha B a y y . h i T e re s no e vide n ce whe re by the o e f Psi z n o lon o ti ce ra s pla n o r bi s ca n be e i e l Psilon o tice ras plan orbis d fin t y marke d off from the J de a o e s succe e i ( , z n d ng , but it inclu de s a bou 20 f e e o f s t t trata . C i ui e s s b Se e Roc o i ont n ng a tward y v n k P nt , we trave rse l e dge s f o e by t he succe ssi e b s o f li e s o rm d v and m t ne . Gryphaza a r cua t a an d L im a giga n te a be e o e bu com m r a ndant . Some l ay e rs a r e ’ c o e i h Rh n chon e lla ca lm co sta va r wd d w t y (R . ri a bi lis o f W right ), i n o he s we and t r find shoals o f Pe n t acrin ite s I socri n u s ( . H e e ' ) r he e S chlothe im t a an gu la ta m ay be obse e an d fu r and t r rv d , rthe o n a s e ci m ny p me n s of N a u ti lu s an d Co r o n i ce ra s bu cklan di . L OW E L I 25 R A S .

l o i to the cu u e o f th o the be s i n the W e s Part y w ng rvat r e c ast , d t Cliff pre se nt a ge ntle synclinal followe d by a n anti clinal strue

u e . o e o e be lo the E l the i a i so h t r M r v r , w sp anade be ds s nk ga n , t at

the Cobb i s b se on the u f h i o e - be s a d s r ace o f t e ma n ma ss o f st n d , hi ch a e a o n the fo e sho e an d he e a t low a e the le e s w pp r r r , r w t r dg s out i n tand grace ful curve s tha t ma rk the syn clin al structure . So e o f the le e s ha o ccu e he e as e lse he e h e be e m dg t t rr d r , w r , av n b o e u an d e o e b th f h r k n p r m v d y e hand o ma n , and among t e m

portio ns o f the T able - ro ck we re fo rme rly e xpose d ne a r the I e a s e t rn je tty . The T able L e dge m ay be tra ce d f rom the bank above the E s l a a e t o the Gun liff h p n d C , and t e nce it i s we ll se e n i n Chu rch Jliff At the base o f the s . Chu ch liff s he a i i a l e al o f r C , t rt fic r mov the le e s has l a e l a ide the a u al e s uc i f th cliff s dg rg y d n t r d tr t on o e , a n d the fo e sho e be i full o f u ho le s aff a t i e a r r ng m ddy , ords t m s e che ous ou e for the a e lle Sl abs o f o c i hi e tr a r r t tr v r . r k w t n re c nt

e a s h e be e o f m t h f . I n he se y r av n t rn ro e ore shore (Se e p . t cliff s the be s ar e so e ha is u be b s ll f aul s an d sli s d m w t d t r d y ma t p , a n d the se di slo cation s giv e rise to ma ny cra ck s o r ve nts i n the

s a Th o n - e i tr ta . e st e b ds w th the T able L e dge dip ge ntly towa rd s Bl a c V e n an d ua ll i k , grad y d sa ppe ar be ne ath the m a ss o f the Bl l ” ack Mar . he be lo a i l to the o e o f o r o n i ce ra s bu ckla n di T y ng m n y z n C , but ‘ i cl u e the u e o i o n o f the o e o f S chlo the z mi a a n u la t a n d pp r p rt z n g , the lo e o i o o f hi ch ha s be e e v io u sl a e se The w r p rt n w n pr y tr v r d .

succe ssi o o f the z o e s i s a s e ll - m a r e a s coul be e x e c e n n w k d d p t d , albe it the re i s n o re a so n to po int to a n y parti cu la r l ay e r to indica te

The A o i S . a n t n k a se a a i l a e . e bu c p r t ng p n mm n t s gula a a d C . la n di ha e be e f ou o e he at hi s lo ca li v n nd t g t r t ty .

F I F G 5 G 6. . I . . . F I G . 7

I socrin us (P t l l s) L m n a w G haea a cuata L a m. i a i a te J . So . ryp r g g hagglfifbriiiis M iller ( ).

S chlo he i mf i a cha rma sse i occu s a s hi h u a s the Be s Be t r g p t d. L a e s e ci e n s o f Coron i cera s bu ckla n di an (Se e p . rg p m d

“ 1 Histo an d A n i uitie s of the B o ou of L me R Se e G. Ro be r s r q r g e is t , y t h y g ” 21 4 c & . an d C armo u h 1 834, . h t , pp 26 L I A S .

i n e o an d Na u ti lu s s tri a tus I so cr i n u s L im a g ga t a are c mmon , and i n s se i 7 a re o a s i j w h he o e F . ba sa lt fomn s, o f hic t j t ( g ) kn wn ”

uc s a usu ll be fou . T k , m y a y nd

F I G. 8.

F I G. 9.

l che lis H oo w ca he us an c o . d S p y W . Schlo theimia an gulata (Schlozh)

Am i o ce ra s se mi costa tum occurs n e ar the top o f the stone - be ds L i as e ll as in the H a a l or ble L e e bo e at yme Re g s, w rd M r Ta dg a v ;

- W i h i n the o e o f Ari e ti t e s be ds whi ch we re groupe d by D r . r g t z n

- he r n r i I t oc si ll ccu s at hi ho i o s . I u e . ca ona y o r g r r z n ' V er mi cem s bon n a rdi re co n iz e d b M e ssrs . Sha rman a n d Ne w on ro m , g y t f o me a e se m le A turn e r' i but it ha s e e n t is loca li is a o rm ha s w r s . , h ty, f t t h t b b ' f ' S ci mm i n a re i . e me n s o f he se A o n te s re ga rde d as ide n tical with V . co ybe p t a re fre q ue n tly e n ve lope d o r pa rtly re pla ce d by i ron - pyrite s ; a n d mo st o f the m h ave be e n foun d o n t he be ach or a mo n g the f alle n blo cks lif n e a r t he n o rthe rn e n d of t he Church C f s . A block o f lime sto n e pur L m M rs . D ollin o f e Re is con ai n bon n a rd a e om t he la e s V . i ch s d fr t , y g , t i An ot e o m Ast er o ce r a brookei occu i n a i e a n d A tur n er . s s . h r f r , , r h gh r m I i f A o btu su . t s be s t o e a t he u e o riz o n i n t he z on e o . r rd r h , t g pp po rti o n o f this Blu e L i as se rie s r a the r a s the z on e of Ar n i o ce r us s e m i o a tu m ha n of Ar i e tit e s t u r n e r-i e ca u se t he o me s e cie s is o u n c st t , b f r r p f d i n a bu n da n ce o n the sa me a ppro xim a t e ho riz on i n othe r pa rts o f E n gla n d a l e o e a s t he o l a n d ha s mo re ge n e r l y b e n a d pt d z n a l Ammo n it e .

F I G. 1 0 .

F I G. 1 1 .

Arn ioce ras se micostatum Y ( .

Cor n i bucklan di o ceras J . Sa ( m).

The Blue L i as se ri e s of L ym e Re gis thus inclu de s the zone s o f the A o i e s e i e s la n o r bi s a n u la tum bu cklan di mm n t p c p , g , , a n d

“ U sshe The Coun t a oun L in co ln M am. Gaol . Sa ra 1 888 1 r, r r d ( . 6. y ), , p L OW E R L I A S. 27

se mi costa tu m ; an arrange me nt that fit s in we ll with othe r parts Of E l as i i ng and , t inclu de s the main mass of the L owe r L as li e s o es he e he se are e ll - e e lo e m t n , w r t w d v p d . The li e s o e s e to h e be e la l e i al e i e n ot m t n app ar av n rge y d tr t , d r v d ma inly from the grinding u p or de cay o f the orga ni c re mains Of the e io bu p r d , t also from the waste Of L ime sto ne cliffs that b e e the L i ssi c ord r d a se as . I t is inte re sting al so to Obse rve the varying nature of ce rtain

l ay e rs ; some known a s skull s mim i cking cha lk - flints i n the i e ul cha a c e Of the o ul a ba s hil e in o he ca se rr g ar r t r n d r nd , w t r s he e o ccu s oo h le icul or o oi sse s of li e o t r r m t nt ar v d ma m st ne . Thi s pro ce ss o f se gr e gati on o f the more calcare ou s ma tte r fro m the m u d might have vari e d according t o the pre ssu re to whi ch the b s e e sub e l i i u i c li i and w r j cte d by ove r y ng de pos ts d r ng o nso dat on .

BL AC E N D — A st e r o 2 . K V BE S OR B L AC K MARE Ammonite Z one s ce ra s o btu su m O n o o ce ra s n o um E chi o ce ra s , xy t oxy t , a n d r a ri co s u m tat .

The da rk shal e s tha t ove rli e the Tabl e L e dge ar e locally ” o a s the Bl a c a l he e a abo e the W e s Cliff kn wn k M r . T y app r v t , but the slope s ar e difficu lt o f a cce ss an d more or l e ss o bscure d by i sl s . The l n p owe r be ds are se e n i n pl a ce s above the E spla ade , but the e s se c i o s are hose e a s o f L e Re i s he e he i fin t t n t t ym g , w r t r e a ce e ll a c u f l n I n hi s cliff app ar n w c o nts or the name o f B a ck Ve . t the e i e i i si o can b u i The hi he a o f the u l a nt r d v n e st d e d . g r p rt p nd , o as i be H ill i s f b he av e l e G e e kn wn T m r , orme d y C rt gr , U pp r r n

sa Gau l . The a e f the aul i s a e b a hi nd , and t b s o G t m rk d y t n e bbl l e or i but the fo i o i se lf a s obse e b the p y ay r gr t , rmat n t , rv d y Re v W D o e s i s e i ous to such an e x e ha s i s a re . . wn , p rv t nt t t pr ng 1 h ut h i e a h I t i s e ll o e o e t rown o by t e L a s cl ay be n t . w , m r v r , to be ar i n mind that the fossil s Of the Gault a n d L owe r L i a s ar e i l n th l e comm ng e d o e s op s . f h ba se Of St n barr w Furthe r e a st the Bla ck Marl orms t e o e o , whe re its d ark cl ay i s sur mou nte d by the gre y cl ay Of the B e l e m h l e i a e b the e llo G e e sa r nite B e ds ; the w o e b ng c pp d y y w r n nd , po

h o o e the f a e of th l a - cliff tio ns of which are was e d d wn v r c e c y s . The L ias o f Bl a ck V e n i s e xpose d in thre e te rrace s tha t form th liff be e a h the e a e ous The the lowe r porti o ns of e c n t Cr t c rock s . f he se i s f o e for the o s a o f a le e a l s uppe rmost O t rm d m t p rt p gr y m r , B i e B e s to be e sc ibe fu he o n kn own as the e l e mn t d ( d r d rt r ). r f e b the uch e shale s cl s The te rrace s be low a e orm d y m dark r , ay ,

hich are o e in e ail . and marls , w n t d d t (p N e ar the top o f the lowe st te r r a ce a ba nd o f Fire sto ne No dule s i cuous an d it i s sli h l f ul e a t on e o i i h a o i s co nsp , g t y a t d p nt w t d wn i I t i s n ot h w Se e F . o throw Of 5 or 1 0 fe e t on the we st . ( g , in the cliffs e s o f Cha ou as a o e i o e ve r , shown a t rm th, m r mp rtant fault tra ve rsing the valle y throws down the be ds about 50 fe e t on

the e a st . The band Of ce me nt - sto ne s or Fire stone No dul e s i s known ” th occu e ce Of M i croder ocem s f o e bi rchi . as the B ir cki i Be d, r m rr n i The spe cime ns are familar to colle ctors a s the T ortoi se ” lso as W hi e A o i e s f o the hi e Ammo nite s, and a t mm n t r m w t

2 li 1 885 . 3. l Soc. x . urn eo . Qua r t. Jo . G , , , p

2 - me l use f or fi e s as fire balls. Some of the n odule s we re for r y d r , 1 8821 28 L I A S .

calc- ha of e lls the cha b f t The b was spar t t t n fi m e rs o he she lls . and most acce ssible in the we ste rn part of Bla ck V e n towards the Chu rch

Cliff s . Fin e spe cime ns of Aste r o ce ra s o btu su m o ccur he re a n d the re in the cl ay s and n odul a r lime sto ne s be twe e n the Table L e dge ’ an d the Coi n Stone Be d ; and Po lym orphi t e s tri o i a lz s a n d othe r s ll u e ile A i e s os o f he e l ce b i e s ma and j v n mmon t , m t t m r p a d y py r t , m ay be pi cke d up on the slope s . l of li e o e c o e i h ll o i e s a n d B o cks m st n , r wd d w t sma amm n t , li the f a u A o i a bl e o f s o re se mb ng mo s mm n te M r Mar t n Magna , hi ch i s on the sa e e olo i cal ho i o o ccu be e h the e w m g g r z n , r n at P nta c i i e Be d m a be fou on the cl a - slo e s or on the be a ch r n t and y nd y p .

F I G 1 3. .

Aste roceras br k oo e i J . Asteroceras o usum J ( bt ( .

Not f ar be lo the Coi S o e B e d w n t n (se e p . 35) i s the lay e r known a s the e a c i i e B e d hi ch has i e l e a fin e s e i P nt r n t , w y d d m ny p c me ns, mo stly co ate d or re pl ace d by F I G“ 1 5 i o - i e s ° r n pyr t , Of the Briare an En crinite E xtr a cr i n u s br i a r cm F i ( g . B e ing o fte n fou . ss ci a e i h li i nd a o t d w t gn te , it w a s thought by Buckl and to have atta che d itse lf i n large groups t o masse s o f floating 1 o o w d .

F I G. 1 4 .

M icroderoce ras i b rchii J . E r ( xt acrin us b ia e us M iller r r ( ). 1 B i ewate T eatise 1 836 4 r dg r r , . 37. , p L OW E R L I A S . 29

The Co in Stone Be d is the n ame a ppli e d to the uppe r porti on of ba o f l e ce - i h wo an d so e i e s a nd arg me nt stone s, wh c form t m t m h e e l e s hi h b th i e e N o ule in the u e t r ay r , g a ove e F r ston d s, and pp r

o io Of the a The ce e - s o e s o c u i n the to p rt n d rke r shale s . m nt t n c r p

Of the i le - n a n d fo a o i e able m dd clay te rrace Of Black Ve , rm n t c

b abou 4 l - Be l i e Be s in the and , t 0 f e e t be ne ath the pa e grey e mn t d , cliff s of Ston e ba rrow t the e s o f ha ou h o a t C rm t . I mme di ate ly a bove the se be ds we e nte r the zone o f Oxyn o to ce ra s oz n o tum s e ci s o f i r i n the i i c y , p me n wh ch a e pre vale nt dark pyr t sha le n B e d s a d clay s abou t 1 0 fe e t above the Coin Stone . The i e Of hi s s e ci e s m e n si s M i cr o ce ra s var ty t p known as ly , and de n si n o dum' li e i e k w s occur .

F I G. 1 6.

Oxyn oto ce ras oxyn otum ( Quan si )

Still highe r in the same se t o f shal e s D e r o ce r a s a r m a t u m and E hi o e r a s ra r i costa tu m o ccu but he e i s n o fin e e xa mpl e s o f c c r , t r he thing to indi ca te a n y plane o f de marca ti on be twe e n t zone s . E ra ri cos a tum x e s u a s i o the Be l e i e B e s hi ch . t e t nd pw rd nt mn t d , w m D a rm a tu . L e are grou pe d in part with the zon e o f . arg

F I G. 1 8. F I G . 1 7.

m Sow E chi oce ras raricostatum D eroceras armatu (J . ) 1 8821 30 L I A S .

h e be e i e i h i e spi e s e xampl e s Of this Ammon t w t prom n nt n av n f L e Re i s os ly f Obtaine d from the ne ighbourhoo d o ym g , m t rom ui e s he i i cul a h i o e falle n blo cks be low Bla ck Ve n . T r part r or z n r q r i inve stiga t on . u e x e s the b se of the pp The se ri e s now u nde r notice e t nd to a r s of l i e s e n he e h e e b te rrace unde r Black Ve , w r two or t r and m ton he se ba s e e l e i e Be s . occur at the junction with the Be mn t d T nd w r ut e e sh Ve n b lus i n b w r own mostly obscure d in Black y ta (

the e as . i n the cliff s of Ston e barr ow in t o e s of the A i e spe ci e s The Bl a ck Marl thu s incl ude s the z n mmon t a um hi ch he e e lse he e m ox n o tum an d rari cost t , w r and w r o btu su , y ,

he . may be conve nie ntly linke d to ge t r

— A o i e Z o e s s . STONE BARROW OR BEL E M N I TE BE D mm n t n 3.

a a me som . D ero ce ra s a r ma tum an d Uptom 7

ti s of the l a - cliff s Thi s division occupie s the highe r por on c y at I t e s a s ell a k V e n formin g the third te rrace . app ar a w Bl c , in Ston e barrow he e - ba he e a n d i , marke d li ght gre y nd r , aga n w r the se a - l e e l se e the e aste rl di brings it ne a re r an d ne are r to v ( y p ’ l s e s of St . G b ie I t is e s ab u l , 3 . F ig . , p d app ar r pt y w t a r f b u a O i a f aul i h h o W ate r , Golde n C p, w ng to t w t a downt row a o t

40 fe e t on the e ast . f l i e chi e t in ch e , L e nti cul ar masse s o ign t , approa ng j aract r The e l o i of hi s i isi i s f e occur i n place s . c ntra p rt on t d v on orm d l e e l s but t o the u e i by a ba nd of harde r pa gr y mar , pp r port on h l most inte re st attache s : in it the re occurs a band of d ark s a y i ch i n ssils co e e b a hi l e Of le a l li e marls, r fo , v r d y t n ay r pa m r y m ” a he Bele i e S e ls e f ssili tone , kno wn s t mn t ton , and a o v ry o

;e rous. Black Ve n i s n ot the most conv e ni e nt pl a ce to e xamin e the se

a s the l a f at he i fo o is exce e i l we t an d b , be ds, p t orm t r t d ng y oggy springs be ing thrown out at the j unction with the de n se r clays G o se c i s a re e x se i n s e of the ullie s and shale s be low . o d t on po d om g iff he e he i f ssil e su e s m a e il in Ston e barrow Cl , and r t r o tr a r y r ad y 1 be Obtaine d . su e s Of the b e s h e e are the fo e sh e The fine st expo r d , ow v r , on r or l for the s a a hi h e e h o b be low Go de n Cap, tr t w c w r t rown d wn y a ’ e f G b ie l s W e re - e a i to e le fault w st o St . a r at r , app r ow ng g nt i e s he ar e usuall e ll e x ose b h the e s anticl n , and t y y w p d ot on w t f i o i o of the liffs he e he i se for two h e e Of the lo t e st p rt n c , w r t y r or t r e e th hi l e on the e e e e a f e t abov e s ng , and ast be tw n Gold n C p and wn he e he e 7 f e e b e the be ch I n his Se ato , w r t y app ar t a ov a . t e x osu e he e i s e i e ce o f sli h f aul i The f e latte r p r t r v d n g t t ng . or

shore along whi ch the be ds ar e shown at low - tide is ra the r to e s o f his e x osu e an d he hibi i of the w t t p r , t re a gr and e x t on i e s he f ssils i s t o be s s B ite Bele mn t and ot r o e e n , ome in the el e mn o he s in s ill e e o fusi in difie re n e s of the Stone , t r t gr at r pr on t lay r

l ls be e h Th - dark sha y mar n at . e long pe ncil like forms of mn i te s lon i ssi m u s are c s i u u ut i B e le g on p c o s, b d fficult to e xtract ,

n r 2 v 1 22 l Tra s. eol o se . ol i 8 P a e e I n his se c ion G . S c. . . iii . D e la Bech t , , , " , , t v , Ston ebarrow Cli as Sho n e Cliff but the la e is th n ame a lied marke d ff r , tt r e pp ol e n Ca to the highe r portion of the cliff at G d p.

32 L I A S.

E astwards the W e ar Cliff Be ds occu r above the Be l e mnite Be ds c o f h r f u in i n Ston e barrow Cliff, an d although tra e s t e Tie rs a e o nd l i i e hi c e ss Of the be s i s he e p ace s, show ng that the e nt r t kn d t r e be e e se o l th l e i i s ll e x se . The s r pr nte d , n y e ow r port on w po d d , h e ie s in l e Ca ho e e r c r l h be e h the e G . w v r , a e le a y s own n at T r T r o d n p ’ Co e ci e s of St b ie l s W a e he a re e x se lo mm n ng a t . Ga r t r , t y po d a ng the i e ich e he base o f the cliff s, above the Be le mn te B ds (wh app ar re

he a far t o - i Se atown he e and t re ), s as he C ast guard stat on at , w r bo u 70 fe e of the be s i clu i the u e io m a be a t t d , n d ng pp r port n , y se e . he se s n o a w e i l e t o n T be d do t appe ar e ast of Se to n , b ng d wn

h si e of the all e be l t e - f aul o i on t at d v y , ow he s a l e ve l , by a t (n t ce d b D a hi h ha 0 f e . c s h o o f f 1 90 2 0 e y Mr y), w a downt r w rom to t . U nde r the coast—guard stati on the be ds are mu ch di sturbe d and e e co e f e u e a l t u v n ntort d , at r s p rt y due o the f a lt an d partly to l li s Se e i ands p . ( F g

F I G 20 F I G 2 1 . . . .

L i aroce ras st iatum p r L iparoce ras hen leyi em (R ). S ow (J . )

O e l o e a r ” f - pp gr p d p o hi s se ri es a s the D avo i be t t cha rac e ri z e d b u t t , t y the Amm on i e s n ow ' t kn o wn as D er o cera s da vazi L i a r ocer a s ca r i com us , p p , ' L . he n l e i a n d L to cera s mbr i y , a tu m . D r y fi . W ri h who re fe rre d t o the g t, be s as t he D a v cm z o n e lac d , p e d the m i n the z on e of H e n le i but e e n de d y , xt the z o n e abov e the T e e Ti e s - r r , as i h a s the St arfish be d whe re b he _ h h g , y I n clu e 9. se i e s of m a l ha d d r r s t t a re cha racte riz e d by Ama lthea s mar i 1 ar ta tus. Se g ( e p.

An dro n o ce r la t c s F I G. 22 as aa o ta is u . gy un q e s ti on abl the o s h y m t c aracte ristic fossil , a d n this spe cie s was re garde d by Oppel ” a s C i A o a apr corn mm nite . Some s e ci e s o p m n f A . la tazcosta are re garde d b E y Mr . . T . N e wton as ve ry ne a r to I n a ro ce ra s ca ri co m u p p s , whi ch has be e e e f th n r cord d rom e D orse t coast . The re i s the r e fore goo d re ason to cl ssif the be s i h the a y d w t zone s of L . he n l e i L . ca ri corn y and p us, a lthough the H n l e eyi Ammonite s a ppe a r in th u e ppe part Of the pre ce ding . . r D e roceras davoei J i . Sow. i si o ( ) d v n .

1 u W i L ias Ammon i e s P a lwon — r ght to ra h. Soc 1 0 t , g p . 878 86 89 4- 0 “ ” 1 PP D ie Jii raf ormation 1 856— 5 8 . 1 55 1 , , pp , 57, L OWE R I 3 L A S. 3

A the spe cie s coll e cte d during the Ge ologi ca l Survey are . mong ' L i a r o ce ra s be chei L h . e n le i i a um r o e a a v ce z an d L . str r p , y , t , D e c s d , B ha co ce m s loscom be i R l . o scom be i . appe a rs to be most abu ndant 1 i n the u e a o f the W e a lifi o r pp r p rt r C Gre e n Ammonite Be ds, but s e mm e n s o ccu i n the sa e bl c i h A la taecosta p r m o k w t . .

OTH ER F OS S I L S F ROM L M I Y E RE G S .

Of t he M o llu sca a e n i on h be e n a n t the e ale n o ms but , tt t as dr w o pr v t f r , it m a y be m e n tio n e d that m a n y of t he spe ci e s figure d by So we rby we re o t a i n e m L m R i Amo n e se e e b d fro y e e g s a n d t he n e ighbo u rhoo d . g th w r the s e ci e s o f Ammo n it e n a m e B e ch i a t e D e l a B e c e Bi r chii a e p s d e ( f r h ), ( ft r

0 0 1 . B i c a e a . o e e ue n e f L a e H . J B o r , r r r o me B r oo kei r r ), h g t f q t y ), ( ft k L o f the D a vce i a e i r . h a H . H e n le t e o S H D H e n le i a t e H . ( ft r vy), y ( f r y, rd M n a n d L o co b ' a t L c m e e i F im a o . os o be t o r), s m e i e r C W . r w ( f ), g th th br ia tus L a tce costa St ella/Wis a n d S tr i a tu s. , , , Am o n g Crusta ce a a fin e e x a mple of E r yon a n tiq uu s (B r o de r ip) was

u e i e r . H 1 888 . a n d e sc D . o M b b W o o a Ga l . a . fig r d d r d y dw rd ( g , p

Co n ce n i n t he Sau i an s f o r i c L me R e i s is n o e mos . o f t he r g r , wh h y g t d , t re ma i n s have be e n fo un d i n t he Blu e L i as se ri e s o f t he W e st Cliff a n d o f t he C urch Cli s a n d i n the ove rl i n da r s al e s a n d ce me n - s o n e s o f h ff , y g k h t t The e ci e s a re us f o r the mo st Black V e n . sp th pa rt pre se rve d a t highe r ho ri z on s than i s the F I 23. G. ca se with t he n ote d loca lity o f Stre e t i n So me r R e m a in o f I chth osau r u s o m t he se tshi r e . s y fr Bl ue L i a s ar e f ou n d ge n e rally i n l aye rs be twe e n

t he s o n e - e s a n d a fin e s e cim e n of Ple si a t b d , p sa u rf u s wa s obta i n e d from the se be ds (z o n e o f 2 D a . Cor on i cer a s bu ckla n di) by M r . y Altho u gh f o r m o re tha n 1 20 ye a rs the fossils o f L ym e R e gi s a n d it s n e ighbou rho o d ha ve be e n c ll c f r al e it wa s n ot un il 1 81 1 a o e te d o s , t th t M a A n n i n t he m ost n ot e of t he e a l ossil ry g, d r y f o lle c o s o t a i n e he r s s e cime n of I chth o c t r , b d fir t p y sa u r a s whi ch w as de scri be d by Si r E ve r a rd 3 H o m e i n 1 81 9 u n de r t he n am e Pr o t e o - sa u r u s ; but i n the pre vi o us ye a r Ko e n ig had appli e d t he n a me I chthyosa urus t o re ma i n s of the

au i a n a n d e n ce a n am e e ca me a o e . S r , h th t b d pt d

E x a mpl e s 24 f e e t i n l e n gt h have be e n obt a i n e d . I n 1 821 M a ry An n i n g disco ve re d re m a i n s of a n ot e S au i a n e sc i e b Con be a r e u n e h r r , d r b d y y d r 4 h n a m e Plesi osa /u/ru s an d i n 1 828 she ro t e , p cu re d (fo r t he first time i n thi s coun try) the n n in iaa A Acro dus a g g. P e ro d a c l o f w i c t he s e ci e s de scri e d b t ty , h h p b y (B rl t M U S) B uckla n d i s n ow kn o wn as D imorphodon

ma cr on yw. m is t he S celidosaur' u s har' r' i son i a D i n osa u An o t he r n ote wo rthy f o r , r

i n . T i like man o f t he o bt a i n e d fro m Cha rm o ut h by J a m e s H a rr so h s y

- i n e al . o t he r fin e S a u ri a n s wa s o bta i n e d pi e ce me a l a n d at t rv s i o m t he L o e L i o f L me M a n y spe ci e s o f Fi she s ha ve be e n o bta n e d fr w r as y n a l e e i o n f h i Re i s a n d t o a la r e e e n ro ugh t he pe rso r s o t e rd g , g xt t th x t th l i n o n f E e t o n . L it e o e e s o E a rl o f E n n iskille n a n d Si r Philip g r t , h w v r , k w i z n o f e se o ssils al ou h some suc a s Chon dr ost eus t he spe ci al ho r o s th f , th g , h i n e t o t he z o n e o f Aster o ce r a s a n d D apedi u s (E chm odu s) a r e a ss g d E u n a thus H b du O e e n e a suc as Acr odus, , o s an d o btu sum . th r g r h g y ,

1 3 29 ix 1 86 . 1 . r n Geol . Soc. x . Se e also D a ua r t . Jou . , p y, Q , , 2 47. 1 864 . e ol M a . G . g , , p

3 - TTan a 1 81 4 1 820. hil . Se e a e rs b H o me P , p p y , 4 559 se r . 2 1 03 381 se e al l v 1 821 . so 1 v o . . T n ol oc se r . r a s e . S , . G , , , , p , “ B i e ate T e ati se i . e d. 3 1 858 B uc lan d Ge olo an d M in e ralo r dg w r r ), , , k g ( , , gy y

1 98. p. 34 L I AS.

the s on e Pholido hor u s o e he r wi h D a e di us a ve bee n ob ai n e d rom p , t g t t p h t f t 1 Se e i s . 24 an d be ds be lo w . ( F g B uc l an e e fo un i n t he sa me The Co prolite s origi n ally de scribe d by k d w r d T are fe w e co s o f a n e rt e b a e e ma i n s om the se t of be ds . he re r rd y v r t r fr

the L o e L ias of D o se shi e . B e l e mn ite B e ds a n d highe r stage s o f w r r t r lso be e n e co e om the Two e x ample s of Cycade an ste ms ha ve a r rd d fr f C ca deoidea Ye t esia L i as o f L me Re is un de r t he n ame s o y ( ) y g , 2 n mce a. . gra ci li s a d C. pyg h llum C ca dit e s an d - me s o f Pa i o Othe r cyca d re m ai n s un de r the n a g p y , y , a n d Cte n o t eri s ha e Otoz a mi t e s Ot o t er is an d t he e rn s Thi n n fe ldia. p , v ( p ), f f L me Re is A mi n s e a n d be e n re co rde d from the L owe r L i a s o y g , x t r

M e mbury .

F I G. 24 .

i M us B t. . D a e dius olitus D e la B eche L me Regis. ( r ) p p , y

25 F I G. .

l e ch i A L me Re is. B i . M Pholido horus de ab e . r us. p g , y g ( t )

N otwithsta n di n g all that has be e n do n e i n the matte r of coll e ctin g o m t he L o e L i as at L me R e i s he e is e t a e a e al t o fossils fr w r y g , t r y gr t d be a sce rta i n e d with re gard t o t he pre ci se ho riz on s a n d ra n ge s o f man y

h e ci e s he e of e e a e o r in e e b a e an imals o r l an s . of t e sp , w th r v rt br t v rt r t p t t he e cime n in muse ums ha e a h n t h slo es To o o ft e n sp s v be e n g t e re d o e p , he e a c an d e ve n whe n obtai n e d i n sits. t x t position has n o t always be e n T in e s i a e the is i u i on of the f ossils i n t he e ail r e co rde d . o v t g t d tr b t d t

’ 1 r n in D e la B e che R 225 W i ht L ias Se e lists b E e to s e ort . ; r y g p , p g , .

61 . R c icula s ill un n te s P a laeon to m h. S oon . e en t a be o i Ammo ni , p p p r r w d g , t f ’ “ A Smi W o o wa s Catalo ue o f the ossil is e s in the B itish D r. . th d rd g F F h r — 1 01 M use um (Natural 1 889 9 . 1 87 6 9 703 n i . 0 . 8 . Se l n L in Soc. e a Carru e rs Tra s. . , v , , pp , so A. C. th , xx

t M soz oic Plan s B i . M us. J u assic lo a I I . 1 904. Se ward Ca . e r , r r , , , t , t F L OW E R L I AS. 35 re q ui re d fo r mode rn biological study would n e ce ssitate re se a rches e xte n d i n g o ve r t wo o r hre e e ars a n d he se s ould be carrie d out i n a ho ro ughly t y , t h t i n e e n e n ma n n e d p d t r . I t i s ho pe d th at the pa rticul a rs o f t he str ata he re give n m ay pro ve o f some se i c rv e i n fu rthe r an d mo re de ta ile d wo rk . The de ta ils of the L owe r L ias are as follows

f M i l . I n Three Tie rs (base o dd e L ias. ) Ft . W EAR CL I F F or San dy an d fe rrugin o us clay passin g down in to

GRE E N blui h- e micace ous ma l cla wi h i o n s gr y r y y t r 12 0 ' A mmoNI r E ston e n odule s an d iron - stain e d limeston e B ED S n o ule s . d Zo n es of Flaggy bed of san dy calcare ous rock L ipa r ocera s ca ricom us an d Bl ish- re micace o us ma l cla wi h e a p u g y r y y t f rr 38 0 L hen . le i . in Rhacocer as loscombei y g ous ban d . Abou 1 t 05fee t. Occasi onal ban ds o f i n durate d marl or lime ston e See n i n cliffs from e aste rn luish- gre y marly clays with n odules of hard 54 0 e n d o f Black n u in u An dr o gre y limeston e a d fe rr g o s ban ds. Ve n to L ase of n o a twcosta L i aroceras beche i . b gy cem s l , p , Gol e n Ca r' n tr i u d . stria tum I n oce a mus ve cos s p , BEL E M NI TE STON E H ard pale - grey un e ve n marly lime ston e

STON E BARROW ma l i h much i on - i e s an d ark shaly r s w t r pyr t , or B E L E M NI TE ssil M i cr oce ra s sub lan icosta I n o pyritic fo s p , B ED n wi S. a ldh imia umisma lis &c. cara ma s W e , , , th Z on es of n o dules an d impe rsiste n t masse s of hard gre y Upton i a limeston e '

a me som an d Pale e ma ls wit B elemn ites mille i B . co m j gr y r h r , 35 0 D e o r r ce a s essas &c. pr , a r ma tum im t o n an d ha ale an d a . H ard marly l e s e rd p d rk Abou 80 t min l es in the ullie s of ee . re marls o r e d g t f g y , f g g ll Se e n i n Black Ston e barrow Cliff o ve r which sprin gs f a . Ve n St on e a iable , Thickn e ss v r barro w an d Grey shaly an d micace ous marls with Be le m W s ha liff e e t y C s. n ites (as abov ) M arly lime ston e s an d Shale s Shale s B L ACK V EN h l W ATCH B E D S or Grey e arthy lime ston e s with s a e s. m lem BL ACK M ARL T E D it E ch. r ar icostatu B e . S ONE B S w h , Zo n e o f mites D a rma tum : in clu in E chiocer a s D ark shaly marl with . d g

a uc i on - ite s r ricosta tum . M ETAL B E D with m h r pyr A out 1 J b 5fe e t . Zo n e of i m l i h 0 . ox n otum 0 . D ark shaly pyrit c ar w t y , Oxyn otocer a s 1 l men se an d M icr ocer a s den sin odum foun d 5 0 ox n otum y y . 1 0 f ee above Co in S o n e A u 1 t t bo t 5fee t.

COI N STONE B E D (Co rn Ston e L e dge of D r .

W h eme n - s on e bed in im ersie te n t rig t). C t t , p n odular masse s that fo rm a promin en t ban d

ish- e main s in Ston e barrow Cliff . F r 1 0 0 D ark an d rusty shale s with n odules of limeston Fe rrugin ous an d m arly ce men t- st on e i n t wo

n e s e cime n s of A st. stella re in ba ds. L arg p sparry an d se ptarian n odule s ; also A brookei [W right] l h PENTACRI NI TE B E D ark shaly mar s wit , br ia reus an d belo ie ldin g Extr a cr in us w, mon i mpe rsiste n t laye rs of limeston e (like Am 25 0 ite M arble ) with man y small Ammon i te s

m Ambl cocem s la n icosta &c. A . obtusu , y p , ark slightly micace o us an d calcareous pape r shales with flatten e d Ammon ite s 36 L I A S .

Ban d of irregular i n durate d marl l f lime D ark shaly marl an d shale with n o du e s o ston e E D Ha i on - stain e Cemen UPPER CEM ENT B . rd r d t en s on e an irre ular an d con spicuo us ban d se t , g n - liff of Blac Ve n a d in ce n tral part of clay c k , mo uth i n lowe r part of cliff e ast of Char ith Sau i an Nodular an d impe rsisten t lime sto n e s w r remain s Shaly marls Thin ban d Of lime sto n e M arls D H a i e ula iron L OW ER CEM ENT B E . rd rr g r stain e d marly lime sto n e or ce me n t sto n e see n h This n ear base of cliff E ast of Charmout . ’ fi an d te rme d the W est Ro ck in W e st Cli abo e are n own as the the bed a f e w fee t v , k Two Ce me n t Be ds A 33 Shal marls ie ldin fin e specim e n s of y , y g br ooke i some time s e n ve lope d i n pyrite s ’ ‘ Har F I B ESI ONE NOD U L E S or B I RCH I I B ED . d me n t irregular an d n o dular limesto n e or Ce “ ston e n uts with she ll of bee f above l I t o ms o n e or two be s wi h an d be ow. f r d t

iron - stain ed j oin ts an d is a promin e n t ban d in o f B lac Ve n in cli n e owa s the lo we r part k , d t rd Charmout an d e rmin a in g in the low cliff h, t t i n M icroderoceras n e ar the Co ast Guard Stat o . birchii an d cluste rs of small A mm on ites D ark shale s with ban d of thin shaly limeston e an d occasion al n o dule s of lime st o n e lime s on e L en ticular but pe rsiste n t ban d of gre y t , with be e f D ark shale s with thin ban d of lime ston e in place s ” I n te rrupte d ban d o f lime st on e W i th bee f an d pyrite s n ot ve ry co n spicuous D ark s ale s an d a e r - s ale s sligh l calcareous h p p h , t y an d micace ous wit i n durate d ban ds an d seams , h ” Sau ia n of be e f . [ r M a l ce me n — ston e be d r y t 25 0 a l S ale s it i on - i e s an d hin co n r y h w h r pyr t , t spicuo us laye r in the W e st Cliff kn o wn as the B L A K B E AR : se e n in liff E lan a e C C above sp d , an d i n E ast Cliff “ HARD M ARL o r TA BL E L E D GE I ND RATE D . ( U ” RL l W ll e n i n W es M A of D e a B eche , e , ) e s t Cliff abo e E s l an a in l ff n d in , v de Gun C i a p , , Church Cliff s ; it desce n ds to beach at foot a of Black Ve n . Gre y marl th t be comes in

durate d o n the se a - o n t b h E l n a e fr y t e sp a d ,

A . se micosta tum A r ie tites tur n er i A vicula , [ ] , i uiva lvis Rh n chon ella ca lcicosta va ri a , y ' a bil z s of W right) AU RI A N B E D S l I ht o a u m n i a e . c h s ru com u s S . h [ y s

I . la t odon A se micosta tum Rh a i osta . c lc c p y , . ] PL I T L E D GE o r I SH B E D S al limes on e S F . h y t ,

b e a in i n o e n cil- li e slabs Ar ie turn er i r k g t p k . [ t ] r " i A . se m costa tum

M arl an d shale with lime ston e - n o dule s

1 D W i ua rt ou n oc. il s u lis e b r . t . J r ol S A deta e d se ction wa p b h d y r gh , Q . Ge . v 1 The s e cies i n cl u e i n s ua e ac e s ar n n his x i . 860, . 401 &c. p d d q r r e ive o , pp , b k t g l t o co e late all the a icula be h au hori but it is n ot ossi e rr p r r ds e e n ume ra es, t ty, p b t t

with those above n ote d . L OW E R L I AS. 37

I n . Ft . I GREY L E D GE G e e a h lim e s on e i h r . r y rt y t w t ucoi l m u k n i A mi a a in s. C. b c la d . se f d rk g , costa tum L ima i a n tea A vicula L ima a n tl , g g , , [ ua Rh a i o a ta . c lc c st q , ] S l Pl siosa urus r ostr a tus ha e . [ e ] GL ASS BOTTL E I e ula an d le n icula e . rr g r t r gr y

lim s n . L a buckl a n di on un e sur e to e rge 0 . d r ’ m n u h a i c . a l a e L a i a tea L . a n ti a ta R . c c f [ g g , q , costa ] Shale TOP or I ST U I CK L E D GE E e n an of e Q . v b d gr y l m i e st on . buckla n di . au ian e main s e C. S r r M arly Shale VE NTY B E E n n lim on e D . ve a d of re es b g y t , marly at base Shale an d marl with o ccasion al n o dule s of lime ston e B E ST B E D E e n be d of lime ston e L a e L ima . v . rg i a n tea hlotheimia cha r ma ei g g , Sc ss Shale SE COND B E D E e n be d of limes o n e : se e n at . v t ase o f Chu c Cliff un e all N a utilus r d r w . , b h , I socr in us D ark shale s RA TT L E I m e sis n t lim o n e sin in o . p r te est pas g t m a l Ammo n ite s S n a e o f t hurch . e e t as r . b Cliff un de r w all , D ark shale s with a f e w impe rsiste n t laye rs of lime sto n e M I D D L E o r 2ND UI CK L E D GE Smo o t ban Q . h d of e lime ston e : e ll ma e in cliff an d gr y w rk d , on e o f the highe st be ds that come s to the s o n n Se e n h re i le dge s n e ar D e vo n shire Poi t . un e e min atio n of all in C u c Cliff d r t r w _ h r h , an d it de sce n ds t o be ach o n e aste rn side o f n tl n l I so rin us ge e a tic in e . c Shale (impe rsiste n t)

GU M PTI ON T in an of e lime s on e . is . h b d gr y t F h re main s “ Gre y marl aud shale with be e f (fibro us car bo n ate of lime itic la e s an d o ccasio n al , r r ) py y , l n m o n e e ticular masse s o r n o dule s of li e s t . Exte n ds in broad she lf be lo w the pro j e cti n g l I o r in us porti on o f Church C iff . s c U N D E R or 3RD QUI CK L E D GE Gre y she lly lime - 1 Na utilu str a st on e . s O e , Shale with thin se am s of be e f m s n e ucoi al i n TOP TAPE . G e s e ll li e to r y h y f d 3 lace s an d s lit in g in to two laye rs wit lig p , p t h u a n c n ite . C. buckla ndi I socr i n us Sca he s I , , p y

26 e sc i e b D r . l ochelis F i . 9 . ( g , p ) d r b d y W a om Ta e L e e J H . oodw rd fr p dg Shale with lign ite D D TAPE G e lime ston e wit U N ER o r 2N . r y h ucoi al ma in s Gr haza a r cua ta a un f d rk g . yp b

n t C. buckla n di da , P C PPE R D a lime ston e it e in s o f TO O . rk w h v calc spar an d iron —pyrite s h n h ca lcicosta R c . l Gr . a rcua ta D ark sha e . y , y

“ ’ n r W i t s se ctio n . I t o ms the The Gre y L e dge was misplace d i D . r gh f r

f the main m ss of s on e - e s an d is o a l the same as the B oa top o a t b d , pr b b y r d L e d e a lat o rm of roc s e ose d at low- ide at some distan ce rom the g , p f k xp t f

- ff e as e rn je t south e as of the C urc Cli s. t t y, t h h I AS 38 L .

I n Ft. .

e ula ale e limes on e wi ONGREL . I rr g r p gr y t th h l ma kin s. R hummocky surf ace an d f ucoida r g Ammon ites ca lcicosta abun dan t i n clusters is en mo tle Shale an d shaly marl with impe rs t t t d

Gr . n 2ND M ONGREL or SKUL L y limesto e , a ta Ver micera s con bearel a rcu , y la D G e lime s on e Rh ca lci cos SPECKETTY BE . r y t ,

G. ar cua ta D ark shale s. mes on e U PPER W H I TE B E D or 3E D TAPE L i t , ta L ima i a n tea G. a rcua , g g n i m K a e s of ale e i e ular a d S UL L S. L y r p gr y rr g _ Schlothez mz a la . persiste n t lime sto n e an d c y a ngula ta 1 3 0 a lcz costa G e lime s on e . Rh. c , I RON L E D GE . r y t T is is the lowe s be d Gryphaza a rcua ta . h t i worke d in the cliff we st of L yme Reg s D ark shale I e ula e an d s a li me U ND E R COPPE R . rr g r gr y p rry ” ma - L i ston e with mun dic (iron pyrite s) h a lcicosta n tea R . c giga , limes on e s e li t le D ark shale s an d gre y t , v ry t be lo hard rock : se e n in reef s on shore w la ta L ima i a n tea ff S . a n u Church Cli . g , g g ima. B E D a lime s on e . L U ND ER W H I TE . Sp rry t

n a . a cua ta. giga te , G r L L S Pale e n o ula limes on es wi e y SKU . gr y d r t th v r L a e irre ular sur ace s an d ve r li le s ale . rg g f , y tt h re the L he man n i . These a a n tea . L ima gig . r lowest be ds see n i n Church Cliff D ark shales " m . I rregular lime ston es an d Shale s with L OW E R ) ’ V E NTY B ED PI G s D I RT or SOF T B ED an d , , he se GE Ammon i e s Oslrea . T BRI CK L ED . t , are the lo we st be ds w orke d on the f ore sho re below W e st Cliff an d Church Cliff Shale with ban ds an d n o dules of limeston e : G a rcua tg Gre lime ston e D ar shale an d shaly marl with 7ban ds of e ve n an d irregular lime sto n e Grey she lly lime sto n e Shale

Shale s with 5 be ds of e ve n - be dde d lime ston e .

L ima. giga n tea abun dan t

Shale s with 5 irregular ban ds of lime ston e . Pho a om a mm i l d y , A o n te s Com ac lime s o n e it ma l base we a e in p t t w h r y , th r g white an d f ormin g a con spicuous le dge n e ar

Shale

' L imeston e with large Ostrea G arcua ta L am gigan tea Shales with 3 ban ds o f lime ston e L ime s on e wit M odiola Ostrea liassica G ar ou t h , a ta small o ms Of L i ma i n t a , f r g ga e Shale n d ban s f ll m n e Ostrea a 8 d o she y li esto , lia ssica s in es o f Echin oids , p lace s I rre ular bed of lime ston e dis urbe d in p , g , t l Ostr ea the lowe r part fe rrugin o us an d shel y. lia ssica Brown lamin ate d pape r shales with films of lime ston e

hite L ias. Rhe tic Be ds. W

A 40 L I S .

i n t he alle be l o w Tuc M ill a n d the bri ck a rds f orme rl i n w o rk v y k z on e s, y y n n e a H aw chu ch a e lo n be en an d n orth- we st o f Castle I n , r k r , h v g aban don e d .

i so bi umin o us i n so me l aces , ha it N e a r Axmi n ste r the lias cl ay s t p t t ” 1 h o f coa l . has be e n sun k through in se a rc

I A S MI D D L E L .

f the a e a e e se e Thi s divi sion i s not e xpo se d in the cliffs o r r pr nt d he e u fo u e l but i s o f it e i l , y on the map, port on app ar n and w r n rt nat he ha cte s of the the re are n o se ctions that cle a rly e xhi bi t t c ra r strata .

This le Hill t o Ch am e rnh es An e x ami n a ti o n of the gro un d fro m t p ay e Abbe a i le t o i el F a rm an d a ai n be twe e n H a wkchu rch a n d Fo rd y, f d y d , g : A e at e a l o f G e e n san e i us i s e a a n y defin ite i n fo rm a ti on . gr d r d d tr t s pr d r t e olo ist se e al b i c a s o ve r t he slo e s w il e un o rt un a e l f o he g g , v r r y rd p , h , f t y k n e that forme rly e xi ste d have be e n aban do d .

1904 a a me n w - A e a m i n as I n an old cl ay pit we st of Fo rde bb y F r , , fr g t r o ce r a s ca icorn u e i L i a r s. o btain e d of a n Amm on ite most n e a rly re s mbl n g p p t o f t he it an d e n e t o con fi m the This o ccurre d i n t he lo we r pa r p , t d d r dl e L i d M i as . - n L we an boun da ry li n e dr awn o n t he map be tw e e o r d

f e to i e su h i cul a s o f the s a I t is de sirable , the re or , g v c part r trat as are obta in able from the cliff s tha t e xte nd e astwards to Char

h Gol e Ca ho co be Be . mout , d n p, and T rn m acon

e Re is we a ce s of the I n passing e astwards from L ym g , find tr i lowe r be ds o f the Middle L ias in Ston e barrow and W e sthay Cl ffs. Tumbl e d blo cks of the Thre e Ti e r s m ay be Obse rv e d here and the re above the platform forme d by the W e ar Cliff or Green Ammonite B e ds and by the St on e barrow or B e le mnite ut the s a are u h o bscu e b e c o f C e e ous Be ds, b tr ta m c r d y a wr k r tac B e e se c i s ar e be se e Gol e Ca hi h mate rial . tt r t on to n at d n p, w c 1 f e it e the s s of U e G e e ri se s to 6 9 e t , and owe s s nam to and pp r r n sand age that form it s summit ; for the se are gilde d on a da a n d e in a e c s i h the a L i ssi sunny y , app ar m rk d ontra t w t d rk a c h Be e h G l e Ca he e are i hou ub the clays be n e at . n at o d n p t r w t t do t i e i i i n D hi he i ou li e s are grande st se r s o f L as cl ffs orse ts re . T r t n i e th i i e a n d sl i sc r e b ee ve ry var d , e pre c p c s ope s be ng ar d y d p h e ls an d hi a e b a s o f L i s l c ann c ne s, se par t d y irre gular pe k a c ay ; hil e the hi c l o as the w t k bands of ca care ous sandstone , kn wn ” h e e i e s hi h i u e h i le L i s T r T r , w c co nst t t the base of t e M dd a , f e bu th f he i b u orm gr at ttre sse s along e lo we r portions o t cl fis, a o t 80 fe e f o the h i l e the t r m base . T ey stand out prom ne nt y abov W e Clifi B e s f ll ar d , and form le dge s ove r which se ve ral springs a f e t a e si ulli e s in the o e l i l L e u ble a t r r v r ng g v r y ng c ay . arg t m d blocks of the se Ti e rs and othe r rocks prote ct the ba se o f the cliffs f m s ll h l F S ee i . and or a ma e ad and . ( g

The highe st be ds of Middle L i as se e n in Golde n Cap belong to ” our u of L i te B e s f Am a lthe a s mar ari gro p am na d d , zone o g ta tus h e . To gat e r de tails of the e ntire se rie s we have to proce d

“ Con ybe are P illi s Ou lin e s of the Ge olo of E n lan d an d W ales h p , t gy g ,

1 22 . 264 ootn o e . 8 , p (f t ) M I D D L E L I A S. 4 1

e a s s D Cliff a n d h co b Be Th f tward to own T orn m e acon . e ollowing ar e the sub- divi sions of the Middle L i a s :

Blue micace o us san l d sha e s . U ppe y Co m ac ale ello an d in limes on e oin to h p p y w p , j e d t e la e r be lo w t k t y , L ias.

an d o min a J un c io n - b d f r g t e .

F t I n . .

1 1 B o n an d een ish- e . r w gr gr y con glome ratic

an d iron - s o t limeston e Pleuro toma r ia h , &c . 1 G e ma l 0 . r y r y an d san dy clays with i n du rate d ban ds 1 0 0 Ye llo n 9. w a d bro wn micace o us san ds wi h , t huge i n dura e d masse s or D o e rs P a l t gg , tapleur ocera s spin a tum

Bluis - 8. h brown micace o us san dy clays l r 7. H ard b ue an d bro wn fe rrugin ous san dy lime s o n A ma r e m. a rita tus h t , g R yn cho n ella tetr a hedr a l 6. B ue an d grey lamin ate d micace ous san ds an d cla s it n o ule s an d y , w h d ban ds of hard flaggy micace o us san dsto n e

5 H a l - . rd b uish gre y she lly an d san dy lime st on e s it Pe n t acrin i , w te s Gr haza h , yp c mbium P ecten aa uiva l y , q vis 1 4 Blue an . d bro wn micace ous san ds cla s , y , an d san dy marls with fe rr ugin o us la e s i on s o n e n o ule s an d o ccasion al y r , r t d , n odule s or le n ticular be ds of blue lime sto n e

- 3. Starfish B e d H a n i - . rd gree sh gre y mi cace ous an d calcare ous san ds on e wit t , h O hi odcr ma e er ton i n te n uébr p g , a d O. a chi a ta

2 Blui - . s gre micace ous marl an d cla h y y, wit o ccasio n al in dura e d ban ds an d h t , sm all irre gular n odule s o f gre y e arthy lime s o n e ir on ston e n o ule s an d , d iro n t , i s m e A . ma r a r ita u L pyr , t s eda ra t g , g phi ca

1 . T e e Tie s Th e e ic n hr r . r th k ba ds of fissile micace ous an d calcareous san d s on e se arate d b micace o us san d t , p y y clay with con cre tio n ary masse s of cal care o us san dston e L o e L ias W e a Cliff o r n Ammo n i e B e s . e t w r r Gre d .

345 0

NOTE — The fo ssils figure d i n the pre vio us page s are mostly re produce d ” o m t h l i ca l u e M e moi o n The Ju assic Roc s o f B i ai n fr e Ge o og S rv y r r k r t ,

le . v l . i n i c the so u ce s o f t he u e s a r e ac n o e Th o I I I . wh h r fig r k w dg d e illustra ti on s o f fishe s we re ki n dly suppli e d fro m the B riti sh M use um

1 2 n 1 4 a D r . T . W i h r i s . 1 1 a d e a e n e . N a i o . w ural H s r , r r ) ( t t y) F g , ( ft g t CH A PTE R, V .

CRE TACE OU S .

U PPE R GREEN S AN D AN D GA UL T . (SEL RORNI AN ) f D o se The bold uplands of E ast D e von and the borde rs o r t are fo e i l o f the e G e e s ca - e d b I e ul rm d ma n y U pp r r n and , pp y rr g ar e l u e l i i n laces a ccumu lati ons o f flint and che rt grav , and nd r a n p b G u l y a t clay . The be st se ction s ar e undoubte dly e xhibite d in the cl i ffs from L e Re i ou h a n d he e a l c e the a e io ym gi s to S dm t , t y r y attra t d tt nt n o f D e l B e he who i n 1 826 e sc ibe the foll o i sub i isio s a c , , d r d w ng d v n n e ar L yme Re gi s a n d Se a to n in the Sands and Sandstones ” 1 be ne ath the Chalk u su ally te rme d Gr e en —san d :

Che rt Be ds .

F o xmo uld (Y e llo wi sh bro wn sa n d).

Co wst o n e B e ds (San ds with i n d ur ate d n o dule s). Thi s se ri e s wa s ta ke n to re pre se nt a thi ckne ss of about 200 fe et th i ha i e e o e and e e st mate s s nc b e n c nfirm d . No o i o o f the G ul was he e c i e but t en e a p rt n a t t n r o gn z d , y rs later Fitton co nside re d that the se ri e s might in clu de re pre se ntative s of bo h L o e e e e sa obse v i ha h t w r and U pp r Gr n nd , r ng t t t e Gault has wholly di sappe are d ; but some o f it s cha ra cte ri sti c fo ssils are ” 2 f ou i n the sa an d i of the cliff on the e f nd nd gr t s w st o L yme .

Go i - Aus e n in 1 8 3 e x e sse the ie dw n t , 4 , pr d v w that the lowe r beds o f the Gre e nsand i n D orse t a n d D e vo n we re a sa ndy condition of “ the Ga ult ; and thi s conclu sion has be e n e stabli she d by subse quent se ob rve rs .

A - B i n 1 00 i o u . . . u e s o e 9 ce the a o ia e Mr J J k r wn , , ntr d d ppr pr t e Se lbo i to i clu e the U e G e e s Gaul t rm rn an n d pp r r n and and t . He he ubli she full ccou o f the s he i f il t n p d a a nt trata and t r oss s, and to hi s bse a io s e co s our i fo i o i s la e l ue The o rv t n and r rd n rmat n rg y d . s are holl a i e the cl s i ica i a trata w y m r n , ay nd t ng de e pe r w ter , and the she ll s s a s e a Si ou h i i c i e y and , n r dm t , nd at ng d pths of 40 to 4 1 00 f ho s i h l a n ot f a r a at m w t nd way . The ge ne ral se ction of the U ppe r Gre e nsand and Gault is as follovvs :

ONE Calca e ous i or san s on e Z S. r gr t d t Buff an d n san s an d san s on e gree d d t , with laye rs an d n odules o f che rt ula l e e lo e an d occa irreg r y d v p d, sioual n odular masse s Of calcare ous san dston e (Che rt B e ds) 50 to 70 3 G e e n e e llow an d hi e san s . r , gr y, y w t d , h in o wn an d re d i h weat e r g br , w t gre e n ish - grey calcare ous con ore tion s : (F oxmo uld) an s 1 5 to 20 e e hic : ith 2. S d ( f t t k) w lo cally thre e ban ds of le n ticular co n cre tion ary masse s of hard cal care o us san dston e (Co wsto n e s)

Gault . 1 D a lauco n i ic an d micace o us loam . rk g t y san s an d cla s it n o ul of d y , w h d es iro n - pyri te s ; an d pe bbly laye r in place s at base 20 to 45

1 “ Tra n s. Ge ol . Soc. se r. 2 vo l . ii . 1 826 . 1 1 3 se e a lso Re , , , , p po rt on the Geology of Co n ll m M am a D e on an d W e st So e se t . e ol r w , v , r ( G . 1 8 39 . 235. 9 , p Tra n v 1 2 Geol oc. se r . 2 l i v . 836 . 33 s. o . . S , , . , , p P o o n d Tr a n Soc. i v . 1 876 1 97 a s. r c. Ge l . Ge o . l . S oc , , , p , . se r . 2 vol v 1840 , . i . ,

. 44 se e al o u Ge ol . Soc. vi . 1 85 9 s a t. J our n . Q r , 0 . 472 p , , D . hr p S a e x. p I liid. 1 85 1 4 1 86 an d M M a . 866 . 1 o . , . ; e e r Ga l g , , p 3. p y , “ ” l n vo . i . M e m. C e ace ous Roc s of B itai Geol . Sa ra r t k r , ( 1 900 - ), . 1 82 2 15404. , pp , U PP R GR N S A D E EE N A ND GA U L T . 43

85 94 031 5

18821 44 E T E OU S C R A C .

- B n e i o m 1 70 t o The o a l ic n e ss as e s ima e b M r . J u e s o s t t th k , t t d y k r w , fr

2 0 e e t an d is i n clu e s t he lo ca l e e lo m e n t o f the Ga ult cla . 3 f , th d d v p y B e d 1 w ic is lo ca l re re se n s t he mo re cl a e co n dit i o n s o f the , h h , p t y y L m e Re is an l . I ha a l n t he co as n e a d Gau t t s be e n obse rve d o g t r y g ,

- I t e lo n s t o t he z o n e o f i n l a n d i n t he r a ilw ay cutt i n g e a st o f Ho n it o n . b g h Am n i t e mo te H o pli t e s i n t e rr u ptu s . B e 2 a n 3 i a n F o xmo uld o f D e l a B e c e an ds d n clu de the Co wst o n e s d h , d

' yi e ld t he fo ssils o f t he Bla ckdo wn B e ds o f t he a re a t o t he n o rth . The y

re pre se n t the z o n e o f t he Ammo n ite S chlo e n ba chi a r o str a t a . The Co wst o n e s e i e t e i n ame lo ca ll o m t he a n cie e se m l an ce d r v h r y , fr f d r b

t o ca tt le o f the f alle n blocks o n t he sl o pe s bo rde ri n g t he co ast . The y con sis o f fiat t ish m asse s of ca lca e o us sa n s o n e o m 6 t o 1 2 i n c e s i n t r d t , fr h 4 l i a l o a t i c n e ss a n d 3 o r e e t i n i am e e . The F o xmo u d s s loc h k , f d t r al

t e rm . The Che rt B e ds (4) f o rm t he sca rps o f the bold hills whi ch ar e t he

promi n e n t fe atu re s i n t he distri ct . The C alca e ou s G it 5 o t e n st a n s o ut i n e lie o mi n co n s icuo us r r ( . d r r ) f f , f g p i e s al o n i c t he o c s so m e t i m e s a e a a t t he s u a ce a e of so i r dg g wh h r k pp r rf b r l . e b The y we athe r in ca ve rn o us fo rm . Th se e ds (4 a n d 5) be lo n g t o the z on e o f P ct e n r e a spe . The follo wi n g li sts i n clu d e the mo re a bu n d a n t a n d cha r acte ristic o il t at a e e e n e co e o m the i s ic b ss s . A . v r rd d r d r C J . M e e r f h h b f t t y y , 1 E . D e n . D D - C . Ra ce W o n e s r . A . St a n a M r . Ju e s B , w , r h , k ro wn e 2 a M r . D . L n . H . A . Alle n W a a n d M r . : g .

GA UL T .

Z on e of H oplite s i n ter r uptus .

D a e e n loam To of B lac Ve n Wa e r gr ( , r k p k ,

S e ul co n c rp a ava (J . Pe cte n (Ne ithe a) q uadrico status

L in ula subo valis D a r . g J . S ow. ’ Cucullze a Grammat o do n ca i n ata Pin n a r bin ald n ( ) r o i a d Or b.

J ~ . T acia san cta crucis P ict a n d a m ( hr . C p. Ge rvillia lin ulo i e s F or be A s. o ai tusa s e J . de 0 g d p rrh r ( . I n o ce amus con c n i ’ e on s P a r k . A ellan a i n flata d Or b r tr v . “ L ima aultin a Woods Natica e n i J g g t ( . ’ M odiola albe n sis d Or b ’ . Tu ite lla vibra e an a d Or b rr y . N ucul tin ata J a e c S ow. p . H oplite s in te rruptus ( Br a g) Pe cten o bicu a is l J . Sow . s l r r p e n de n s (J .

U PPE GR R E ENSAN D .

Z on e o P e cten a s er f p .

Ca lca r e ou s Sa n dston e . Bin on &c ( d . , ) D iscoi e a subuculus Kloi d n . R n c o n e lla schloe n bachi D a ( ) hy h v. H olaste r aew s (lo L a c Te re brate lla e ctita J l p ( . Sale n i a i bb g a Ag. Te re briro stra l a J yr ( . R n c o n e lla imi i y ata J . E o a co n ica J de h h d d ( x gyr . 0 . Saw.

Cher B t eds. Se ato n &c ( , . ) S on e s i cul p g p e s. E o a i itata J . ’ x gyr d g ( Orbi t olma co n ca a L a m v . Ost e a Ale ctr o n i r y a) fro n s P a r k. Se ula Ve x-mi cularia rp ( ) co n cava Pe cte n (Neithe a) q uadricostat us

J . w ( J . So . E o a colum a L a g m. x yr b q uin q ue co status co ic do a J . S n 0 . w o . J . Sow .

r ta o us Roc s o f B it ai n — vol . i M m . o . Geol. Sa ra 1 1 5 1 88 r , 900 . 8 k ( ), , pp , 1 94 lgé égz , e 2 Gaol . M a 1 . 903 . 391 1 904 1 2 g , . 9 P r o , c. Ge ol . As o x x p . 323 s c i 1 906 . , p , , , pp . 228 3 Goal . M a 1 909 1 7 w, , p. 0 . H t ’ e to e co e as L ima a alle la rl Or b . de L an an d H W . o o s i h r r rd d p r (fi g d ). Hi the to e co e as Pi n n a te t a o n a S ow. ide L an an d H . W o o s r r rd d r g (j g d ). U PP ER GREEN SA N D A N D GA U L T 45

U PPE R GREE NSAND — on l c .

Z on e o Schloe n ba chia r os ra f t ta . F oxmou ld (Cha mouth wi o e l in c lc r , th v r y g a are o us an d glauco n itic san dsto n e at W hitecliff B e e an d Si m o ut , r d h). Se ula con ca a p J . Ger villia sole n i D r v ( o de s e r . . f fili f ormi s J . de 0 . Sow. L im a se misulc ta J de a . 0 . Saw. E ’ n talo hora amo sissim d r b p a O . Ost e a o n s P r r fr ar is. Ca i um hi llan um J . Sow . Pe c e n o icula i J o rd t rb r s . S w. Cucullte a lab P r a k. g r a (Ne ithe a) q uadricostatus C i n a cun e ata J de yp 0 . Sow . J . ow r , S . B o sxm o srs ca erata p J . de 0 . Pe c un culus umbon at s p ( t u (J . E o a colum a L a gy m. T i on ia alif ormis P a rk x r b r g . '

co n i ca J . d e 0 . S o w. T i e lla n ul u a ata J . de ow rr t gr 0 . S .

Co wston e s' C m . a ( h r o uth to Se aton . ) Si n o i a S . G aea e siculo sa J ow S . ph p ryph v . Se ula co n ca a J . I n oce amus co n c n io rp v ( r e tr n s P a rk. ‘ h n allaste r H e mi n e uste s re e n o v i » sulc u Pa r ( p ) g at s k. F or be s ’ ( . L ima t o mbe ckian a d Or b ) . H o lo ar a lon i man a J . Pe c e n o i l i t cu a s J . S ow p p i g ( rb r . Ne crocarci n us tri carin atus B ll e . Pe ctun culus umbo n atus J ( . A i cula tin e c ata J . d o e 0 . S w . T i on ia alif o rmis P a r k v p r g . A uce lli n a r hae oid J e s . de 0 vicar an a L e . g yp ( . y y Cucullaea ca i J n a a . Tu ite lla an ul t J . de aw a S . r t ( rr gr a 0 . l b a P /c a r . H o li e s l n e n s J g a r p t sp e d ( . E o a con i ca J . de C Sow. . i x gyr Cr oce ras .

Coa s ti on t S e c s .

As e r e b u e s- B W he e e the ca in r ma k d y Mr . J k rowne r v r pp g o f Chalk ha s be e n comple te ly re move d f r om the tra cts o f U ppe r

G e e sa the h r - i r n nd , C e t be ds se e m to ha v e y i e lde d ve ry ra p dly to ” the i si i e e a e ffe c s o f i f os an d e cola i a e . d nt gr t v t ra n , r t , p r t ng w t r E ast of L ym e Re gi s the quar ri e s on H ar down H ill show lay e rs o f che hi ch se e to h e se le ow in ss hile u ch o f rt w m av tt d d n ma , w m the inte rv e n in g sa nd ha s be e n ca rri e d away ; pr obably it ha s be e n gra dually wa she d out by the so a ka ge o f ra in a n d the suck o f the ” 1 s i s hi ch i ssu e at i u u n h hill pr ng w var o s po ints ro d t e .

The e co o si i o o f the be s as sho n i n a che - it to the d mp t n d , w rt p

e a s o f the Cha ou h o - cu i has i e i se to a cla e t rm t r ad tt ng , g v n r y y i o f e si u e hi ch i s a e u l a e l bf o e che an d k nd r d , w m d p rg y p wd ry rt , it i s pro bable that mu ch o f thi s m a te r i a l e n te rs into the ma trix o f i l e u i i flin t che Se e pe rfici al a ccumu la t on o f clay w th s and rt . (

p. éé f The high gr ound abo v e Bla ck V e n i s ca ppe d with the broke n

’ ' e a s o f the he - be s a n d tli e fol - oxi in se c i o at hi s r mn nt C rt d , l g t n t l li wa b Cle m e Re i i n 1 875 oca ty s note d y Mr . nt d I F t . n .

Br wn l m it ua tz ain s an d un o n c al i o a w h q r gr w r h k D r ft . foi n ts about 5 0

Che rt - be ds m uc 20 0 , h Rusty san d with glauco n ite an d man y broke n she lls o f P ecten 6 0 c: E Bro w n an d gre y san d ; the lo we r part rathe r loamy an d co n tain i n g glauco n ite an d n ume ro us F e w ossils 74 0 irre gular co n cre tio n s. f

0 1 91 . l a ra 1 . M e m e o . S 0 n v o . . G 9 Cre ace o us Roc s of Bri ai l. i ), , p t k t , ( 1 8821 D 2 E OU S 46 CRE T AC .

Cowston e s (3rd be d) Gre y san d d be d Uppe r s: Cowsto n e s (2n ) m e san Gre en san d é Rathe r lo a y gr y d — ou o al con creti on s of — n B Cowston e s 1 st be d) g _ co t. ( t h v lon with man ossi ls san dston e about 4 f t . g y , 8 , f 1 0 in cludin g crustace a

- d Ser ula Brown loam san d wit clay galls an p y , h t ( Ver micula r ia ) in lo we r par D ark blue loam Hard ban d l blue micace o us loam i h man ossi s : Gault . D ark w t y f n o dule s of pyrites in lo we r part D ark blue loam an d glaucon itic san d i e L iassic ossils an d small ebbles Clay with de r v d f , p 0 5 &c. of uar z jas e r ri vesi cula r rap, q t , p , g t, t me ous D isturbe d L ias clay (lo am con tain in g n u r bou 0 6 worm tubes) a t h be e e The sands are we ll shown o n the bo rde rs o f t e road tw n h a n d so e o f the l e be s e Timbe r Hill and Charmou t , m ow r d app ar he are l . whe n se e n at a di sta nce a lmost a s white as Cha k T y

- be s h ma be surmounte d by brown a n d gre e n sa nds a n d che rt d t at y i l se e n i n a pit on the we ste rn si de o f Timbe r H l . ’ c io o f the G e e sa Bla c Ve n e e s e ll Mr . Re id s se t n r n nd at k agr w L who W . D . i she r e cor ha b . with the late st publ d d , t t y Mr ang , h the he dre w spe ci al atte ntio n t o a f ossilife r ous be d be ne at C rty L the ho i z o n o e b . Re i . . division , e vide ntly on r n t d y Mr d Mr ang ’ me ntions that Pe ct e n q ua dr tco st a tu s an d E xogyra. com ca are by r e sili ce ous e s e ci ll the f ar the commone st she ll s ; all a , many, p a y sho in the cu i u s co ce ic s uc u e flat fragme nts of P ecte n , w g r o n ntr tr t r ” 1 hi s sili cification a s in the c se o f the pe culiar t o Be e kite . T , a

“ i s n ub due the e of B e s o o . fossils in the Blackdown d , d t to d cay

ove rlying che rt - be ds and t he tra nsmi ssi on by pe rcolating water

o f solubl e sili ca that re pl ace d the ca l ca re o u s she lls . The e vide nce he re a n d e lse whe re indi ca te s that she lls are locally

i h s n v W . The Re . pre se rve d a t various horizo ns n t e a dy se rie s . D owne s ha d pre vi ou sly de scribe d a n e st o f fragme ntary fossils l e he e se bli e o Bl c o s e i silicifie d, and a tog t r r m ng v ry p or a kd wn p c ” 2 e s o hich he e co e a s a bu C ri n a, cun e a ta m n am ng w r rd d ndant , yp i r s r hi s be d o c u b e and Ge rv i ll a o t a ta . T c rre d a out 1 00 fe e t abov u l the Ga lt c ay . Gault fossils we re re corde d i n 1 865 from L yme Re gis by the 3 cal u v e but o ur e se Ge olo gi S r y , pr nt knowle dge o f the formation f i ue the l b u s o C . E . D e R n v W . D o e s s d to a o r a ce , the Re . wn ,

- L u e s B o e . an Mr . J k r wn and Mr g . F o e i e ce b i e i n two e x r m v d n o ta n d posure s o n Black Ve n Mr . L ang has e stimate d the full thi ckne ss o f the Gault (zone o f H op

rr u u s b u 8 t. i li te s i n te pt ) at a o t 3 fe e t . I s som e what thicke r at ob e . H e se e h t W are . (S e p rv d t at he base me nt pe bbly be d u e in o c e s w a s i e i occ rr d p k t , and mp rs ste nt ; and that the j unction

“ - M a 1 0 388 392 se l - Geol. g. 9 3 . e a so J u e s B own e C e ace ous Roc s " , , pp k r , r t k

v l M m e ol . Sa r 1 B itain o i e . a 9 0 1 7 . . 8 . of r , G ), 0 , p. 9 u r ourn e l oa xli 1 885 . 24 Q a t. J . o . S , , p . 3 l u f sils in he M use um of P acti l a a o e o os t ca Ge o lo b . C t g F r gy, y T. H Huxley o l a ra 1 865 27 als M m e . R E he i e e . G S . 5 o an d . Ca of t r dg ( ), , p talogue

l S 1 878. M em eo . Cre tace ous F ossils ( . G um ),

E r' A CE OU 48 C R s .

Su a iz th e n be l w the Cha l a t W hite cliif are mm r e d , e stra ta s e o k 1 a s f o ll o ws

Nodular calcare ous san dsto n e e n d ll n s an d san sto n e s lauco n i i c an d Gr y a ye ow sa d d , g t n masse s of c e t an d calcare o us with n o dule s a d r , , h n o dule s an d occasio n al pe bble s of san dston e (Che rt B e ds) Calcare o us san dsto n e with man y f o ssil So ft gre y an d gre en ish gre y san ds with laye rs o r burrs of calcare ous san dston e (F o xmo uld) D ark gre e n ish san d with Co wst o n e s

Gault . D a e n is an d a illace ous san a out rk gre h rg d , b

H e re the lowe st be d w a s re ga rde d by M e y e r a s the e qu ivale nt o f the Ga ult cl a y ; an d it i s i n te re sting to l e a r n tha t he o bse rv e d

- u ba ul a e bbl e s o r fr a n e a r its ba se a grit be d o f mi n ute s ng r p , g ” 2 ee m e n ts of the u nd e rlying ro ck s . (S

be lo B e e H e a The Che rt B e ds a r e t o be se e n a t L ittle B e a ch w r d ,

- B e he e he a ai a hi c e ss e s i a e b . u e s o w r t y tt n t kn , t m t d y Mr J k r wn at

a bou t 64 f e e t ; but the y co nta in che rt o nly i n the l o we r part . Furthe r o n the U ppe r Gre e n sa nd i s e xpo se d in the cl iff s at Brans h e bbl co be a n d e s a s t o the e i hbou ho o o f Si ou . m , w tw rd n g r d dm t P y

l ay e rs with wa te r - wo rn sandston e pe bble s occu r at diffe re nt ho i z o n s i n the Che r Be s a l so a hi i sh c l car e ou s sa s o e r t d , w t a nd t n , whi ch f orms a co n spi cu ou s ba nd i n the cliff s at Br a n scombe an d o a t u n At the ba se o f his ou he e i s the nw rds o D scombe . t gr p t r

- u ice s - Br o e a t W hi e same fossil be d tha t w as obse rv e d by Mr . J wn t

i The o al hi n f th e e sa n i s he r e abou 1 70 fe e . cl ff . t t t ck e ss o e Gr n d t t The Che rt Be ds fo rm a fin e cliff at the K e mpsto n e Ro cks ne ar

D u sco be h r u e s- B o e n o e ha so e o f the n m , w e e Mr . J k r wn t d t t m sa n dston e pe bble s w e r e bo re d by L llthodom u s Sili cifie d e xample s o f E xo ra oo n i ca occu i n the s a a but the che i s e e lo e gy r tr t , rt d v p d i l i n th l w i a e o e be s . F m n y r d ( g . Furthe r we st in D un sco mbe Cliff the low e r sa n dy se ri e s include s large do gge rs a n d l e nti cul ar la ye r s o f fin e gr e y ca l ca re ou s sand s o n e ha m a e e se the ow st o n s t , t t y r pr nt C e .

u e s- B o e n o e s ha th e e Mr . J k r wn t t t e sam e se t o f be ds ca n be s n in Sa lco be Cliff he r e a bou 1 00 f e e o f i n be lo m , w t t sands co m e w

the fli n t - a e l w hi h r th il I n t he l f he se gr v c a ps e h l . owe r 30 fe e t o t

e e r fou S e r u la co n ca v a E rro ra p o rt i on r i n a M y nd p , gy . an d Cyp

u n a ta n i ' s c e r A . a ha b i Tr i o r s D o a d D . S o a e o n a a li mi ; tr n t n d g f , 3 i n -ilo s is C the r e a ca e r a t a an d Tu r r it e ll r u p ( y ) p a g a n la ta .

Godwin - Au ste n dre w a tte nti on to the o ccurre n ce of a co n glo m e rati c be d in the lowe r part o f the Gre e n sa n d on Sa lcombe 4 H ill : the e bble s co sis o f l a uco i ic sa s p n t g n t nd ton e , du e , n o doubt , to co e o a o i n nt mp r ry e r s o .

The la st promine nt cliff o f U ppe r Gre e nsa n d i s tha t o f Pe ak Hill e s of Si m ou h he e the hi c e ss e e n the , w t d t , w r t kn , d p nde nt o

1 “ Ju e s- B o n e C e tace o us Ro c s o f B itain v l i M m o . . e . r r w , r r Geol . Sa a k k , ( ),

2 xx 1 4 ua r t. J our n . e ol . S oc. x 87 . 370 . Q G , , , p 3 “ C e ace o us Ro c s of B itai n vo l . i . M e m. Ge ol . Sa r a 1 9 — r r , ( 00 . 202 21 0 . t k ), , pp 4 449 P o r 2 vi 1 4 . o Ge l . o Ge ol . Soc se . . 8 0 r c. S c Tr a n s . iv . . 1 8 76 . 1 , , , , p , , , p 97 U PP R GRE E N SA N D A N D A L T 49 E G U .

i e ul a ca i o f a e ll be s w a s e c o e at f o 80 1 00 rr g r pp ng gr v y d , r k n d r m to fe e b r M . sshe I n the e a s e e n d f hi iff u e s U . l t y r t rn o t s c Mr . J k Browne obse rve d the following su cce ssi on

Flin t an d che rt grave l an d disturbe d san d Cle an buff san d B uff san d with small irre gular silice ous con cre tion s U ppe r an d thin laye r o f silice o us ston e G e e n san G e is san it a la e of ia le san n o ula r d . r y h d w h y r fr b dy d r con c e tion s con tain in o ssils it silicified she lls r , g f w h Cle an light - grey san d weathe rin g ye llo wish e u e Re d M a l K p r . r .

H e re mark s that if the sa nds with sili ce ou s con cre tio n s a re the sa me as those se e n a t D un sco mbe cliff the be ds be low ar e 20 f e e hi e the i i i hi e t t nn r , sa nd w th la rge do gge rs ha v ng q u te t nn d D r h i w n i n ar a o out . S a o b a e t o o f the co c e o s a e s . tra n t n d r t n m y y g , an d f u — r u f e i rom the m Mr . J ke s Browne e xt a cte d pwa rds o 60 sp c e s be lo i to 28 s e ci e s on whi ch Cu cu llwa la br a an d m n ng ng p , am g g L u ci n a i su m r th I n the sa e ho i z on at p a e e most a bun d a nt . m r f t i f i The f au a the we ste rn e n d o he h ll M e y e r found m any o ss ls . n i s that of the Bl a ckdo wn B e ds .

On Bu lv e r to n H ill n e a the o he e n d o f the e a Hill a c , r n rt rn P k tr t o f G e e sa an d on the e ste r slo e a li le sou h- e s of the r n nd , w n p , tt t w t ’ - i o a s Sa l e s C oss i s sa it f o hi ch D r . po nt kn wn t r r , a nd p , r m w a h ob a i e a sim ila a sse bla e o f fo ssils but i n a le ss Str a n t n d r m g , ” n ill r li h o f l a The r i b i i o a d s o e e ose B c o . f a le cond t n , t m k t kd wn r th i e e e m i b M r u e s follo wing a e a mong e spe c s d t r ne d y . J k 1 Browne

h E n J . de aw. Schlo n bac ia os ata J . o a co ica S e r tr ( x gyr 0 .

H r s varicosum J . de I n oce amus con ce n t ricus P a rk yste ro ce a ( G. r . L w. ucin a isum J . d ow. i c l r ta J . o e S Apo rrha s a ca a S p 0 .

de ow. i Nucula an ti uata J . C. S Natica ge n t (J . q l ow Nuculan a lin e ta J d de C. S . a . e 0 . Turrite lla gran u ata J . (

P ct n o icula is J . S ow S ow. e e . Cardi um hillan um J . rb r T i on ia lif rmis Pa r k de 0 . Sou . a o . Co rbula e le gan s J . r g c bric l L e s a o a . Cucullaaa carin ata (J . y l n J P a r /c Se u a co ca a . glabra . rp v (

’

I n la n d S e c t z o n s .

W ith re ga r d t o the in la nd se cti on s it is u n n e ce ssa ry to giv e i t i s ho e v e r i n e r e s i n to ha the a ul e a ls . I G ma ny d t , w , t t g find t t t

f m i . h 7 e xte nds som e mile s dista nt rom L y e Re g s T us in 1 8 4 Mr . Re i obse e the f o llo i n be s i n the ba s o f the s e a C . d rv d w g d nk tr m

i h abo u h e e ile s e a s - s u h- north o f H g gate , t t r m t o t e a st o f Axminste r

l e e n an d o an e s n M o tt e d gr r g a d . Griffin d . Blue micace o us loam cla ull o f ossils li y y, f f ke those in the

Gaul of Blac Ve n . Gault . t k

- Olive gre e n san d .

S iff blue cla . L ow e r L ias. t y

The be ds we re n o t e xpose d wit h suffici e n t cle a rn e ss t o a llo w o f t he i r me asu e but he e s im a e the ic n e ss o f t he Ga ul t cla t o be be in g r d , t t d th k y

v l i M m l — i ain o . . e . Ge o . Rocks of B t . 202 204 Cre tace ous r , ( pp .

52 CRE TA C E OU S.

a me re cut t ou b se e al o f the s e ams 10 t o 1 2 fe e t . The s be ds a hr gh y v r tr R i o un t he cl a was e e whe e whi ch ise i n W l W a e n an d M r . e r y d rr , d f d y v ry r

un de rlai n by a thin be d o f gre e n sa n d . ma at Cutha s be wee n The sca rp of Gre e n sa n d as sho w n on the p y , t a ie t o o lo w as the A min s e r a n d H a w c u rc a e a rs t o ha ve e e n c rr d , x t k h h , pp b _ a n n so d a n d f ox a rm is si u a e d o n e llo w cla w ile bl a c e art y d s o y , f t t y y, h k h t

Ga ul ma o e e occu t e e . mould o ccu r o n the highe r slope s . t y , h w v r , r h r o u san s on e che be s a n d un e Occasi o n a l se cti on s o f t he calca re s d t , rt d , d r n e e a e a she ll be d a re met i be we e n l i n sa ds wi h r n d e r , w , y g , t h th y th t

Cha s oc a n d M e m u a n d a a i n at D al oo . rd t k b ry , g w d

I n the railway - cu tting at the e aste rn e n d o f the Honiton

- he i n 1 874 bse e u h o f W il i to . U ss t nn el , nort we st m ng n , Mr r o rv d claye y be ds at the base o f the Gre e n sa nd which se e m to be ” 1 l No fossils e e a t h i e b i e re fe rabl e to the Ga u t . w r t at t m o ta n d , ul I t w as u il 1 886 ha but the cl ays we re ma ppe d as Ga t . not nt t t v W D o e s e a e ful se h i n the cl a s be lie i the Re . . wn mad a c r arc y ( v ng h i e the follo i f ssils the m at fir st to be and e obta n d w ng o , 2 in black ma rly clay

cl No w I M ilus. c aeo n affin i e C. A t s J . . yt d s o w u S . E Pec e n ua ricostat J . xogyra. t q

Pec un culus . I n o ce ramus con cen trion s Pa r/c. t

l Tellin a . M o dio a . I

li e a se ct i on o f t he un n e l a n d cu t i n s f ro m dat a M r . D o n e s u s w p b h d t t g l n i c t he e n i n e e of t he ail a a n d i n is the se ue n ce of commu a e d by t g r r w y , th q t he strata i n t he hill was at o n e poi n t ShOWn as follo ws

Clay with che rt Che rty gre e n san d Grey Yello san e we t w d , v ry D ark gre y marl an d black clay (with fo ssils) Black san d Gault . W hite san d Gre e n ish san dy clay R d a l e e M . Ke up r . r

- B i i h ca li i n 1 897 an d u l e u he a r M r . Juke s row n e v s te d t e lo ty p b ish d f rt r p t i cula rs a n d a la rge r di a gram- se cti o n of the stra ta pro ve d i n the tun n e l a i H e e a e n i on t o the ac a t he su ace f the an d cutt n gs . dr w tt t f t th t rf o Re d M a rl is un e ve n a n d a the hi c n e ss of the d a r san d e ds i n cre ase s , th t t k k y b m u 37 a t he a e n t 60 fro abo t f e e t t e ste rn d o ove r f e e t i n the ce n tral part , ” h a a i n A l a as in n in t o 55 e e at the e s e n e n . M r . W C de n h t g g f t w t r d . . y sin ce r e fe rr e d t o the se fe a tu re s as affo rdi n g e vide n ce o f the old la n d surf ace io t o t he C e ace ous o e la a n d of the ate s o f t he u l pr r r t v r p, w r Ga t se a ha vin g fill e d an ci e n t valleys he re a n d the re with se dime n t ; an e xplan a ti o n which mi h t o some e e n a cco un f or the l ocal is i u i o n o f t h a ul ‘I g t xt t t d tr b t e G t .

H B W “ l E n l ale . 2 . . o o w a Ge o o of an an d W s 1 7 37. d rd, g g d , 8 6 y , p 3 ol . M a Ge . 1 88 . 309. g , 6, p 3 “ e o i m e o 9 C ace us R s o f B i v l . M n o 1 00 . 212. oc ai . e . G l . Sa ra r t k r t , " ( ), , p His o of D o n 1 1 r e v s ire Sce n e r 906, . 25. t y h y, p V CH APTE R I .

R — co n ti n ue d C E TACE OU S .

K CH AL .

I n 1 826D e l a Be che ga ve the fir st parti cul a r de scription o f the l i lk e a L e Re i n r ym g s, an d he the n divi de d the form ation as ‘ jCofiows :

Cha lk with fli n t s Chalk wit ho ut fii n t s Cha lk with q u a rtz - gra i n s

H e fu he o i ce the r e se ce i n the b se e - be d bou rt r n t d p n a m nt , a t 3 fe e hi c o f u i t t k , n me ro us organ c re m ain s .

The a bove divi si on s ar e those that m ay be re cognize d re a dily i n the cl ff s an d D e l a Be che a c i in a ccor a ce i h the i , , t ng d n w t e h s o f W illi a i h a e ut the a i s a i hi c l m t od m Sm t , m rk d o m n tr t grap a i i sio s in h e i i t e fo a i a n d a e fu ll e o he fo ss ls . d v n rm t on , c r y r c rd d t r

Our knowle dge o f the succe ssio n of the o rga ni c re ma ins an d o f the corr e lati on with be ds i n othe r a re a s ha s e nor mou sly i n 2 e wn fo l c e a s o i t the i a i o f . . A . e e r d g o pa n st k ng work C J M y r , 3 ‘ - lo e b h f h B i A . . u e s B o e a le s o s . w d y t t o D r . C ar arr , Mr J J k r wn , 5 an d D r A hu W Ro e . . rt r . w

The zo ne s be ing divisi ons ba se d on the o ccurre nce of ce rta in a s p se mbla e s of fossils ar e a u a ll i o f the ur e l s a i g , n t r y nde pe nde nt p y tr t a hi c l i v i si The f o s il a e t ha r a te i e the se e a l gr p a d ons . s s t k n o c c r z v r zone s are n o t ne ce ssarily confin e d to the se pa rti cul a r stage s ; in f c so e f n a o e the li i s a t , m o the m come i be low and ra nge b v m t i e t v e i u i i h o he ss o o e . a e ho e n co c o a gn d a z n T k n , w r , nj n t n w t t r fossils a n d allo i for the a u a l v a i a i o s i n e o a hi ca l , w ng n t r r t n g gr p i s ibu io the su cce ssio o f on e s i n the i le a n d U e d tr t n , n z M dd pp r i Ro e i n o e e a il Cha lk ha s n ot o nly be e n de te rm ne d by D r . w m r d t ha ha d hi he o be e a e e but i h an e n hu si a s u n sur t n t rt n tt mpt d , w t t m a A o e i shi to f ollo hi s i i si o s u s do so i h p sse d . ny n w ng w d v n m t w t hi i n ha A on the n o e or h co n clu sion s a r r i e a t s pape r nd . m g t w t y v d i h re e D . he r bo s t e w w a a i e b . . b D r . Ro ho s C S y w , d d y Mr rn , markable variatio n i n the thickne sse s o f the stra ta a ssigne d to ' T r e br u lz n a e s e s e ci a ll to ha o f e a t . some o f the zo n , and p y t t

w u e l a i e fo i o f or the o s a The Chalk as a p r y m r n rmat n , m t p rt o f i e out b e o i i i an d the s a a s o . u s rgan c or g n , tr ta , p nt d y Mr J k B e a u ul a e e e a ll u e e e e i co i io s rown e , we r cc m t d g n r y nd r d p n ng nd t n , f h whi ch fin a lly e xte nde d to a de pth o f about 700 at oms .

1 Tra n s e ol . S oc. se r . 2. ii . 1 826 . 1 1 0 . . G , , , p 1 7 u l 4 . r J o rn . eo . Soc . 8 369. Qua t. G , xxx , , p T 71 . e c e c e s sur le e ain C é acé Su e ie u 1 876 . R h r h rr r t p r r , , p

4 “ ' c s f B i in ii n d i i M m o a - ace o us Ro o a . a i . e . e l . S ra 1 Cre r , G ) 903 4 t k t ( ,

- d Hill ua r t. Journ . eol . oc lii . 1 8 . 99 n e an . J u e s B row , Q G S , 96, . k , p 5 1 A o viii 1 03 . r o e ol. ss c x . 9 . P c. G , , , p 54 ' C REr A c us.

The following tabular state me n t a n d lists o f fossils are main ly

- a Ro e . B o e b se d o n the re se arche s of D r . w and Mr Ju k e s r wn

D I VI SI ONS OF THE CHAL K B ETWEEN L YM E REGI S AND

SI D M OU TH .

Z on e s.

Chal k ith flin ts M ic aste cor- te st udin arium. w . r r h olas r l C alk wi th fii n ts an d H te p an us. ho h p sp ati c n o dul e s.

halk i h fl r 70 72 C w t in t s. Te ebratulin a .

M iddle H ard an d soft n o dular

Chalk . chalk ith flin t , w s

lo call in u e a t Rh chon ell a. e n i m. y pp r r . yn v e B e e Ston e an d gard r , u z if q art e rous chalk.

Acst o camax le H l aster p tl fl Su loglofi0 A l (A to 3 Calcareous san dsto n e 811 8 an d ffggfrzg 523. a n d a r e n a c e o u s Amm o t elli i th sub , w chalk it a mit s , w h q u rt z e z on e of grain s. (Schloe n St auron ema 681 " ba chl a.) t e ri (doubtfully vari an so re pre se n te d).

L OW E R HA K C L .

Z on e o chlo f S en bachia var iants.

L mna a en dicula a ’ a A . L ima o n a a d Or b pp t g r t . Ox rhin a man telli A . Pec e n as e L am y g t p r . h ’ Pt c o dus ecu e n s A . Ne ithe a ae uico sta u y d rr g ( ) q t s d Or b. Cal co ce ras n i l ' a cu aris M an t. T acia carin if r r b y v hr e a d O . M an te llice r m as an e lli J . Sow. T i on ia afi ni ow t ( r g s J . S . M etacan tho lite s ro toma e n sis me p g yeri L yc. Schloe n bachia co u ei Bron n R n c on e lla imi ia p ( g ) hy h d d ta J . Sow. arian ’ s J . rasian a d orb v ( g . c hi ae u l S a tes a is J . Sow. Te re rat ll p q b e a pe ctita (J . Tu rilite s morrisi Shar e Te e a ula bi li t ca a J . Sow r p r br t p . wiesti Sha e mi l se obose ow. rp g J . S Nau ilus e x an sus J . de 0 . Sow. Ce rio ora ramulo M i t p p sa ( ch . ’ ) fle uriausian us d Or b . Catopygus columbarius (L a na ) ’ lar illie rtian us d Orb . D iscoi ea subuculu L esk g d s ( e ). ’ A e llan a cassis d Orb. H olaster sub lobosus L e slce v g ( ). ’ Ple u o oma i a cassisian a d r t r Or b. Pseudodiade ma o rn atum ’ ucullaaa maille an a d Orb C . Sale n ia e talifera A p g.

on e o Actin oca maa: l n Z f p e us.

udas idocer se uom h l r Pse a a us Sha e . Rh n chon ella wiesti n p p ( p ) y Que st .

Actin ocamax le n us B la in e . D iscoi ea c lin rica L a p d y d ( m ).

Sca i es te ualis J . Sow. Gale rites subrotun du ph t q s M a m. ’ cassis d b Ave llana Or .

56 cn n r A cn o u s.

- le ri t e s r - a n u i n um o f Ga The se in clud e ca sts o f M fo r e s t e r co g , f h e e - e o a a le r u s an d o f M ar su i t e s l a e s an d the i s ar lbog , p p t , fl nt t r i s e n cl o si e i s so s so e ca v e n ou s i h b a chin c i e rt , m r w t r n g av t ng r ma n

' d an sl u ce i h a i l o f D or yde r ma ra r no su m ; some soli d an tr nt w t m ky i he an d hi l fli n ts hi ch are soll d white ba nd ne a r the pe r p ry , t rd y w ” a n d light gre y throu ghout .

Co a st S e cti on s .

is a n d Ax ou h in The Chalk i s e xpose d be twe e n L ym e Re g m t , ho cliff s nam e d f or the m o st part according t o the adj ace nt me the W e 400 fe e ste a ds : thus proce e ding we stwa rds the re are ar ( t), 0 e s of Pi n ha B a W hitlan ds an d Ob e o 500 Pin hay (5 0) w t y y , rt n ( ) t n a i e Rou s D owl an ds we st o f W hi la ds r v n , don

n an d H a e n Cliif s 300 o e . Bi don , v ( and m r ) to Pin ha The U ppe r Chalk o ccu rs i n the cliff s from W ar e y , at

W hite cliif and B e e r H e ad . W ou The s a il able e x e G . . Y As r m arke d by Mr . ng , fir t av u r f hal the Pin ha Cliff a n d Cha e l Roc are si ua e pos e s o C k , y p k , t t d in the grounds o f Pin hay (f orm e rly kno wn a s i n The P e rmi ssion i s the re fo re r e qu ire d to e xa mine the se ct o s . highe r portio n o f the cliff i s f o rme d o f ha rd no dul a r cha lk with fii n ts be l onging to the zone o f M i cr a st e r co r - t e stu di n a ri u m ; e o la st e r la n u s e llo i sh o ula ch l be low co m s the z o ne o f H p , y w n d r a k ,

e c o e b u e s- B o e to be abou 40 f e e hi c an d to r k n d y Mr . J k r wn t t t k , c d h e 1 f e o u l a oc chal i h b o hos in lu e in t e l ow r 4 e t , n d r r ky k w t r wn p

phati c matte r tha t i s e qu ival e nt t o the Chalk Rock . The Mi ddle Chalk i s se e n in the W a re an d Pi n hay Cliffs and i o nward s to the H a ve n Cl ffs .

The Te r e br a tu li n a z on e i s e ll se e n at Pi n ha a n d e lo t he W hitl a n ds w y , b w Co astgu a rd St a ti o n ; the n ce it fo rm s t he summit o f t he cliffs t o t he n e igh bo urho o d o f D o wl a n ds an d t he ase me n t o t i o n s a e e e n o se e b , b p r h v b b rv d y

Ro e u e e s i n the a e n li s . D r . w f rth r w t H v C ff

- R ai n e I n a u a b the o ld lim e iln n o o f H a e n Cli D r . o e o q rry y k rth v ff , w bt d I n o ce ra mu s m tiloide s Rh n chon e lla cu vi e r i Te e br a t u la se mi lo boso y , y , r g , H o la st er la n u s a n d o e o ssil s ic he e a s as e lon in t o the ase p , th r f , wh h r g rd b g g b 2 of the a bove z o n e . The Rhyn chon e lla ca n ter i z o n e ca n be e x a mi n e d at i n te rva ls from Pin hay t o t he cli s a t t he Bi n o n l a n sli e e it i s e ll e ose : it occu s also ff d d p, wh r w xp d r if i n H a ve n Cl f . The L owe r Chalk con si sts ve ry large ly o f chalk with qu artz

a i s e e - co a e o u le s an I t gr n , gr n t d n d d a f e w phospha ti c n o du le s . be longs in the ma in t o the zon e o f the Ammonite M an t e lli ce ra s m an t e lli i clu i at it s ba se i n so e l a ce s a s a t Be e H e a , n d ng m p , r ad , ba a fo o or tw o i n hi c e ss hi ch m a e e se the hl i ic nd t t kn , w y r pr nt C o r t

a l or sub- z o e o f S ta u r o n e m a m r t e ri a l ho u h ha M r , n , t g at pre se nt t t s e ci e s has n ot be e i sco e e i n the i i L oca ll the L o e p n d v r d d str ct . y w r Ch l l so i clu e s i n its u e the B l ub a k a n d pp r part , e e mnite M a rl or s z o e o f A cti n o ca m' are le nu s ba h n p , a nd t a t do e s n ot e xce e d 2 fe e t i n hi t ckne ss . L The o we r Ch alk has be e n e xpose d a t i n te rvals alo n g t he lo we r cliffs from Pi n ha e st a s but t e e is e i e n ce o f co n si e a l e i ul a a n y w w rd , h r v d d r b rre g rity d

- o e l a . T u M r J Li e s B o n v r p h s . k r w e fin ds th a t a bo ve Cha rt on B a y the ba n d

c xi 1 6 2 Pr o e o Assoc. x 3 G l . . 90 35. I . . bid. i 1 1 i . , , , p xv i ” p. , K 5 CH A L . 7

of Acti m n o ca a a: ple n us re sts dire ctly on a pho sphatise d su rfa ce o f Uppe r G e e n sa n ile a li t le u t e e st a n fo r a s o is a n ce o n l t he r d , wh t f r h r w d h rt d t y , L o e C al is a se n an d t he M i le C a l e s s i h a l u co n i i c ase w r h k b t dd h k r t , w t g a t b me n - be d o n t he U m o al e G e e n a n . T e e i s e o e e i e n ce of lo c , p r r s d r , r v r v d t p h , e ro si o n a n d re co n s ructi o n i n t he e ds he mse lve s the t o ban d z on e o f t b t , p ( Act . le n a s con ai n i n c p ) t g asts o f phosphatise d fossils .

Ta e n as a o le M r J li - B n a \ . M V . e s o e n d r . ill n a t o n k wh , k r w H fi d s r g C a l - m a l e l e m e n t i n t he a u n a an d a la e o o i o n of s e cie at h k r f , rg pr p rt p s th o ccu i n t he Ce n om an i a n o f W e e n a 1 r st r Fr n ce . Th L o C l e we r ha k a ppe a rs t o attai n it s gre ate st thi ckn e ss i n t he district a t W i lmi n o n e e it is o a l mo h Se e . gt , wh r pr b b y re t an 40 fe e t . ( p m a Fr o q ua rry n e a r t he Co a st gu a rd Sta t i o n o n H a ve n Cliff t he f ollo wi n g s e me s co lle c e u i n a ’ p , d d r g n e cu rsi o n o f t he Ge olo i s s Asso ci a i o n we re t x g t t , i e n ti e b M E z r . T . N d fi d y . e wt o n z

Cal ccceras n a icula is M m a a . Pe c en as e L a m y v r ( ) t p r . M an te llice ras man ll te i J . N i th in s J ow S . ( ( e e a)q u q ue co tatus . M e ta an tho lites ro t ma n o e sis D r r L ima. h ri J c p g ( f ) ope ( .

Nau i lus . R n c o n e lla imi iata J t hy h d d ( .

E o a . D iscoi e a subuculus L e ke x gyr d ( s ).

I n the he a l a VVhi i n n grand d nd at te cl fl, be twe e n Se a to a d Be e r , fin e se u e ce o f Cha l m a I n the bluff o a q n k y be obse r v e d . kn wn ’ as A i s o b se e i F . 29 the U e Cha l m a be co n e i e n l , nn Kn ( g ) pp r k y v n t y i s u e . H e e the fo a i o i s r e a abl o ul a the o u le s t d d r rm t n m rk y n d r , n d be ing so me o f flint with thi ck white sili ce ou s cr ust a n d a tin y ucl e u s o f bla c i il r f n k fl nt , wh e a l arge nu mbe r a e co mpo se d o mo r e or l e ss sili ce ou s cha l A o i e ba o f bl ac flin ts e a k . pr m n nt nd k n r

'

the i le o f the bl uff w a s a e b u e s- B o e a s a con m dd t k n y Mr . J k r wn

v e n i e n t div i sion al pla n e be twe e n the zone s of M i cr a ster cor - te sta di n a ri um an d H o la ste r la n u s b t Ro e a e s the li i p , u D r . w t k m t 1 0 fe e hi h t g e r . At a lowe r l e ve l i n the cliff whi ch forms the n orthe rn side o f Be e H a bou se e the be s se i n i n n f e r r r ( F ig . t ct o D e vo o th i l e hal i s e x The u e a be lo n t o the z n f M dd C k pose d . pp r p rt gs o e o Te r e br a tu li n a a bou 9 f e e a n d the l o e b i n th , t 0 t ; w r pa rt o rde r g e shi le be a ch a bo u 30 o r 4 fe e to the z o n f Rh n cho n e lla ng , t 0 t , e o y cuv i i I n i w e r . h s l a e o e hich e x e s t o the n a u a l ar ch t tt r z n , t nd t r wa fu he e a s i s i clu e the e e se a i e o f the B e e o e y rt r t , n d d r pr nt t v r St n ,

o u e s - B o e a s co si s i o f tw o la e s o f so e n te d by Mr . J k r wn n t ng y r m h f i Re e fs o f the L o e w a t no du la r cha lk a bout 5 e e t th ck . w r Cha l a f e w fe e hi c o ccu be n e a h e s i o n a o o o f e k t t k r t , r t ng fl r U pp r G e r e nsand . The l a rge q u a rri e s t o t he w e st of B e e r e xhi bit fin e se cti o n s o f the t wo z on e s o f t he M iddle Cha lk . (Se e p.

The B e e S o n e i e l f e w o ssils o un a t e l f o r it s e ut a t i o n a s a e e r t y ds f , f rt y r p fr s on e e i n clu e N a u t ilu s I n o ce a mu s m tilo ide s Rh n cho n e lla C imi e r i ; d , r , t th y y y , Ter e br tu la se mi lo bo so Ga l e r i t e s s u br ot u n du s Pt chodu s ma mmi lla r i s a g , , y , 3 d n i M r E T N e t o n . an d L em ma. a e n i cu la ta i e e b . . . pp , d t fi d y w

I n o e ua i e s n o - e s o f B e e a o u 20 o r 30 e e t o f U e C a l th r q rr rth w t r , b t f pp r h k wa se e n abo e n e a l 60 e e o f M i l e C al z o n e o f Te r e br a tu lin a s v r y f t dd h k , .

n a o a chi Be e H e a the L o e r Chal as obse e O ppr ng r d , w k , rv d by — .I u ke s B rovVn e hi c e n s co n si e a bl the u e a of th Mr . , t k d r y , pp r p rt e

u C ace o s Ro c s o f B itain v ol ii M em. Geol . Sar a 1 9 3 e t . . 0 r r , , . 1 25 k ( ), pp , 4 ua r t ou n ol S c l i 1 9 4 . e 9 896 . . 1 31 1 32 3 J r . G . o . i . , , Q , , , p 2 A s ol . xv 1 P r oc Ge s oc i . 1 899 . 38. . . , , , p 3 0 1 4 . I bid. p. 58 CRE T A CE OU S . z one of M a n telli oera s ma nt elli re maining fairly co nstant and h e a i e s to 1 fe e f o 1 to 2 f e e hi c hile t e lo c e s . r m 5 t t k , w w r p rt n r a 2 t i hi c e f e a l 30 fe e H oo e Cl i ff but The be d atta ns a t kn ss o n r y t at k n , the sub- zon e o f Acti n o ca m aw ple n a s a ppe a rs (on ly lo cally) to be re pr e se nte d by about 6 fe e t o f glauco niti c sa nd whi ch me rge s i l h l upwa rds into the ha rd nodula r M dd e C a k .

The h f ard chalk o f the zone o f Rhy n chon e lla cuo i e ri forms the bu re sse f th tt s o e ca ve s n e a r Pou nds Pool on the e aste rn side of Be e H e a n d t he r ad , be ds a ppe a r i n the Pinna cle s be lo w H ooke n Cliff a a o f the l sli 7 , p rt and p o f 1 90 . The zone of Ter e bra tul i n a CH A L K . 59 occurs towards the uppe r part of the cliffs at Be e r H e ad and e x te nds we stwards ; and the re i s abou t 50 fe e t of U ppe r Chalk pr e se be i the l s i o f hi s i i si o ha i s se e o n the nt, ng a t port on t d v n t t n coa s 6 W e st o f Hooke n Cliff the re i s the re m a rkable ove rlap o f the Ch lk i h Fli s to hich a i w 7 a w t nt , w tte nt o n as dire cte d i n 1 8 1 by Mr . 1 W hi a e . The cha l o f the Te r e bra tu li n a o e a s i t k r k z n , po nte d out

- b . u e s B o e o e l t y Mr J k r wn , v r aps he ro u gh nodular chalk o f the Rhyn oho n e lla ou o i e r i zon e an d re sts o n a thin re pre se ntative o f the L e Cha l ow r k . The L o e Ch l a i ble as be f re i n th te w r a k , v r a o , s se e n o e we s rn si e o f B sco be a lle abo e i b d ran m V y , and v t a o ut 25fe e t o f the zone ' of Rh n cho n e lla cu f vt e ri e a e y r ppe ars, and thi s zone be com e s thi ck r ” as it i s ce fu he e tra d rt r w st .

As oi e ou t b u e s- B o e the lo p nt d y Mr . J k r wn , we r be d s o f the

Te r e bra tu li n a. o e a e e s o f B a sc be u h z n pp ar w t r n om Mo t , more tha n a il e f o the Co s ua S io he o i f f m r m a tg rd tat n . T y c ns st o so t white ch l i h f e u e flin ts b h sca e e in l a e r s in n o a k w t r q nt , ot tt r d and y , and l ce are h The e p a more t an 80 f e e t thi ck . y are cove r d an d de e ply e che b hollo s ll e i h che t a e l cl i h fli n t s tr n d y w fi d w t r gr v , and ay w t . Beyond Be rry Cliff n o Chalk highe r than the zon e o f Rhyn cho ’ n e lla ou m e ri ha s be se e n e n . Alo hi s i o o f the cliff s the Cha l i s e l a cce ssibl e ng t port n k rar y , but at the Ke mpstone Rocks the L owe r Cha lk (calcare ous grit an d she ll li e s o e m a be e xa in e a n d th y m t n ) y m d , e be ds we re e x ose in o ld ua e a s o f D u sco be a W h p d an q rry t n m F rm , e re square d

bloc s o f she ll li e s o e h e be e u se f r u il - k y m t n av n d o b ding stone . At the e a ste rn e n d o f Highe r D un scombe Cliff the j unction o f the i le L o e h l can be se e the L o e M dd and w r C a k n , and w r be ds, 4 or 5 fe e hi c e e e x o se bo e ssi e c l c e ous s . t t k , w r p d a v ma v a ar and s o e i n a n old ua hi s i s th os e s e l a o f h l t n , q rry . T e m t w t r y tr ct C a k in l n it i l u e s bou 1 0 f e e o f n o ul a chal be l Eng and , a d nc d a t t d r k ong ' 3 '

r . 28 . in to the o e of Riz n ohon ella n tmert S ee F i . g z n y ( g , p

i n I a la n d Se ct o s .

I nland the L owe r an d Middle Chalk are found in the faulte d h e a s o f Ho i o he e tract be twe e n Offwe ll and W i dwort y t n t n , t r partially con ce ale d be ne ath a cove ring o f clay with flints a n d che rt ; an d the y o ccu r al so at M e mbury an d to the north- e ast o f h C ardstock . On t he colour - pri n te d m ap t he bo un da ry- li n e fo r the Clay with fli n t s u n u a ha un o un a e l be e n omi e a n d t he an d Che rt a bo ve S tto q rry s f rt t y tt d , e xpose d chalk i n con se q ue n ce ha s be e n colo u re d with t he supe rfici al dri ft . E al he e at t he su ace i n the a ace n alle lse whe re t he L o we r Ch k , w r rf dj t v y a n d at W ilmi n on has n ot e e n dis i n uis e d by i n rom the Gre e n gt , b t g h t t f sa n d . The fo llowing note s on the L ow e r an d Mi ddle Chalk o f u e s W ilmington and W idworthy a r e by Mr . J k

1 1 7. ii 87 . 9 l S oc. . ua r ourn e o . t . J . G v , , p Q , xx 2 “ - f B in v l M us Roc s o i a o . ii . e m e ol . J u e s B rown e Cre ace o r , , ( . G k , t k t — 2 v 1 9 &c. 190 4 1 4 1 40 436 440 &c. ol . iii . . 3 . 3 , pp , , , , , , pp , 3 “ ” m l ii M e . e 1 2 n vo l . 1 3 4 B itai . . G o 9 Cre tace ous Roc s o f r , , ( 0 . k , pp , 14 3 444 448. , , 4 “ - liv 1 o Soc. . 898 3 n ur n e l . 3 d o G . 9 a e ace ous J . n uart. Cr J uke s Brow e , Q , , , p t ” eo Sure 1 903 1 26 430 M e m G l . . v l ii . Roc s of B ri ain o . . ) , , , . k t , , ( pp CRE T A CE OU S .

The occurre n ce of hard calca re o us sa n ds o n e lo call n o wn a s riz z le t , y k g , wa s m e n i o n e d b it on who o se e hat I ua t y F t , b rv d t n a la rge pit o r q rry at the o o m o f t he c alk n e a S u o n a n W , r d idwo rt a s o n e ca lle d Gr i z z le b tt h tt hy , t , b t he u a me n i s d u i n t he i u io n f s a t he r . y q rry , g t t o fi e st o n e [o f S urre y] The

‘ E t u ron ia o Chal k . Cmomr mian Sa n ds _I fl er Green sa n d " ' dj E w e Red M a r l Pas wm of f “: 4 0 1mm.

— F I G. 30 . M a o the coun tr n e a r H o n iton a n d Wilmin ton p f y g . 1 - B . A . J J u e s B o n e . Scale n e i n o y k r w o ch t a mile .

e s a re al o e e a o u 5 e b d t g th r b t f e t i n thi ckn e ss . H e f urthe r n ote d that the i z z le co n a i n s e e n a icle s a n d doe s n ot u n 2 t o lime . gr t gr p rt , b r Go o d spe ci me n o f I n o ce r a mu t ia s s s r tu s ca n be o bta i n e d fro m the e xpo su re s n o w o pe n at W ilmi n o n t o t he n o t o f t he o ld Sut o n ua i e gt , r h t q rr s . At ilmi n W gton t he re a r e t wo sa n d pit s o pe n e d i n t he z o n e o f M a n tel li ce ra s ma n t e lli f o r o u the o c is a a calc , th gh r k h rd a re o us grit whe n co ve re d b so me ic n e ss of C a l it is o e i y th k h k , th rw se wh e re it cro s o ut t o the surf ace p ,

— F I G 31 Ske tch o ua rr - . . n orth east o Wilmi - n ton . A J J B f Q y f g ( . . . )

e in so de calcifie d a n d e co m ose ha m b g d p d t t ost o f it can be e asily re move d b i c an d l The co a y p k shove . rse san d so o bta i n e d is value d fo r rough in a n d fo r h u cas o e ose . t g, t r p rp s

1 m u r o n o a J ur . eol oc l v t. i G . S . . 1 898 . 240 Th Q . e T u Fr , , , p ro n ian in the map e e se n ts the M i le C al an d the Ce n o r pr dd h k, man ian the L owe r Chalk . ”

r a ft o r 2 iv . 1 s . Ge ol S c. se . 836 234 . , , , , p. . C H AL K . 61

The pit i n a fie ld t o the n o r h- e ast o f W ilmi n o n n e a r the la n e t o t gt , H a n e a m s o s the u i o n h l a o u y F r , h w j n ct of t e ca c re s sa n dsto n e with t he ove r l i n M i le C al a n uc s y g dd h k , d the follo wi n g s ce si o n was o bse rve d i n 1 897: Ve bl s il n d in s e a e o a . n I . g t fl t Ft .

5. So be e i e chal u to ft dd d wh t k, p 2 6 4 Rubbl n . y glauco itic chalk with scatte re d q uartz l ain s an d a la e of e ha ch l gr , y r v ry rd a k with gre e n - coa e d n odule s at the to I n o cer amus m t p, y I tilo ides k 3 . So ft glauconi tic marly chalk Ha l 2. rd g aucon i ic an d uartz i e rous lime s on e wit t q f t , h worn an d p os a ise d sur ace at t0 but the h ph t f p, L owe l base n o t e ll ma e s m l r _ w rk d o e fossi s abo ut Ch l a . 1 Ro u k I . gh ye llowish calcare ous san dston e with man y l fossils ; weathe rin g in to san d with lumps an d blocks of san dston e 6 0

The a bo e m e asu e me n was a e n o n t he o n o si e o f the a ul v r t t k d w thr w d f t , s o n i n F i . 31 : t he n h w g thro w ca n o t be mo re th a n 9 or 1 0 f e e t . The o t he r q ua rry is o n t he so ut h side o f the ro a d a t t he we ste rn e n d o f Wilmi n n o . The a ce of is u a is o e 30 e e e e but oe s n ot gt f th q rry v r f t d p, d s o t he a se o f t he ca lca e o u a n I n t he soil a t t he t o a re loose h w b r s s d . p l umps o f t he q ua rtz if e ro us lim e st o n e a n d la rge blo cks o f ha rd cal ca re o us sa n s o n e r i z z le be lo e se a r e 3 o r 4 e o f so t s a n s o n e it d t (g ); w th fe t f d t , w h a e l um o t io n s a n n h d i his a o ssils a re e a un a n t . T e h rd r py p r , t p rt f v ry b d e s o f t he sa n co n a i n s o n l a f e w il a n it u i h a n e e n r t d t y foss s , d c ts w t v ace i n u e c o e o t i t h o a n a . I i a e se b f , b g h pp d w th e br d e d o f pi ck t s tr v r d y t e e la e s o f sili ce o us co n cre t i o n s the i e st co n sis i n of l a e flatt ish hr y r J h gh t g rg o r le n icul a m a sse s hit e o r i n k u n n a i n in u n ucl u o f r , w o side a d co e s t p t , t g o n c a l T l l a e a l ul o s br w h ce do n ic che rt . he o we r y rs re o f sma l i rre g a r c me r io n s . The co n a i n s o n e s i cule s a n d se e m t o be s o n e s mo e o r le ss t y t p g p , p g r lle i a n a fi d w th s d n d ce m e n te d by ch a lce do n ic silica . W is i n if ossi le t o fin d the ase o f is sa n we had a ole du i n h g, p b , b th d , h g the oo o f t he u a but a t a e t o f a o ut 1 2 i n c e s t he o m a n fl r q rry , d p h b h w rk e ache a a oc sa n s o n e i la e sa n a i n s a n d so me sm all r d h rd r ky d t , w th rg d gr e le s t he ole e i n i n u a t e a n d com a c e b a a s a la mi ic p bb , wh b g d r d p t d y h rd t g t kin The wo ma n s a e a t a ol e h ad be e n du i n d of calcic ca rbo n a te . rk t t d th h g t he o cha o u si e t he it a e sin 6 o r 7 e e o f such 1 0 0 k i o ut r rd t d p , tr v r g f t w th

e ac in it s a se . The o al i c n e ss o f is calca e o us san s o n e se e ms r h g b t t th k th r d t ,

e e o e t o be abo u 40 e e t . th r f r , t f M o s e m Pe bble s also occur o cca si o n a lly i n t he m ass o f the sa n d . t o f t h co n sis o f o u h e i n — ua z a n d o n e me a su e a o ut 1 x 1 x 1 i n c e s t r g v q rt , r d b 25 % h ;

a n othe r i s a flat pe bble o f a gre e n ish micace o us san dst o n e 25i n che s lo n g.

M r J li e s- B o n e e co s a lo n li s of ossils o ai n e mos l om t he [ . k r w r rd g t f bt d t y fr

L owe r Chalk (z o n e o f M a n t e lli ce ra s ma n t e lli ) a t W ilmin gto n . ] T r o m e o l c al ua ie s i n t he a e as o f W i o h Co u he re a e s d h k q rr p rk t dw rt y rt , El n f t he Co u i n o m e us a e e s o n e wa s a n d M r . A . M a o o o o rw d t , rt , f r d th t fr t q ua rrie d from the m as we ll a s fro m the Sut to n q ua rri e s half a mile furthe r o This e e s on e i s a be i n the lo e s a o f the M i le C al a n d s uth . fr t d w t p rt dd h k , is a ppa re n tly id e n tical i n ch a racte r an d positi o n with tha t o ccurri n g a t I t co n sis s i n ci all o f Be e r n e a r t he co as a n d n o w n a s B e e r S o n e . pr p y , t , k t t sm ll n o f s e ll se t i n a c al m at i a n d ce me n e b calci e a fr a gme ts h h ky r x , t d y t i n o a a rd rit s o n e which cu s re e l i n a n y di re c i o n w e n re s ly t h , g ty t , t f y t h f h ua q rrie d . D i n e i n l ma e sli e s o m sam le s of the B e e S o n e an d G. J . H r . d k d y d d fr p r t Su n e n t o him a n d i n o me us a the t wo s o n e s a e the tto n Sto e s t , f r d th t t h v

sa me mi croscopi c str uctur e . f t he e e s o n e wa s i sibl e at W i o h i n 1 897 but No e xposur e o fr t v dw rt y , D H o o e who ha d o e i n t he l a e S u o n ua i e s a m n M r . aso ( . p r) w rk d rg tt q rr cce ssi o n of be s e e wa s as ollo s : state d that t he su d th r f w e e F t .

4- Fli n t r ubble a t the t op 6 So ft white chalk 1 0 - 30 H a rd chalk abo ut 20 5 Fre e sto n e 5 So ft chalk with gre e n grai n s 2 H a rd cockly chalk

Griz z l e a t t he bottom (se e p. 1 8821 62 C E T R A CE OU S .

f A f o ot o f t wo o f the so ft white ch alk which co uld be se e n n e a r t he t op o t he ua rr a ove t he lime iln ha d t he c a r a c e r of t he c a l o f t he Te r e q y b k , h t h k br a u li o W e ha h a l cle a e a a om t he l o e st ace of the t n a z n e . d t e t us r d w y fr w f u a rr b t he sid e o f t he lime ki ln a n d disclose d a o u 1 8 e e of r a e r ha rd q y y , b t f t th c al l u m i n lace s a n d co n t ai n i n I n ocera mus m ti lmdes mos l as h k , py p g y , t y f Rh n chon e lla ca m e i broke n she lls ; this e vid e n t ly be lo n ge d t o t he z o n e o y r , Jo n Rho e s a n d i n an o m imila c al M r . o e r a r o f t he ua rr r s r , d th p t q y , f h k h o bta i n e d t hat spe ci e s with I n o cer a mu s mytiloide s . The base f i a c al a n o e ac e as a la e blo c o f i n e i o o th s h rd h k w s t r h d , rg k f r r e e s on e a a s e ll c alk la be lo b ut is a n d t he be e e e s on e fr t , h rd , h y h , y w ; th tt r fr t e e a l w r pro b b y i n pl ace n e a r by .

T e e a r e se e al ua i e i n h M e mbu o u lie a n d a s the M i le h r v r q rr s t e ry t r , dd

C a lk come s i n as e ll a s the L o e the l ocalit i s an i n e e s i n o n e . The h w w r , y t r t g n um e o u s aul s m a e it i cul im a i n e se s but a o f the r f t k d ffi t t o e st te th ck s , th t L o e C al wa s u e 5 r A he ime o f o ur isi w r h k j dg d t o be a bout 0 o 60 fe e t . t t t v t i n 1 892 the c u c wa s be i n e s o e a n d the c al h o n o ut om t he h r h g r t r d , h k t r w fr T o u 5 f ou n da ti o n s was a pe culi a r so ft gre y gra n ul a r chalk . hi s i s a b t 0 fe e t l o h be w t e le ve l of a n e xposure of M e lbo ur n Ro ck i n t he lan e t o t he we st . N o rth of t he village the re i s a se ri e s o f old ch alk q ua rri e s ; the first of he se b the la n e le a i n t o u le is i n M i le Chal but a ll the o he s t y d g F r y dd k , t r a e a t o be i n L o C al pp r we r h k . I n the l a n e w e s o f the c urc an d i n the ba n o f a li le a rde n ha rd t h h k tt g , n o ul a c al li e M e l ou n Roc w as se e n a n d us be o n is a ua d r h k , k b r k , , j t y d q rry i n the M iddle C al co n t a i n i n Rh n chon e lla ci mi er i T e br a tu h k g y , e r la semi lo bosa an d man a m e n s o f I n oce r a mu . g , y fr g t s By t he n e xt l an e r un n i n g n o rth - we st to w a rd F urle y the re is a n old ua at the t o o f i c a f e w e e o f u l al q rry , p w r c was e o se d con ai n h h f t bb y h k xp , t i n I n o cera mu s m ti loide s a n d Rh n ch n - g y y o ella cu ci er i .

The u a i e s at C a s oc e e mile s so u h- e q rr rd , r w s o f Cha rd are n o w h t k th t t , a a n o n e a n d o e o n . T e e i s o e e a small e osu e i n a b d d v rgr w h r , h w v r , xp r q uarry al a mile n o t h of T t he r le i h a n d e as o f the old u a i h f r y g t q rr e s .

- A . B . J . J

On St o rr id e H ill n o - e a s o f C a , r rds oc t he ollowin se c ion was g th t h t k , f g t n 1 W o n o e i 8 4 b H . B o a : t d 7 y . dw rd

E e n - be e ite c al assin o n in o c v dd d wh h k, p g d w t halk with laucon ite an d ua tz ai n s g q r gr . No ula bed ull of ossils N a utilus an d m n d r f f , a y e chin o de rms Chloritic M arl U e San e s n e e at to . pp r dy b d , gr p Ch G e en san . e r d rt be ds.

The n o ula ossil—be d was also o bse e b r Re i d r f rv d y M . d i n the ro ad le a din g t o B imscombe a m e s o f C a s o c - r r , w rd C urc . T is ossil be d n o wn F t h t k h h h f , k i n t he C a is i c as the C lo i ic M a l is e a e b M r u e s h rd d tr t h r t r , r g rd d y . J k r o vvn e as a con de n se d r e pre se n tative o f t he lo w e r pa rt o f the Chalk fiarl

65 F AU L T S .

D e l a Be che dre w atte ntio n to the pre vale nce in the e a ste rn o f the i f ul s a i part d strict and i n tha t to the north, o fa t t k ng a o he l s u he l i e c io an d he i e out how i n n rt r y and o t r y d r t n ; po nt d , ce i i s c l h i i e l the li e s o f rta n n tan e s, the val e ys ad or g nat d a ong n i slo c i o a e e the f ul s hi ch r a e se d at n . As he re m rk d , som of a t w t v r the lle h u th l s the i u e ce va ys e xte nd also t ro gh e up and , and nfl n . hi ch he e xe e ul e to be l l he ha e e a l w t y rt d wo d app ar oca rat r t n g n r , for he y o nly i n place s coincide with the pre se nt main line s o f ‘ t i e dra nag .

l a B e che o n the old se ie s o n e - in c S ome o f t he fa ults i n se rte d by D e r h ble chan e s i n le e l of t he m a w e re ba se d o n t he e vide n ce o f the co n si de ra g v p, alle as i n t he case of the Ya t he e Gre e n san d o n e ithe r side o f a v y , r y , w r

100 e e . I n the w mbur an d D alwood he re i s a dif e re n ce of bet e e n M e y , t f f t ul has ho e e be e n i n se e i n the a bse n ce o f de fin ite e vide n ce n o f a t w v r rt d t o f t he co u se o f the Ya as t he a l e a io n s n e w se ri e s m ap alo n g this pa r r rty , t r t mi t be d ue to u n ula i o n s it ho ut dis i n le ve l o f the bo rde ri n g strata gh d t w M e mbu i se l he e is a e ll - ma e d h alle . At pl ace me n t alo n g t e v y ry t f , t r w rk 66 F A U L Ts

a ult i a e s e l o n t o o f a o u 200 e e a n d i s e e n ds i n o f w th w t r y d w hr w b t f t , th xt t Thi a ul wa s ac b D e la B e c e t he lo we r pa rt of t he Ya rty va lle y . s f t tr e d y h F o r t he e ason a n d has be e n a lmost e x a ctly re pro d uce d o n t he n e w map. r a n o ac ua l e i e n ce was o a i n e t he W a m o o a ul e sc i e b th t t v d bt d , br k f t d r b d y “ D e l a B e che as passi n g thro ugh the hill t o t he e astw a rd o f Axminste r h a n d do wn t he Cha rmo uth va ll e y t o t he se a has be e n o mitte d . T e posi

io n o f is a ul is o n i n t he Se c i o n F i . 34 an d it s e e n so f ar a s t th f t sh w t , g ; xt t , i t co ul be t a ce o u o f W a m o o i s s o n i n t he ma t o the n o th o f d r d s th br k , h w p r o ur a re a (she e t The re i s e vid e n ce o f a fault i n the Charmo ut h hil e t he i n lie o f U l me in va lle y t o the e ast o f the a re a (se e p. w r p y di cat e s local di stu rb an ce ; b ut i n bot h case s the se di slocati o n s may be pre

Cre ta ce o us .

A i c a so u - e as o f Co uchill n o t of B e e s o e so t buff a n br ky rd th t , r h r , h w d f d e sa n s of t he U e G e e n sa n e s i n o n t he a i e a e lo a ms ma ls gr y d pp r r d r t g v r g t d , r The le e e n a n d cl a s o f the K e u e r . w o w r be u i n o a e n le an icli n e y p h t p t g t t , co n n e c e n o o ub i the a ul so e ll se e n i n the cli e f t d , d t , w th f t w ff w st o Se aton

Se e . a n d the syn clin e of Be e r . ( p

‘ “ Re s a ch s i n Th ic l lo 1 4 — e e e o e t a Ge o 83 . 1 85 1 88 Re o r r gy, , pp ; p rt o n the Ge olo of Co n wall D on an d e st m M e W So e se t em. l a gy r , v , r ( Geo . S ra 1 839 ), ,

2 0. p. 9 CHA ER V1 1 1 PT .

L A EA P T U D EPOSI TS .

CL A W I TH F L i N 'r AN A Y s D CH E RT (i N P RT EOCENE ).

As l e oi e ou t the ha l a n d G e e sa fo a a r ady p nt d , C k r n nd rm

ble - l i e se c e b e e lle a n o e e b a a e ll ta and nt r t d y d p va ys, d c v r d y gr v y and cl ay e y de posit ma de up l a rge ly of Chalk flin t s an d Gre e nsand che i h in ce a i lo ca li i l f u a u i e rt, w t , rt n t e s a so pe bble s o q rtz , q artz t ,

fin e - a i e i h re &c . On the h le f a e s o f c e gr n d gr t, w o , r gm nt rt p o e e the a ix v a i e s f iff e b o o r p nd rat , and m tr r rom a st gr y, r wn , e i sh cl t o s r dd ay a andy lo am . W hile the accumulatio n pa rta ke s i n some loca liti e s o n the ” Ch l o f the u e o f th a - i h- fli n t e a io o f a k nat r e cl y w t s, gr t port n it ca o be e a e a s a e si u a l r u c W e s a s it nn t r g rd d r d p o d t . tw rd e xte nds to the che rt - be ds and on t o the unde rlying sa nds o f the U e G e e s a n u pp r r n and, d e ve n if portio ns o f thi s we re the re sid e o f the i ssol u i o f Ch l ha o ce o e e a th a e a the d t on a k t t n v rspr d e r , pre se n ce o f fore ign pebble s a n d the othe rwi se mixe d nature o f the ccu ula i o e how uch it has l o ll be e i r a m t n prov m ca y n d stu be d .

I t sh u l be e i o e ho e e h - ha o d m nt n d , w v r, t at Mr . Juke s Browne s obse rve d pe bble s o f ve in - qu artz i n the L owe r Chalk o f W il min gton (p. Atte ntion was first drawn by Buckland to the o ccurre nce o f ” pe bbl e s o f f at q u artz on the uplands ; also to the pre se nce “ of ou e e bbl e s f chal i an e r nd d p o k fl nt, d n ar Sidmou th o f la rge bloc s o f a sili ce ous bre cci a com o se d o f chal flin ts u i e b k , _ p k n t d y a ili ce u strong s o s ce me nt, and diffe ring fro m the H e rtfordshire pu dding - stone o nly i n the circumstan ce o f the imbe dde d fiints be i l a ul a i f i ng most y ng r, nste ad o rounde d as n the ston e o f ” hi H e he e fo e i fe e h he e w a s a i e He rtford s re . t r r n rr d t at t r t m whe n the chalk cove re d all tho se space s on whi ch the a ngula r ” chalk fii n ts a re a t thi s time f ou nd ; and tha t the re i s a lso re ason to think tha t the pla sti c cl ay formati on wa s ne arly cc ” 1 i i h h ha l e xte ns ve w t t e c k .

L arge blocks of thi s silice ous bre cci a m ay be se e n on Sa lcombe Hill an d be ch e bble s fo e of i a r li h , a p rm d t e po s e d a n d sold a s ” Sidmouth pe bble s . The o ccu rre nce o f be d s o f Te rtia ry age wa s discusse d by

i - Aus e who hus co e e o n the Go dw n t n , t mm nt d o ccurre n ce o f sil i ce ous bre cci a ne a r Si dmou th :

This bre cci a affo rds pro o f o f a lo n g po st - cre ta ce o us pe ri o d of tra n q uil e osi i o n a n d o f a su bse ue n o n e o f e s uc ion of bo h of hic d p t , q t d tr t , t w h it is a i n i n i n ica o n the sole re m g d ti .

B e i e the e cci a e e a re l a e sla b c m s d s br , th r rg s o pose d pa rtly o f simila r ma e i als a n d i n a t a i n the blo c s a cco i n t o he i hic n t r , p r (t k g k rd g t r t k e ss) o f a com ac fin e - a i n e sa n s o n e some bloc s co n a i n i n o n l a n p t , gr d d t , k t g y occasio n a l ut so me n o n e a t all i n hi c ca se he a r e m flin b , w s in e ralo ical re t, h t y g g y we ther san dsto n e s ; a n d may probably be the e q uivale n ts o f those silice o us

1 - Tra n s e o . se r. 2 v G l Soc. o l . i . 1 22 1 1 v . 8 2 00 0 o l . ii . 1 8 . 2 . , , , , pp , 6, p 126. 68 P L ATE A U D E POSI TS .

i s o n ce m a se s n a rra n t i n a e sum t i o n at le a st t a t t e t i a e o s s , g , pr p , h r ry d p t o a n ul a e xt e n de d whe re ve r t his bre ccia n o w o ccu rs ; f o r t he blo cks a re s g r ” 1 m a is a n ce . that the y ca n n o t be suppose d t o ha ve be e n co n ve ye d fro d t

l a i s o n D e l a Be che like wi se re fe rre d the supe rficial a ccu mu t on ” the - se i e s si ce e e the ta ble la nds to the pla stic clay r , n t rm d 2 Re a ding Be ds .

I n 1 le e Re i e x e sse his co clusio h the 898 Mr . C m nt d pr d n n t at la c D - - a l li e ho se o f B high l e ve l pla te au grave l s of B don , k t k own i o se a n d obabl h se a ls o f the [n e a r P orte sha m] n D r t, pr y t o o tw i s i c s are o f L o e B sh Cre ta ce ous hills be twe e n the o d tr t , w r ag ot ” 3 H e con the cou se o f the o ld Eo ce e Ri e . da te , a n d ma rk r n v r ho side rs tha t the y f o rm a cha in o f outlie rs conn e cting the Bags t Sands o f D orse t an d Hampshire with the gra niti c di strict o f

f hi ch the i e - cl a of ole an d the i ic s s D e von , rom w p p y Po , gran t and v e e i e o f Bourne mouth e id e ntly we r d r v d .

The cuttings on the n e w ra ilway be tw e e n Axminste r and L yme Re i i s la e i n the e i hb u ho o o f Co b e Hill at g s d p y d , n g o r d m pyn , a n e le a io o f abo u 400 fe e be s o f fin e hi e s hi e v t n t t, d w t and , w t

i e - c a hi e r e d a n d o le s o cla s i h uch p p l y , and w t , , m tt d t ny y , w t , m he se ua e bble s . rou gh gra ve l o f flint an d che rt, a n d many q rtz p T the e a s due be ds ha ve i n pla ce s a ma rke d inclin a tion to wa rds t, u f ul i pe rha ps to irre gula r de positio n an d subse q e nt a t ng , and , W hi a ke i n a to the e fie cts of sub a s u e s e b M r . s gg t d y t r , p rt side n ce on a pipe d surfa ce o f Cha lk ; and the y be ar a close s sa s a n d c a se re se mbla n ce to the white a n d coloure d clay , nd , o r he a ls hi h b e the B b si e e o Abbo . gr ve , w c ord r ove y a n n ar N wt n t T y e s on a l a fo o f a n d hal r t p t rm U ppe r Gre e nsand C k .

— Se ctio n i n Ra ilwa - cutti n e a st o Comb n e Sta tio n . F l o . li d y g, f py H B W . ( . . )

f u i n 5 D e th o C 3 e e . p tt g, f t

— Bagshot Be ds W hite a n d re d st o n y clays a n d gra ve ls .

The inclination of the be ds was obscure d i n the uppe r part o f

- On the se c io o i n n o doub l ub ae i l a c io . t n w g , t to pro onge d s r a t n the northe rn pa rt o f Combpyne Hill o the r shallow cuttings sho e hi e a n d i i sh cl hi e sa a n d c s i cu us w d w t p nk ay , w t nd , a on p o b of e se o re and mangan .

Tra n s e l . . 2 . G o S oc ser . l vi . 1 vo 840 449. , , . , , p . 2 “ Report on the Ge olo of Corn wall D e von an d W e st Some rse t (M em . gy , , l Sar 1 839 2 ao . a . G ), , p 56. 3 m t. J ou . e ol o v n e a a r G . S c. o l liv 1 r ha e si c 8 8 . 2 . n d M s. Re i Q , . . 9 36. M r a d v , , p bro ught f o rward e vide n ce to sho w tha t the L ign ite of B o ve y Trace y is o f the a e the i e st Oli oce n e o r i 10 ha l P l Tra n . cci . 10 e s o e st M io ce n e h . s g h gh g p r p w . , , l gf p. ' P L A T E A U n a p o srr s . 69

The cle a n hi e sa n had e e a e a a n ce o f B a s ot Sa n a n d M r . w t d v ry pp r g h d ,

H . H . T o m as wh mi n e a l , o e a mi n e d it micro sco ica ll n ot e d t a t t he r h x p y , h i n e i e n s a r e su T i n cl u e gr d t ggestive o f d e riva t i o n fro m a gra n it ic a re a . he y d u ile z i co n o u m ali n . r , r , r e le uco e n e w it e mi ca ua rt z a n d o r ho clas e t t , x , h , q , t E a h o i e o f m rt y x d a n ga n e se (wa d) wa s a lso pre se n t .

he e i s he e f e u s i ca i f r f i n h T r , t r or , j t fi t o n o re e rr g to the B ags ot se i e s the be s Co b e hi ch ar e e v i e tl i n s it a a n d r d at m pyn , w d n y , 1 o sse ss a o f th f e a u h is i p m ny e t re s c aracte r t c o f tha t f o rm at ion . The i s a ce f o the E oce e a e ls f Bl a d t n r m n Gr v o ck D own , Porte sham , i s b u a o t 20 mile s .

W e h e i n a n ca se e v i e f tw : av , y , d nce o o di stinct a ccum ul a ti on s 1 the cl s a n d a e ls w i h u u a it e an d o he ( ) ay gr v t q artz , q rtz , t r ma te ri als a s we ll a s che rt and flint ; and (2) the clay with flint

an d che i n tr ue cla - i h- fli n t s but a i l e iv e f om rt, part y w t , m n y d r d r

the sh e e che - be s o f the e th ho le att r d rt d U pp r Gre e nsand , e w

a t i ll is u be e c ose r - ar a b u - a ia l p r a y d t r d , d omp d , and e r nge d y s b e r a ge nts .

’ I f we c e Re i s i h t a c pt Mr . d v e w t at the be ds (1 ) a re re mnan s o f a nci e nt E o ce n e riv e r gr a ve l s w e mu st e xpe ct the m to be lo ca ll i s ibu e a n d so f a r a s o u r l e e o e s hi s i s the y d tr t d , know dg g t ca se but or e e i e ce i s e si abl a n a t hi i s a he e it ; m v d n d r e , d s s g t r d will be a n i nte re sting stu dy to tra ce o ut t he con ne ction be twe e n the e i e a h i d fin t p tc e s o f T e rt a ry grav e l s i n D e von a n d D orse t . On Shu e Hill e Ax i s e ebbl e s o f i u i e t , n ar m n t r, p gr t, q artz t and u ccu a o the su i a l i q artz o r m ng pe rfic de po s t s .

Re f e e ce has b n 45 t o th co o ch - b s r n e e mad e (p . ) e de mp se d e rt e d o f H a r down Hill th Re i i e ula l to e e a st o f Charmouth . st ng rr g r y o n the shatte re d stra ta the re w a s a n a ccu mu lati o n o f whiti sh clay with sub- angul a r fli n t s and che rt a n d pe bbl e s of qu a rtz an d u i I t o u h e . cc e e e an d h n the flat e l a e au q artz t rr d r t e r e o to pp d p t , and wa s the re mn a nt o f an a ccumul a tio n simila r to that obse rve d i at Co mbpyne . Port on s o f the cl ay e y ma te ri a l a ppe are d to be a i o f hi ili w e s c s a n d hi s a s fo u b H . H . k nd w t a and , t nd y Mr . ho s to i Asso ci a e i h the T ma con s st o f fine ly divi de d sili ca . t d w t

e co se h w a i n e - r d mpo d rock t e re as gre e n sh sa nd a d mangan se o e . A i c osco i c e xa i a i o n b hom a s o f the m a e i a l sho e m r p m n t y Mr . T t r w d the e se ce o f s au oli e u r a li e o f u ile an d pr n t r t , of abundant to m n , r t , li le c a i e he se i e a l i e i e s a s he e a e a tt y n t . T m n r ngr d nt , r m rk d , i h be e i e f o the i ssic oc s o r i e c l f o t he m g t d r v d r m Tr a r k , d r t y r m 3 e sou c i n th i f a n d e lse he e S ee par nt r e , e re g o n o D artmoor w r (

p.

Th i i n si o f s a i c io e m xe d accumu la t o n (2) be tray s o gn tr t fi at n , a n d its o ccurr e nce i s e v e ry whe re a ssoci a te d w ith the pla in o f

e - l i I t ma e i a r ro si o du e i n hi s a e a to sub ae i a a c o . T rt y n , t r r t n v like wi se date ba ck i n pa rt t o Eoce n e time s i f w e re ga rd the a re a

- a s i a la u f a e i e b i e s . o e o e r the n fo rm ng nd s r c nte rse ct d y r v r M r v , 2 th l 63 n i s . 3 e e u a s e iou sl o i e o ut . a d pr v y p nt d (p , F g p at a l The a ccu ul io ha s si ce suff e e drifts have be e n fau te d . m at n n r d

“ 1 d Summa of P B W o o a eol . M a . 1 2 1 an o re ss H . 5 G 90 . . dw rd , , , 5 ry r g p , g 1 — in xman I bid f 902 W . H . o r 1 1 1 M e m. e ol . a ra L f o r 90 S . 53 0 . 898 ( G ), , pp 5 , ,

4 n d i I i . r 1 0 1 2 R d f . 1 5 a e b o 9 0 . 2 p. d , , p 3 u l t 329. B . W o o a P ro . a . s / 1 06 . H . G 1 . 9 dw rd c A s v. , p , , x x , 70 PL ATE A U D E POSI TS .

t much mo difica ti on ; it may have be e n to a l a rge e xte nt re a ssor e d “ u i the l ci l e i o whe a e a s f ll e y d r ng G a a p r d, n gr t now a and v r pe ne tra ting frosts m ay a t l e ast be invoke r

he a e ls it m a W ith re gard to the ma ss o f the flint an d c rt gr v , y be said that much o f the mate ri a l ha s be e n but little re move d i u The flin ts ar e u o but u sua ll from ts pare nt so rce . nw rn , y b o e a n h ar a chi s o f i a n d che i n b o r k n , d t e re e m ny p fl nt rt a r wn r The a ccu ula i o i s f a fe w fe e to o gre y claye y matrix . m t n rom t

S e e . 30 f e e t thick an d upward s . ( p

o the u oll e c i i o o f D e la B e che re marke d , Fr m nr d ond t n a la rge proporti on o f the fli n ts i n the n e ighbou rhoo d o f L yme h ha a n d a s o f the Bl c D o s we Re gi s, Sidmout , C rd, m ny part a k wn , le d to suppose tha t the cha lk i n whi ch the y we re o nce e m i l e f o o he a n d ha be dde d may have be e n q u e t y mov d r m am ng t m , t t the se flin t s have be e n le t down n e arly in place s above whi ch the y h ” 2 o ccurre d in the c a lk . An ordin a ry pipe d su rf a ce o f the Cha lk with ba nd o f bl acke ne d fli n t s a n d a li le cl li i the ca i i e s wa s obse e i n a it , tt ay n ng v t , rv d p h l b u a ile o h o f B a sco be chu c . t o the N . o f H e a o E o , t m n rt r n m r i n t u h b o e e The hollows we re fille d with fl s, m c r k n at and n ar

- The e i l th u fa but o o r l e ss e fe c lo e o . e s r ce , m re p r t w r d wn mat r a

- h- flin he re i s the typica l clay wit t s . That caviti e s o ccur he re a n d the re i n the Cha lk was indi ca te d

h e ll - si e h a e ll B e e a Be e . T e by t e re cord o f w at ov y , n r r w nk r had attaine d a con side rable de pth whe n he su dde nly de sce nde d i a i f e a x Re f e i t o such c i i e s nto a c v ty o ve ry gr t e te nt . rr ng av t in th ha l i - Au a e i n 1 84 ha h e C k , Godw n ste n re m rk d 0 t t T ey t i f i ul u e a ha ve be e n a ttribute d to he e rosi v e a ct o n o ac d o s wat rs, a e e hich i n co u c i o i h h o f D e l a Be che a e s st t m nt w nj n t n w t t at , pp ar to indi cate that the origin o f clay with flin ts wa s the n u nde r 4 - iscussio . Go i A us e ho e v e o e ha the e x l a d n dw n t n , w r , n t d t t p an tio n would n ot account for the irre gul a ritie s whi ch he had obse rve d i n the a re nace o us be ds o f the Gre e nsa nd both e a st and I n 1 836 b e e x i e c i hi h had we st o f Sidmouth . am n d a av ty w c us be e e i e o f it s flin ts fou h The s a in j t n mpt d , and nd t at tr ta hich it o ccu e e e o f e co c s s o e the si e s w rr d w r v ry mpa t and t n , and d f h it hi h w i cul a xhibi i o t e p , w c as c r r, e te d de e p con ce ntr c groove s, such as would be pro du ce d by the circul a r moti o n o f the ma te ri als ” 5 i hi h s . e e ca i i e s ho e e m a be l if n ot holl w t n T v t , w v r , y part y , w y , due to the issolu io o f c lc e ou a f t d t n a ar s m tte r rom he Gre e nsand .

n the e e si e o f al be ill o i a O w st rn d S com H , ppos te Combe W oo d, pipe w as se e n e xte nding for ne a rly twe nty fe e t downward into ho i o a l be s o f the e F or fou e e fe e fr the r z nt d Gr e n sand . rt n t om su f ce the i n fillin c si s e o f e i sh cl a i h e i e r a g on t d r dd y , w t nt r and bro ke n flin ts an d fra gme nts o f che rt ; be l ow thi s it wa s compose d

1 - U sshe ua r w n t . J a . aol oa i 1 l l G . S . 878 . 449 see a so C a de n r, Q , v , , xxx , p y D His o of e on shi e Sce n e 1 906 1 52. r v r r . t y y, , p 9 “ Re o on the Ge olo of n all D n n d W p r Cor w evo a e s Some rse M e m. t gy , , t t ( l a r 1 2 Geo . S a 839 . 55. ), , p 3 “ Robe s Acco un t o f the M i h L an li E d 1 840 2 r , ds , . 5, . 0 . t g ty p , p 4 On his sub e c se e u s- B o ua a o r J o rn . Ge l . o . J e e t. S c 1x1 j r wn , Q 1 . 1906 t t k , , ,

1 2. p. 3

l vi . 1 840 . 4 vo 8. Tra n s. Geol . Se a , se r . 2, . , , p 4

ER I X CHAPT .

VAL L EY D EPOSI TS .

OTTE R VAL L EY .

i e ble c s o f Along the valle y o f the Otte r the re are cons d ra tra t l i o f u s o f 400 valle y gra ve l which de sce nd fro m a n e e vat on pward 42 f e e e a the u h o f the i e on fe e t abo ve Honiton, to 1 t n r mo t r v r W he e the e ls e s the i ssi the he adl a nd of Otte rton . r grav r t on Tr a c e be e e he Pe bbl e - be d s it is n ot always e asy to di scriminat tw n t m ; he i s although the grave ls as a rule a re pale r i n col our and t r andy As he ar e a ce e s s f o the e ma tri x i s le ss pure . t y tr d a tward r m ar a t o e s o n the o f Stra ightway H e ad (in She e t and come r t a s e the e bble s f the l e s are sso ci e U ppe r S nd ton , p rom o d r rock a at d a i s s with che rt stone s and n o difficulty r e . i n The grave l occurs on vari ous div isi on s of the Ne w Re d ro ck s u e se m a a n d i t co si s s o f the h Bu l e i h the a r e a o f o r pr nt p, n t ard d g i n l e l or sa Salte rto n pe bble s and che rt ston e s a c ay y , oamy , ndy f s i e s f o a fe w fe e 12 o r o e e e . ma trix . The thickne s var r m t to m r t l s or N e wto n Popple ford t a ke s it s na me fro m the pe bb e

- lo po ppl e s de rive d from the old P e bbl e be d that are fou nd a ng the course o f the rive r .

The w ashing or re - assortme nt of Pebble - be d mate ri als i n the

- l e e as a the c i li o f dire ction o f the ir dip s op tw rd , and omm ng ng i h i i i s u s hat ston e s o f Cre tace ous de rivatio n n t at d re ct on , j t w we should e xpe ct to have take n pla ce at a time whe n the P e bbl e r was c i u ous the C e a e us o c s o f be d e sca pme nt ont n , and r t c o r k he h i e se li i s Blackdown e xte nde d some wha t furt r than t e r pr nt m t . I t i s i nde e d impossible to say to what e xte nt the re mo val o f

- he i e sc e the co se u e the Pe bble be ds from t r arpm nt, and n q nt e s m a h ff e te the e se alte ra ti ons in drainage sourc , y ave a c d pr nt h be e e the ba si s o f the Cl s Cul an d wa te rs e d boundary tw n n y t, m , Otte r ; but it is highly probable that the Tale (the chi e f tributary o f the Otte r) may have be e n forme rly of more importance tha n the Otte r above the ir conflue nce . n an e l h u h he m a i n d e an o ld li e o f I y cas , a t o g t y y part at to n i a e h e i s hi i n the a e ce of he se e ls dra n g , t e r not ng pp aran t grav , or i n he i si i su ou i s to e c he i h e i t r po t on and rr nd ng , conn t t m w t T rt ary e osi io he m a be cl sse i h the e osi s o f th d p t n , and t y y a d w t d p t e hi i i s b Otte r Valle y as a highe r te rrace . T s v e w orne out by the f o the ld e l mo de o ccurre nce of o Ott r Grave s .

A we ll - ma rke d lo we r te rra ce slo pe s to w a rd the Alluvi um fro m a bout 50 l e e a o e it be e e n a i mile a n d Sa st on H ouse . The a l a ce f t b v , tw F r gr ve te rr be e e n the O e an d the Tal e i se s t o 50 e e o r mo e abo e t he All u i um tw tt r r f t r v v . A chai n of grave l patche s at he ights o f 1 00 fe e t or mo re abo ve t he Alluvi um se e ms t o sho w the co n ti n u a ti on o f the highe r te rr ace s so uthwa rd t o the co ast n e a r the mouth o f the Otte r . The gra ve l patche s at an d n e a r H o n it on fo rme d part of a co n ti n uo us e ace i ch i n the o n i se l se e ms t o ha e t rr wh , t w t f , v be e n partly mi xe d with a O i n a i slip fro m the Gre e n san d . w g t o r n wash it was ofte n difficult t o se pa ra te the se patches from a l o we r gr ave l te rrace bo rde rin g t he All uvi um ;

a t M o n on B a on a n d at H aml e so u - a n d r , h we s of H on i o n the hi he r kt t t t t t , g

“ 1 s Coun a oun E e e M U s he The em. Geol . Sa ra 1 902 r, ry r d r ( ) . 50 . t x t , , p V A L L E Y D E POSI TS . 73

a n d lo we a e ls ca n n o b a a The a e l a che s be we e n O e r gr v t e se p r te d . gr v p t t tt ry ’ St . M a a n d Ti o a i io n t o o n a n d an ula che ry n St . Jo n s i n dd w r r r pt h , t g t s on e s i n b o n lo am l o f u z ua z i e a n d it r w san d co n ain e e s ar r , r t y , t p bb q t , q t t g de i e o m the Pe l - r v d fr bb e be ds . The gra ve l pa tch whi ch pa rtly con ce a ls t he Ke upe r M a rl o utli e r n e a r O e o n a n d t he la e a he so u ic ca s t he cli s u t o the tt rt , rg r p t ch t o t th wh h p ff p 200 oo con o u he l a e a c lin e a r e com o se of o n c e s o n e s . T h f t t r , p d w r h rt t rg r p t i s 1 2 e e r o mo re i n i c n e ss i n lace s . f t th k , p The se Otte rto n gra ve ls a r e pro ba bly t he o lde st trace s o f Ple isto ce n e lu i at ile e osi i o n i n t he a e a a n d ca us a c t o a im e e n the f v d p t r , rry b k t wh coa s li n e was so m e mile s se a a o f it e e n o i i o n t w rd s pr s t p s t . The Alluvi um of t he Otte r a n d Ta le co n sists o f re ddish—bro wn lo a m a n d e a n d o n cla i suban ula a n o un e c e s o n s a d gr y br w y, w th g r d r d d h rt t e n a ic Tri ss pe bble s . The mo u h o f t he O e r valle i s flat all uvi al l a n d co m le e l co ve re d t tt y , p t y i n time s o f fl o o d . I t i s ba rre d from t he se a by a pe bble be a ch a bout 1 5 fe e t a bo ve high w ate r at t op ; thro ugh thi s t he rive r ha s m a de a n o utle t O e o n by tt rt Poi n t .

I D AL L E S V Y . The Sid de se rve s t he title rive r o n ly thro ugh ha vi n g give n n ame s t o Si m o u h Si f o r G e e n d d a n d Si u . I t s so u ce s a r e i n t he U e d t , , db ry r pp r r sa n n e a W lv e r sle i h a m o u mi i m E ce o a 6 le s o m t s o u . d , r g f r , b t fr th x pt u i n or a e e a a i n s the s e am l e s o u t he e ac a c o ss it s d r g, ft r , h vy r tr fi t r thr gh b h r 1 mo u . At the i e e e t he o a t al co m e c o sse s it U e th br dg wh r r d o S b r , pp r

San s o n e s e e e ose i n h i 1 8 5. Th l a . O d t w r xp d t e be d of the S d i n 7 e te P . H utchi n so n the n i n fo rme d us that t wo o r thre e ye a rs pre vi o usly t he rive r be d con a i n e o m 2 t o 3 e e t o f a e l i a e a a u i n t d fr f gr v , wh ch w s sw pt w y , d r g a se e e s o m b o o s ic n e a l u n e mi n e t he Co as ua S a i on v r t r , y fl d wh h r y d r d tg rd t t , o wi n g t o the e xca vati o n o f a n e w cha n n e l by t he stre a m thro ugh t he shi n gle he a e l a c n h f the e e n sa n n e a at it s mo u h . T e s e a t e a se o G t gr v p t h r b r d , r M i n co mbe a m e a s o f Si u n e a B uc le a m a t a n d n o t o f f r ; t db ry ; r k y f r ; , r h , B a co m e e a s o f G i s e ast f B u rsco mbe a n d at Co e H ill H o use r b ; t r gg ; o ; r , a r e all t he e sul s o f a i n a o m a o e i c at Si u a n d n e a r t r w sh fr b v , wh h db ry r m b B urscombe ma as o r a l o scu e e a ce a e ls . At S an de co m e y k , p rt y b r , t rr gr v a m t he a c colo u e as a e ] is a l a n sli o f G e e n sa n a n d cla it f r p t h r d gr v , d p r d y w h n u i A li e m a f e e n a n n ot o n fli n t s ma i s bsi a e a u e s . s ss o G s s , k g d ry f t r pp d r d , h w n t he ma m a small ill e a u e e lo t he o o Co e Co se n o o p, fo r s h f t r b w w d ( r p ) rth

- At Sidf o rd an d e a s o f o f Path H ill a n d so uth we st o f F lyf o rd f a rm . t W o olb oo t he a lle a e l o f t he Sid i s o un e b e n le slo e s o a l r k v y gr v b d d y g t p , pr b b y com ose o f e e osi e m a e i als i c the e i e n ce e i n e e me i n p d r d p t d t r , wh h ( v d b g d d n h m a At the o o o f T o H ill e ast suffici e n t) a r e n ot i n dicate d o t e p. f t r w h I t o f Sidf o r d t he r a ve l m a e s a lo w t e rr a ce slo pi n g o w a rd t e s re am . , g k t t e t o a e o f o u a n d a al e e i n a it se ct i o n a n d co n was e xpos d d pth f r h f f t p , siste d o f bro ke n flin t an d che rt sto n e s a n d suba n gul a r pi e ce s o f ha rd gre e n san d (r a g) i n bro wn sa n d a n d lo am . At Si dmo uth t he rive r gra ve l con sists o f a n gula r a n d su ba n gul a r fli n t ccasi o n al se a ms o f o n l o a m a n d it a e a s t o be a n d che rt st o n e s wit h o br w , pp r 1 81 O l a m . I n 8 P . . ban ke d a ga i n st a lo w te rr a ce o f re de posit e d m a rl a n d o f t he a n t l e o f a s a a o u 9 i n c e s i n le n t H utchi n so n fo un d a po rt i o n o r t g b t h g h , ” i n cle a n re d san a n d lo am i n B ac o i e l Si mo u . d l k F rt F d , d th ’ ” o u Old C a n ce l o me l M r . H u c i n so n s h se A w e ll was sun k at h , f r r y t h , i n which ga ve t he follo win g d e sce n di n g se ct o :

L o am passi n g i n to clay Co a rse suban gul a r che rt gra ve ] i n clay Fi n e gr a ve l li tle cla i n t he u e a t Co a rse gra ve l with a ve ry t y pp r p r Thi n se a m o f pe a t o r m o uld u cla s on e s su a n ula i n i c a e Gra ve l (witho t y , t b g r , ) wh h w t r

rose .

“ — 22 P O H u chin so n Gui e to Si mo ut 1 875 . 20 . Se e . . t , d d h , , pp 74 V A L L E Y D E POSI T S .

i n the ; Te e th of Mammoth (E le pha s prrmi ge n ta s) we re found h o f a o h be d o f the Sid half a mile from its mouth ; two te e t M mm t

h b Hu hi so , we re also found in clay u nde r Sidmouth be ac y tc n n who pre se nte d the m to the E xe te r Muse um . 1 e o lle s Go dwin - Auste n state d tha t i n all the South D v n va y , L e Re i s us s bo e s a n d e e h o f e le h from the Exe t o ym g , t k , n , t t p ant ls a n d s ds h i o a ll and rhino ce ros we re furni she d by gra ve an , or z nt y o e d i n hi s i i o h arran ge d in l ow situa tion s ; and they pr v , op n n , t at h o lace the e xcavati on o f the valle y s to the ir pre se n t d e pt t ok p

ls . be fore the occupa tio n o f the country by those anim a li h i The probability o f the re ma ins o f the e xtinct m amma a av ng scre cs a n d i co be e n de rive d fr om o ld e r grave ls o r an ci e nt , n r lle s por ate d i n more re ce nt de po sits a s the e xca va tion o f the va y w oce e e e s e ci a ll in the Sid lle i s uch too s , ho pr d d , p y va y , m trong t be o e loo e e . ve r , o v r k d f b ou h W e s o u h B sc be The valle y s o Salcom e M t , t n Mo t , ran om , a n d Be e m a fo e l he the co s li e e x e e se a , r y rm r y , w n a t n t nd d aw rd he id in the fo e have be e n draine d by tributari e s o f t S two rm r , se s an d o f the Axe i n the latte r ca .

- ith The stre a m go rge a t W e sto n M o uth sho we d 30 t o 40 f e e t of cl ay w T i i i e n l é is o m cla i in s broke n fli n t a n d che rt ston e s . h s s e v d t y d br fr y w th fl t ca i e o n he e lo e s o f t he all e t he i a le G e e n san a i n rr d d w t ste p s p v y, fr b r d h v g n be e w ashe d a way . H utchinson note d trace s o f subme rge d ve ge ta tion afte r he avy i u h o osi e the o e l the gale s on the fore shore a t S dmo t , pp t F rt fi d on h S u s o f e e s e l e ce we st o f the rive r mout . t mp tr (appar nt y r nt) The i e o f we re found at 8 f e e t be l ow high w a te r mark . rap d w ar the coa st be fore the construction o f the se a - wall might be he ld f le e l but sufficie nt t o accou nt for thi s witho ut invoking change o v , the pre se n ce o f blue clay und e r the shingle be ach (at about high wate r mark) re nde rs it probable that the re are he re proo fs o f

- n hi s blue cl tre e growth at the mou th o f the Sid valle y . O t ay e f n l e l a o h e h e e ou e i e n o ou b f o o e s . M mm t t t w r d , d r v d d t r m d r grav H utchinson ga ve re a so ns for be li e ving that su bsid e n ce was taking 2 t r a e o abo u 1 i h pl ace on thi s co ast a the t f t 0 nc e s i n 1 00 ye ars. 3

is ho e e i e ue s io able . Th , w v r, s v ry q t n

A AX E V L L EY .

The e aste rn part o f the a re a i s dra ine d mainly by the rive r Axe an it ib a i e his i e i se s i n the D o se shi e D s d s tr ut r s . T r v r r r t r own Axn lle r f a s be e he i n d B a i s I t e o e C o a e e . n ar rm , tw n dd ngt n m n t r e s h i h h c i a n d l a nte r t e are a a l ttle sout o f C ard Jun t on , fol ows me ande ring course alo ng an a llu vial tract that e xte nds i n a fa irly

i i h - I t i s i e o n th i h th d re ct l ne to t e south we st . jo n d e r g t by e Y a hich l so follo s e i e c cou se h l rty , w a w a v ry d r t r , and by t e Co y i h its ibu the mb rn e B o o w t tr tary U o r k . F o the bo e ri he igh s o f H a chu ch o he l e s r m rd ng t wk r and t r p ac , fi e i e s o f the lle ar e be ob in e a n d the n v w va y to ta d , spe ctator i s i e sse i h the e x e o f the e o sio mpr d w t t nt r n .

o Soc. s r . 2 v l . v Tra n s e l . i G e o . 1 40 4 . 4 3. , , , 8 , p. 2 T D on A ssa vi 1 an s e m . 873 . 232 n so r . v d Re B r it As c. f o r 1 a 885 . 422 , , , p ; p . . , p . 3 Ro o s Co . Co n v Se e Re o t . mm n t osio ol . 1 1 25 p r a Er i . 907 . . y , , p V A L L E Y D E POSI TS . 75

The slope s o f the se ste e p hills are stre wn with de tritus fro m the l e u - i f s f the sc s of che c s an d hi s p at a dr t and rom arp rty ro k , t angul ar de tri tus passe s i n place s inse nsibly into the rolle d e i l o f the i e mat r a r v r grave ls. The te rm va lle y grave l i s the re f ore a ppropriate ly e mploye d for all the accu ul i s in the lle ha coul be e il a e m at on va y t t d r ad y m pp d , but it must be borne in mind that ove r a conside rable portion o f h th t e are a e so il is e xce e dingly stony . The principal tracts o f valle y grave l o ccur ne ar the j unctions o f the ibu r ie s as ice ble in the e i hb u h o f o l o tr ta , not a n g o r o d o C yt n

Kil i o W adbro k B oo h- H and m ngt n , at o and r m nort we st of awk h h The r e l e s e s o e le i c urc . g av d c nd fr m an vat on of about 300 fe e t at Kil i o 200 fe e B o o to 1 00 f e e e Se a o m ngt n and t at r m t n ar t n .

R e i n ot e a it ha l a i o t he e st f M r . d d m le t w o Cha rd J un c io n w e re 1 0 p f t , h fe e t o f san d w as se e n re sti n g on the L o we r L i as clay : it was the n use d i n

c - o t he bri k w rks . Be twe e n B ro a dbridge an d W e stf o rd f a rms (H ighe r Bathams o n t he o ld m a 50 o r 60 e f a l as o e i n a ll se rie s p) f e t o gr ve w pr v d we . Thi hic n e ss i s n ot su isi n as a lit tl e u he sou h i n the e at s t k rpr g, f rt r t gr it o f B o m n W ro ok i n t he a ish o f H a c u c a e l ballast p r o o rth o f adb p r wk h r h , gr v ha e e e n o e a e of mo e a n 35 e e a n d a e e e n an d san d v b w rk d t o d pth r th f t, h v b The a e ] prove d t o a fu rthe r d e pth of 1 0 fe e t witho ut re achin g t he base . gr v

- I t i n cl u e s lo am an d cla e l a e s is wo rke d t o n e a r t he wate r le ve l . d y y y y r , l a am f e a n d o n sa n a n d con sis s chi e o f with le n ticu r se s o gr y br w d , t fly a z i occa sio n al a i an d blac Gre e ns an d che r fli n an d u r , w d r r t , t , q t th k g t k l - E e ble s o f sc o l rock . r . A . . S al e n o e che rt . D t r t d p b h r

’ ' D U rb a n e n Cu a o o f t he E e t e r W . S . M . From this pit M . , th r t r x r 8 a fin e se i e s o f Palae oli hi c I m le me n s m a e M use um o t ai n e d i n 1 77, r p d , b , t t “ D alt e o se e s ha Rou l s a e r . S fro m t he Gre e n sa n d che rt . r b rv t t gh y h p d ” l h bo t tom la e s but we e e che rt im le me n t s a r e a un d an t most i n t e y r , w r p b , y h e o lo ical n ot succe ssf ul i n fi n di n g a n y e xample s d u ri n g t he progre ss of t e G g

Surve n o r o n a su se q ue n t visi . y, b t il a n e a A mi n s e s a ion I n a shallo w c utti n g by the mai n li n e o f r a w y r x t r t t , t i e ula l o n t he e u e M a l The a e l valle y gra ve l was se e n t o res rr g r y K p r r : gr v i n a n d c e t s o n e s W i h e le s o f co n sists f o r t he most part o f rough fl t h r t , t p bb l Sto n e s occu so me wa o n i n t he e u e M a , q ua rtz an d d a rk grit . r y d w K p r r cks o me i n dr e a he but e e ha vi n g pro ba bly d e sce n de d thro ugh cr a f r d y w t r ; h r il a t o L me R e i s t he e a re e i e n ce s o f an d fa rt he r a lo n g t he bran ch ra w y y g , r v d le t t he i n co o con si de ra ble soil - mo ve me n t s a n d small l a n dslips which have d o r l po rat ion of gra ve l with r e d mar .

- S o ols a m he e was an i n e e s n Thus by t he o rch a rd south w e st of h F r t r t r ti g al is u e a n d sho i n a e l i se c io n of t he v a lle dri a o o d d e d r d , w g gr v t y ft , g t b wth

- o i i o n ha n s o f r e d e u e M a l w ic i n the r e a a n e c n patche s an d d K p r r , h h rr g d d t

n F i . sho we d lit tle o r n o va ri e gati o . ( g

i e the o a - cu in sho e oc e ts Be lo w t he r a ilw ay by Abbe y Gate Br dg r d tt g w d p k a due t o n d a i e a e e u e M a l a. e a u e e h s o f gra ve l i n t he r e d a v r g t d K p r r , f t r p r p “l m e o si o n . the e ffe ct s o f s u bte rra n e an st re a r n o o f A mi n s e t o the n o t o f Gra ve l has be e n wo rke d at VVe y cro ft rth x t r , r h

ilmi n t o n . M usbu r a n d a t H a m t on sou h of K g y, p t

ich e t e n s t be lo 80 e e D r . A . E . I n t he gr a ve l o f Kilmi n gton wh x d o w f t , o ccu e e la e locks o f c e t r tate s Rude l chi e d che rts a lso r h r , rg b h rt Sal e s , y pp ” 4 l oc e t c. 8 i n . sc o up t o 1 0 x , h r r k ,

- H o n i o n a e fo r t he mo s a v lle s o f O we ll sou e as o f , p r The a y ff , th t t r t t m o ass but i n t wo lace s a o e r d wi d e n se wood scr u an d r , p , v cove e th , b b

2 28 . 1 898 . l xv. A ssoe . vo . P roc. Geol . , , , p

a 1 878 . 37. Geol . M g. , , p 1 1 m e o l a 3 o r ss f or 90 M e . G . S a B W o odward in Summar of Pr g e , ( r ), H . . y

1 4. 902, p. 5

1 898 . 282, am vol . li v . o] . A ss Proc. Ge , , p , A L D I T 76 V L E Y E POS S .

o u o f Oflwe ll V alle t he i as was shown in A li n s Commo n a n d a t t he m th y , r p T . d a i n a rtifici al e xca va tio n s ; e lse whe re it is co n ce ale d by e xte n sive slips an r

m a e u of a n a n d cl a t o e t e i i n a n d che t s on e s . w ashe s d p s d y , g h r w th fl t r t

— h o xm - A F I 38 Se ction sou th west o Shoals F a r m so ut in ste r . G. . f , f B W H . ( . . )

l h s on e s 8 2 Re d ma wi . to 4 il n d san loam . . . So a dy r t t

a e l . 9 e e G a e l it a c of re d ma l . l . Cla e . 3. r v w h p t h r y y gr v f t

I n t he alle of t he Col n e a N o le i a n a a St e e he e is v y y r rth gh d F rw y r t , t r a lso uc e it u a n d a e l t he la e so me im e s o scu e b a soil of r e d m h d tr s gr v , tt r t b r d y h a e l mo e o e i s n ot a l a s cle a l se a a le cla i s o n e s . T e y w th t gr v , r v r , w y r y p r b T u n o t o f B o n e ha n e t he a n s o f t he i e fro m t he Alluvi um . h s r h y b k r v r e i it l o a m e s i n o n a e l a n d o n t he i an a bou al a mile xh b r t g gr v , r ght b k , t h f e ast o f B o n e ha n e a o ut 25 e e t o f ra ve l was se e n re s i n g o n K e upe r y , b f g t M a rl .

N e a So ut le i h a e ll soil is me t i n o abl t o t he n o - e a s o f r h g gr v y w th , t y rth t M o r an ha e s a n d e e e n B olsha n e a n d Col o hi ch lie s t o the g y ; b tw y yf rd , w so u - e as t he lat e au i t m e e s i n o t he alle a e l ac oss a lin e o f t , p dr f rg t v y gr v r f a n th

Re i obse e ha bou h lf a ile h of Cha l e Mr . d rv d t t a t a m nort pp f e a s o f e bu the s e a i sa e a e i o a cro t Fa rm , t M m ry , tr m d pp r d nt fissure i n the L i a s ; and a t the j un ctio n o f the stre a ms above Gre atwo od Farm the main brook sinks i n the same w ay as at ha l e r ft a n d the ibu h i i C pp c o , tr tary t rows down a de pos t o f p nk a a u s u f a c l c re o t .

The Allu iu i l a e i n t he i e - ba i v m d sp y d r v r nks cons sts o f loam , i h he e an d he e sho l s o f r a e l or o f l oa i h i l w t r t r a g v , m w t part al y l f i uch o f the e rounde d b o cks o fl nt an d che rt . M ground be twe n

Ax i s e a n d Co l fo i s e u e e a n d he e. i s se l a m n t r y rd v ry n v n , t r dom ve ry de finite bou nda ry be twe e n the Allu viu m a n d the borde ring stra ta .

The Axe a s e a e b D e l a Be che in 1 8 , r m rk d y 30 , i s de fle cte d f o its cou se b the e bble ba h o u f o W t b o E . r m r y p nk t r wn p r m . y the e al e W an W i d S . . s hi ch he pr v nt . w nd , w re afford the he a vi e st b e a e s a n d it e sca e s i o the se a b su r k r , p nt y pporting itse lf aga inst Ax o u h cliff the se a ho e e i s co s l m t ; , w v r , n tant y e nde a vouring to ” 1 bar up its passa ge .

Thi s e aste rly tre nd o f the be a ch was the me an s o f cho king the harbou r o f what was o nce the flouri shing little fishing town

h l - a h e xi o f Ax ou . a At m t S t p n s t e n ste d . the cl ose o f the 1 8th ce ntury a l arge tra ct o f Salt - ma rshe s e xte nde d ove r the a re a o f

1 P i l M a s 2. vii 1 h . . e r . 8 0 6 1 3 . 9 g , . , , p . 77 VA L L E Y D E POSI T S .

the old h b u the se a was e u ll e xclu e the a e ar o r, ve nt a y d d , and r a has be e i e t t i h S l n dra n d o the advantage o f he n e g bourhoo d . a t w a s i cle o f an art tra de at L yme Re gis in the 1 4th ce n tury .

Y N A A S L M A D CH R V L L EY .

Re ma i n s o f t he M a mmoth (Elepha s primigen i a - s) a n d o f Rhi n o ce ros h a ve e e n e co e o m t he a e l o f C a mou t a n d t he ilu i um a e b r rd d fr gr v h r h , d v bo v the c u ch li L 1 c t m e Re i . On E s a s e us o f t he le a n 9 8 i n . h r ff y g t k ph t ft . lo n wa s o a i n e g bt d by D e la B e che . The gr ave l a t Cha rmo uth is we ll e xpo se d n e a the mo u h o f h r t t e litt le rive r .

T . a H wki n s me n ti o n e d a be d o f gra ve l co n ce ali n g the blu e li as m a rl e ast o f t he o u 2 b ro gh o f L yme . This has n o w go n e o wi n g t o e n cro achme n ts o f t he co a st but o ba l it wa s a n e n i , pr b y xte s o n o f t he highe r valle y gra ve l o f t he C a o n t he lo e a o f C u c Cli n r , w r r r s be o re t he la n d ha d e e h p t h h ff , f b ashe a a w d w y so f ar . D e la Be che state d that the re we re slight re mains o f a sub e e fo e s at the ou h o f the ha m rg d r t m t C r . Alo ng the L ym (o r Bu ddle ) Valle y above L ym e Re gis we find a littl e rou gh che rt grave l he re an d the re at vari ou s l e ve ls— it

was o e i n th - but h pr v d e tri al boring for coal (se e p. t e re are n o co s i cuous s o f Allu i u l o i t the sli i n p tract v m , part y w ng o pp ng he e an d he e of bo e i c s o f i as a h b t e r t r rd r ng tra t L Cl y , w e re y h

s e - cou se has be e o e tr am r n narr w d . To the we st o f H olco mbe be twe e n U plyme an d Combpyne a n u usu ll e e dr ull w as t o b i n The n a y d p and y g y e se e n 1 906. chann e l ha d e vi de ntly be e n scoure d out by a tumultuous flow o f a e — the lou he e l w as s e i h bl s o f che an d w t r p g d fi d tr wn w t ock rt , at the botto m o f the slope the re w as a conside rable accumul a ti o n i i i ’ f h . u s o f the e ol o is s A i i . o a A . W t e m D r ng a v t G g t ssoc t o n Mr . Clayde n sugge ste d that the phe nome non might have be e n pro duce d by on e o f those he avy lo cal falls o f rain known a s cloud

c i W . ov e an d he subse ue l s e e f o . . bursts, q nt y a rta n d r m Mr C Gr r, w a t Rous o h his as the ca se . o f the Obse rvatory d n , t at t Mr . Grove r ha d e nte re d the following state me nt i n hi s Re cords for 1 886:

The he avi e st gale an d r ai n fall kn o w n i n this di st ri ct f or m an y ye a rs

R a i n wa alli n a t 9 a . m . a n co n i n u o ccurre d o n D e ce m be r 26t h . s f g d t e d i n n s m a i n i t m . he n it e sce n e o e he ill a o u 4 . mo d e r ate t b t p , w d d d t rr t , k g w th

a e n i n o a e e i n e i n ui c l o o e . The o a s i n wi n d a most de f g r r , v ryth g b g q k y fl d d r d a n l a ce s e e as e a a n um e o us e e s o f e at a e a n d siz e e e m y p w r w h d w y , r tr gr g w r u o e a n d c asms e e as e o ut so me of i c e e me asu e a n d pr o t d h w r w h d , wh h w r r d f n s o f e a c al a n d i n e h . M a n un e s o o foun d t o b e 1 0 ft . d pt y h dr d t rth , h k , T e t a l ai n all o f t he da ro ck we re wa she d do w n to wa rds t he se a . h to r f y ” t h ull i n u e i o n was o n e o f M r . G o e a e a e s was 2 65 i n s . r v r dd d th t g y q t 3 those re fe rre d t o i n t he fo re goi n g passage .

1 i 1 22 421 Re o n 2 vol . . 8 . o t Ge o lo S oc. se r . n eol . D e la B e che Tr a s. G , , , p , p r g , , y 1 8 1 2 m e o l. a r G S a 39 . 4 41 m e se M e . 7 o f Corn wall D e vo n an d W e st So r t ( ), , pp , , , " “ Tr a n e ol 2 1 an d s G . Soc se r . vo l 74 . . i . B ucklan d Re li uize D iluvian aa . , , , , , q , p

1 02. 1 22 . 8 , p 2 “ 1 2 u i 1 834 . . M e moirs o f I chthyosa r , p

3 332 an d Plate VI . 1 906 . ssoc. xix. P r oc. Ge ol . A , , , p

1 8821 R CHAPTE X .

L AND SL I PS AND COAST EROSI ON .

L AN D SL I PS .

i e s o f l an d Amo ng the attractions of L yme Re gis i s the gre at se r o f i le s o f slips tha t fringe the coast we stwa rds to within a couple o m a i o f the u l s is f o 300 the mou th o f the Axe . The m rg n p and r m i it sis s of the b o to a littl e o ve r 500 fe e t i n e le va t o n , and con t r wn e G e e sa s che - be s c lca re o us s ds o e of the U pp nd , rt d , and a an t n r r n h l b i e ul c i s sa su r ou e b the hi e C a , y pp nd , m nt d y w t k and rr g ar a ng his ss o f s e s s the Gau l o f fli n t a n d che rt de tritus . T ma trata r t on t ,

L i li e s e s the Rhae i c li e s e s sha le s , L owe r as clays and m ton , t m ton and h l s hi ch e e he f e e ll and on t e Ke upe r Mar , w , tak n tog t r , orm a g n ra y

impe rvi ou s and slippe ry found a tion . i l h e sli h se a The C e a ce us s hou h f a r , r t o trata , t g y flat av a g t aw rd cce u a e i n l ce s b the u n e in cli n a ti on , and thi s has be e n a nt t d p a y d r he mining action o f springs in carrying a way the loose sands a t t ° ° h hu s i cli i of 5 S . 20 E . wa s ba se o f t e Gre e nsand . T an n nat on

no te d in the cliff at Bindon . H e nce we ha ve the most f a vourable conditions for the pro duc e ha e o ccu e i e ls a ll lo ti o n o f la ndslide s , and th y v rr d at nt rva a ng 1 i l his use ar e due the the coa st from time imme mor a . To t ca i e infinite varie ty and pi cture squ e n e ss o f this broke n coast l n . The ordinary slipping o f a gre a t clay bank is e vide nt on the bo h e s o f L e Re is but it i s u il we e t slope s t e ast and w t ym g , not nt g und e r the brow o f the W are Cliffs that we e nte r the re gio n o f the a l a li The ou i s a e u of the e a e gre t nds ps . gr nd m d p gr t r and sm a ll e r slippe d masse s— hu ge bl o cks an d masse s that f orm u nde r iff i e i le i h c s o f e e s sc ub hi c e cl s , nt rm ng d w t tra t gr n ward , r and t k t , H e e he e e a che rou gh stony place s and qua gmire s . r and t r d t d i a cl e s a the hi e Ro c fo e o f the hi he be s o f p nn , s C mn y k ( rm d g r d U ppe r Gre e nsand)unde r W are Clifls appe ar be low the m a in Chalk l c iffs .

B e l o w the Pi n hay Cliffs t o t he sou th- e ast o f Whitlan ds is t he Chape l ” k sc - B n a l a e mas f e a n M i le Ro c e ibe b M r . J u e s o e as s o U d , d r d y k r w rg pp r dd mi n a lu be e e n 1 20 an d 1 30 A C al o e e t hi h . n e ce lle n o o h k , f r g b ff tw f g x t ph t f i li b R a o t has e e n ub s e D r . o e a n d i h e a t o t he a e gr ph b p h d y w , w t r g rd d t o f t e se sli e oc s he me n ti o n s o n t he a u ho it f M i H l n Allhu p d r , r o ss e e se n h p k t y , t he e li e at e e e o me e o e t he l 6th ce n u as a i i o n a b f th th y w r f r d b f r t ry , tr d t s ys th a t the y w e re use d as a pl a ce f o r se cre t wo rshi p duri n g t he re ligi o us ” 2 cut i o n i n t he e i n s o f M a a n d J a m u he h pe rse s r g ry e s . F rt r w e st o n t e bo rd e rs o f t he W hitl a n ds r avi n e i s a d e e p fissu re kn own a s t he Gre at ” Cle t u n n in a a lle l t o t he ace o f t he cli hus cu i n ff f , r g p r f ff , t tt g o a thi ck slice of o c . The c ac st s a t e i n 1 886 had a u all i e n e e a r k r k fir t r d , gr d y w d d y r b e a but a he mo e a i l o f l at e a n at fi s y y r , r t r r r p d y th r t . The base is cut i n U e G e e n san t he che n a u e o f i ch was we ll dis la fi pp r r d , rty t r wh p ye d An impo r a n oun de r is st a e d t o a ve occurre d in 1 765 whe n the t t f t h , uri de rcliff at Whit lan ds was fo rme d : i n 1 840 a n othe r lan dslip to ok place tll e re .

D e la B e che men ion e d hat 7 mile s sou h of L me Co bb chal roc s t t t y , k k occurre d at a depth of abo ut 1 5f athoms the se are n o do ubt re lics of the waste e l o s r‘ 2 1 822 v Tran s o . S c. e . ol i ast G . . 41 of the co . . , , , , p. . 2 5 o a v l iii . 1 903 8 a ol o o . . P r c. G . Ass c n d Pl I , v , , pp , a e . x , t 3 1 336 I id xix. 906 . . r W Youn b . C . , g, , , p

80 L A N D SL I B S .

Ci il E i e e o f Exe e , i s e . To he a n d to W D so m n t r t m . aw n , v ng n r t r le a w e a re ind e bte d for full pa rti cu lar s o f t he phe nome n a ; whi Robe rt s the more ha ndy guide w a s publi she d in 1 840 by Ge o rge ( his o ia of L e Re is his e che fi e e i i o s ur i g t r n ym g ), and t r a d v d t n d n 1 t h A o l i o f the la sli I S sho i n the e y e ar . go d ge ne ra v e w nd p wn . o i s i e ce a n d the s uc ur e o f the o u a c i cal the s e Fr nt p , tr t gr nd , pr t ly am a s ha d D so i s i e i n F i . 39 t t re pre se nte d by Con ybe ar e a n aw n , g v n g ,

- b Ju e s B o e . drawn y Mr . k r wn

A a o f H o o e n Cliff e e e n B e e n othe r impo rt a n t l a n dslip wa s t h t k , b tw r Ro e s s a e s H a la ce i n M a c 1 790 . e d a n d Bra n sco m e w i c t o o r , r b , h h k p h b t t t t a t t w e a e o e a fin e a m o f at e ce ase t o flo w a n d t a c a c s h o y rs b f r e str w r d , h t r k a ppe a re d lo n g pri o r t o t he ca t ast ro phe . Amo n g t he mi n o r slips it m ay be m e n t io n e d th a t a bo ut 2% ye a rs a ft e r i n 1 825 a o e Bl a ck V e n t he d e e p cutt i n g f o r t he n e w ro a d wa s m a de ( ) b v , e t we e n L m e Re i s a n d C a rmo ut t he ro un d sli pe d do wn ro m 20 e e t b y g h h , g p f f T is o a a t t he we st e rn e n d t o 8 f e e t at t he e ast e rn to w a rds t he se a . h r d ’ ” o ms a ollo - wa kn o n a s t he D e il s B e llo s o m i t s e o su e t o f r h w y w v w , fr xp r wi n ds The bo rde ri n g high gro u n ds a ffo rd e vi de n ce o f thre e a mphit he at re li e o llo o u ce b e at sli s a n d t he i n e me i at e ollo i s close k h ws pr d d y gr p , t r d h w t a u e W . D n e n o e t a The Re v . o s t o t he m a rgi n o f t he ro a d . w t d h f rth r 2 la n dslip i n 1 880 n e ce ssitat e d t he re co n st r uct i o n o f t he high ro a d . t n e a e e e n 1 803 a n d 1 834 90 e e t i n Ro be rts me n ti on s tha i 30 y rs b tw , f e a t o f t he C u ch Cli s e e lost i n i s case i o ut a n e a br d h h r ff w r , th w th y gr t ' i a li but b a a u al moul e i n sli i n a n d c u mbli n . H e e s m e s de r d d r , r g d , y g g pp g t t a n u Ne e t he loss e ast a n d w e st o f t he to wn a t from 1 t o 3 f e e t pe r n m . v r t he le ss m a n has n o t be e n re e ro m l a m e i n t he a c ual de st ruc i on o f the , f f b t t cli s fo r t he sa me writ e r i n o rms us Of t he se ri ou s i n j u r a has a rise n ff , f y th t fro m t he re mo val o f t he le dge s o f L i as lime sto n e that se rve d t o pro t e ct “ 3 m e l a l a n e t Cha mo u i c a t he co as . T e e was o o s n o e b t h r f r r y r th , wh h , t d y n ce b t h Alm o u s i n u c Ro e r s co mme d e s H e s C r h S re e . b t , y h t t ’ ichae l s Chu c L me Re is ha f o r m a n e a s The osi i o n Of St . M s p t r h , y g , y y r A C t a a n i t but we le a n o m M r . m ca use e . . G. Ca e o n ha s e s h e d x y , r fr r t t p v n o w e e n t a e n t o o e ct t he a ace n t cliff o m u e as e a t he b k pr t dj fr f rth r w t , s c u c i s o n l 80 e e i s a n a n d a o ion o f the chu ch a has h r h y f t d t t , p rt r y rd a a broke n w y .

On J un e 1 0 1 908 a se i e s o f sm all la n sli s o o lace i n t h la - cliffs , , r d p t k p e c y i tle L an e L me Re is alon a c e as Of S s a abou 500 a n n h . t p t , y g , g tr t t y rds i le gt

OA S T E ROSI ON C .

The coast i s subj e ct to waste from the combine d action o f se a a n d s i s e he i h f os o he sub i a The pr ng , tog t r w t r t and t r ae r al ge nts. re lative ly harde r rocks o f the U ppe r Sandstone s o f Otte rto n Point na turally withstand the ra vage s o f the se a be tte r than the Re d Marls o f Sidmouth and Bra nscombe and the y pre se nt a bold fro nt i h o c l f o s i e si e ho e ve b ll an d w t r ky p at rm , d v r fi d , w r , y sma ic u e s ue ba s i h i sola e s c s o f o to p t r q y , w t t d ta k r ck and arche s , due the e ro sive a cti on o f the se a along pl a ne s of jointing and le ss in u a e o io s o f t d r t d p rt n he strata .

A a i s cli e has lo e e - g n , a yn n w r d the Chalk to Se a le ve l so a s to fo the o i e fe u e o f Be e H e a hi rm pr m n nt at r r d , w le the fault on the cast of W hite cliif has bro u ght the Re d Marls into abrupt contact i h the G e e sa f cili e the e o sio f w t r n nd and a tat d r n o Se aton B ay . E astwa rd s the cliff s an d le dge s o f W hite L ia s and L owe r L ias

Se e Ti le s in B iblio a 2 9 . r . t g phy, p 3 li 1 ua r t. J ourn . e ol . oc. x . 885 2 G S . 3 Q , , , p . 3 Hi f me Re is 1 834 1 4 ~ st o o L . 9 2l 4 21 r , , p 7. y y g p , OA S T E R I 81 C OS ON .

li e s o e s fo i he l s r o i n t lo w i e e x e m t n rm m nor ad and o p nts, a d a t d t n Si e l fo s Of the s a r e e x ose u il e as o f L e Re is v p at rm trata p d , nt , t ym g , li the me stone s dip be low the l e ve l o f low wate r a n d the se a has i e c cce ss the L o e L i a la i h h f be e s c s . E os o as e e o e d r t a to w r y r n , t r r , n o e a i i m r r p d , and th s has be e n a ide d by pre vious fluvi atile actio n he the Ch V alle e xt e n de d f u he sou h w n ar y , rt r t . From the foot o f Pe ak Hill to Bra nscombe the re i s a Shingle be ach made up mostly o f che rt and flint pe bble s with sa nd i n l a ce s low i p at t de , and the re the loss o f l a nd was e stimate d by

‘ Hu chi s i h a e a r i o c o bou 8 fe e n a e u . t n n at an n y r , a t t c nt ry Rathe r fine r shingl e and sa nd e xte nd a long the Sho re o f Se aton Ba t o Culv e r hole oi be hi h i e i e y P nt , yond w ch t e be ach s mor nt r i l e i h u bl e l f e st o f L e m ng d w t t m d b ocks rom the cliff s . NV ym Re gi s the shingl e ha s be e n carte d a way fro m time to time for e conomi c purpose s— a pro ce e ding whi ch ca nnot be comme nde d on i h i e e i o a n d e e e i l u h a co ast wh c re qu r s prot ct n , mor sp c al y as so m c lime sto ne i s take n from the cliffs for the manu facture o f lime an d e e c m nt . R X I CHAPT E .

ECONOMI C GE OL OGY .

BU I L D I N G STONE S . f The ston e Obta ine d from the e xte n sive qu arrie s to the we st o ose s an d w a s u se Be e r ha s lo ng be e n e mploye d for bu ilding purp , d e s i n the inte ri or of Exe te r Cathe dra l i n No rman and late r ti m .

i h l a n d it co n si s s o f The B e e r Stone be longs to the M ddle C a k , t

- s I t lime sto ne compo se d almost e ntire ly o f coa rse she ll fra gme nt . ha s be e n o pe ne d up i n an imme n se quarry on the north side of ua r L a e u a ile e s o f B e e a n d e bo h a bo e Q r y n , abo t m w t r , work d t v l The u e l s he ce the f e e s o e ha s be e and be ow grou nd . t nn w n r t n n o btaine d e xte nd a long way u n de rground both to the n orth an d south of Qua rry L ane ; and the y a re supporte d by m a sse s o f the i The s o e i s sa f e e s on e a i e he e he re b be . r t , d d r and t y t m r t n wn

i n si tu a l f o six t o e i h s are ob a i e . I t out , n d b ocks r m g t ton t n d e f o the i s but h e s i s compa ra tive ly so ft whe n ta k n r m work ng , ard n

I t i s e s i e be a s e ss of lbs . e r on e xpo su r e . t mat d to r a tr p 1 h its u ifo e x u e close a i n it is square i nc . From n rm t t r and gr i r bl a a e for c in an d e s e ci ll for i si e e co a dm a y d pt d arv g , p a y n d d ra i I t has ho e e be e n u se i h succe ss f or o u si e t ve wo rk . , w v r , d w t t d f th i h u i chu che s as we ll a s in side work in many o e ne g bo r ng r , at i ha s e e be e e St a H i Ax s e &c . Ott ry . M ry , on ton , m n t r , , and v n n se nt a s f a r as N orwi ch for u se i n the Roman Catholi c Ca the dral i ha i The o l hi c e ss o f the f e e s e i s 1 2 or 1 3 fe e n t t c ty . t ta t kn r ton t , ” h lo call l e but it appe ars to be some w a t y de ve op d .

D e l a B e c e n i n ha A s a was o me l sun a n d a le e l h me t o s t t h ft f r r y k, v i e n i n o t he ill e e e n B e e H e a a n d B an scombe i n o e t o dr v t h , b tw r d r , rd r O a i n a co n i n ua t i o n of t he sa me e s but t he o o e s n o t a e a t o bt t b d , w rk d pp r ’ ’3 a e e n o t a l a it i n o w a a n o e M r J l i e - B o n e n o e s e b e s s n . . s h v b pr fi , b d d k r w t a t n e a t he Pi n n acle s i n H o o e n Cli e sse bloc s o f s o n e s ill lie th r k ff , dr d k t t 4 Th B t n e w a bo ut o n t he slope s . e e e r S o as n ot ide n tifie d a s a fre e ston e

Se e . in Be e r H e a d . ( p

uke s - B o n c n si e t at t he B e M r . J r w e o d rs h e r Sto n e is re pre se n te d by 5 fe e t o f e e st o n e i c has be e n o e i n t he Sut o n ua i e s so ut - e st of fr wh h w rk d t Q rr , h w 5 n a al \Vidwo rthy . Fre e sto e w s so w o rke d in the L o we r Chalk at W ilmi n g m t on a n d a t D un sco be . Se e . , ( p

The L o e L ias lime sto n e s a t L me Re is l me a n A min w r y g , Up y d x ste r have

ie f r buil i n - l oc s a i n - s n ~ be e n ua o o e a n d lime bur n i n . q rr d d g b k , p v g t g

The ollo in se ct io n e co e i n 1 822 w g , r rd d b B uc la n d is o f i n e re s i n f y k , t t ‘ lo sho wi n g t he cal n ame s a ppli e d t o the stra ta ; it was ta ke n from a se ri es o f li e s q u a rrie s o n the t wo opposite side s o f t he valle y of t he Axe n e a r ’ 6 Axmi n ste r .

1 “ M ase Obse a ion on P. E . s Be e S on e Ex y, rv r e e r 1 882. t t , t , 2 “ See Ju e s- B own e C e ace o us Roc s of B i in v i M m r , r r a ol . i . e . Geol . k t k t , , ( 1 03— 4 06 vol iii ara 9 . . . 379. S ), , p 5 , , p. 3 Re o t o n Ge olo of Co n wall D e o n n m p r gy r , v a d W e s So e rse t M em. Geol . , t ( 1 839 240 487 Sum ), , pp. , . C e ace o us Roc s of B i ain v l i o . i . M em aul. S a ra 1 0 4 r r , , . G 9 3 . 40. t k t ( ), , p

t Joum . eol . oc vol liv 1 ua G S . . . 898 Q r . , , , p. 241 . 6 Tr e l o . ser 2 v l 1 22 G o . S c . o . i . 8 . 98 ans . Re li uiae D il u i as , , , , p v an e d. q ,

242. p. B U I L D I NG S T ONE S . 83

— White L ia s Slat an d ssil e use f o r oo in y fi , d fl r g Cla B — ur rs Rough buildin g- ston e 0 1 0 Cla y. Cockle s— S e ll sto n e use f or buil in h y , d d g O 1 0 Cla y. — l - . n vile B lue buildin g s on e ormin a be d Of irre u t , f g g lar an vi l - shape d blo cks l 0 a y . — Ga B urrs Go od blue buildin - ston e 0 1 0 g; g ay.

F r - i e S ton e W i e buildin ston e use d also f or L o L i s h t g e a . w r . fo rmi n g the arch- work of li me - pi ts 1 0 a y .

[Tr - o ot bed— la s on e the bes f or a in 0 6 f F g t , t p v g iga y . — F - 0 0 Ston e B lue paving an d buildin g ston e 0 1 0 0 ;a y . Red Sage— W ite L ias in clin in to e use f o r h g gr y, d avm an d buil n 6 p g di g. 0 Cla y. — Un der bed Blue b l i n - o n e us f r i n an d ui d g st , e d o pav g f or ste ps 0 8 Cla y . Rhmtic B — e s. White Rock W i d h te L ias .

The l l 1 oca n a me s o f t he be ds he re a n d at Uplyme a r e a pplie d t o cha a ct e a n d use s o f t he e a n h i z n r r b ds d witho ut re spe ct t o t e re lative ho r o . Th L e o we r L i as has b e e n o pe n e d up i n se ve r al q ua rrie s i n t he n e ighbo u r o o Of U l me se h d e . a n d t he e ds a re n ow o e a t W e croft n e a p y ( p b w rk d , r . y A mi n s e se e al x t r ( so p. The ua i n o f st o n e at L me Re i s e s e ci all t he e mo al o f t he q rry g y g , p y r v l . e dge s o f ro ck o n t he fo re sho re has f o r m a n y ye a rs be e n a so u rce o f so m e an xi e ty t o t ho se i n t e re ste d i n t he pro t e cti o n o f t he co ast ; b ut as a bu ildi n g

s on e D e la B e c e - , st at e s : Wh e n t a e n ro m t he se a side a s n e a r L me t h k f , y w e e it ha s be co me im e n a e it sali n e at e it is n o o i ousl h r pr g t d w h w r , t r y a

Blocks o f ce me n t - s o n e s ro m t he cli f s o r e a c n e a r C a rmou ave i n t f f b h h th h ,

old ime s e e n ut ili f o r a i n - n se s o e o r i c i n . t , b d p v g t p t h g The indu ra te d no dule s in the U ppe r Gre e nsa nd known a s Cow sto ne s ha ve be e n e mploy e d (to ge the r with Po rtla nd ro a ch i n the co s u c i f the T t r n tr t on O Cobb a t L yme Re gi s . he d ate o f i s fi st e e c io i s n ot o n but its e se f i a i h e i n r t n kn w , pr nt orm s s d to av be e n a a s Old as the fou e e h ce u but the a i a ss w a s p rt rt nt nt ry , m n m e co s r u c c l e e in 1 a f m r n t te d and o mp t d 826, te r da ma ge by a gr e a t stor

i n v E lse he e the che - be s Of the G e e sa d o e b 1 824 . N m e r , w r rt d r n n ,

an d che a n d i f o the a e l - be s ha e be e l o ca ll u se i n rt fl nt r m gr v d , v n y d On Shu e Hill the che has be e bu ilding cottage s a n d wa lls . t rt n la l fo r a i bo li a lle s a n d ar s fo r hich ur rge y worke d p v ng w ng y y d , w p The pose s it ha s be e n se nt to v a rio us pa rts o f South D e v on . ca lca re o us sa nd sto n e s o f the Gre e n sa nd a t D unsco mbe a n d Sa l

e l u i e fo r bu il i n - s o e but os o f the combe we re form r y q a rr d d g t n , m t w e o pits a re n o o v rgr wn . a L I M E AN D CE M E N T .

L yme Re gi s ha s fo r many y e a rs be e n ce le bra te d fo r its hydra uli c lime and ce me nt .

3 7. xvi 1 860 . 9 n l . S oc. . J o ur . e o S W ri h ua r t. G ee g t, Q , , , p W st S om s of Co n all D e o n an d e e e t M e m. Geol n lo . Re po rt o Ge o gy r w , v , r ( 4 ur 1 839 . 88. S e ), , p 3 “ ic Roc s of B i tai n vo l . ii i . M e m . Geo l W u ass . Se e H . B . o odward J r r , , ( , k — 1 . 288 293. Sum ), 893, pp 4 ON OM I E L O Y 8 E C C G O G .

The Blue L i a s lime stone s Of the W e st Cliff a n d so me o f the

Ce me nt- ston e s i n the clay s a bo ve ha v e be e n utili z e d fo r thi s pu r A oo e a l o f the a e i al ha s be e shi e i n the ra w po se . g d d m t r n pp d S a e a bo u 1 0 o s a e e hile uch o f it i s e a e fo r li e t t , t 2 t n w k , w m pr p r d m a n d e e n i il s c m t at the adj oin ng k n .

A l se s b oh S ille o f ce e a e f o the na y , y Mr . J n p r m nt m d r m li e s o e s an d —s o e s Sho e ha the l e co a i e m t n ce me nt t n , w d t t att r nt n d i ili a an d alu i he e b a Sl ghtly l arge r proportio n o f so luble S c m na , w r y the ce m e nt se ts so m e wha t harde r an d e xhibits a gre ate r d e nsity .

Th i ll e f o the u bl e a sse s o n the be a ch e Sto ne s co e ct d r m t m d m , a n d whe n the se have be e n r e mo ve d the ston e i n the cliffs i s bl a ste d .

E a ch laye r has its distinctive na me as e lse whe re no te d (p. the sa me na me s be ing appli e d a s fa r a s po ssible to the l ay e rs i n the ' W e s hu ch liffs t and C r C .

The H a rd M a rl a n d t he W e st Rock (a n i ro n - st a i n e d ce me n t - st on e t h at o ccu s at a i e le e l i n t he cl a s o f t he W e s Cli a r e sai e n mi e r h gh r v y t ff), d wh x d o e t g t he r t o m ake a supe rfin e ce me n t .

Some o f t he ce me n - s o n e s i n t he cli s n e a Cha mou e s e cia ll the t t ff r r th , . p y ” t wo ce me n - ba n s ha e e e n e m lo e i n Old ime s f o r a ki n ce m e n t d , v b p y d t m g t , a n d a n - - Se e re m i s o f a disuse d ce me n t mill still stan d n e a r t he se a sho re . ( p.

At t he Ya wl L ime - kiln s a t Uplyme the L o we r L i as a n d also t he White r u i a L i as a e se d n t he pre p ration o f lime .

N e a W e cr oft A mi n s e at t he D o se t Blue L i a s L ime a n d Ce me n t r y , x t r , r W o ks bo lime a n d ce me n e e o me l m a e o he L L i as r , th t w r f r r y d fr m t o w e r lime s o n e s but i n 1 904 lim n e o l wa s e a e . t , , , y pr p r d I t i s sai d that t he pale r be ds o f L o wer L i as a n d the W hite L i as m ake the e e lim e f o r l as e i n an d i n o o b tt r p t r g d r wo rk .

Chal ha s be e bu for li e i n l oc li i e s a n d a t the k n rnt m many a t , famou s Be e r qu a rri e s the be ds above the B e e r Stone a re so u ili t ze d .

Occasi on a lly the top highly ca lcare ou s ro ck o f the Gre e nsand has be e bu for li e e a n rnt m n r Cha rd stock .

MARL .

I n old i e s a n d fo r the o s a i or to the 1 9th e u t m , m t p rt pr c nt ry , the l M a r s or re d clays o f the Tri a s we re e xte nsive ly du g for top e ssi o f th T dr ng e la nd . he o ld pits a ff ord n o se ctio ns w o rthy o f e co , bu t a o f he o ccu i n the Sid a n d B a sco be lle r rd m ny t m r r n m va y s . No rth o f Gre a t Trill be ds o f gre e nish- y e llow marl stre ake d with r e d e e f e l du for a i cul u l u s w r orm r y g gr t ra p rpo e s .

BR I C K L A C Y .

The L o e w r M a rls have be e n wo rke d for bri ck - making on the e s e Si e of the le ll e e a Ta l w a t rn d Ta va y n r e ate r .

i s e e Ope e in the Ke u e a ls fo r the sa e u e i n P t w r n d p r M r m p rpos , the lo e be — w r ds at Sidmouth sta tio n ; o n the e ast o f the high ro ad s u h o f Sidford e s o f a s o F a , in r e d he lo a l o t a t M n t n rm , rat r my c ay , i h e e ba i n t w t a gr n nd he Otte rto n o utli e r (by the high ro ad e ast B I 85 R C K C L A Y . o f the villa ge ); n e a r the ir j u nctio n with t he sa ndsto ne s e a st o f O e St a i e o f tt ry . M ry ; by the ra ilwa y (a la rge pit) o n the we st s d the ibu a v a lle e f i o a io a l so at Co uchill tr t ry y , w st o H on t n St t n ; ,

o h- e s o f Se a o Abou a u a e Of a il e sou h - e a s o f n rt w t t n . t q rt r m t t Oi ' dha e s o h i i he e was fo e l a o e F y , n rt o f K lm ngton , t r rm r y p tt ry he e hi h a e l w r w ti sh cl ay wa s dug be ne at gr v .

The L owe r L ias clay s ha ve be e n worke d for bri ck - making o n the e s e i f L R i s an i n u be o f loc li i e s w t rn s de o yme e g , d a n m r a t bo e i the Axe bo e Axmin i ste r a s e H a chu ch so u h rd r ng a v , n ar wk r t f e a l ll h a ll b i a s are n o w we st o F o rde Abbe y . N r y a t e se sm r cky rd lo se a l be au se i t b e che l c d , p rt y c goo d facing br cks a re o e mor ap y b i o e f o l e o s such as ho se o f i ho e e Exe e . ta n d r m arg r w rk , t P n , n ar t r

ROAD METAL .

The chi e f lo ca l ro a d - m a te ri a ls a re those de ri v e d fro m the

i a ssi c e bble - be s the e e sa n che the l a e au a ccu ula Tr p d , Gr n d rt, p t m ti h o s o f c e i a th a lle a e l s . n rt and fl nt, n d e v y gr v

SCYTH E STON E S .

Bro a dhe mbury on t he northe rn ma rgin o f the ar e a has be e n no te d fo r the Scythe Stone s manu factu re d fro m sili ce o u s or h i i a The s a f o c e rty co ncre t ons n the U ppe r Gre e n s nd . trat r m hi h the a e i a l wa s Ob i e li e to the o h in the e Of w c m t r ta n d , n rt , ar a she e 31 1 but the uf c u e o f Sc he S o e s o r D e o shi e t , man a t r yt t n v n r ba tts fo rme rly gav e e mployme nt to many pe rso n s in the village s f b o Bro a dhe mbury and Payhe m ury .

SAN D S .

Sands fo r rou gh- ca sting have be e n obtaine d from the Gre e n

e . 60 sand at W ilmington . (S e also pp ,

GU N FL I NT S .

On t he unde rcliff to t he we st o f Be e r H e a d a ma nufa ctory o f 1

hi so . - Hu c O. l e xi s e a s e co e b . Gu n fli n t s f o rme r y t d , r rd d y P t n n

The work wa s abando ne d i n the e arly par t o f the 1 9th ce ntury .

GYPSU M .

th e u e l s at B sco be a n d it Gypsu m occu rs i n e K p r Mar ran m , ll an d W e s o wa s at on e tim e worke d be twe e n Branscombe Va e y t n a cou e e i o s h it use t o be sol Mouth (see p . V n v r m nt n t at d d ’

hu e e i h . 3 6d. e r at 2 . p ndr dw g t

i b s o f su u t o I n the boring ne ar L yme Re g s many and gyp m, p

s e e e e e see . 1 6inche s in thi ckn e s , w r p n trat d ( p

- M m e ol 1 1 Sa r a 1 7 . f un Hin s e . G . 9 4 Ske rtchl M an u ac ure o G , ( ), 8 . See y, f t t , p “ ” 9 l u e of D e on 1 808. Van cou e A ricu t r v , C . v r , g G 86 E C ONOM I C GE OL O Y .

PYRI TE S .

i e The L owe r L i as sha le s o f Bla ck Ve n a r e mo re o r le ss mpr g sha le s n a te d i h i ro - i e s but i n the u e r pa r Of the a r w t n pyr t , pp t d k ” e a l B e d a n d o r Bla ck Marl the re i s a band kno wn a s the M t , f o hi i the i e o hs uch i e s r m t s at on e time , dur ng w nt r m nt , m pyr t E xa le s wa s Obtaine d for the ma nu f a ctu re of sulphu ric acid . mp

- t o f marcasite (rhombic iron py rite s) ha ve be e n sold to vi sitors a ’ i ” L yme Re gi s a s a nge ls w ngs .

The pr e se nce o f so mu ch pyrite s i n the cliffs Occa sio n a lly le a d s ” i I Au us 1 751 a f e e ho t to s a e ous co bus o . n pont n m t n g t, , t r v ry e a he fo llo e b su e a i s the L ia s cliffs e a r Cha ou h w t r , w d y dd n r n , n rm t oba bl Bl a V e n be a t o s o e a n d a t i e s to bu n i h (pr y ck ) g n m k , t m r w t 1 a v i sible flam f the Sh le s a t hi s loca li a re hi hl e . Some o a t ty g y bi tumino us .

On the 1 9th a u a 1 908 a n o f the i ha bi a t s Of L e J n ry , , m y n t n ym “ Re gi s we re alar me d by the a n n ounce me nt that a volca nic e u io ha a e la ce a s s o e w a s se e t o i ssue f o a r pt n d t k n p , m k n r m mo und o f L i as Sha le an d cl ay o n the cliff s abou t half a mile ’ - hu h The o u w a s o r io o f a o h e a s o f t i cha e l s c . n rt t S . M C r m nd p t n ma ss o f L i a s clay a n d sha le tha t had so me time pre viously slippe d ” fr h hi he liff s a n the e u io w a s due a s i n the om t e g r c , d r pt n ,

f a se to the e co osi i o o f i o - i e s a n the ou se orme r c , d mp t n r n pyr t d c que nt pro ductio n o f suffici e nt he at to ignite po rti o ns o f the i th h bitumino us Sha le s . E xpl a n a t ons Of e p e nome n a we re co m a r A b . d m u n icat e d to the lo cal e s e s M . C . G . Ca e ro a n n w p p r y m n , 2 i - w full a i cula s e e a f e a s ubl she b Ju e s B o e . p rt r w r t rw rd p d y Mr . k r n

SOI L S .

On e of the o ld a gricu ltu ra l write rs divide d the cou nty o f D o se i o F e lix Pe tr ce a a n d D e se r ta — th f i v l the r t nt , e r u tful a e s,

fi' s o u la s an d the he aths hi t ny p nd , T s ge ne ra l divisio n wo uld a l n ot o l t o the o ion s o f D o se i clu t pp y n y p rt r t n de d in our are a , bu also the la e ac to rg r tr ts of D e vo n .

The L ias the e u e rls an d the o he R , K p r Ma , t r e d rock s, to ge the r . i h the Allu ial e o si s fo m t he f ui fu l l w t v d p t , r r t va e s, with much i ch e a o an d i l a n d a r m d w graz ng and , m ny orchards .

The li h g te r tra cts lie alon g the Ta le va lle y a n d the Otte r be l O e St . a he e t ow tt ry M ry , w r he N e w Re d Sandstone a n d ' e bble - be s are e e lo e but a s be fo e p d d v p d ; , r m e ntio n e d , the stifle r soils o f t h e Ke upe r M arls a n d L ias Cla ys ar e ve ry large ly n i odi

- fie d b o ash f - y d wn w e s o sand an d che rt de tritus from the stony u l p ands .

T e so il 0 11 he se u la s i s a a ia ble s o loa n h t p nd v r t ny m a d cla , . y be e for i lla e ha as u e but u ch o f the l s o f tt r t g t n p t r ; m and , p k e n o

Ste he n s Phi J . Tr a n l . lii s . 1 1 9. p , , , p. 3 P D r oc. or se H i t N a t. l st . C ub i 1 908 1 . 55. , xx x , , p. 3 L H . u . R e J ourn B . a th cf: E n W. o . Soc s , e r . 3 iii 1 gg f g , , v . 897 . 1 80 . , , p

Se e also C . Van co u e A icultu e o f D v r, r r e von 1808. g ,

L O 88 E CONOM I C GE O GY .

L i s ul l e lse he e b the l e y , o ut lo cally by the Ga t c ay , and w r y c ay a I n i e s of uch i , e u e a ls . Rhee tic B e ds, and K p r M r t m m ra n le e ls b s flow f the springs issue from highe r v , and rook rom

t G e e s . Plate au D rift and course down the ste e p slope s of he r n and hich o s o h H i f o the Thus, the stre am w fl w n rt ward to on ton r m F Hills ke s it s i se vall e y be twe e n Gittisham and arway , ta r , at o as l s on the l e u D if , k time s, from an ova wamp P at a r t n wn 1 - - - Ring in the Mire .

has The sli ght south- e aste rly dip of the Cre tace ous strata lo the influ e nce d the dir e ction of ou tflo w of the main springs a ng he e i s co se ue l ke i c e se Gre e nsa nd scarps ; and t r , n q nt y , a mar d n r a lO e s f a ci in the nu mbe r and importance of springs along the S p ng

- a e i h h se l the slo e s e ast and south e ast , as comp r d w t t o a ong p f - The e la i e e si e i u e ce o facing we st and north we st . r t v ro v nfl n l the the springs is manife st in the amount of irre gularity a ong c diff e re nt s arps . ’ M u e s Si dmo uth i s supplie d by spri n gs fro m t wo source s : o n e on tt r Pi n n H ill be twe e n Si u a n d M oo r o n Pe a H ill an d t he o the r ro m , d ry , k , f b i e i e o m t he G e e n san a n d i s l e e a n d H o n ito n . The wa te r s d r v d fr r d , fi t r d ill I t is a so a e co n ain in sto re d i n re se rvoi rs o n t he slopes of Pe ak H . ft w t r t g llo 2 le ss tha n six grain s of min e ral w at e r pe r ga n .

H on ito n de rive s it s supply from t he Gre e n san d o n the e aste rn slope of m ai n ou ce i s o n t he 700 oo con ou n e a H utchi n C es Hill . The s St . yr r f t t r r g a e s whe n ce colle c i n i e s co n ve t he w a e r t o t wo ope n s o ra ge h y , t g p p y t t The at e re se rvo i rs situate d n e a rly half a mil e we st of Co mbe Rale igh . w r

- m a S i n fie l se r i ce e se is co n ve ye d t o the tow n i n a 4 i n ch su pply i n . pr g d v r r

San fil e s are use . M e ss s . vo i r i s o n t he e a ste rn side of t he tow n . d t r d r

B e e sle Son Nichols i n dl su li e d t he i n o rma ion . y, k y pp f t

L yme Re gi s is supplie d from a spri n g that i ssue s from t he Gre e n sa n d at e le a m o n t he n o of D a on H ill a n d a o ut H ollo w Grov e as o f H o r , r r , , t F th g b

I i mile s n o rth of t he t own . Uplym e is suppli e d fro m t he Gre e n sa n d o n t he southe rn si de o f t he a n m u h e i e s a su l o m s i n s be lo e n H ill vill age ; d Cha r o t d r v pp y fr pr g w F r ,

- n o rth we st o f t he village . Axmi n ste r has be e n supplie d fro m spri n gs tha t issue from t he Gre e n san d

- n c t h a t F urz e l e y t o t he sou th a n d so u th e ast of the to wn . I n o e ase e o ve rflo ws o f se ve ral spri n gs un ite t o fo rm a brook kn o wn as t he To wn ’ o u the — h L a e a con ui ha o s o n an d has be e n use . T e k , d t t t fl w thr gh t w d i a chi e f supply is take n from a re se rvo r bo ut a. mile from t he to wn on t he Thi i s fe d b st e a ms n L ym e Re gi s road . s y r from t he same dist ri ct o f Gre e n t he u l has o san d but i n dr se aso s s pr ve d in su ficie n . , y pp y f t

Colyton re ce ive s a goo d an d abun dan t supply from sprin gs i n a combe l n e a Ri e a a m o n t he side of a hil r dg w y f r . The wate r is con ducte d t o t wo i s a n he n ce b a i a ti o n t o t he e se o d o n . M an e ll e m a i n r rv r , t y gr v t t w y w s r e d i n u se (i n The ir de p do e s n ot e ce e d 50 e e a n d he wo uld d e rive th x f t, t y

w at e r fro m t he valley gra ve ls .

The villa e of Be e r is pa r ly sup lie d from s rin s at Couchill the g t p p g , be i n b ou h h ou a t u n n e l i n t h a e e bill . hi w t r g r g t t r gh T s is the be st su pply . T e e a re also local e lls an d s i n s n ot a l h r w pr g , s a ru e fre e fro m sou rce s o f a con t amin at ion .

“ Hu chin son Gui e to Si mo u h 1 875 4 , d d , . 6 . t t , p M cin doe Si mou h a H D r . A . a s a e al h Re so an d Place of Re si e n ce , d t t rt d .

6- 3 B is ol 1 900 . 3 8 8vo . r . , t , , pp 3 F or in o ma ion ela in to U l me A mi s e Col o r r r g p y , n r n an d B e e r we a e f t t x t , yt , , in e e to a Re o t on the A min s e Ru al D is ict b D r S e o d d p r r r r . . t . G r e bt x t t , y F g ‘ L oo o B oa No 1 42 1899 M ivart . Gr . . . , v rd , , W A T E R SU PPL Y . 89

S e a o n i s also su li e t pp d fro m t he spri n gs a t Co uchill : t he se i ssue from the G e e n sa n r d . The e ll t w a Rousdo n was ca rrie d t o a de h of 207 e e ro u h Chalk pt f t, th g

m t o G e e n san . I n o m tion a lie b M . su r C . . r d f r pp d y W Gro ver .

The following re cords give de tails Of the strata

W ARE HOU SE D e bou ile we s of L , von , a t a m t yme Re gis .

Su a ce Of oun a bout 395 e e a bo e O n n c rf gr d f t v rd a e D atum . Sha 48 e e t he e ft f t ; r st bo re d . o m a icul a b ai n e s o b M r . A C . G. am r p r r d . C e ro n 1 909 . Abou F t t y , t allon s o f a e a da o ai n g w t r y bt e d fro m t he sha ft .

Thic n ess D e th. k . p F t I n . F t I n . . . F oxmould san d 21 0 21 0 Co wsto n e 2 0 23 0 Grey san d with small con cre tion ary ston e s

L i e e n san it hard s on g r d , w e ht g h t ,

2 f t . 5in . Schloen ba chia r ostra ta L ight gre e n sticky san d H ard co arse san d Gre y san dston e co n cretion

San d . Gre y san dsto n e con cre tion an S d . D ark san dst on e San dy micace ous clay D ark loamy clay Gre e n is loam cla Gault h y y . L ighte r - coloure d san dy cla D ark loamy clay Bro w n ish san dy clay

’ COTL E I GH L a Ashbu o s u , D e von , ( dy rt n ho se ), about 3 mile s N E . o f i . . Ho n ton

D e ail m M a o co m n ca r W r C m u i e b M . . W hi a . t s fro . r wf rd t d y t ke r u a 5 S rf ce o f gro un d r a the r m o re than 00 f e e t a bove Ord n an ce D atum . W 1 a le l 22 o n . Yi e l 7 allo n s a mi n u te r ve 5 fe e t d w d % g te

D ug we ll (the re st bore d) L oam an d flin t s Clay W i th Fli n ts Flin ts an d C he rt . Flin ts an d lo am W hite san dsto n e San dy clay an d st on e W hite flin ts [ che rt] San d W hite flin ts Gre e n an d ye llow san dy clay D e ad gre y san d Blue ston e D e ad gree n san d B lue claye y san d D e ad gre y san d an d D e ad gre y san d Gre y san d San dy blue clay Gre sto n e Gaul t Pyrite s [an d clay] Hard grey ston e L 90 E CONOM I C GE O OGY .

ie l The L owe r L ias lime sto n e s an d W hite L ia s (Rhae tic) y d m i e su lie s o f a e in e lls n e the o u c o springs a n d li t d pp w t r w , ar t r p

a s e xe li e b the follo i e co . o f the stra t , a mp fi d y w ng r rd

e a u e o f ile E . S . E . o f U l W ATERSI D E , a bou t q art r a m p ym

h ch D e v o . C ur , n

D a u m . S urf ace of gro un d 225 f e e t a bo ve Ord n a n ce t

Tille i n 1 908. Old sha ft 95 f e e t ; t he re st bo re d by M e ssrs . y

a da t he o i n ie l e The sha ft yi e lde d a bout 300 gallo n s Of wa t e r y ; b r g y d d n t mo re t han twi ce that a m o u .

me o n . A . . . Ca Commu n i cate d by M r . C G r

s D e t . Thickn e s . p h

F t I n . F I n . t . . L o we r L ias an d Shaft (n o details o f strata) 95 0 95 0 i W ite oc lime st o n e 2 9 97 9 W hite L as. h r k [ ] D ark clays an d shale s with thin f s on e an d se le n ite ' B l c l s an s o a k Sha e . b d t , Rh29 t10 ' i in botto m laye r 23 4 1 21 1 re e n ish tin te d clay o r marl 3 O 1 24 1 Gre y M arls D ark gre y marl or clay an d t B S Passage e d )' some hard lumps 3 0 1 27 1

The e xtra a mount Of wa te r must probably ha ve come from the

- ba se me nt be d o f the W hite L i a s . L im ite d supplie s Of wate r m ay som e time s be Obtain e d from

the Ke upe r M arls whe n the v con ta in ba nd s o f sandy rock .

A i n f A mi n s e wa s i n 1 903 ca i e o r at Co r o n Pa r we st O r , rr d b g yt k , x t o u a o ut 30 e e o f c e a e l a n d o u 1 38 e e Of Re d M a l thr gh b f t h rty gr v , thr gh 5f t r — 1 9 ‘Va wa s o t ai n e t R ck M a l t h t al e t e a c e e i n 6 e e . e o o r e to d p h r h d b g f t t r b d , f h o u n a n d this sto od a t a le ve l o f 85 fe e t be lo w t he su rf ace o t e gr d .

’ A bo ri n g at L a dy Ashb urto n s house at S e ato n w as i n 1 869 ca rri e d fro m t he base Of a w e ll 1 07 f e e t d e e p t hro u gh r e d lo a m an d ha rd ro ck N O use ul a mo un o f a e was ba n ds t o a fu rt he r d e pt h o f 37 f e e t . f t w t r O a i n bt e d . Ne xt in im portance t o the Gre e nsa nd are the U ppe r Sand sto n e s an d P e bble B e ds fro m which goo d supplie s o f wa te r are to be e e c e in fa ou abl si u a io s xp t d v r e t t n .

t M a b t he o a t E W e st o f Ote ry St . ry y r d o xe te r t wo w e lls we re sun k ; ’ Ca m i o n s o n t he so u e n si e f t h o n e M r . O e o a n e a t he ma i n o f ( p ) th r d r d , r rg t he ma was sa i t o a e e e n su n t o a e t Of 52 e e t o u a e l p, d h v b k d p h f thr gh gr v

l - a n a n d a la e o f cl a - e e e s s . At a co t a e b a b e (p bb b d ), d , y r y t g y y ro a d n o t f ar t o the e a st a e ll ha d e e n su n k i n a e l t o a e o f The u e , w b gr v d pth 30 f e e t . pp r po rtio n s o f the st r ata passe d t hr o ugh we re pro ba bly re - d e po sit e d 1 m a t e ria ls .

A e ll a t Blue An c o I n n we st Of Pa he m u se e F n w h r , y b ry ( ig . was su k o u 30 o r 40 e e o f a e l e ble - e s a a e n l o e la i n b al thr gh f t gr v (p b b d ), pp r t y v r y se ve r

e e o f a e l cla a n d sa n o a l r e - e osi e m f t gr v , y , d , pr b b y d p t d ate ri al .

D OTI' ‘ ON L ANE abo u 1 ile o h o f Co l a o Ra le i h h , t m n rt t n g C urch ,

D e von .

F o r E mo u U ba n D is ic Co u n cil W a t e x th r tr t rw o rks . Fro m pa rt icula rs

- co mmu n ica e b M e ss s . G. H . H ill Son s 1 908 9 t o M r . t d y r ( ) W . A . E .

U sshe r .

Supply abun dan t .

1 “ ” she r The Coun trv a o un d Exc e r M e m f1 80 I . Smm U s . . 1 902 50 r , , t ( , p

APPEND I X .

L I ST OF PRI NCI PAL W ORKS ON THE GEOL OGY OF TH E D rSTRI CT .

F o r e e e n an d Pa e s se e B ibli o [ r f r ce s t o spe ci al Palae on tologi cal B o oks p r , ” i C e a ce o us a i . an d i e s n J u o l . v n gr p r assic Ro c s Of B ri a i n v , r h k t , t R o ” W Whi a e cks of B i Se e also . ai n v l iii . M am ol S ur v . o . e r , . G . r , t , t k L is Of W o r s o n t he Ge o lo M i n e r al o an d Palae o n olo gy of D e von t k gy , gy t i ” 1 72 . 4 4 s e . 0 Tra n s D vo l . 8 A so c o i v . 1 8 . 330 vo v . e n s l 7 r , . v 0 ; , , p ; h , , , p

an d W . W i a e Pa e s M a s &c . o n t he a n d A . S a an L is of B o o s r r , r , p , , h t k t h , t k p ” Ge olo M i n e alo a n d Pa lae o n o lo Of D o se in Ge ol o o f t he gy , r gy , t gy r t , gy ” I sl Of Pu rbe o a 1 8 8 ck a n W e n M m Ge l . S r a 9 d mou b A . S r a a , e . , , ; y th , y t h p. 41 . l

1 822 D E L A B u Co a . R m n t he e olo o f t he So s E CHE H . T e a s o G , . rk gy th t of E n l a n f o m B i o t H a ou D o se t o B abbacombe d r r d r r r r , g , p b , t

' B a D 2 40 - 4 l . . i . 7 e on Tr c. se r . v o . . e ol . S o y, v a n s . G , , , pp

B U K A D RE V W E a at i n o f V alle s b D ilu i a n C L N . On t he c o , . x v y y v Ac i o n a s illus a e b a Succe ssi o n of V a lle s ich i n e se ct t , tr t d y y wh t r the Sou a n th Co st Of D o rse t a n d D e vo .

5- 1 2 2 l . i . . 9 0 . Tr a n l c. se r . vo Ge o . S o s . , , , pp

1 82 it of 6. D E L A BE CH E H . L t he V i ci n T . On the i a o f the Co ast in , s y

1 - 2 30 . L m R i . T . . e e s r a n s . e ol . c. e r . 2 v ol . ii y g G S o , s , , pp

D A B E CH E it usu all H . E L . T On t he C al a n San e n e a h , h k d ds b t ( y

- t e me . G e e n san i n t he V i ci n it of L m e Re i s D o se an d r d r d) y y g , r t ,

- 1 1 8. B e . 1 09 Tr a n e ol . o c. e r . 2 v l . ii . e D e on . G S s o r , v s. , , , pp 2 1 8 9 . B U KL A D RE r il aece s W . On t he D i sco e f Co oli e s o oss C N V . o , v ry pr t , F F , i n h L i a a L R i m n t e s t me e s a n d in o e o a io s . y g , th r F r t

' - l . . 9 98 Pr c. v o . i 6 c eol . S o o . G , , pp ;

- 222 2 iii . . 21 7 . Tr an s . e ol S oc. se r . vol . G . , , , pp

1 834 . ROBERTS G. The H is o a n d An i ui i e s of the B o ou h o f L me , t ry t q t r g y

Re is a n d Cha mo u 8vo . L on on . g r th . d

1 8 . D A B E H . h l D 39 E L CHE T . Re o t n t e e o o of Co n all e o n , p r o G gy r w , v ,

' ' d W e o m m . 8 . L n . a n s S e se . M e . e ol . Sur v vo o on t r t G , d 1 8 ON Y BE ARE RE W D . E a i n a L a ul 40 . l a n C V . . o an s i n d G e Co v , xtr rd ry d p r t

si on of the Co as o f Culv e r hole Po i n n e a A m o u h . t t , r x t

1 . i . . 60 Edi n N e w Phil J on/rm v ol . . . . , xx x , p

CONY BBEARE E W . R V D . an d o he . , . , t rs Te n Pl a e s com i si n a l an se c i on s an d i e s e e se n i n t , pr g p , t , v w , r pr t g the chan e s o uce o n t he Co ast o f E as D e on e t e e n A mo u h g pr d d t v , b w x t a n d L ym e Re gi s by t he Subsi de n ce o f t he L a n d a n d Ele vati o n Of the t om Of the Se a o n the 26th D e ce mbe 1 839 an d 3 Of e b ua , r , , rd F r ry, pg4g

m D a i n b W . a n o s D a son t he R v . W . D . Con be are d Fr r w g y w , e y R r . u W ol o ical e m i a n n e v . M s B c lan . i h Ge M o d Se c i o s b the k d t g r t , y

W . D . Con be ar . e The whole e i se b B uc l a n . y r v d y Pro f . k d

Oblon L on on . g, d

D A S N R A - wrN . C . On t h u h e ast Go U TE . e Ge ol o Of the So [ , gy t D f — Of e on shi e . Tr a n 48 l o c r 2 i . . 433 9 . s. e o . se . vol . v v r G S . , , , pp

- ROBERTS G. An Acco un of an ui L an sli Of , , d G d e t o the M i h d t , g ty p D owl a n ds a n d B i n on in t h L me d , e Pa ri sh Of A mou n e a r x th , y Re is D e ce m e 25th 1 839 5 E i i o n i n g , b r , ( d t s

L me Re is . 8v o . y g

- O. H U TCH I N S ON P . The e ol o 1 843. G o f i m u E a e n , gy Sd o th a n d of So uth st r

D e on . 1 2m i m o u . v O. S d th

- D A . D i e 1 568. OPPEL R . Ju a o m a 8 , r r i o n E n l a n ds r a n re i chs un d f t g , F k , de s Sii dwe stliche n D e u schl an s . 8 u a . t d vo . St ttg rt B 3 I B L I OGRA P H Y . 9

1 8 W RI GH T 60 . D R On c n tor ta an d the L o e . T . the o n e of Avi cula o w , Z , r L i as of t h e So uth of E n gl an d .

- l . x i . . 3 4 41 1 ua t . J ou n . e ol . S oc. vo v 7 . Q r r G , , pp

- 1 862 65. PEN GEL L W The Re a n s o n e s an d Con lome a e s Of D e on Y, . d S d t g r t v i sh e . Tr s Pl mou th I n st . r an . y

1 863. D AY E i . C . On t he M i le an d U e L a f t he D hi e , H . dd pp r s o o rse ts r

Co as l xix 2 - 2 . uar t ur n l oc. o . J o . Geo . S v . . 78 97. t Q . , , pp

W R I G 864 . H T D R i L i a 1 T . On t he W e s of D o se shi e . , . h t r t r

o - 2 2 e l . i . . 290 9 e l . M a . i G vo R . Br t . Ass c o 1 8 4 . o . r 6 . 75 g , , pp ; p f , p

1 8 5. D A E 6 Y . C H On h L L . . t e o e i a Of L me Re is , w r s y g .

51 - 5 Ge ol M a . . 8 1 9 . . g , pp

W H I W . On t h 1869 . TAKE R e Succ i n B e i t h N R n , e ss o o f ds n e e w e d o t he Sou Coas o f D e o n a n d on the L o cali Of a Ne w S e ci th t v , ty p me n of H er oda e don yp p .

5 - uar t J our n ol c ol . . 1 2 1 5 . Q . . Ge . S o . v . v , 7 , xx pp

h a l W H I TAKE R W . 1 . On t e C k Of t he o u e n Pa f D o e a n 1 87 , h S th r rt o rs t d

D n - i . e o . u a r t o r 1 J u n . e ol o c. v ol . i . 93 00 . v Q . G . S v , , xx pp

1 873. H U TCH I N SON P . O. Su me e o e s a n M a m Te e h at , b rg d F r t d m oth t ' i m o u h . Tr n . 2 2. i . S a s . D e on Assoc vol . v 3 v . d t , , p

A E . On the P ical C an e i i o n 4 D E R N GE C . s 1 87 . s s re ce din the D e o , hy h g p g p t

f h u - E o t e Cre ta ce o s str ata i n t he So uth we st o f n gl an d .

- 25 2 3. eol . M a . . 46 G g , pp

R A . On t he ace u R c f B e e H e a an d the M E E C . J . C e o s o s o Y , r t k r d

a ace n t Cli f - se ct i o n s a n d o n t he Re l a i e H o iz o n s t e e i n of dj f , t v r h r

t he W a rmi n ste r an d Bl ackdow n Fossilife ro us D e posits .

- l c ol . . 3 9 393. u a r t . o r 6 J u n . Geo . S o . v . Q , xxx , pp

i n f B . R e m a k u on t he Re la io n a n d G o u O W OOD W ARD H . r s s r , p t p g 5— i R c . o l M . 38 390 . the e mi a n a n d T ia ss c o s Ge . a . P r r k g , pp 88 D e o n Coas Se ct i o n . 3 [ v t , pp ,

- i i n f t h T i assi c Roc s A E . On t he Sub si o s o e SH E R W . . 1 875. U S d v r , , k be twe e n t he Co ast Of W e st Some rse t a n d t he So uth Co ast o f

- 1 3 1 68. . e ol M a . . 6 D e vo n G . g , pp

D R che c ur le Te a i n C é acé Su é ie u de ARR OI R . C . e e s s 1 876. B s r rr r p r r , h t ’ ’ é u N or d L ille . M e m S o c. ol . d An l t r r e e t e l I rl an de . . G l g e e d ,

- i n . i . 68 76 e D e o n s e , r r ) ( v h r , pp p t

- V n the T i assi c S a a i ch a re e x D H J . O JOH N STON L A I S R . . r r w , t t h

h Cli - se ct i o n s n e a Si mo u a n d a N o e on the po se d i n t e ff r d th , t Occu rre n ce o f a n Ossife ro us Z o n e con ta i n i n g B on e s of a

L a byri n tho do n .

- 2 4 2 7. 1 1 . . 7 7 l . S oc. vo Ge ol . r t J our n . Qua . , xxx , pp

On t he T i assi c Ro c s of Some se an d D e o n . A E . U S SH ER W . . r r v , k t

- 94. ii . . 3673 l . e ol o c. v o G . S J our n . Quar t . , xxx , pp

’ Palae olit ic I m le me n s o m t he V alle o f t he W . M . 1 878. D URBAN . S p r y , h t f

37 38. M a . . Ge ol . Axe . g , pp ,

V On some Pal ae o li i c I m le me n s o un i n t he Axe E AN S SI R J . th p t f d , 1 8 1 1 7 . 7 . 6 i t Assoc. or Re . Br . V alle y . p f p

The Ch o n olo i cal V alue o f t he Ple i s oce n e E . U s sH ER W . A . r g t ,

D e posits Of D e vo n .

- 449 458. l . 1 . . S oc. vo Ge ol . J ou n . Quar t . r xxx v , pp

On t he Ch o n olo ical V alue of the T i assi c S at a E . 1 878f U S SH ER W . A . r g r r , t

- o f t he So uth we ste r n Co u n ti e s .

- 459 470 . l . 1 . . l S o c. v o J our n . Ge o . Qua r t . , xxx v , pp

the L i as Amm o n i e s of the - M o n o a h o n W RI GH T D R . T . 1 878 86. r t , g p

r h S o c. Pa laeon to a . B ritish I sla n ds . g p

On Su ose Palae oli hi c I m le me n s o f t he V alle Of W H I TL EY N . p y 1 882 . d t t , pp

- l . xvi . . 3557. i c I n st . vo J our n . V t . t he Axe . , , pp 94 A PPE N D I X .

1 884 i Re mai n s i n M ETCAL F A T . O D isco e e s Of V e e b a e . E . n u he , F rt r v r rt r t t he T i a i c a a o f t he So u Co as Of D e o n shi e e t e e n r ss Str t th t v r , b w

B udle igh S alt e rton a n d Si dm o uth .

- 5 262 . l . xl . . 2 7 l . S o c vo u a r J our n . Ge o Q t . , , pp

ARE ' ‘ E On Pal ae oli ic I m l e me n s an d Rom an Co i n o u n at P I TI . d , th p t f Ax Bro om i n t he V alle y o f t he e .

- 5 1 504. l xv i . . 0 As o c. v o . Tr a n s . D e von s , , pp

1 8 5 wN a t Bla c V e n n e a L me 8 . D o Th e a ce o us Be s E s REV W . C . e r d , r y , t k Re is wi so me Su le me n a r R e ma r s o n t he Blackdo wn g , th pp t y k

2 - 2 3 6. i . . l . xl B l o c. v o e s . uar t . J ou n . Ge o . S d Q r , , pp

. D n t he H o n it o n D is i c . W . e olo ical N o e s u o OW N E S RE V . G , g t p tr t

- 5 24 24 . l ii . . 0 Tr n D e von Asso c. vo . a s . , xv , pp

D O N R l n e a H o n it o n D e on . 1 88 . W c i n 6 W E S E V . . On the Tu n n e Se t o , r , v

- 08 31 1 . e o l M a . . 3 G . g , pp

h R E t he e a - co as s T H N N 0 . Re o t o n t e a e o f o si o n o f S H U C I SO P . r r , p t t

- 22 41 74 . R B i Ass c or 1 885 . Si mo u . e . t . o . d th p r f , pp

— R E i a - c a A m o ut t o W . n f OOD W ARI ) H . B e o o n os o o Se o s s , p rt r t x h

- 2 1 8 5 423 4 6. E e &c . e Br i t Asso c or 8 . R . . . yp , p f , pp

1 e — e D e n o a st 888. I R V I N G RE V D R A . The R d Roc S ie s o f t he o C , . . k r v

- 1 l li . . 1 49 63. t i n . uar t J ou r n . e ol . S oc. vo . se c o . Q G , x v , pp

8 9 D E i L m e R i W OO W ARD H . B . cu s o n t o e s . 1 8 . r , x y g

- i li . i . . Pr oc Ge ol . Asso c. v o l . x . , , pp xxv x x

1 8 2 R E . A m a i s n f t h R D n 9 . h e H U L L P OF . Co o o e e d Ro c s o f t e So ut o , p r k h v a a Co ast wit h tho se o f t he M i dl n d n d W e st e rn Co u n t i e s .

- l l iii . 60 68. u a r t . our n e ol o c. o S v . . J . G . v , Q , x pp

l e e n a I RV N G R V R A . Su m I E . D . N o e t o the Pa e o n t he , pp t ry t p r “ ” - Re d Rocks of t he D e vo n Co a st se cti on .

l ii i 8- u a r J our n . e o l . S o c. vo . 1 . . 6 77. t . G Q , x v , pp

H R A E D - U S S E W . . Pe mi a n i n e o n s i e . 24 25 lil a . . 7 0 . , . r v r Ge ol . h g , pp 1 8 93. I RVI N G R D R A . The B a se f t he u EV . . o e e o m a i o n i n D e o n . , K p r F r t v

u a r - J our n e ol c. ol . li . 79 8 . t . 3 G . S o v . Q . , x x , pp

h u W OOD W ARD B . a H . T e J ssic Ro c s Of B i a i n . l Th V o . I I I . e , r k r t L ias o f E n la n a n d W a le s Yo s i e e ce e g d ( rk h r x pt d). M m r e Ge ol . u v . 8vo . L o n o n . . S , d

- J a n W . H I L L . A D 1 89 U KE S B ROW N A . d li 6. J E e mi at io n o f t he Ce n o , t m a n i a n : be i n g a Co mpa ri so n Of t he Co rre spo n di n g B e ds i n

So u - e s e n E n la n a n d W e st e n a n ce th w t r g d r Fr .

u a t ur n - J o . Ge ol . S o c. v o l . lii . . 99 1 78. Q r . , , pp

- The O i i n 1 8 U s B R W N E A J . f 97 J KE O . o t he V a l e f , r g of M a rshwo o d a n d o t he G e e n sa n H ills o f W e st D o se r d r t .

P - r c D or se t N a . H i o . Clu b ol . iii . 1 4 1 84 t st . v 7 . v , . , x pp — O E ROW N E A J . Ou li 1 898. JU K s B . n a n e of Ce n m a n i a n n i a n , t r o n a d Tu ro e u i ale n t t o L o e a n d M i le C al n a [ q v w r dd h k] e r H o n ito n .

- u a r t . J ou n S o c. vo l li . 2 9 25 . . e ol . . v 3 0 Q r G , . , pp

E Pe l an d SAL TER A . . o e G a e l i n u r r v s So e rn E n la n d . , bb y th th g

P A - r oc Ge ol . ssoc v o l . . 8 28 . 2 0 3. . v . x , pp

1 8 9 W OD W ARD H . B . a n W E 9 d . A O . . S S H E R . E . , , U cu rsi o n t o Se a o n x t , Si m o u B u le i Sal e o n a n E d , d r , d e e r th gh t t x t 7

Pr c l A - o . e o l . x i . 1 3 1 5 . G . ssoc. v o v 3 3 , , pp.

- - 1 900 1 904 . JU KE s B R OW N E A . J a n W d . H I L L , . The Cre ta ce o us Rocks of ' B i ai n . M Ge ol u . em . S . v 8 . L n n . r r 3 vols . vo o do t , ,

- O 1 902 . JU KE s B ROW N E A . J . n a D e e B o i n at L m R is . , p r g y e e g

uar J our n - t . Ge ol S o c l l 2 2 . ii . v i . . 79 89 . Q o . v , , pp H H Th M i TH OM As . . e n e alo i c , r g al Co n stituti o n o f t he Fin e r M a te ri al o f t he B un e Pe le B e d i n t he W e st E n l a t r bb of g n d .

u a t . J o u r n e o l - . G . oc. vo l . l ii i . 2 32. Q r S v . 6 0 6 , , pp

U SSH ER W . A . E . The Ge olo o f t he Co un a , gy try ro un d E x e te r . M e m Ge ol . u r n . . S 8 . L n o v . vo o d ,

ND EX I .

— Abbe Ga e B i e 7 Blue L ias 21 23 36 38. r d 5. , , y t g ,

A ca n thoce ra s ma mmilla tum 47 L ime an d Ce me n t 83. , . ,

A assiz P B l ha n 76. o . L . 1 7 o s e g , r . y , f , — A icultu e 86 B on e - be d i n U e San ston e 1 1 1 3 r r . pp r d , g , 1 7 Alle n H ic 1 6 . A . 44 in Rhae t , . , . , ,

Allhuse n M iss H 78 B o n e ha n e 76. , . , . y , — Allu ium 72 74 76 77 B o in at L me Re is 1 4 20. See , . r g , , v , , g y Amm n i 2 o e M a ble 8 35. a lso W e lls t r , , .

Ammo n ite s Name of 23 33 ee a lso B o in s Tu i o m 1 9 20 46. s . S r r , , , , g , b f , , Z o n e s B ou n e mout 68. . r h ,

Po lis 31 B o e n e a B ee W e ll at 70. e d, . v , r r , h y ,

n ula e itu 75 T ace 68. A r d tr s . r . g , y

Armi n M 4 1 7 1 B n in c 6. a 3 33. a , r , r d , g y , , , h '

A n n is n 8 B an H e a 1 1 . K o 57 5 . r d d b , , y , A n ticlin 1 4 1 2 B n s 48 51 54 70 74 8 — 82 e s 8 0 25 30 39 66. a co m e 0 , r , , , , , , , , , , , , b , A lin C mm n s o o 76. 85 p , rch N u l 1 2 M 1 e s at a 1 0 57 80 ou 5. , r , , , . , , th

A e a C a ac e o f 1 Valle 59 84 85. r , h r t r , . y, , , 7 n A vi cula con tor ta 1 6 1 B ci Pe mi a 5. , . re c a , r ,

Axe Ri e 1 2 1 0 4 65 4 76 8 ilic us 67. , v r , 6 7 7 , S e o , , , , , , i T i s 6 1 0— 1 2 87 B e ccia e e s n a . . r t d b d r — Valle 39 74 7 B ia e an E n c in ite 28. y, , 7. r r r ,

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4 . 2 8 88 B m n S 3. uc a S . . , k , H e a 1 5 48 51 56 58 59 80 B l ll 77 d , , , , u e Va e . , , , , dd y, 2 5. l n 2 5 6 2 8 8 B u le i h Sa te to 8 7 . , d r , , g , , , 7 1 2 Ston e 54 5 6 8 . 2 B uil in S on e s 9 8 . , , , , d g t , 5 ,

B l Son an d Nichols 88. v e e s e B ul e rt o n 8 14. y, , , , mn i B 21 22 B e le e e s 30 35. Hill 4 t d , , , , , 9. M l — a 6. B n 1 4 . r , 5 u te 5 r,

Sto n e 30 35. B u n in Cliff 86. , , r g , 1 B Cliff 5 59. e rr , , B urscombe 73. y ,

i i a 4 92. B bl o r , B ut e D o se t 87. g phy, r, r t , n 4 2 44 47 Bin do 3 , , 56. , , , L an sli 78 79 d p, , . ’ i - B r h i b d 27 36. i c e Cain s oll 22. , , F y,

u t 7 8. Bis o s Co r , , Calca e ous s in s 76 91 . h p r pr g , , al 4 6 Bi umin ous S e s 0 8 . 80 86 89 90 95. t Came on A C . G. h , , r . , , , , , , n am 68 69 Blac D o Po e s . Ca t 4 w , r , , u e s W . 3 . k t h rr h r , ,

Blac o n B e s 49 46 47 49 . Ca s on e 47 kd w d , , , , r t , . 2 Blac o n H ills 1 70 7 . 2 1 . Ca te D r H . J . 1 1 d w , , . k , r r , , ,

B lack M ar] 21 22 27 35 36. Ca e s 58. , , , , , v , l 1 — 1 8 2 Blac S a e s 6 0 . Ca iti i n l n d e e n san 70 k h , , v e s C a a Gr d . h k , Blac V en 21 24 27 28 31 C l s i n 1 e e t e 3 1 4. k , , , , , , , , 5 46 47 49 80 86 35 36 44 4 . e me n , , , , , , , , C t , 83. B e s 21 — 23 27 35 36 d , , , , . Ston e s 29, 36 83 84. , , ,

n cho I n n 8 9. Blue A r , Ce n oman ian 57 60. , , , I N D E X . 97

Chal 53. B in Co on Pa o at 90 . k, ry r , r g t k ,

Cliff s 56. o am l 1 1 , C M arb e 6, 1 8 9. th , , M a l 57 62. o le i W l r , C t e l at 89. , gh , ,

Roc 56. Couchill 6 5 8 9 k, , 6, 8 , 8, 8 . Cham e rn ha e s a m 40 Cowsto n e s 42 44— p y r . 46 83. F , , , , ’ Chan t e Sir an cis 1 r y, r 3 . Co e s Cliff 51 . F , x , C a e l Roc m 78. C a me B a ton h p k, r r r 8. , Cha le croft a m 20 76 C a o M r pp r . . 89. F , , r wf rd , , ha C 39 70 . C e tace o us 2 42 rd , , 53. r , , , J un ti n 74 c o 75. Pl in 2 a . 63. , , ., Roa W ll t 8 ic e a 7. C G. OC 31 . d, . , r k , , Cha stoc 39 52 59 62 84 Culm b sin 2 rd , , , , , . a 7 . k , Cha mou h 3 4 22 25 27 2 M r , , , , , , 9 33 36 e asu e s 3. t , , , r , 45 46 69 77 80 83 84 86 88 Culve rho le Poin t 1 5 1 6 1 8 , , , , , , , , . , , , , V ll 6 a e 6. 24 47 9 y, , , 7 , 80 . Charmo uthi n 23 u h a C t a s 52. , . y ,

Cha tom B a 1 8 21 4 - 2 . ca main s 4 r , C e 3 . y , , d r y , Cliff s 56 , . Cha Valle 1 77 81 r , . y, , C e in ton 74 D ai a ms 87 dd g . . h , r r y F , C ee se D o se 87 D alwo o 20 2 63 , r , . d , , 5 65. h t , , ’ Che t 61 an s Hill 2 r , . D e 0 . , B 42 44 4 8 D ius 4 e s a ed 34. d , , , 5 69, 3. , p , , I m l m n e e s 5 D a tmo o 69. p t , 7 . r r ,

C ilson 1 . D a vwi z n 32 h , o e , . Chimn e Roc 7 li 8. D a s . y k, w 5 h , C i Roc s 1 2 1 3 5 D a son W 80 92 h t k , , , 0. w , . , C lo itic M l 56 62 D a E H 23 31 — 3 3 a C. . 3 9 . r r , . . , , h , y, , Chu c Cliff s L m D l B c ir H 4 T . 5 e Re is 22 24 25 e a e e S . r , y , , , , h g , , , h , 28 36— 38 80 84 23 24 30 34 36 42 44 3 . 5 6 66 , , , , , , , , , , , 5, , Cla ere n tale a m 68 7 6— 78 2 2 8 9. 0 7 8 83 9 . pp r , , , , F , , , Cla S 2 . 3 D e n u i n 4 4 r , , at o 3 7 80 . k d , , , , l ll C a e e ts 8. e 44 46 4 93. D Ran ce C . E . 7 y p , , , , , , ’ Cla ith lin ts an d h 4 7 D e il s Be llo s 0 y w C e r 5 63, 6 w 8 . , v F t, , ,

70. D e n 1 vo . ,

2 D e n i o ssils . 5 95. vo an 7 , f , Cle elan s 5 n B v d . 6. D e o s i e a ts 85. v h r t ,

Cliff - se ction 2 s 2 50. Poin 37 , , t, .

Clou - bu s 77 D ilu ial ac i on 4 d r t, . v t , . Cl st a in b s 72. ilu ium 77 y , D v . , W illiam m 41 48 49. ar 6. D o e rs , F , gg , , C l B 6 i n i n D l n M 2 . oa o s se a ch o f 3 20 4 o li rs. , r g r , 0. , , , , Co ast E n 1 osio 74 7 80 D o se . r , , 7 . r , , t

- Cob the L me s 78 3 D o on L an e B o in at 8 90 91 . , Re i 8 . r g , , b , y g , tt ,

Cola on Rale i o lan ds 4 23 47 56. W e ll at 8 90. D w t gh , , , , ,

Colliton 6 4 L an sli 79. , 3 6 . d p, ,

olwa M an o H ous 20 D o n Cliff 41 . y r e . w , , 6 W . 27 44 4 Col Ri e 74 7 D o n es Re v . 6. w , , , , y, v r, , , Col o 76 94 y rd . f , — Co l on 7 D o wn as 71 73 75 76 86 87. , 5 88. w , , , , , yt , h

Comb l D a on Hill 88. e Ra e i h 88. r , g , g

W D i t e osi s 67 72. o od 70 . r f d p t , , ,

Comb n 6 71 77 D um t on Hill 64. py e , 68, 9, , p , — Con c e ti 1 1 4 1 1 9 See a lso D un scom e 48 50 82 83 91 . r on s 8 3 6 . b , , , , , , , , ,

n om e a m 59. NOdule s D u sc b F r , ’ Con D Urban W . S . M . 75 93. e Po o l 1 2. g r , , , , Con glome ratic be d in U ppe r Gree n san 47 48 ee a lso Pe ble s an d d , . S , b

P bl Ea h ua e Su ose 79. e b e B e ds. rt q k , pp d,

1 7 33 E c in o e m S in e s 24 38. D . 4 5 o n v W . C be are Re . h d r p , , y , , , , , ,

e olo 82. E co n o mic G gy,

E e ton Sir P 1 7 33 34. Coo Re v . S . H . 1 3 r , , , k, , g , hos Ele an e main s Co o li e s 1 6 34. See a lso P r , r , ph t p t , 61 I ton A . M . phatic No dule s. , ,

En n is ille n E a l of 33. Co e Hill H ouse 73. r r , k , , 98 ~ I N D E X .

E o n 1 2 7— ce e 6 69. T ill 84 , , , Gre at r , . E osi on of Co ast See a l o D n u a m 2 80. o r s e G e at o 0 76. , r w d F r , ,

dation . Gre e n Ammo n ite B e ds 21 , , E r n o 33. r n down 20. y , G e e ,

E sco t 8. 2 , Gre e n san d 4 . ,

E s lan a e L me Re is 25 3 L e 37. p d , 6. G e e y g , , r d y g , E he i R 1 7 23 1 — 2 e . 46 4 ls 7 0. r dg , , , 7. M a t , , r , E an s Sir J 93 1 v , . , . G e e the s 67 7 . r w r , y , E xe Ri e 74. v r G i s 73. , r gg , E e te 5 r , . G iz z le 60 61 . x r , , E m o ut 2 5. 7 7 89. o C. W . x h , , Gr ve r , , , E 21 e . Gull Ra in 77. yp , y, ,

Gun Cliff 25 36. , ,

Gun lin ts 85. ai mil 8 72 F , r e , 7 . F , , G sum 1 4 1 5 20 85. yp , , , , a a Hills 88. F rw y ,

St e e t 76. r , aults 63 in C e ace o u 1 , r s 5 47 F t , , , H e l on 68 d . , 60 - 62 in L ias an d R ae tic 1 6 1 8 h , , , ml 72 Ha e t . 20 22 24 27 3 2 , , , , 0, 3 39 in Trias , , ; H m ton 75 — a p , . an d Pe mian 6 1 5. r , B m arco be 73. , e n ito n 7. F , 8 H a M ar] 24 36 4. rd , , , e n H ill 88. F r , H ard n Hill 45 69 ow , , . i e ston e 60 . F r , 2 H arn e r Hill 0 . N ule s 27 36 , o d , , . H a 1 r o rd 8 0 . pf , , ishe s 1 6 1 7 33. F , , , H a i n 33. rr so , J i n D r W H 42 4 t o . . . 7 F t , , , , 60 . H aslan a m 20 . l 3 d F r , a st o e 8 . F g n , H a e n Cliff 1 5 56 57. 5 v , , , lin t o ssils 5. F f , H a c u c 3 39 40 52 74 5 w r , 7 85. k h h , , , , , , lo o s 73. F d , H a i n T 1 s . 9 77. w , k , , E . 1 8 o be s . F r , , H a c a 20 r t G. . A e 40 8 y f , , orde 5 87. F bb y, , , H e a it e e 5 v r , . arm 3. F , H e i ts 1 gh , . h s 85. F ord aye , B e mbu t H l ll 1 4 ry Fo r 6 . o matio n s Ta le of 2. F r , b , H e n Ro c Poin t 1 2 2 r k , . ossil Co lle cto s 3 3. F r , , H i e B atham g r s 75. ossil s in B un te e le s 7 I n U h , F r p bb , ppe r D un sco mbe Cliff 50 59 San sto n e 1 1 — 1 3 in Rhmti c 1 6 , , . d , . , Tal 6 e . 20 in L ias 21 — 41 in G e e n san , ; , r d Hi ate 49. an d Gault 42— 49 52 in C al ghg , , , h k, Hi P 12 e a 50 . — 2 i n Valle D i t 74 gh k, , 53 6 77. y r f , , H il l n s . So G H . 90 . 1 2 2 , , re e st on e 6 6 8 . F , , , Hill W 53 57 94 . , . , , , o un e s 78. F d r , H in D r e . G. J . 61 . 44 45 47 48 d , , F o mould 42 . x , , , , , Hin xm W . an L 69. 20 62 , . , urle , . F y, H ole 70 , . F urz e le 88. y, m a 88. F r , H l m o co e 77. b ,

Gault 42 44 46 47 49 52. H o llo , , , , , , w Grove 88. ,

Ge i ie Sir A . 5 1 8 1 9 23. H m o e Sir E . 33 k , , , , , , , .

e o e s 1 3 1 4. G d , , H o iton 44 59 60 64 72 75 85 88 , , , , , , , , ,

Ge olo ical Surve 4. sg g y,

Ge ote uthis 31 . tun n e l 52. , , 7 Gilc is D . A . 8 . H r , o o 1 9. h t, d ,

Git is am 1 63 65 88. B o o k t h , , , , E bb 1 4. ,

Hill 65. H o o e n Clifis 51 58 59 80 82 , k , , , , , . 7 Glacial Pe io 0 . H oo e D 61 r d , r . . p , , Glaucon itic B e s 42 45 57 58 61 H . ll P u o E . 6 1 3 94 d , , , . 5 . , , , r , , f , ,

- u n A Go wi n A ste R . . C. 42 H umble G e e n 1 47 d , , , r 8 . , ,

70 74 92. H un te I . 23 , , r , , . Ca 22 30 32 35 4 Gol e n 0. d p, , , , R . 23. , ,

C o le s 2 71 . H utchi h n a e s 88. y , , g y , G a e ls Pla eau 67 lin t ossils in H u c r v , in son P. O. 1 0 1 2 1 1 4 , t F f 3 , t h , , , , , , 55 74 81 85 88 91 — 94 , , , , . H u l P e o . T H . 31 4 y, r . 6. x f , , H er oda edon 1 1 yp p , .

1 00 I N D E X .

ua t z ite e ble s 7 67. Palae olit ic I m le men s 75. Q r p , , h p t , b

Palae o z oic 2 3 ue n ste t . A . 23. . Q d , , , , F P an 8. ,

Pa e - S ale s 24 p r h , .

P E Railwa - cuttin s A mi n ste an d arfitt 94. g , r , y x P A L me Re is 1 9 68 75 76 H on it on ass G. 2 , . , 0 . y g , , , , ,

P f r 52 Si m o ut 8 1 0. assa o d 1 0 . d , , , h

— P Rain all D e st uc i e e ff e cts Of 77. assa e be s 1 5 1 7 20 21 . r v , g d , f , t , ,

D o n was , P Hill Rain as . See at 73. w w h , h h

- H l P in Ra m on s i l 64. a s on e 82 83. d , v g t , , y 2— Pa e mbu 6 9 63 9 Re ce n t 2 7 77. y r . , 85 0. , , h y, , , — Pe a Hill 1 4 4 50 71 1 Re d cla s 68 70 75 76. k , , 8 , , 8 , 88. y , , , , i 20 45 46 49 52 62 68 69 P at 7 Re C . e , 3. d , , , , , , , , , ,

- — 75 76. Pe le be d at base o f Gaul 46 48. bb t, , M rs P l B e s T i . 68. e e as 7. bb d ( r ), ,

Pe le s in C alk 53 54 56 61 i n R aetic 1 6. bb h , , , , ; h , n c s 4 77 U n 7 i R i o e o 7 . e G ee n sa 4 48 in W te r , , pp r r d , , h h 2 R o e s J . 6 . L ias 1 6 1 9. , d , , , h — i so n L . 1 6 1 l . Pe n e ain s 3. R c a 8 95 rd , p , h , ,

liff 22. Pe n e ll W . 1 3. Ri e C , 5, 9 d g y , g ,

- - - 2 n i n he M i 8 . Pe n tac in it e Be 8 3 . Ri t e 8 d 5 r , r , , g

- P n 2 i l m 1 2 1 3. e tacrin ite s 4 25 41 . R e ar s , , , , pp k , P n Hill 71 ls 72 e n . Ri e G a e . , v r r v , — P c l S 1 4 i 1 2 72 77. e e a . G . R e s r v . v r , , , , , P ci al P L m n d m e o . J 87. Roa e a C a out 80 . r v , r f d , y h r h,

Pe mian 2 5. Roa M e tal 85. r , , d , 1 4 25 7 2 Pe t i in s in s 76 9 . o e s R t G. 0 80 87 9 . r g r , , , , , r , , , fy p g b ,

ill 1 . P i s P o . J 3 Ro c H ill be a e 6. h p , r f k r , — 1 4 - W . m s f 7 0. Roc salt Pse u o o 1 2 , , , d r o 1 4 . k ph ,

P s atic n o ul s an d ossils 1 6 34 th - - o d e , , , Ro e todte lie en de 5. h ph f g ,

54 56 57. Rous on 1 8 56 77 W ll , , d , , . e at 89. , Pic e Roc Co e A — t Ro e D r . . W . 5 7 v , 3 57 8 95. k k w , , , ,

Pin ha B a 1 6 1 8 1 9 24 36- 38 w L H 8 . Rue . . 6 y y, , , , , , c o ? , 4 7 56. , liff s 4 5 C 5 6 78. , , ,

Pin oe 85. s H ill 1 4 St . C e 6 88 h , yr , , , . ’ Pin n acle s 58 78 82. Ga ie l s W ate 2 , , , r r, 30 3 . b ,

Pin n e B a 1 8. Salcom e 50 73 3 y y, b , , , 8 . H ill Pin n 88. Cliff 48. , ,

- Pi e cla 68. Hill 50 67 70 71 p y, , , , , .

Pi e s in C al an d G e en san 7O71 . M o u 1 4 r d , , 74 91 . p h k th , , ,

- Pisolitic i on ore 71 . Salston Ho us 7 r , e 2. ,

Plain s of D e n u ation 3. D S lte r. A . E d , a . 75 94 . r , , , Plan t e main s in T ias 1 3 in L ias W r r , ; , J . . 7. , ’ 34. Salte s C oss 4 r r , 9.

i l matio n 67 - Plast c C a o 68. r , Salt ma s e s 76. y f r h ,

Plate au e osits an d aults 3 63 67. n d p , , a s 76. f , p ,

Ple in sbachian 23. m S n de co be . , a , 73

Ple is o cen e 2 67 72. San s E con omic u t , , , d , se s o f 60 61 , ,

P lesi osa ur us 4 33. , , 85. m 73 F l o a . rd r , Sa te 20 . yf F r ,

Po ole 68. Sau ian s 33. , r ,

Po le s 72. ca heus 26 pp , S p , , 37. — Po ulation 2. Sce n e 1 3 74 7 p , r 8. y, , ,

Po te s am 68 69. Sc o l - oc r h , , r r 75. h k,

Po tt e 85. - r Sc t e ston e s 85. y, y h ,

Poun s Po ol 58. — d , Se a o n 3 1 5 21 42 45 47 57 66 t , , , , , , ,

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ua tz ain s in Chal 53 54 56. Se ia o i Q r gr , , ss l 31 . k , p , F ,

ua tz e b le s 61 67. Se e n R k Q r p oc Poin 24. b , , v t, 1 0 ] I ND E X .

Se a P o 24 25 36. . A T le L e e w rd , r . C. 34. a d , , , f , b g S a wic H il l 71 l ton 6 8. h p k , . Ta a , , S a man G 2 i 2 73. r , . , 6. Tale R e 7 h v r, , , D a e . ll 86. S r , 42. a e 8 h p , v , y,

h n W ll 8. S e o C . D 53 95 T l wate r 84 e at r r , . , . a e b , ,

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S o n e Clifi 22 3 Te ia 6 68. r , , 0. t 7 h r ry, ,

Shu e 63. Pl in 3 69 a 3 6 . t , , , , Hill 64 l l 1 69 83. Thist e Hil 40 7 . , . , , ,

1 1 . u Thomas H . H 7 0 4 95 Si b 73 88. 69 94 d ry, , , . , , , . , ,

Sidf ord 73 84 T n c m e B acon 40 41 . , , . or o e h b , , Si mo uth 3 — 1 T 22 4 41 5 8 3 1 4 42 45 4s Th e e ie s 0 . d , , , , r r , , , , , , ,

50 67 70 73 74 so 4 ll n d Tille M e ss s 90 . , , , , , , 8 W e s a r , y,

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Smit W . 5 26 3. Tuc s . h , , k ,

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Soil 8 rl i h 2 . 6. T the e 6 s, y g , Soll R v e . H . S . 95. y, , Som s 1 e e . r t, S m v il o er a A . 9 . , , 5

Sout le i 7 fi culm 63. 6. U h gh , , 7 S B k 4 4. o e 33. U mborn e oo 6 w rby, r , , ill mi i S e J 84. U n con o t e s 3. p r, f r ,

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