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Arch Virol (2010) 155:1909–1919 DOI 10.1007/s00705-010-0831-9

VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS

A proposal to change existing names to non-Latinized binomials

Marc H. V. Van Regenmortel • Donald S. Burke • Charles H. Calisher • Ralf G. Dietzgen • Claude M. Fauquet • Said A. Ghabrial • Peter B. Jahrling • Karl M. Johnson • Michael R. Holbrook • Marian C. Horzinek • Gu¨nther M. Keil • Jens H. Kuhn • Brian W. J. Mahy • Giovanni P. Martelli • Craig Pringle • Edward P. Rybicki • Tim Skern • Robert B. Tesh • Victoria Wahl-Jensen • Peter J. Walker • Scott C. Weaver

Received: 21 August 2010 / Accepted: 29 September 2010 / Published online: 16 October 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010

Abstract A proposal has been posted on the ICTV Introduction website (2011.001aG.N.v1.binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names The current species names approved by the ICTV are consisting of the current italicized species name with the written in italics and capitalized but are otherwise the terminal word ‘‘virus’’ replaced by the italicized and non- same as the English vernacular names of written in capitalized name to which the species belongs. If Roman. This has resulted in considerable confusion implemented, the current italicized species name Measles among virologists who must differentiate in their writing, virus, for instance, would become Measles only on the basis of typography, between a species while the current virus name measles virus and its abbre- (a taxonomic construct created by taxonomists) and a virus viation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for (a molecular genetic parasite usually causing a disease) the proposed change is presented. [1–4].

M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (&) P. B. Jahrling Á M. R. Holbrook Á J. H. Kuhn Á V. Wahl-Jensen Institut de Recherche de l’Ecole de Biotechnologie de Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Strasbourg, Boulevard Se´bastien Brant, NIAID, NIH, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, 67412 Illkirch Cedex, France MD 21702, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. M. Johnson D. S. Burke Special Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control (retired), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 10 Calle Final, Placitas, NM 87043, USA 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA M. C. Horzinek C. H. Calisher Spes Nostra, Haydnlaan 15, 3723 KE Bilthoven, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The Netherlands Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1690, USA G. M. Keil Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for R. G. Dietzgen Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany DEEDI, Queensland Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, J. H. Kuhn Á V. Wahl-Jensen QLD 4067, Tunnell Consulting Inc., King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA

C. M. Fauquet B. W. J. Mahy ILTAB, Danforth Science Center, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA 975 N. Warson Rd, St Louis, MO 63132, USA G. P. Martelli S. A. Ghabrial Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Plant Pathology Department, University of Kentucky, Applicata, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA

123 1910 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel et al.

It is important not to confuse a virus species (which is a 2,000 virus species and reaching agreement on such names taxonomic construct or concept which does not have a is unlikely to be easy [11]. In contrast, introducing non- sequence and cannot be isolated, transmitted to a host or Latinized binomial species names would be simple since otherwise manipulated) with a virus (a physical entity) that they are obtained by combining existing English virus can be isolated and manipulated experimentally and always names with accepted genus names without involving the exists in the form of many mutants, variants and strains creation of new names. possessing different sequences. For the same rea- Very few virus species are not yet assigned to a genus son, other taxonomic constructs such as a family or a genus and are therefore excluded from the proposed system [12]. also cannot be transmitted to a host or be sequenced. It is Only in a small number of cases will it be necessary to incorrect to write, as is often done, that the species Measles change existing genus names, mostly because these names virus (italics) or Cucumber (italics) has been do not follow the ICTV rule that genus names must end in isolated, transmitted to a host or sequenced. ‘‘virus’’ [13–15]. For instance the species Enterobacteria In biology, many , and microorganisms do phage T1 is currently placed in a genus called ‘‘T1-like not have vernacular names in English or other languages. viruses’’ in the family and a proper genus As a result scientists will write that Escherichia coli (the name would have to be introduced to make the binomial italicized species name) has been infected by a bacterial system applicable. However, the need to create proper virus, falsely implying that a taxonomic entity could be genus names in such cases is already recognized by the infected. In virology this undesirable practice can be ICTV. In the case of bacterial viruses, the word ‘‘phage’’ avoided since all viruses have vernacular names and these could be deleted from the species name altogether. For names (in Roman) can therefore be used if one wants to instance, the virus enterobacteria phage M13 which is a refer to the infectious agent rather than to the species into member of the genus Inovirus could be placed into a spe- which it has been placed. Unfortunately at present many cies with the name Enterobacteria M13 inovirus. virologists do not use available correct typography and Since the species name, which is written in italics with a write that a virus species (italicized typography) can be capital initial, would be obtained by replacing the terminal transmitted or sequenced [5]. word ‘‘virus’’ in the virus name with the genus name to which the species belongs, it would be appropriate to have species names such as Human papilloma 32 alphapapil- Rationale for introducing non-Latinized binomial lomavirus and Influenza A alphainfluenzavirus. If the spe- species names cies name contains ‘‘-virus’’ as a suffix as in A, the suffix can be removed to avoid repeating ‘‘virus’’ twice Binomial Latin names have been proposed for virus species in the binomial species name which then becomes Rota A [6, 7] although virologists have traditionally been opposed rotavirus. Such word repetition is also frequent in the to the introduction of Latin names [8–10]. This would species names of organisms, for instance Rattus rattus require the creation of new Latin names for more than (roof rat), Ciconia ciconia (white stork) and Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Western Lowland Gorilla). C. Pringle The current proposal does not aim to provide a solution Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, for these cases which should be addressed by the relevant Coventry CV4 7AL, UK ICTV Study Groups, once the principle of binomial species names has been accepted. However, these few problems E. P. Rybicki Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, are not a valid reason for rejecting the proposal. Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Adopting the proposed binomial species names implies University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, that a name change would have to occur when species are South Africa moved from one genus to another. However, by drawing T. Skern attention to a new taxonomic placement this is probably a Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, clarifying advantage rather than an alleged disadvantage Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria [12]. Such changes are common in animal, plant and bac- terial . R. B. Tesh Á S. C. Weaver Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Since all species names of animals, plants and micro- 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA organisms are binomials that always include a genus designation, virus species binomials will be easily recog- P. J. Walker nizable as species names. The vernacular virus names in CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, different languages (measles virus; virus de la rougeole; VIC 3220, Australia Masernvirus, etc.) will be recognized as virus names rather 123 A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials 1911 than species names and this will make it easier to distin- Table 1 Examples of non-Latinized binomial species names for guish between the two. vertebrate viruses A major advantage of the proposed system is that Virus name Binomial species name inclusion of the genus affiliation in the species name indicates relationships with other viruses and provides California encephalitis California encephalitis virus orthobunyavirus additional information about the properties of members of virus Hepatitis A hepatovirus the species. The advantage of a binomial name exists also virus Hepatitis B when the genus affiliation appears at the end of the bino- virus Hepatitis C mial species name instead of at the beginning. For instance, it would be immediately obvious that hepatitis A, B and C virus Hepatitis E hepevirus viruses are very different infectious agents belonging to lassa virus Lassa different genera if the corresponding species names were louping ill virus Louping ill flavivirus Hepatitis A hepatovirus, Hepatitis B orthohepadnavirus measles virus and Hepatitis C hepacivirus. Since all such binomial names virus Mumps rubulavirus for virus species end with the suffix -virus present in the virus Rabies genus name, they also clearly indicate that the names refer Rubella rubivirus to viral entities. This is an advantage compared to the Latin sendai virus Sendai names used in biology which do not indicate to the Sindbis virus Sindbis uninitiated whether the organism referred to is an animal, a Sin Nombre virus Sin Nombre hantavirus plant or a microorganism. West Nile virus West Nile flavivirus The proposed binomial system is not a new idea. The system was used to index the viruses in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Table 2 Examples of possible virus non-Latinized binomial species ICTV reports published in 1976, 1979 and 1982, respec- names tively [16–18], because the benefits of referring to entries Species name Unchanged virus name like bluetongue and West Nile flavivirus must have been obvious already at the time. In the 5th ICTV The dsDNA viruses report published in 1991 [19] the binomials were retained Family: Tectiviridae only for the indexing of plant viruses. In the 6th ICTV –genus report [20], the binomials were dropped altogether because Enterobacteria PRD1 tectivirus enterobacteria phage certain animal virologists, for no declared reason, were PRD1 opposed to their use. Binomial names for referring to Family: Corticoviridae viruses rather than to species have always been popular with –genus plant virologists and they have been used in many books PM2 corticovirus pseudoalteromonas phage [21–24]. Some animal virologists also find it helpful to use PM2 binomials to refer to viruses such as Bunyamvera ort- Family: hobunyavirus [25]. When coining new virus names, the –genus Plasmavirus ICTV Study Groups have always been careful to Acholeplasma L2 plasmavirus acholeplasma phage L2 avoid redundancies between virus names and genus names Family: and, as a result, the proposed binomial species names would –genus Alphalipothrixvirus lead to very few problems with plant viruses [11, 14, 15]. Thermoproteus tenax1 thermoproteus tenax When the proposal was first made in 1998, most mem- alphalipothrixvirus virus 1 bers of the ICTV Executive Board who actually were not Family: Rudiviridae plant virologists, were opposed to the introduction of non- –genus Rudivirus Latinized binomial species names [10]. By 2004, half the Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped 2 sulfolobus islandicus rudivirus rod-shaped virus 2 ICTV Executive Board no longer objected to the system, Family but when asked about their opinion on binomial names, : only a minority of the 80 Study Groups responded [26]. –genus Fusellovirus Although in the past, the ICTV often has ratified decisions Sulfolobus spindle-shaped 1 fusellovirus sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 by accepting that a no answer vote was a vote in favor, this Family: practice was not followed in this case. Surveys conducted –genus in 2002 among laboratory virologists showed that more Vaccinia orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus than 80% of those who responded were in favor of the binomial system [10, 12, 15, 27]. 123 1912 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel et al.

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

Ectromelia orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus –genus Variola orthopoxvirus variola virus Micromonas pusilla SP prasinovirus micromonas pusilla virus –genus SP Orf parapoxvirus orf virus –genus –genus Ectocarpus siliculosus 1 phaeovirus ectocarpus siliculosus virus 1 Fowlpox avipoxvirus fowlpox virus Family: Turkeypox avipoxvirus turkeypox virus –genus Granulovirus –genus Cydia pomonella granulovirus cydia pomonella capripoxvirus sheeppox virus granulovirus capripoxvirus lumpy skin disease virus Family: –genus –genus Myxoma leporipoxvirus Human herpes 1 simplexvirus human herpesvirus 1 Rabbit fibroma leporipoxvirus rabbit fibroma virus –genus –genus Human herpes 3 varicellovirus human herpesvirus 3 Swinepox suipoxvirus swinepox virus –genus –genus Molluscipoxvirus Human herpes 5 cytomegalovirus human herpesvirus 5 Molluscum contagiosum molluscum contagiosum –genus molluscipoxvirus virus Murid herpes 1 muromegalovirus murid herpesvirus 1 –genus –genus Yaba monkey tumor yatapoxvirus Yaba monkey tumor virus Human herpes 6 roseoloviru human herpesvirus 6 –genus –genus Melolontha melolontha melolontha melolontha alphaentomopoxvirus entomopoxvirus Human herpes 4 lymphocryptovirus human herpesvirus 4 –genus –genus Amsacta moorei betaentomopoxvirus amsacta moorei Saimiriine herpes 2 rhadinovirus saimiriine herpesvirus 2 entomopoxvirus –genus –genus Ictalurid herpes 1 ictalurivirus ictalurid herpesvirus 1 Chironomus luridus chironomus luridus Family: gammaentomopoxvirus entomopoxvirus –genus Family: Asfarviridae Human adeno C mastadenovirus human adenovirus C –genus Asfivirus –genus Aviadenovirus African swine asfivirus African swine fever Fowl adeno A aviadenovirus fowl adenovirus A virus –genus Family: Rhizidiomyces rhizidiovirus rhizidiomyces virus –genus Family: Invertebrate iridescent 6 iridovirus invertebrate iridescent –genus Polyomavirus virus 6 Simian 40 polyomavirus simian virus 40 –genus Family: Invertebrate iridescent 3 chloriridovirus invertebrate iridescent virus 3 –genus –genus Human papilloma 32 human papillomavirus 32 alphapapillomavirus Frog 3 ranavirus frog virus 3 –genus –genus Lymphocystivirus Human papilloma 5 betapapillomavirus human papillomavirus 5 Lymphocystis disease 1 lymphocystivirus lymphocystis disease virus 1 –genus Family: Human papilloma 4 human papillomavirus 4 gammapapillomavirus –genus Family: Polydnaviridae 1 paramecium bursaria chlorovirus chlorella virus 1 –genus

123 A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials 1913

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

Cotesia melanoscela bracovirus cotesia melanoscela Mungbean yellow mosaic mungbean yellow mosaic bracovirus virus –genus Icnovirus Squash leaf curl begomovirus squash leaf curl virus Campoletis sonorensis campoletis sonorensis Tomato leaf curl begomovirus tomato leaf curl virus ichnovirus Tomato mottle begomovirus tomato mottle virus Family: Family: –genus Ascovirus –genus Spodoptera frugiperda asco 1a ascovirus spodoptera frugiperda Beak and feather disease circovirus beak and feather disease ascovirus 1a virus The ssDNA viruses Porcine 1 circovirus porcine circovirus 1 Family: Inoviridae –genus –genus Inovirus Chicken anemia gyrovirus Enterobacteria M13 inovirus enterobacteria phage M13 Family: Enterobacteria X-2 inovirus enterobacteria phage X-2 –genus Enterobacteria C-2 inovirus enterobacteria phage C-2 Banana bunchy top babuvirus banana bunchy top virus Enterobacteria SF inovirus enterobacteria phage SF –genus Vibrio CTX inovirus vibrio phage CTX Subterranean clover stunt nanovirus subterranean clover stunt Vibrio VSK inovirus vibrio phage VSK virus Pf1 inovirus pseudomonas phage Pf1 Family: Xanthomonas Cf16 inovirus xanthomonas phage Cf16 –genus Parvovirus Xanthomonas Xf inovirus xanthomonas phage Xf Mice minute parvovirus minute virus of mice –genus Feline panleukopenia parvovirus feline panleukopenia Acholeplasma L51 plectrovirus acholeplasma phage L51 virus Spiroplasma 1-KC3 plectrovirus spiroplasma phage 1-KC3 –genus Erythrovirus –genus Microvirus Human parvo B19 erythrovirus human Enterobacteria phiX 174 microvirus enterobacteria phage phiX –genus Dependovirus 174 Adeno-associated 2 dependovirus adeno-associated virus 2 –genus Avian adeno-associated dependovirus avian adeno-associated Spiroplasma 4 spiromicrovirus spiroplasma phage 4 virus –genus –genus Densovirus Bdellovibrio MAC 1 bdellomicrovirus bdellovibrio phage Junonia coenia densovirus junonia coenia densovirus MAC 1 –genus Iteravirus –genus Bombyx mori iteravirus bombyx mori densovirus Chlamydia 1 chlamydiamicrovirus chlamydia phage 1 –genus Brevidensovirus Family: aegypti brevidensovirus aedes aegypti densovirus –genus Mastervirus –genus Amdovirus streak maize streak virus Aleutian mink disease amdovirus Aleutian mink disease Sugarcane streak mastrevirus sugarcane streak virus virus Tobacco yellow dwarf mastrevirus tobacco yellow dwarf –genus Bocavirus virus Bovine parvo bocavirus bovine parvovirus ––genus –genus Pefudensovirus Beet curly top curtovirus beet curly top virus Periplaneta fuliginosa pefudensovirus periplaneta fuliginosa –genus densovirus Tomato pseudo-curly top topocuvirus tomato pseudo-curly top Family: virus –genus Alphatorquevirus –genus Begomovirus Torque teno 1 alphatorquevirus torque teno virus 1 Bean golden mosaic begomovirus bean golden mosaic virus Retrotranscribing DNA and RNA viruses Cowpea golden mosaic begomovirus cowpea golden mosaic Family: virus

123 1914 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel et al.

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

–genus Orthohepadnavirus –genus Hepatitis B orthohepadnavirus Human immunodeficiency 1 lentivirus human immunodeficiency –genus virus 1 Duck hepatitis B avihepadnavirus duck hepatitis B virus Human immunodeficiency 2 lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus 2 Family: Simian immunodeficiency lentivirus simian immunodeficiency –genus virus Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus cauliflower mosaic virus –genus Spumaretrovirus Mirabilis mosaic caulimovirus mirabilis mosaic virus Simian foamy spumaretrovirus –genus The dsRNA viruses Petunia vein clearing petuvirus petunia vein clearing Family: Cystoviridae virus –genus –genus Pseudomonas phi6 cystovirus pseudomonas phage phi6 Soybean chlorotic mottle soymovirus soybean chlorotic mottle virus Family: –genus –genus Orbivirus vein mosaic cavemovirus cassava vein mosaic virus African horse sickness orbivirus African horse sickness virus –genus Bluetongue orbivirus bluetongue virus 1 Banana streak badnavirus banana streak virus –genus Rotavirus Commelina yellow mottle badnavirus commelina yellow mottle virus Rota A rotavirus rotavirus.A –genus Simian SA 11 rotavirus simian rotavirus SA 11 Rice tungro bacilliform tungrovirus rice tungro bacilliform –genus virus Colorado tick fever coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus Family: –genus –genus Pseudovirus Aquareo A aquariovirus aquareovirus A Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty1 saccharomyces cerevisiae –genus pseudovirus virus Ty1 Cypo 1, Cypovirus Cypovirus 1 –genus Hemivirus –genus Drosophila melanogaster copia drosophila melanogaster Fiji disease fijivirus Fiji disease virus hemivirus copia virus Garlic dwarf fijivirus garlic dwarf virus Family: –genus –genus Metavirus Wound tumor phytoreovirus wound tumor virus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty3 metavirus saccharomyces cerevisiae –genus virus Ty3 Rice ragged stunt oryzavirus rice ragged stunt virus –genus Errantivirus Family: Drosophila melanogaster gypsy drosophila melanogaster errantivirus gypsy virus –genus Family: Retroviridae Infectious pancreatic necrosis infectious pancreatic aquabirnavirus necrosis virus –genus –genus Avibirnavirus Avian leukosis alpharetrovirus avian leukosis virus Infectious bursal disease avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease –genus virus Mouse mammary tumor betaretrovirus mouse mammary tumor –genus virus Drosophila X entomobirnavirus –genus Family: Murine gammaretrovirus –genus –genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae L-A totivirus saccharomyces cerevisiae Bovine leukemia deltaretrovirus bovine leukemia virus virus L-A –genus –genus Walleye dermal sarcoma walleye dermal sarcoma Giardia lamblia giardiavirus giardia lamblia virus epsilonretrovirus virus

123 A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials 1915

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

–genus Family: RNA 1–1 leishmaniavirus leishmania RNA virus –genus 1–1 Vesicular stomatitis Indiana vesiculovirus vesicular stomatitis Family: Hypoviridae Indiana virus –genus –genus Lyssavirus Cryphonectria hypo 1 hypovirus cryphonectria hypovirus 1 Rabies lyssavirus Family: –genus –genus Chrysovirus ephemerovirus bovine ephemeral fever Penicillium chrysogenum chrysovirus penicillium chrysogenum virus virus –genus Family: Lettuce necrotic yellows cytorhabdovirus lettuce necrotic yellows –genus Partitivirus virus Atkinsonella hypoxylon partitivirus atkinsonella hypoxylon –genus Nucleorhabdovirus virus Potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus potato yellow dwarf virus –genus Alphacryptovirus Family: White clover cryptic 1 alphacryptovirus white clover cryptic –genus Alphainfluenzavirus virus 1 Influenza A alphainfluenzavirus influenza virus A –genus Betacryptovirus –genus Betainfluenzavirus White clover cryptic 2 betacryptovirus white clover cryptic Influenza B betainfluenzavirus influenza virus B virus 2 –genus Gammainfluenzavirus The negative sense ssRNA viruses Influenza C gammainfluenzavirus influenza virus C Family: –genus –genus Bornavirus Thogoto thogotovirus Thogoto virus Borna disease bornavirus –genus Isavirus Family: Infectious salmon anemia isavirus infectious salmon anemia –genus Marburgvirus virus Marburg marburgvirus Family: Bunyaviridae –genus Ebolavirus –genus Orthobunyavirus Reston ebolavirus Reston virus Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Bunyamwera virus Family: –genus Hantavirus –genus Respirovirus Hantaan hantavirus Hantaan virus Human parainfluenza 1 respirovirus human parainfluenza Sin Nombre hantavirus Sin Nombre virus virus 1 –genus Nairovirus Sendai respirovirus Sendai virus Dugbe nairovirus Dugbe virus –genus Rubulavirus –genus Phlebovirus Mumps rubulavirus Rift Valley fever phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus Simian 5 rubulavirus simian virus 5 –genus Tospovirus –genus Avulavirus Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus tomato spotted wilt virus Newcastle disease avulavirus Newcastle disease virus Family: Arenaviridae –genus Morbillivirus –genus Arenavirus Measles morbillivirus measles virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis arenavirus lymphocytic Rinderpest morbillivirus Rinderpest virus choriomeningitis virus –genus Henipavirus Unassigned Family Hendra henipavirus Hendra virus –genus Tenuivirus –genus Pneumovirus Rice stripe tenuivirus rice stripe virus Human respiratory syncytial human respiratory Unassigned genus pneumovirus syncytial virus –genus Varicosavirus

123 1916 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel et al.

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

Lettuce big-vein associated varicosavirus lettuce big-vein Family: associated virus –genus The positive sense ssRNA viruses Potato Y potyvirus potato virus Y Family: Leviviridae Bean common mosaic potyvirus bean common mosaic –genus Levivirus virus Enterobacteria BZ13 levivirus enterobacteria phage Henbane mosaic potyvirus henbane mosaic virus BZ13 Johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus johnsongrass mosaic virus Family: Narnaviridae Lettuce mosaic potyvirus lettuce mosaic virus –genus Papaya ringspot potyvirus papaya ringspot virus Saccharomyces 20S RNA narnavirus saccharomyces 20S RNA Plum pox potyvirus plum pox virus narnavirus Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus –genus Tobacco etch potyvirus tobacco etch virus Cryphonectria 1 mitovirus cryphonectria mitovirus 1 Watermelon mosaic potyvirus watermelon mosaic virus Family: Picornaviridae –genus –genus mild mottle ipomovirus sweet potato mild mottle Human 1 enterovirus human 1 virus –genus –genus Encephalomyocarditis cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis Maclura mosaic macluravirus maclura mosaic virus virus –genus –genus Ryegrass mosaic rymovirus ryegrass mosaic virus Foot-and-mouth disease aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease –genus virus Wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus wheat streak mosaic virus –genus Hepatovirus –genus Hepatitis A hepatovirus hepatitis virus A Barley yellow mosaic bymovirus barley yellow mosaic –genus virus Human parecho parechovirus human parechovirus 1 Family: –genus –genus Equine rhinitis B erbovirus equine rhinitis B virus Rabbit hemorrhagic disease lagovirus rabbit hemorrhagic –genus disease virus Aichi kobuvirus Aichi virus –genus –genus Norwalk norovirus Norwalk virus Porcine tescho teschovirus porcine teschovirus 1 –genus Family: Sapporo sapovirus Sapporo virus –genus –genus Cricket paralysis cripavirus cricket paralysis virus Swine vesicular exanthema vesivirus swine vesicular Family: Sequiviridae exanthema virus –genus Family: Astroviridae Parsnip yellow fleck sequivirus parsnip yellow fleck virus –genus Family: Comoviridae Human astro mamastrovirus human 1 –genus Family: Cowpea mosaic comovirus cowpea mosaic virus –genus Squash mosaic comovirus squash mosaic virus Flock House alphanodavirus Flock House virus –genus Family: Tetraviridae Broad bean wilt 1 fabavirus broad bean wilt virus 1 –genus –genus Trichoplusia ni betatetravirus trichoplusia ni virus Arabis mosaic nepovirus arabis mosaic virus –genus Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus grapevine fanleaf virus Helicoverpa armigera stunt helicoverpa armigera Tobacco ringspot nepovirus tobacco ringspot virus omegatetravirus stunt virus Tomato black ring nepovirus tomato black ring virus

123 A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials 1917

Table 2 continued Table 2 continued Species name Unchanged virus name Species name Unchanged virus name

Family: Luteoviridae Sindbis alphavirus Sindbis virus –genus Western equine encephalitis alphavirus western equine MAV luteovirus barley yellow dwarf encephalitis virus MAV virus –genus Rubivirus –genus Rubella rubivirus rubella virus Potato leafroll polerovirus potato leafroll virus Family: –genus –genus Alfamovirus Pea enation mosaic 1 enamovirus pea enation mosaic virus Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus 1 –genus Family: Brome mosaic bromovirus brome mosaic virus –genus Carmovirus Cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus cowpea chlorotic mottle Carnation mottle carmovirus carnation mottle virus virus –genus –genus Carnation ringspot dianthovirus carnation ringspot virus Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus cucumber mosaic virus –genus Peanut stunt cucumovirus peanut stunt virus Maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus maize chlorotic mottle –genus virus Apple mosaic ilarvirus –genus Necrovirus Hydrangea mosaic ilarvirus hydrangea mosaic virus Tobacco necrosis A necrovirus tobacco necrosis virus A Prune dwarf ilarvirus –genus Tobacco streak ilarvirus Panicum mosaic panicovirus –genus –genus Olive latent 2 oleavirus olive latent virus 2 Cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus cymbidium ringspot virus Family: Tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus tomato bushy stunt virus –genus Family: Grapevine leafroll-associated 3 grapevine leafroll- –genus Bafinivirus ampelovirus associated virus 3 White Bream bafinivirus white bream virus –genus –genus Citrus tristeza closterovirus citrus tristeza virus Equine toro torovirus equine torovirus –genus Family: Lettuce chlorosis crinivirus lettuce chlorosis virus –genus Arterivirus Family: Equine arteritis arterivirus equine arteritis virus –genus Family: Okra mosaic tymovirus okra mosaic virus –genus Turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus turnip yellow mosaic Louping ill flavivirus louping ill virus virus Dengue flavivirus dengue virus 1 Wild cucumber mosaic tymovirus wild cucumber mosaic virus St. Louis encephalitis flavivirus St. Louis encephalitis virus –genus West Nile flavivirus West Nile virus Grapevine fleck maculavirus grapevine fleck virus Yellow fever flavivirus yellow fever virus –genus Marafivirus –genus Pestivirus Maize rayado fino marafivirus maize rayado fino virus Bovine viral diarrhea 1 pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus Family: Alphaflexiviridae 1 –genus –genus Hepacivirus Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus Hepatitis C hepacivirus hepatitis virus C Hydrangea ringspot potexvirus hydrangea ringspot virus Family: Togavirivae Papaya mosaic potexvirus –genus Alphavirus Potato X potexvirus Chikungunya alphavirus chikungunya virus White clover mosaic potexvirus white clover mosaic virus Semliki Forest alphavirus Semliki Forest virus

123 1918 M. H. V. Van Regenmortel et al.

Table 2 continued Abbreviations are useful for virus names but these are not Species name Unchanged virus name affected by the present proposal. Although the ICTV is not responsible for devising appropriate abbreviations, it has –genus published several lists of recommended virus name Shallot X allexivirus shallot virus X abbreviations [28–31]. Although one list [31] refers to Family: Betaflexiviridae abbreviations of virus species, these recommendations do –genus all pertain to abbreviations of virus names. Apple stem pitting foveavirus apple stem pitting virus Some non-Latinized binomial species names for verte- –genus brate viruses are shown in Table 1. Many examples of Carnation latent carlavirus carnation latent virus possible binomial species names together with the Hop mosaic carlavirus hop mosaic virus unchanged current virus names are provided as a guideline Pea streak carlavirus pea streak virus in Table 2. In this list, the species names are grouped by Potato S carlavirus potato virus S family and genus. All family, genus and species names are –genus written in italics. Unchanged virus names are written in Apple stem grooving capillovirus apple stem grooving virus Roman without capitals except for proper names. This list –genus compiled by Claude Fauquet does not include all the spe- Grapevine A vitivirus grapevine virus A cies, genera and families presently recognized by the ICTV –genus since the list only serves to illustrate that the binomial Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus apple chlorotic leaf spot system is widely applicable. Although in many cases such virus as the ssRNA plant viruses these species names will not be Family: controversial, in a limited number of cases the relevant –genus ICTV Study Groups will have to decide which binomial Odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus odontoglossum ringspot species names should be adopted. virus Ribgrass mosaic tobamovirus ribgrass mosaic virus Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus Tomato mosaic tobamovirus tomato mosaic virus References Cucumber green mottle mosaic cucumber green mottle tobamovirus mosaic virus 1. Drebot MA, Henchal E, Hjelle B, LeDuc JW, Repik PM, Roehrig –genus JT, Schmaljohn CS, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Calisher CH (2002) Improved clarity of meaning from the use of both Tobacco rattle tobravirus tobacco rattle virus formal species names and common (vernacular) virus names in –genus virological literature. Arch Virol 147:2465–2471 Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus barley stripe mosaic virus 2. Calisher CH, Mahy BWJ (2003) Taxonomy: get it right or leave it –genus alone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:505–506 3. Van Regenmortel MHV (2003) Viruses are real, virus species are Soil-borne wheat mosaic furovirus soil-borne wheat mosaic man-made taxonomic constructions. Arch Virol 148:2481–2488 virus 4. Kuhn JH, Jahrling PB (2010) Clarification and guidance on the –genus proper usage of virus and virus species names. Arch Virol Potato mop-top pomovirus potato mop-top virus 155:445–453 –genus 5. Calisher CH, Van Regenmortel MHV (2009) Should all other biologists follow the lead of virologists and stop italicizing the Peanut clump pecluvirus peanut clump virus names of living organisms? A proposal. Zootaxa 2113:63–68 Unassigned Family 6. Bos L (1999) The naming of viruses: an urgent call to order. Arch –genus Virol 144:631–636 7. Agut H (2002) Back to Latin and tradition: a proposal for an Beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus beet necrotic yellow vein official nomenclature of virus species. Arch Virol 147:1465–1470 virus 8. Matthews REF (1983) In: Matthews REF (ed) A critical appraisal –genus of viral taxonomy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 1–35 Ourmia melon ourmiavirus ourmia melon virus 9. Matthews REF (1985) Viral taxonomy for the non-virologist. –genus Ann Rev Microbiol 39:451–474 10. Van Regenmortel MHV (2007) Virus species and virus identifi- Raspberry bushy dwarf idaeovirus raspberry bushy dwarf cation: past and current controversies. Infect Gen Evol 7:133–144 virus 11. Van Regenmortel MHV (2000) On the relative merits of italics, Latin and binomial nomenclature in virus taxonomy. Arch Virol 145:433–441 Species names in biology are never abbreviated in the 12. Mayo MA, Haenni A-L (2006) Report from the 36th and 37th form of acronyms. Since virus species names are used meetings of the Executive Committee of the International Com- sparingly, they also do not deserve abbreviations. mittee on Taxonomy of viruses. Arch Virol 151:1031–1037 123 A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials 1919

13. Mayo MA, Horzinek MC (1998) A revised version of the inter- 22. Matthews REF (1991) Plant virology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, national code of virus classification and nomenclature. Arch Virol San Diego 143:1645–1654 23. Albouy J, Devergne JC (1998) Maladies a` virus des plantes 14. Van Regenmortel MHV (2001) Perspectives on binomial names ornementales. Editions INRA, Paris of virus species. Arch Virol 146:1637–1640 24. Bos L (1999) Plant Viruses, Unique and Intriging Pathogens—a 15. Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM (2002) Only italicized textbook of plant virology. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden species names of viruses have a taxonomic meaning. Arch Virol 25. Eifan SA, Elliott RM (2009) Mutational analysis of the Bun- 147:2247–2250 yamwera orthobunyavirus nucleocapsid gene. J Virol 16. Fenner F (1976) The classification and nomenclature of viruses. 83:11307–11317 Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of 26. Ball LA, Mayo MA (2004) Report from the 33rd meeting of the Viruses. Intervirology 7:1–115 ICTV executive committee. Arch Virol 149:1259–1263 17. Matthews REF (1979) Classification and nomenclature of viruses. 27. Mayo MA (2002) ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary Third report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of session and the binomial ballot. Arch Virol 147:2254–2260 Viruses. Intervirology 12:132–296 28. Hull R, Milne RG, Van Regenmortel MHV (1991) A list of 18. Matthews REF (1982) Classification and nomenclature of viruses. proposed standard acronyms for plant viruses and . Arch Fourth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virol 120:151–164 Viruses. Intervirology 17:1–200 29. Fauquet CM, Martelli GP (1995) Updated ICTV list of names and 19. Francki RIB, Fauquet CM, Knudson DL, Brown F (1991) Fifth abbreviations of viruses, viroids and satellites infecting plants. report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol 140:393–413 Arch Virol Suppl 2:450. Springer, Vienna 30. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA (1999) Abbreviations for plant virus 20. Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, names. Arch Virol 144:1249–1273 Martelli GP, Mayo MA, Summers MD (eds) (1995) Virus tax- 31. Fauquet CM, Pringle CR (1999) Abbreviations for vertebrate onomy. Sixth report of the International Committee on Taxon- virus species names. Arch Virol 144:1865–1880 omy of Viruses. Springer, Vienna 21. Brunt A, Crabtree K, Gibbs A (1990) Viruses of tropical plants. CAB International, Wallingford

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