JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Volume 82 March 2008 No. 6

SPOTLIGHT

Articles of Significant Interest Selected from This Issue by 2605 the Editors

STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY Molecular Characterization of a Subgroup Specificity Sarah M. McDonald and John T. 2752–2764 Associated with the Rotavirus Inner Capsid Protein VP2 Patton UL74 of Human Cytomegalovirus Contributes to Virus Xiao Jing Jiang, Barbara Adler, 2802–2812 Release by Promoting Secondary Envelopment of Virions Kerstin Laib Sampaio, Margarete Digel, Gerhard Jahn, Nicole Ettischer, York-Dieter Stierhof, Laura Scrivano, Ulrich Koszinowski, Michael Mach, and Christian Sinzger Egress of Light Particles among Filopodia on the Surface of John E. Carpenter, Jennifer A. 2821–2835 Varicella-Zoster Virus-Infected Cells Hutchinson, Wallen Jackson, and Charles Grose Geometric Mismatches within the Concentric Layers of Sonia Libersou, Xavier Siebert, 2844–2852 Rotavirus Particles: a Potential Regulatory Switch of Viral Malika Ouldali, Leandro F. Estrozi, Particle Transcription Activity Jorge Navaza, Annie Charpilienne, Pascale Garnier, Didier Poncet, and Jean Lepault Genetic Determinants of Sindbis Virus Mosquito Infection Dennis J. Pierro, Erik L. Powers, 2966–2974 Are Associated with a Highly Conserved Alphavirus and and Ken E. Olson Flavivirus Envelope Sequence Envelope Protein Palmitoylations Are Crucial for Murine Joseph A. Boscarino, Hillary L. 2989–2999 Coronavirus Assembly Logan, Jason J. Lacny, and Thomas M. Gallagher Importance of Conserved Cysteine Residues in the Lisa A. Lopez, Ambere J. Riffle, 3000–3010 Coronavirus Envelope Protein Steven L. Pike, Douglas Gardner, and Brenda G. Hogue Crystal Structure of Unliganded Influenza B Virus Qinghua Wang, Feng Cheng, 3011–3020 Hemagglutinin Mingyang Lu, Xia Tian, and Jianpeng Ma Nuclear Egress and Envelopment of Herpes Simplex Virus Claus-Henning Nagel, Katinka 3109–3124 Capsids Analyzed with Dual-Color Fluorescence HSV1(17؉) Do¨hner, Mojgan Fathollahy, Tanja Strive, Eva Maria Borst, Martin Messerle, and Beate Sodeik Cysteines Flanking the Internal Fusion Peptide Are Sue E. Delos, Matthew B. Brecher, 3131–3134 Required for the Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus Zaoying Chen, Deborah C. Melder, Glycoprotein To Mediate the Lipid Mixing Stage of Fusion Mark J. Federspiel, and Judith M. with High Efficiency White

GENOME REPLICATION AND REGULATION OF VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION Human Butyrate-Induced Transcript 1 Interacts with Shuhei Taguwa, Toru Okamoto, 2631–2641 Hepatitis C Virus NS5A and Regulates Viral Replication Takayuki Abe, Yoshio Mori, Tetsuro Suzuki, Kohji Moriishi, and Yoshiharu Matsuura

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Control of mRNA Export by Adenovirus E4orf6 and E1B55K Paola Blanchette, Kathrin 2642–2651 Proteins during Productive Infection Requires E4orf6 Kindsmu¨ller, Peter Groitl, Fre´de´ric Ubiquitin Ligase Activity Dallaire, Thomas Speiseder, Philip E. Branton, and Thomas Dobner Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF57 Functions Vladimir Majerciak, Koji Yamanegi, 2792–2801 as a Viral Splicing Factor and Promotes Expression of Eric Allemand, Michael Kruhlak, Intron-Containing Viral Lytic Genes in Spliceosome- Adrian R. Krainer, and Zhi-Ming Mediated RNA Splicing Zheng Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ori-Lyt-Dependent Yan Wang, Hong Li, Qiyi Tang, 2867–2882 DNA Replication: Involvement of Host Cellular Factors Gerd G. Maul, and Yan Yuan cis- and trans-Acting Functions of Brome Mosaic Virus Guanghui Yi and Cheng Kao 3045–3053 Protein 1a in Genomic RNA1 Replication RNA Structure Modulates Splicing Efficiency at the Human Truus E. M. Abbink and Ben 3090–3098 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Major Splice Donor Berkhout

VIRUS-CELL INTERACTIONS Characterization of Hypovirus-Derived Small RNAs Xuemin Zhang, Gert C. Segers, 2613–2619 Generated in the Chestnut Blight Fungus by an Inducible Qihong Sun, Fuyou Deng, and DCL-2-Dependent Pathway Donald L. Nuss Replication of ICP0-Null Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus Roger D. Everett, Carlos Parada, 2661–2672 Type 1 Is Restricted by both PML and Sp100 Philippe Gripon, Hu¨seyin Sirma, and Anne Orr Mitochondrial and Secretory Human Cytomegalovirus UL37 Petros Bozidis, Chad D. Williamson, 2715–2726 Proteins Traffic into Mitochondrion-Associated Membranes and Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley of Human Cells The Spike Protein of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Is Retained Christine Winter, Christel 2765–2771 Intracellularly by a Tyrosine Motif Schwegmann-Wessels, Ulrich Neumann, and Georg Herrler Class VIII Myosins Are Required for Plasmodesmatal Dror Avisar, Alexey I. Prokhnevsky, 2836–2843 Localization of a Closterovirus Hsp70 Homolog and Valerian V. Dolja Aromatic Amino Acids in the Juxtamembrane Domain of Megan W. Howard, Emily A. 2883–2894 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Travanty, Scott A. Jeffers, M. K. Glycoprotein Are Important for Receptor-Dependent Virus Smith, Sonia T. Wennier, Larissa B. Entry and Cell-Cell Fusion Thackray, and Kathryn V. Holmes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces Cell Sylvain Huard, Robert T. Elder, 2904–2917

Cycle G2 Arrest through Srk1/MK2-Mediated Dong Liang, Ge Li, and Richard Y. Phosphorylation of Cdc25 Zhao Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Recruits the Susanne Rauch, Kati Pulkkinen, 2918–2929 Guanine Exchange Factor Vav1 via an Unexpected Interface Kalle Saksela, and Oliver T. Fackler into Plasma Membrane Microdomains for Association with p21-Activated Kinase 2 Activity Sialic Acid Is a Cellular Receptor for Coxsackievirus A24 Emma C. Nilsson, Fariba Jamshidi, 3061–3068 Variant, an Emerging Virus with Pandemic Potential Susanne M. C. Johansson, M. Steven Oberste, and Niklas Arnberg Cellular Restriction of Retrovirus Particle-Mediated mRNA Melanie Galla, Axel Schambach, 3069–3077 Transfer Greg J. Towers, and Christopher Baum Role of APOBEC3G/F-Mediated Hypermutation in the Shiv K. Gandhi, Janet D. Siliciano, 3125–3130 Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Elite Justin R. Bailey, Robert F. Siliciano, Suppressors and Joel N. Blankson

CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INFECTION Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Upregulates Serine Sutapa Banerjee, Kousuke Saito, 2606–2612 Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Malika Ait-Goughoulte, Keith Impairs the Downstream Akt/Protein Kinase B Signaling Meyer, Ratna B. Ray, and Ranjit Pathway for Insulin Resistance Ray

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The DNA Deaminase Activity of Human APOBEC3G Is April J. Schumacher, Guylaine 2652–2660 Required for Ty1, MusD, and Human Immunodeficiency Hache´, Donna A. MacDuff, William Virus Type 1 Restriction L. Brown, and Reuben S. Harris Clonogenic Assay of Type A Influenza Viruses Reveals John M. Ngunjiri, Margaret J. 2673–2680 Noninfectious Cell-Killing (Apoptosis-Inducing) Particles Sekellick, and Philip I. Marcus Complement Is an Essential Component of the Immune Anne K. Zaiss, Matthew J. Cotter, 2727–2740 Response to Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Lindsay R. White, Sharon A. Clark, Norman C. W. Wong, V. Michael Holers, Jeffrey S. Bartlett, and Daniel A. Muruve Avian Influenza Virus A/HK/483/97(H5N1) NS1 Protein W. Y. Lam, Julian W. Tang, Apple 2741–2751 Induces Apoptosis in Human Airway Epithelial Cells C. M. Yeung, Lawrence C. M. Chiu, Joseph J. Y. Sung, and Paul K. S. Chan Phagocytosis of Picornavirus-Infected Cells Induces an Matthijs Kramer, Barbara M. 2930–2937 RNA-Dependent Antiviral State in Human Dendritic Cells Schulte, Liza W. J. Toonen, Paola M. Barral, Paul B. Fisher, Kjerstin H. W. Lanke, Jochem M. D. Galama, Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld, and Gosse J. Adema

TRANSFORMATION AND ONCOGENESIS BK Virus as a Cofactor in the Etiology of Prostate Cancer Dweepanita Das, Kirk Wojno, and 2705–2714 in Its Early Stages Michael J. Imperiale

GENE DELIVERY Lentiviral Vectors Encoding Human Immunodeficiency Aviva Joseph, Jian Hua Zheng, 3078–3089 Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific T-Cell Receptor Genes Antonia Follenzi, Teresa Efficiently Convert Peripheral Blood CD8 T Lymphocytes DiLorenzo, Kaori Sango, Jaime into Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes with Potent In Vitro and In Hyman, Ken Chen, Alicja Vivo HIV-1-Specific Inhibitory Activity Piechocka-Trocha, Christian Brander, Erik Hooijberg, Dario A. Vignali, Bruce D. Walker, and Harris Goldstein

VACCINES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS Expression of Transgenes from Newcastle Disease Virus Qinshan Gao, Man-Seong Park, and 2692–2698 with a Segmented Genome Peter Palese Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Arumugam Balamurugan, Martha J. 2784–2791 Infection during HIV-1 Gag Vaccination Lewis, Christina M. R. Kitchen, Michael N. Robertson, John W. Shiver, Eric S. Daar, Jacqueline Pitt, Ayub Ali, Hwee L. Ng, Judith S. Currier, and Otto O. Yang Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape Is Restricted Karin Jasmijn von Eije, Olivier ter 2895–2903 When Conserved Genome Sequences Are Targeted by RNA Brake, and Ben Berkhout Interference Targets of Small Interfering RNA Restriction during Human Yong Gao, Michael A. Lobritz, 2938–2951 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Justin Roth, Measho Abreha, Kenneth N. Nelson, Immaculate Nankya, Dawn M. Moore-Dudley, Awet Abraha, Stanton L. Gerson, and Eric J. Arts

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Differential CD4؉ versus CD8؉ T-Cell Responses Elicited by Petra Mooij, Sunita S. Balla- 2975–2988 Different Poxvirus-Based Human Immunodeficiency Virus Jhagjhoorsingh, Gerrit Koopman, Type 1 Vaccine Candidates Provide Comparable Efficacies in Niels Beenhakker, Patricia van Primates Haaften, Ilona Baak, Ivonne G. Nieuwenhuis, Ivanela Kondova, Ralf Wagner, Hans Wolf, Carmen E. Go´mez, Jose´L.Na´jera, Victoria Jime´nez, Mariano Esteban, and Jonathan L. Heeney

PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNITY Alpha/Beta Interferon Inhibits Cap-Dependent Translation Mulu Z. Tesfay, Jun Yin, Christina 2620–2630 of Viral but Not Cellular mRNA by a PKR-Independent L. Gardner, Mikhail V. Mechanism Khoretonenko, Nadejda L. Korneeva, Robert E. Rhoads, Kate D. Ryman, and William B. Klimstra Rift Valley Fever Virus Lacking the NSs and NSm Genes Is Brian H. Bird, Ce´sar G. Albarin˜o, 2681–2691 Highly Attenuated, Confers Protective Immunity from Amy L. Hartman, Bobbie Rae Virulent Virus Challenge, and Allows for Differential Erickson, Thomas G. Ksiazek, and Identification of Infected and Vaccinated Animals Stuart T. Nichol Inhibition of IRF-3 Activation by VP35 Is Critical for the Amy L. Hartman, Brian H. Bird, 2699–2704 High Level of Virulence of Ebola Virus Jonathan S. Towner, Zoi-Anna Antoniadou, Sherif R. Zaki, and Stuart T. Nichol Neutrophils Play an Essential Role in Cooperation with Haruo Fujisawa 2772–2783 Antibody in both Protection against and Recovery from Pulmonary Infection with Influenza Virus in Mice Active ␤-Catenin Signaling Is an Inhibitory Pathway for Anvita Kumar, Andrew Zloza, 2813–2820 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Peripheral Randall T. Moon, Jeffrey Watts, Blood Mononuclear Cells Allan R. Tenorio, and Lena Al- Harthi Magnitude, Breadth, and Functional Profile of T-Cell Gabriela Turk, Marı´a Magdalena 2853–2866 Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Primary Gherardi, Natalia Laufer, Mo´nica Infection with B and BF Viral Variants Saracco, Renata Luzzi, Josephine H. Cox, Pedro Cahn, and Horacio Salomon Regulation of Immune Response and Inflammatory Rong Ou, Menghua Zhang, Lei 2952–2965 Reactions against Viral Infection by VCAM-1 Huang, Richard A. Flavell, Pandelakis A. Koni, and Demetrius Moskophidis Evidence for Differential Roles for NKG2D Receptor Kevin B. Walsh, Melissa B. Lodoen, 3021–3030 Signaling in Innate Host Defense against Coronavirus- Robert A. Edwards, Lewis L. Induced Neurological and Liver Disease Lanier, and Thomas E. Lane NKG2D Receptor Signaling Enhances Cytolytic Activity by Kevin B. Walsh, Lewis L. Lanier, 3031–3044 Virus-Specific CD8؉ T Cells: Evidence for a Protective Role and Thomas E. Lane in Virus-Induced Encephalitis Virus-Specific T-Cell Immunity Correlates with Control of David J. Woollard, Gholamreza 3054–3060 GB Virus B Infection in Marmosets Haqshenas, Xuebin Dong, Bridget F. Pratt, Stephen J. Kent, and Eric J. Gowans Antiviral CD8 T Cells Recognize Borna Disease Virus Karen Baur, Mathias Rauer, Kirsten 3099–3108 Antigen Transgenically Expressed in either Neurons or Richter, Axel Pagenstecher, Ju¨rgen Astrocytes Go¨tz, Ju¨rgen Hausmann, and Peter Staeheli Differential Requirements for T Cells in Viruslike Particle- Sarah E. Blutt, Kelly L. Warfield, 3135–3138 and Rotavirus-Induced Protective Immunity Mary K. Estes, and Margaret E. Conner

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Selective Downregulation of Rhesus Macaque and Sooty M. Quinn DeGottardi, Anke Specht, 3139–3146 Mangabey Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Benjamin Metcalf, Amitinder Kaur, Molecules by Nef Alleles of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Frank Kirchhoff, and David T. and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Evans Increased Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope Variant Cross- Daniel Yerly, David Heckerman, 3147–3153 Recognition and Functional Avidity Are Associated with Todd M. Allen, John V. Chisholm Hepatitis C Virus Clearance III, Kellie Faircloth, Caitlyn H. Linde, Nicole Frahm, Joerg Timm, Werner J. Pichler, Andreas Cerny, and Christian Brander High Level of PD-1 Expression on Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)- Victoria Kasprowicz, Julian Schulze 3154–3160 Specific CD8؉ and CD4؉ T Cells during Acute HCV zur Wiesch, Thomas Kuntzen, Brian Infection, Irrespective of Clinical Outcome E. Nolan, Steven Longworth, Andrew Berical, Jenna Blum, Cory McMahon, Laura L. Reyor, Nahel Elias, William W. Kwok, Barbara G. McGovern, Gordon Freeman, Raymond T. Chung, Paul Klenerman, Lia Lewis-Ximenez, Bruce D. Walker, Todd M. Allen, Arthur Y. Kim, and Georg M. Lauer

ERRATUM Compensatory Mutation Partially Restores Fitness and Hayley Crawford, Julia G. Prado, 3161 Delays Reversion of Escape Mutation within the Alasdair Leslie, Ste´phane Hue´, Immunodominant HLA-B5703-Restricted Gag Epitope in Isobella Honeyborne, Sharon Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Reddy, Mary van der Stok, Zenele Mncube, Christian Brander, Christine Rousseau, James I. Mullins, Richard Kaslow, Paul Goepfert, Susan Allen, Eric Hunter, Joseph Mulenga, Photini Kiepiela, Bruce D. Walker, and Philip J. R. Goulder

AUTHORS’ CORRECTIONS Epstein-Barr Virus BGLF4 Kinase Induces Premature Chung-Pei Lee, Jen-Yang Chen, 3162 Chromosome Condensation through Activation of Condensin Jiin-Tarng Wang, Keiji Kimura, Ai and Topoisomerase II Takemoto, Chih-Chung Lu, and Mei-Ru Chen Ebola Virus VP24 Proteins Inhibit the Interaction of NPI-1 St. Patrick Reid, Charalampos 3163 Subfamily Karyopherin ␣ Proteins with Activated STAT1 Valmas, Osvaldo Martinez, Freddy Mauricio Sanchez, and Christopher F. Basler

Cover photograph (Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.): Host-cell hijackers. The Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus NSs protein is a major virulence factor that mediates pan-mRNA transcription shutoff via interactions with the host-cell transcription factor TFIIH. This interaction causes NSs protein translocation into the cell nucleus where pleiomorphic filamentous structures are formed. At 15 h postinfection, VERO E6 cells were immunolabeled with an anti-NSs monoclonal antibody (green) and anti-RVF virus polyclonal antiserum (red). This photomicrograph was prepared by Brian H. Bird, with technical assistance from Frank Ventimiglia. (See related article on p. 2681.)