Silanes for Powerful Connections

Creating tomorrow’s solutions

SILANES I ORGANOFUNCTIONAL

For Powerful Connections You’ve never worked like this with silanes OUR Geniosil® TRADEMARK

WACKER organofunctional silanes, WACKER has been actively researching Contents marketed under the trademark and developing organofunctional silanes GENIOSIL®, include our established for decades. Chemically and technologi- The GENIOSIL® Trademark 3 standard silanes as well as numerous cally, they are closely related to silicones, Organofunctional Silanes 4 specialty silanes that will be of use which have always constituted one of Chemical Bonding to in a variety of new application areas. our core businesses. Our experience in Organic Polymers 6 these fields, together with our expertise The “a Effect” 8 We encounter industrial products con- in organic fine chemicals, enables us GENIOSIL® für Adhesives and taining organofunctional silanes every to continuously develop innovative Sealants 12 day, and without them, the world as processes and products in these key Product Overview GENIOSIL® we know it would be hard to imagine. technologies. Organofunctional Silanes 16 As an important component of paints Product Overview and varnishes, organofunctional silanes Today, WACKER produces a broad range Non-functional Silanes 18 ensure that they adhere to a variety of organofunctional silanes and markets WACKER at a Glance 19 of substrates and last for many years. them under the GENIOSIL® trademark. Adhesives containing silanes can replace The product portfolio includes not only rivets and bolts, while silane-modified the established, standard products, but fillers and glass fibers reinforce plastics, also novel molecules with unrivaled prop- thus making them suitable for a huge erties. These open up completely new range of applications. fields of application.

This brochure provides an overview of the organofunctional silanes produced by WACKER. Special importance is given to the a-silanes.

WACKER and GENIOSIL® are registered trademarks of Wacker Chemie AG.

3 Organofunctional silanes –

Organofunctional silanes act as Fig. 1: Organofunctional silanes as molecular bridges molecular bridges between organic polymers and inorganic materials. Reactive Hydrolyzable organofunctional alkoxy group group

Organic Inorganic polymer X Si OR HO substrate

X Si O

Organofunctional silanes are hybrid com- Bonding to the inorganic material is pounds that combine the functionality effected by way of the hydrolyzable of a reactive organic group and the inor- functional groups –OR. The most common ganic functionality of an alkyl silicate in of these are the methoxy and ethoxy a single molecule. This special property substituents. The silane’s alkoxy groups means they can be used as molecular hydrolyze in the presence of moisture bridges between organic polymers and to form reactive silanols. These either inorganic materials react with themselves to form oligomeric siloxanes, or else react with the inorganic The choice of functional group X will substrate. Since hydroxyl groups are depend ultimately on the nature of the present on almost all mineral and metallic organic polymer. Commercially avail- surfaces, the silane will generally undergo able silanes contain amino, epoxy and a condensation reaction and bond cova- glycidoxy, mercapto and sulfido, isocya- lently to the inorganic substrate. nate, methacryloxy and vinyl groups. How these functional groups bind to The bridge-building property of organo- the organic polymer is described in functional silanes is particularly important detail on pages 6 and 7. in three application fields: •• Adhesion promotion •• Surface modification •• Polymer crosslinking

4 MOLECULAR BRIDGES FORGE STABLE BONDS

Fig. 2: Adhesion promotion Fig. 3: Surface modification Fig. 4: Crosslinking

Coating Filler Polymer Polymer

R X X X X O O O O O O O Si X Si O O HO Si O Si O Si OH O Si Si O O

O O O Si HO Si OR X X X X Substrate Polymer Polymer

Adhesion Promotion Surface Modification Crosslinking

Organofunctional silanes enhance adhe- Organofunctional silanes improve com- Organofunctional silanes function as sion of coatings, adhesives and sealants patibility and enable inorganic fillers to crosslinkers for organic polymers, e. g. in to a wide variety of substrates. bond chemically to organic resins. moisture-curing adhesives and sealants, in paints and varnishes and in thermo- plastics.

5 CHEMICAL BONDING TO ORGANIC POLYMERS

The particular function and the nature Fig. 5: Endcapping of the organic polymer will determine the choice of silane as well as the way in which it bonds chemically to the polymer.

Functional silane Functional polymer

Fig. 6: Radical grafting

Polyolefin + peroxide

Vinyl- or methacryloxysilane

The mechanisms by which organofunc- Endcapping tional silanes bond to organic polymers are as varied as the polymers themselves. In this case, the silane’s organofunctional The most important mechanisms are: group reacts with a terminal functional •• Endcapping group of the precursor by forming a •• Radical grafting covalent bond (Fig. 5). •• Copolymerization The choice of silane will depend on the All three methods produce silane-modi- polymer. The following combinations are fied polymers. These polymers can then common: form stable siloxane bonds via the cross- •• Aminosilanes + NCO-terminated linking of the remaining Si-alkoxy groups. polyurethanes Likewise, they can also bond to fillers or •• Aminosilanes + acrylic/methacrylic other inorganic surfaces. polymers •• Isocyanatosilanes + OH-polymers Table 1 is a guide showing which silanes (polyethers, polyesters, polyurethanes) produce the best results in the various •• Amino- and epoxy/glycidoxysilanes polymer systems. + epoxy resin precursors •• Aminosilanes + phenol resin precursors

6 Fig. 7: Copolymerization Table 1: Compatibility of polymers and organofunctional silanes Polymer Organofunctional group on silane Polyacrylate Amino C CH C CH 2 2 Epoxy Methacrylic CO2R Vinyl Butyl rubber, neoprene, phenolic resin, Amino Si Vinyl- or Acrylate/ methacryl- polyamide, polyether, epoxy resin, melamine Epoxy methacrylate oxysilane Polyester Methacrylic Polyolefin Amino Vinyl

C CH2 C CH2 Polysulfide Epoxy Vinyl

CO2R Polyurethane Amino Epoxy Si Isocyanate EPR, EPDM, SBR Vinyl, Mercapto

Radical Grafting

Unsaturated silanes, such as vinyl- or methacryloxysilanes, can be made to bond to polymer chains via a radical grafting reaction (Fig. 6): •• Vinylsilanes + polyolefines •• Methacryloxysilanes + polyolefines •• Methacryloxysilanes + unsaturated polyesters

Copolymerization

The polymerizable organofunctional groups of a silane (e. g. methacryloxy- or vinylsilane) are incorporated into the chain during production of the polymer (Fig. 7): •• Methacryloxysilanes + monomeric acrylates/methacrylates or styrene •• Vinylsilanes + monomeric acrylates/ methacrylates or ethylene/ vinyl acetate

7 THE LENGTH OF THE BRIDGE DETERMINES THE REACTIVITY – The “α EFFEcT“

The nature of the “bridge construction” Fig. 8 Fig. 10 determines the application properties. a-Silanes, that is, silanes with a OR OR methylene bridge instead of the usual Si OR Si OR propylene spacer between the silicon X (CH2)3 X CH2 atom and the functional group, are highly reactive and accordingly have OR OR huge application potential.

Fig. 9 Fig. 11

CH 3 CH3

Si OR Si OR X (CH2)3 X CH2

OR OR

Most established organofunctional sila- WACKER’s strength is on specialty silanes. nes are trialkoxysilanes with a propylene The name “specialty silane” implies first, spacer between the silicon atom and the a special choice of highly reactive orga- functional group X (Fig. 8). Dialkoxysila- nofunctional groups (e.g. isocyanate) nes (Fig. 9) with a propylene spacer are and second, a relatively novel molecular also available but are of little practical structure, as emphasized by the methyl- importance compared with trialkoxy- ene spacer or bridge that replaces the silanes. familiar propylene bridge.

The most important functional groups X These innovative silanes, referred to as are the amino, glycidoxy, sulfur and meth- a-silanes (Figs. 10 and 11), display new acryloxy groups. These standard silanes, properties. Their most important prop- of which the GENIOSIL® product portfolio erty is without doubt the extremely high includes a broad range, dominate today’s reactivity of the Si-alkoxy groups. This market. results from electron interaction of the functional group X with the Si atom, and it can only be observed in the presence of a spacer. The phenomenon is accordingly referred to as the “a effect.”

Fig. 12: Schematic diagram of the “a effect” Practical Consequences of the “a Effect”

The increased reactivity of the alkoxy groups in a-silanes not only opens up new fields of application for which standard g-silanes are insufficiently reactive (e.g. for fast-curing adhesives), but also renders them interesting building blocks that offer many advantages in established fields of application.

For example, the “a effect” reduces the difference in reactivity between methoxy- silyl and ethoxysilyl groups, thus making it possible to replace methoxysilane by ethoxysilane without impairing the appli- Since highly reactive silanes are The “a Effect” cation properties. This is particularly im- needed for a wide variety of applications, portant in applications where the release WACKER has developed a specific An electronegative donor such as nitro- of methanol, which has a higher order of portfolio of organofunctional a-silanes. gen or oxygen that is in the a position toxicity than ethanol, is problematic. Besides aminosilanes, it includes relative to the silicon atom, i. e. is sepa- silanes with methacryloxy, isocyanate rated only by a methylene bridge, acti- Another important advantage of a-silanes and carbamate functional groups. vates the alkoxy groups on the silicon is that the bifunctional compounds are atom. These groups demonstrate greater also highly reactive, whereas dialkoxy- In contrast to established standard sila- reactivity towards nucleophiles, as seen silanes with a propylene spacer are not nes with a propylene spacer (g-silanes), by their faster hydrolysis upon admission reactive enough for most applications. both trialkoxy (Fig. 10) and dialkoxy of water. Especially in the field of flexible adhe- a-silanes (Fig. 11) are extremely impor- sives and sealants, as well as coatings, tant building blocks. The “a effect” can be described very bifunctional crosslinker silanes have graphically using a-aminoalkylsilanes as great potential since they permit selective The next chapter explains the “a effect” an example: back-bonding of the nitro- adjustment of the crosslinking density. and the huge potential offered by gen’s free electron pair to the silicon atom a-silanes. (Fig. 12) weakens the Si-O bonds. This back-bonding becomes stronger with increasing basicity of the nitrogen. The latter, in turn, can be varied selectively via the organic substituents on the nitrogen atom. The “a effect” can be determined quantitatively by investigating the hydrolysis kinetics of such silanes.

9 Hydrolysis of Unsaturated Silanes Fig. 13: Rate of hydrolysis of unsaturated silanes (acetone/water mixture, pH 4)

Unsaturated silanes – in particular vinyl- and methacryloxysilanes – can be incorporated via copolymerization or grafting reactions into polymer chains and are therefore important crosslinkers for organic polymers (p. 6/7). In the presence of water, the silane’s alkoxy groups hydrolyze to form silanol groups. Conden- sation reactions between these silanol groups produce a siloxane network.

Reaction rate The speed of hydrolysis is influenced strongly by ambient conditions, in particular pH and temperature, and also to a considerable extent by the nature of the silane. Fig. 13 shows the results of The result is impressive: the new a-meth- The “a Effect“ in Adhesives and tests on the hydrolysis kinetics of three acryloxytrimethoxysilane reacts 20 times Sealants different methacryloxysilanes and a faster than its g counterpart. The latter vinyl-silane. The tests were conducted is widely used in paints and varnishes The “a effect” is just as pronounced in in a water/acetone mixture at pH 4 at as a crosslinker. Even the bifunctional adhesives and sealants as it is in the room temperature and demonstrate a-methacryloxysilane hydrolyzes 14 times hydrolysis of methacryloxysilanes. If, for the speed at which the concentration faster than the standard methacryloxy- example, a polyether polyol is reacted of a monomeric silane decreases under silane. Its reactivity thus corresponds with various alkoxy silanes bearing NCO such conditions. approximately to that of vinyltrimethoxy- functional groups, thus forming silane- silane, which is known for its high reactivity terminated polymers (cf. p. 14: STP tech- and therefore commonly used as a water nology), the different reactivity of each scavenger in adhesives and sealants. of the silanes becomes readily evident when the polymers are used in standard These experiments clearly demonstrate sealant formulations and the skin-forma- the impact of the “a effect” on the tion times are determined. reactivity of silanes. The objective now is to capitalize on this effect in the form of corresponding product characteristics.

10 Fig. 14: Skin-formation times of silane-terminated polyethers in adhesive formulations The key advantages of GENIOSIL® a-silanes are:

• Faster hydrolysis and condensation of the Si-alkoxy groups • Faster production processes • Better chemical and mechanical product properties • A wider range of applications for organofunctional silanes

Skin-formation times

As Fig. 14 shows, skin-formation begins Another hugely important aspect of this after just a few seconds when a-trimeth- application is that the dialkoxy a-silane oxysilane is used, as compared to about grades, even the ethoxy variants, likewise 25 minutes in the case of g-trimethoxy- cure rapidly. Compared to this a corre- silane. sponding g-dimethoxy system would be far out of range (several hours) under the A comparison of the ethoxysilanes is same conditions. even more impressive: a-triethoxysilane induces curing in a few minutes whereas These examples demonstrate the great with g-triethoxysilane no skin-formation potential that di- and trialkoxy a-silanes can be observed even after 2 hours. have as crosslinkers for moisture-curing adhesives and sealants and for post- curing coating systems. In addition, they are interesting as adhesion promoters, probably the most important field of application for organofunctional silanes in terms of quantities.

11 GENIOSIL® FOR ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

Silane crosslinking is a key technology for state-of-the-art adhesives and sealants. GENIOSIL® a-silanes offer unforeseen advantages.

Organofunctional silanes are essential The silanes fulfill various functions: components in almost all adhesives and •• They act as crosslinkers in moisture- sealants. curing reactive adhesives and sealants. •• They improve the physical and There are two basic methods of incor- mechanical properties of filled and porating organofunctional silanes into reinforced formulations. adhesives and sealants: either the silanes •• They enhance the resistance of the are linked chemically to the base polymer cured products to chemicals. by bonding the organofunctional groups •• They permit good adhesion to a variety with the reactive ends of the polymer of different substrates. (STP = Silane Terminated Polymers tech- •• They ensure good storage stability for nology), or the silanes are mixed into the formulations and prevent premature formulations in the form of additives. curing.

12 For highly reactive adhesive and sealant systems, such as the a-silane-crosslinking polymers described in the next chapter, vinyltrimethoxysilane is only of limited suitability as a water scavenger. However, the carbamate- and methacryloxy-functional a-silanes are an excellent alternative for such systems.

GENIOSIL® as Crosslinker

Numerous polymers can be used in moisture-curable systems by incorporat- ing silanes. Silane crosslinking is especially important for acrylates, polyethers, polyurethanes and polyesters as a means of selectively optimizing and customizing GENIOSIL® as Adhesion Promoter GENIOSIL® as Water Scavenger their properties. These include mechanical properties, such as tensile strength at In order to enhance adhesion, organo- The most commonly encountered water break, elongation at break, tear strength functional silanes must bond chemically scavenger in adhesive and sealant for- and abrasion resistance but also storage or physically to the organic polymer. mulations is vinyltrimethoxysilane. Due stability, chemical resistance and weath- Since there is a wide variety of adhesive to the electron interactions of the vinyl ering resistance. In connection with and sealant systems, a large number group, the Si-methoxy groups in this polyethers and polyurethanes, in par- of organofunctional silanes are needed. silane hydrolyze substantially faster than ticular, silane crosslinking has attracted The most commonly used adhesion pro- in saturated aliphatic alkylalkoxysilanes. much attention during the last few years, moters are amino-, epoxy- and methacryl- Any moisture inherently present in the thereby opening up attractive fields of oxysilanes. How much of which silane formulation is removed as the methoxy application for a-silanes. This technology will ultimately be required will depend on groups hydrolyze (methanol is split off) is described in more detail in the next the specific formulations in question. and the vinylsilane condenses. Only chapter. when the latter reaction is essentially complete will the remaining silane building blocks crosslink. The amount of silane added will depend on the water content of the formulation constituents; usually about one percent by weight is required.

13 Fig. 15: Synthesis of STP-U from NCO-prepolymers and aminosilanes

(catalyst)

2° Aminoalkyl-alkoxysilanes urea group STP-U SILANE-TERMINATED POLYURETHANE

Fig. 16: Synthesis of STP-E from polyethers and NCO-silanes

(catalyst)

Isocyanatoalkyl-alkoxysilanes urethane group STP-E SILANE-TERMINATED POLYETHER

STP Technology A disadvantage of STP-U sealants is the high viscosity of the polymers, which There are two principal reasons for mo- results from the urea units formed during difying polyurethanes with GENIOSIL®: silane endcapping reactions. Urea is first, to replace toxic and thus problem- known for its tendency to form hydro- atic isocyanate groups and, second, to gen bridges resembling ladder rungs improve such properties as adhesion, between the polymer strands. These high chemical resistance and storage stability. viscosities must be taken into account during the compounding and processing Silane-terminated polyurethanes (subse- of such systems. quently referred to as STP-U) are usually produced by the reaction of NCO-con- Viscosity can be kept under control if taining prepolymers with aminosilanes NCO-functional silanes are used instead (Fig. 15). of aminosilanes, and are reacted with hydroxyl-terminated polymers, such as polyethers, polyurethanes or polyesters (Fig. 16).

Advantages of GENIOSIL® a-STP-E polymers in adhesives and sealants:

• Fast and complete curing • Excellent mechanical properties • Cost-efficient compounding • Tin free formulations • Tack-free surfaces • Greater shelf life

Processing is particularly easy when pure The Unparalleled a-Silanes polyethers are used (subsequently referred to as STP-E), since the viscosity of these The new, highly reactive GENIOSIL® systems is significantly lower than that a-silanes bring exceptional benefits for of STP-U. Special polyethers are needed STP-E technology. to achieve mechanical properties com- parable to polyurethanes. Adhesives and sealants terminated with these a-silanes cure completely and rap- Greater detail on WACKER’s silane termi- idly, and display outstanding mechani- nated polymers is available in a separate cal properties. This is currently the only brochure “Another step ahead with technology available where formulations GENIOSIL® STP-E binders”. are possible that do not require toxic tin catalysts.

15 Product overview GENIOSIL® OrganofuncTional SILANEs

Product name Chemical name Structural formular Molecular Density Flash Boiling CAS-No GENIOSIL® weight (25 °C) point point Functional group [g/ml] [°C] [°C]

GF 9 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-amino- 222.4 1.03 >100 147/ [1760-24-3] Amino propyltrimethoxysilane 16 hPa

GF 91 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-amino- 222.4 1.02 >100 147/ [1760-24-3] Amino propyltrimethoxysilane, 16 hPa high purity GF 92 N-Cyclohexyl-3-amino- 261.4 0.99 >100 125/ [3068-78-8] Amino propyltrimethoxysilane 2 hPa

XL 926 N-Cyclohexylamino- 275.5 0.95 119 236 [26495-91-0] Amino methyltriethoxysilane

GF 93 3-Aminopropyltriethoxy- 221.4 0.94 93 217 [919-30-2] Amino silane

GF 94 3-(2-Aminomethylamino) 264.4 0.97 > 100 > 110/ 5089-72-5 Amino propyltriethoxysilane 3 hPa

GF 95 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-amino- 206.4 0.97 >100 110/ [3069-29-2] Amino propylmethyldimethoxy- 3 hPa silane GF 96 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxy- 179.3 1.01 79 210 [13822-56-5] Amino silane

GF 98 3-Ureidopropyltrimethoxy- 222.3 1.15 99 >300 [23843-64-3] Amino silane

XL 10 Vinyltrimethoxysilane 148.2 0.97 24 122 [2768-02-7] Vinyl

XL 12 Vinyldimethoxymethylsilane 132.2 0.88 15 104 [16753-62-1] Vinyl

GF 56 Vinyltriethoxysilane 190.3 0.91 43 158 [78-08-0] Vinyl

GF 62 Vinyltriacetoxysilane 232.3 1.16 >93 112/ [4130-08-9] Vinyl 13 hPa

16 Product name Chemical name Structural formular Molecular Density Flash Boiling CAS-No GENIOSIL® weight (25 °C) point point Functional group [g/ml] [°C] [°C]

GF 31 3-Methacryloxypropyl- 248.4 1.05 >100 125/ [2530-85-0] Methacryl trimethoxysilane 15 hPa

XL 32 Methacryloxymethyl)- 204.3 1.02 82 205 [121177-93-3] Methacryl methyldimethoxysilane

XL 33 Methacryloxymethyl- 220.3 1.07 92 217 [54586-78-6] Methacryl trimethoxysilane

GF 39 3-Methacryloxypropyl- 332.4 1.16 >135 147/ [51772-85-1] Methacryl triacetoxysilane 1 hPa

GF 60 N-Methyl[3-(Trimethoxysilyl) 237.3 1.11 141 102 [23432-62-4] Carbamato propyl]carbamate

XL 63 N-Trimethoxysilylmethyl- 209.3 1.15 117 204 [23432-64-6] Carbamato O-methylcarbamate

XL 65 N-Dimethoxy(methyl)silyl- 193.3 1.10 112 211 [23432-65-7] Carbamato methyl-O-methylcarbamate

GF 69 Tris-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) 615.9 1.17 102 > 250/ 26115-70-8 Cyanurate propyl]-isocyanurate 0,13 hPa

GF 80 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimeth- 236.3 1.07 127 138/ [2530-83-8] Glycidoxy oxysilane 13 hPa

GF 82 3-Glycidoxypropyltrieth- 278.4 1.01 >100 143/ [2602-34-8] Glycidoxy oxysilane 13 hPa

17 Product overview Non-funcTional SILANEs

Product name Chemical name Structural formular Molecular Density Flash Boiling CAS-No Functional group weight (25 °C) point point [g/ml] [°C] [°C]

Silan M1-Trimethoxy Methyltrimethoxysilane 136.2 0.95 11 102 [1185-55-3] Methylalkoxy

Silan M1-Triethoxy Methyltriethoxysilane 178.3 0.89 33 143 [2031-67-6] Methylalkoxy

Silan M2-Dimethoxy Dimethyldimethoxysilane 120.2 0.86 -11 78 [1112-39-6] Methylalkoxy

Silan M2-Diethoxy Dimethyldiethoxysilane 148.3 0.83 13 113 [78-62-6] Methylalkoxy

Silan M3-Ethoxy Trimethylethoxysilane 118.3 0.75 <-20 76 [1825-62-3] Methylalkoxy

Silan IO-Trimethoxy Isooctyltrimethoxysilane 234.4 0.90 52 90/ [34396-03-7] Alkylalkoxy 13 hPa

Silan IO-Triethoxy Isooctyltriethoxysilane 276.5 0.88 >40 236 [35435-21-3] Alkylalkoxy

Silan 25013 VP Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane 346.6 0.89 122 159/ [16415-12-6] Alkylalkoxy 2 hPa

Silan CHM-Dimethoxy (Cyclohexyl)methyl- 188.3 0.94 76 198 [17865-32-6] Alkylalkoxy dimethoxysilane

Silan CP2-Dimethoxy Dicyclopentyldimethoxy- 228.4 0.98 >100 257 [126990-35-0] Alkylalkoxy silane

Silan P-Triethoxy Phenyltriethoxysilane 240.4 0.99 >40 235 [780-69-8] Phenyl

Crosslinker ES 23 Triacetoxyethylsilane 234.3 1.14 > 100 110/ 17689-77-9 Acetoxy 13 hPa

Crosslinker ET 13 1,2-Bis(triethoxysilyl) 354.6 0.96 > 100 118/ 16068-37-4 Acetoxy ethan 13 hPa

18 ExpErtisE and sErvicE nEtwork on FivE continEnts

• sales and production sites, plus 20 technical centers, ensure you a local presence worldwide.

WACKER is one of the world’s leading the globe with five business divisions, tailored to regional demands, supporting and most research-intensive chemical operating 24 production sites, WACKER is them during every stage of their complex companies, with total sales of €4.63 billion. currently active in over 100 countries. The production processes, if required. Products range from silicones, binders Group maintains subsidiaries and sales WACKER e-solutions are online services and polymer additives for diverse industrial offices in 29 countries across Europe, the provided via our customer portal and as sectors to bio-engineered pharmaceutical Americas and Asia – including a solidly integrated process solutions. Our actives and hyperpure silicon for established presence in China. With a customers and business partners thus semiconductor and solar applications. As workforce of 16,300, WACKER sees itself benefit from comprehensive information a technology leader focusing on sustain- as a reliable innovation partner that and reliable service to enable projects ability, WACKER promotes products and develops trailblazing solutions for, and in and orders to be handled fast, reliably ideas that offer a high value-added collaboration with, its customers. WACKER and highly efficiently. Visit us anywhere, potential to ensure that current and future also helps them boost their own success. anytime around the world at: generations enjoy a better quality of life Our technical centers employ local www.wacker.com based on energy efficiency and protection specialists who assist customers world- of the climate and environment. Spanning wide in the development of products

all figures are based on fiscal 2012.

single_A4_e_2003132_RZ.indd 1 20.03.13 15:15 Wacker Chemie AG Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4 81737 München, Germany Tel. +49 89 6279-0 www.wacker.com 6085e/09.13 supersedes 6085e/12. 12

The data presented in this brochure are in accordance with the present state of our knowledge, but do not absolve the user from carefully checking all supplies immediately upon receipt. We reserve the right to alter product constants with the scope of technical progress or new developments. The information given in this brochure should be checked by preliminary trials because of conditions during processing over which we have no control, especially where other companies’ raw materials are also being used. The information provided by us does not absolve the user from the obligation of investi-gating the possibility of infringement of third parties’ rights and, if necessary, clarifying the position. Recommendations for use do not constitute a warranty, either express or implied, of the fitness or suitability of the product for a particular purpose.