Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups: examples from Medieval Western Turkey S.Y. Waksman

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S.Y. Waksman. Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups: examples from Medieval Western Turkey. Late Hellenistic to Mediaeval Fine wares of the Aegean Coast of Anatolia. Their production, imitation and use, 2014, Varsovie, Poland. pp.107-125. ￿hal-02010554￿

HAL Id: hal-02010554 https://hal.univ-lyon2.fr/hal-02010554 Submitted on 6 Feb 2020

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LATE HELLENISTIC TO MEDIAEVAL FINE WARES OF THE AEGEAN COAST OF ANATOLIA PRACE INSTYTUTU KULTUR ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKICH I ORIENTALNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK TOM 1

CERAMIKA STOŁOWA EGEJSKIEGO WYBRZEŻA ANATOLII OD OKRESU PÓŹNOHELLENISTYCZNEGO DO ŚREDNIOWIECZA PRODUKCJA, NAŚLADOWNICTWA I ZASTOSOWANIE

pod redakcją HENRYKA MEYZA

przy współpracy KRZYSZTOFA DOMŻALSKIEGO

WYDAWNICTWO NERITON

Warszawa 2014 TRAVAUX DE L’INSTITUT DES CULTURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET ORIENTALES DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES TOME 1

LATE HELLENISTIC TO MEDIAEVAL FINE WARES OF THE AEGEAN COAST OF ANATOLIA THEIR PRODUCTION, IMITATION AND USE

édité par HENRYK MEYZA

avec la collaboration de KRZYSZTOF DOMŻALSKI

ÉDITIONS NERITON

Varsovie 2014 Contents

Introduction ...... 7

PART I: Production at Pergamon and its region Sigillata of Pergamon – Eastern Sigillata C. Problems of classifi cation and chronology – by S. Japp, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin ...... 11 La production des ateliers de céramique de Pergame (Vallée de Ketios) : un aperçu général – by O. Bounegru, Catedra de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie Facultatea de Istorie. Universitatea „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi ...... 23 Statistical interpretation of elemental concentration data and the origin of Pergamene pottery – by H. Mommsen, Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn & S. Japp, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin ...... 31 A Pergamene (?) modiolus in the National Museum of Denmark – by J. Lund, Antiksamlingen, Nationalmuseet, København ...... 41

PART II: Other production sites of western Anatolia Ephesus – local vs import: Th e Early Byzantine fi ne ware – by A. Waldner, Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaft en & S. Ladstätter, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Wien ...... 49 Microstructural characteristics of appliqué wares from Ephesus – by L. Peloschek, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Wien & A. Laetzer-Lasar, Internationales Kolleg Morphomata, Universität zu Köln ...... 59 Aspects of fi ne ware consumption in Aeolic Kyme (I-VI AD) – by V. Di Giovanni, Missione Archeologica Italiana a Kyme Eolica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II ...... 71 From Hellenistic to Roman Imperial in Pisidian tableware: the genesis of Sagalassos Red Slip Ware – by M. Van der Enden, University of Leicester, J. Poblome, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven & Ph. Bes, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ...... 81 Zur Neuentdeckung eines Töpfereizentrums der Cypriot Red Slip Ware/Late Roman D Ware im südlichen Pisidien – by M. Zelle, Lippisches Landesmuseum, Detmold ...... 95 Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups: examples from Medieval Western Turkey – by S.Y. Waksman, Laboratoire de Archéométrie et Archéologie, CNRS UMR 5138, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon ...... 107 6 Contents

PART III: Consumption and distribution Hellenistic Pergamene tableware in the northern Black Sea region – by D. Zhuravlev, Gosudarstvennyj Istoričeskij Muzej, Moskva ...... 129 Th e Pitane workshop and the most successful export of Eastern Sigillata C – by K. Domżalski, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa . . . 151 Eastern sigillatas (ESA, „Pergamene“ and others) in the Delos houses : proportions and uses – by A. Peignard-Giros, HiSoMA (Histoire et Sources des Mondes Antiques), CNRS UMR 5189, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon ...... 161 So-called Pergamenian Sigillata from Delos: post-analysis review of evidence – by H. Meyza, Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa ...... 171 Late Roman Light Coloured Ware from Parion – by H.E. Ergürer, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi, Karaman ...... 175 LRC (Phocaean) ware pottery in the urban context of Hippos – Susita – by J. Młynarczyk, Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa ...... 193

REFERENCES ...... 201 INDEX ...... 217 Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups: examples from Medieval Western Turkey*

Sylvie Yona Waksman

Although research on archaeological sites in issue of the diachronic use of chemical reference Western Asia Minor has mainly focused on the groups. In many cases, local references lack, so Greco-Roman periods, the later, Medieval and that archaeological scientists may be tempted to post-Medieval, contexts gradually tend to be both use those - if any - which would be available for better documented in the archaeological record a given site, even if they do not correspond to and better studied for its pottery.1 In parallel, the the pottery types under study. development of archaeometric research has pro- Th is paper considers chemical groups for dif- vided tools for more comprehensive approaches ferent periods (Hellenistic to early Turkish) and to production and diff usion of ceramics of these diff erent categories of wares (table, common, periods. A network of chemical reference data, cooking wares) in two case studies, Pergamon based on the study of archaeologically attested and Ephesos. It builds upon previous work,4 tak- workshops, has gradually been built for these pro- ing into account more recent analyses carried out ductions at the “Laboratoire de Céramologie” in in Lyon5 and in Berlin.6 Lyon (Pergamon, Ephesos, Nicea/Iznik, Anaia/ Kadıkalesi, Çanakkale, etc.:).2 In some of these sites, such as Pergamon and Ephesos, pottery Sampling for Medieval manufacture is known in earlier periods as well and post-Medieval reference groups 3 and was investigated in several laboratories, giv- and comparative material ing the opportunity to examine pottery analy- sis in a long-term perspective and to raise the Th e sampling considered includes sherds com- ing from Pergamon and Ephesos. Th e defi nition * We would like to thank the Pergamon and Ephesos of chemical reference groups for Medieval and teams for their kind collaboration, especially S. Japp, F. Pir- post-Medieval local production was based on the son, U. Mania, J. Vroom, S. Ladstätter, N. Math. Th is research analysis of samples the local status of which is was partly completed within the framework of the French-Pol- well attested, selected among pottery wasters and ish PICS program directed by A. Peignard-Giros (University clayey kiln furniture. Th e latter mainly consisted Lyon 2, HiSoMA, Lyon) and H. Meyza (Center of Mediter- ranean Archaeology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw). of tripod stilts, used to stack glazed ceramics in We are grateful to them, to our PICS colleague K. Domzal- the kilns. ski, and to the CNRS (French National Center for Scientifi c Research) for funding. Many thanks are due to the staff of Pergamon (Figs. 1-2, Table 1) the “Laboratoire de Céramologie” in Lyon, especially to J. Burlot. In Pergamon, evidence of pottery production 1 e.g. Böhlendorf-Arslan 2004; Spätantike und mit- telalterliche; Mania 2006, 475-501; Doğer 20132; Byzantine is present in several parts of the city, especially craft smen; Türbe. in the Ketios valley, where Hellenistic / Roman 2 Waksman & François 2004-2005, 629-724; Sauer & Waksman 2005, 51-66; Waksman & von Wartburg 2006, 369-88; Waksman 2013, 101-11; Waksman forth coming. 4 Waksman 1995; Zabehlicky-Scheff enegger et al. 1996, 3 e.g. Jones 1986; Hughes et al. 1988, 461-85; Zabeh- 41-59; Waksman et al. 1996, 209-18; Waksman & Spieser licky-Scheff enegger et al. 1996, 41-59; Schneider 2000, 525- 1997, 105-33; Zabehlicky-Scheff enegger & Schneider 2000, 36; Akurgal et al. 2002; Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306; 105-12; Sauer & Waksman 2005, 51-66. Mommsen & Japp 2009, 269-86; Okyar et al. 2011, 5 this paper; Waksman forthcoming. 155-78. 6 Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. 108 Sylvie Yona Waksman

a b

c d

e f

g h

Figure 1: Examples of ceramics analyzed from Pergamon, local references and fi nished products shown to be local; chemical group B (Byzantine quarters): a-d; chemical group A (Red Hall): e-h (samples numbers given from left to right; pictures S.Y. Waksman); a) biscuit fi red wasters (BZY410-411); b) various types of local wares, aft er Waksman 1995; c-d) “Zeuxippus related ware”, with reverse typical for this region of Western Turkey (BZY415); e-f) tripod stilt (BZY446) and tripod stilts mould (BZY453); g) biscuit fi red waster of “Miletus Ware” (BZY443); h) BZY417. Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 109

Figure 2: Examples of ceramics analyzed from Pergamon, belonging to local group B (top) and A (bottom) (scale 1/3, S.Y. Waksman, Pergamon team, J. Burlot). workshops were found;7 in late Byzantine living Reference groups for Medieval productions quarters on the slopes of the antique city, where had previously been defi ned by PIXE and INAA fainter but clear evidence is present;8 in the lower in Strasbourg.10 However, although previous city, where the Red Hall may have been partly results were taken into account, new Medieval reoccupied by an early Turkish pottery workshop reference groups were constituted in order to dated back to the 14th century.9 avoid limitations in statistical treatments.11 Th ey were also extended to early Turkish productions. 7 Bounegru this volume; Japp 2009, 193-268, for a review of earlier bibliography. 8 cf. supra; Rheidt 1991; Waksman 1995; Spieser 1996; 10 Waksman 1995; Waksman et al. 1996, 209-18; Waks- Böhlendorf Arslan 2004; Japp 2010, 862-75. man & Spieser 1997, 105-33. 9 Mania 2006, 475-501. 11 Waksman 2006, 563-8. 110 Sylvie Yona Waksman

References samples were selected as follows: in several locations in the surroundings of the – from the Byzantine living quarters: tripod Artemision in Selçuk, a few kilometers away from stilts (BZY412-413, 778) and wasters consisting the antique city of Ephesos.18 Reference groups in biscuit-fi red unfi nished wares, either without had been constituted in Lyon with ceramics com- slip (BZY779-780) or decorated in the sgraffi to ing from ancient excavations in the Artemision technique (BZY410-411, Fig. 1a); and from recent ones in the nearby Türbe.19 For – from the Red Hall workshop: tripod stilts the present study, samples were also taken from of both similar and larger sizes (BZY446-447, two other excavations, the Tribune and the Isa Fig. 1e)12 together with an exceptional tripod mould Bey hammam. (BZY453, Fig. 1f); biscuit-fi red unfi nished wares Reference samples included (Fig. 3, Table 1): decorated with sgraffi to and/or painted decora- – tripod stilts (BYZ449, BZY332-333), com- tion, related to the type “Miletus Ware” (BZY443, ing from the Türbe and the Artemision contexts; 449-452, Fig. 1g).13 Four of the samples taken from – biscuit-fi red sherds (BZY377(?)-378), over- the Red Hall contexts were previously selected fi red sherds (BZY284-286) and pieces of clayey by S. Japp and analyzed in Bonn and Berlin.14 material (BZY334-335) found in a pottery pro- Next to reference samples, our sampling duction context located under the Türbe, dated also included fi nished products, such as plain back to the late Byzantine period (end of 13th - glazed and sgraffi to wares (Figs. 1-2, Table 1). fi rst half of the 14th century);20 Th eir selection did not so much aim at defi ning – moulded wares, both glazed and unglazed, the local repertoire, already investigated in pre- found together with their moulds, attributed to vious work for the Byzantine period and shown the early Turkish / Beylik period (Fig. 3f, BYZ439- to consist in a variety of types, styles and decora- 442, BZY373).21 tion techniques (Fig. 1b),15 but at completing the The corpus of finished products consid- “typological picture” and at giving the new chem- ered covered a larger range than in the case of ical groups a better statistical representativity. Pergamon. It included a variety of late Byzantine Concerning earlier Pergamene productions, and early Turkish table wares, plain glazed or with although data were available in Lyon database painted and/or sgraffi to decoration (Figs. 3-4, we relied for these periods on reference groups Table 1).22 It also extended to the following late well-documented on archaeological and typologi- Roman and Medieval common and cooking wares: cal grounds, which mainly consist of fi ne wares.16 – so-called “Aegean” late Roman cooking Among these groups, constituted in Bonn and wares, some of which may have been produced Berlin, we used the latter, which are directly com- in Ephesos;23 parable to Lyon’s.17 Th e analytical method used in – common wares with mica-coated surfaces, Lyon and in Berlin is the same (WD-XRF) and dated back to the Byzantine or Turkish period data had previously been exchanged between the (BYZ443-446, BZY395-396, Fig. 3g);24 two laboratories. – amphorae, basins and other common wares with buff pastes from the Isa Bey ham- Ephesos (Figs. 3-4, Table 1) mam (BZY400-408, Fig. 3h), dated back to the Byzantine or Turkish period.25 Evidence of pottery production in the late Byzantine and early Turkish periods is present 18 Vroom 2005, 17-49; Pfeiff er Taş 2011, 91-154; Parrer forthcoming; Vroom & Fındık forthcoming. 12 Mania 2006, 490. 19 Sauer & Waksman 2005, 51-66; Waksman forth- 13 Mania 2006, 475-501. coming. 14 Mommsen & Japp 2009, 269-86; Japp 2009, 193-268; 20 Parrer forthcoming; Vroom & Fındık forthcoming. Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. Th e following update applies 21 Vroom 2005, 34-5, type 6; Vroom & Fındık forth- to the two last papers: Perga 116 = Perga 121, Perga 117 = coming. Perga 122, Perga 118 = Perga 123, Perga 119 = Perga 124. 22 Vroom 2005, 28-32, types 2 to 5; Waksman forth- We would like to thank Sarah Japp for checking this point coming; Vroom & Fındık forthcoming. with us. 23 Turnovsky 2005b, 635-45; Waksman & Tréglia 2007, 15 Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105-33. 645-57. 16 Japp 2009, 193-268. 24 Vroom 2005, 35-6, type 7. 17 Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. 25 Vroom & Fındık forthcoming. Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 111

a b

c d

e f

g h

Figure 3: Examples of ceramics analyzed from Ephesos; samples from local groups b/2 and c/4: b-f; other local or possibly local groups: g-h (samples numbers given from left to right, top to bottom; pictures S.Y. Waksman). a) tripod stilt stuck to a plain glazed base (not sampled); b) plain glazed and painted wares (BZY381-382, 380); c) polychrome sgraffi to wares, Vroom 2005 type 3 (BYZ431 or 432, BZY364, 363); d) polychrome sgraffi to wares, Vroom 2005 type 4 (BZY393, [not analyzed], 394, 392); e) turquoise-glazed ware (BYZ428); f) moulded wares (not analyzed, BZY373); g) mica-coated wares (BZY395-396); h) buff common wares (BZY400, 403, 401-402). 112 Sylvie Yona Waksman

Table 1: Bibliographical information concerning samples illustrated in the literature.

lab. id. catalogue / fi gure Pergamon BYZ 1 Waksman 1995, BY-89 BYZ 2 Waksman 1995, BY-93 BYZ 3 Waksman 1995, CY-84 BYZ239 Waksman 1995, JY-114 BZY415 Spieser 1996, cat. 433 BZY417 Spieser 1996, cat. 430 BZY418 Spieser 1996, cat. 335 BZY419 Spieser 1996, cat. 66 BZY420 Spieser 1996, cat. 86 BZY421 Spieser 1996, cat. 249 BZY423 Spieser 1996, cat. 127 BZY424 Spieser 1996, cat. 199; Böhlendorf-Arslan 2004 pl. 185:3 BZY429 Spieser 1996, cat. 284 BZY443 Mania 2006 cat. 8; Japp 2009, Perga 116 BZY444 Mania 2006 cat. 20 or 23?; Japp 2009, Perga 117 BZY445 Japp 2009, Perga 118 BZY446 Mania 2006, cat. 43; Japp 2009, Perga 119 BZY447 Mania 2006, cat. 43 BZY449 Mania 2006, cat. 4 BZY450 Mania 2006, cat. 6 BZY451 Mania 2006, cat. 9 BZY452 Mania 2006, cat. 3 BZY453 Mania 2006, cat. 45 BZY454 Mania 2006, cat. 17 BZY455 Mania 2006, cat. 31 BZY778 Waksman 1995, AY-56 BZY779 Waksman 1995, AY-73 BZY780 Waksman 1995, AY-81 BZY781 Waksman 1995, BY-38 BZY782 Waksman 1995, CY-150 Ephesos BYZ428 Vroom 2005, cat. 24 BYZ431/2? Vroom 2005, cat. 17 BZY284 Waksman forth. fi g. 2, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 219 Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 113

BZY285 Waksman forth. fi g. 2, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 217 BZY286 Vroom and Findik forthcoming, cat. 218 BZY287 Vroom and Findik forthcoming, cat. 82 BZY295 Waksman forth. fi g. 2, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 68 BZY298 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 1 BZY323 Waksman forth. fi g. 6, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 76 BZY331 Waksman forth. fi g. 2, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 66 BZY332 Waksman forth. fi g. 2, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 212 BZY334 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 1 BZY335 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 1 BZY362 Vroom 2005, cat. 22 BZY365 Vroom 2005, cat. 25 BZY372 Vroom and Findik forthcoming, cat. 93 BZY373 Waksman forth. fi g. 3, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 144 BZY377 Waksman forth. fi g. 1, Vroom and Findik forth., cat. 108 BZY379 Vroom and Findik forthcoming, cat. 81 BZY380 Vroom and Findik forthcoming, cat. 113 BZY381 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 2 BZY382 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 3 BZY383 Waksman forthcoming, fi g. 2

Comparative data for Hellenistic and Roman minor elements in ceramics (MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, wares attributed to Ephesos were taken from K2O, CaO, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3) and nine trace ele- Schneider’s analyses of table wares, especially ments (V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Ce).27 “Graue Platten” from Ephesos and from the Classifi cations of the samples are obtained by Madgalensberg.26 hierarchical clustering analysis applied to stand- ardized data, using euclidian distance and aver- age linkage.28 Th e corresponding diagram, called Chemical analysis and statistical a dendrogram, initially represents each sample as handling of data a vertical bar at the bottom of the fi gure (Fig.5). Th e two samples that are the most alike in ele- Chemical analysis of the samples was carried out mental composition are connected by a horizon- by Wavelength Dispersive - X Ray Fluorescence tal link, which is placed lower the more chemically (WD-XRF) at the “Laboratoire de Céramologie” similar the samples are. Th e two samples are then in Lyon. Twenty-four elements are quantifi ed, fused into a “pseudo sample” of average com- seventeen of which are usually taken as active var- position. Th e same process is repeated, with the iables in multivariate statistical treatments used linkage being formed at growing heights, until all to classify ceramics into groups of similar chem- the samples are connected. Th e resulting diagram ical composition. Th ese include eight major and constitutes the dendrogram. It shows clusters or groups of samples of similar composition linked

26 Zabehlicky-Scheff enegger et al. 1996, 41-59; Zabeh- licky-Scheff enegger & Schneider 2000, 105-12; Schneider 27 Ce was not taken into account here. 2000, 525-36. 28 e.g. Picon 1984, 379-99. 114 Sylvie Yona Waksman

Figure 4: Examples of ceramics analyzed from Ephesos, belonging to local group c/4 (top) and b/2 (bottom) (scale 1/3, Ephe- sos team, N. Math, S.Y. Waksman).

at a lower level, all the clusters being ultimately Results and discussion linked together at the top of the diagram. Th is representation is not suffi cient in itself to defi ne Classifi cations according to their chemical com- compositional groups, as it does not take into positions of samples of diff erent periods and cat- account the signifi cance of elemental diff erences egories were carried out for each site. In a fi rst between clusters. Further examination of the raw phase, we excluded sherds likely to correspond data is still needed in order to be able to inter- to imports, in order to focus on local production. pret classifi cations in terms of productions and Th e latter mostly corresponds to chemical groups workshops.29 including reference samples. In some cases, we kept samples or groups which did not include reference samples stricto sensu (indicated by black 29 Picon 1993, 3-25. dots in Fig.5), but were likely to be local as well. Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 115 e main chemical groups ious periods and categories ction. Th 09, Waksman forthcoming) are indicated. ed by their laboratory number, colours refer to chronological information, symbols point out reference samples for local produ cations according to chemical compositions of ceramics from Pergamon (top) and Ephesos (bottom), local productions var Figure 5: Classifi mainly. Data from Lyon and Berlin laboratories, the latter include comparative data for samples Magdalensberg (cf. text). Samples are identifi are underlined, correspondences with G. Schneider’s and our previous groups (Sauer Waksman 2005, Schneider Japp 20 116 Sylvie Yona Waksman

In Pergamon, the classifi cation (Fig. 5, top) glazed sherd coming from the Red Hall contexts presents diff erent situations. As far as we can belongs to it (BZY445, same sample as GSW146 see within the limits of the sampling considered, [Perga 123]). some of the groups show no mixing, containing Th e chemical features of the diff erent groups respectively Hellenistic and Roman ceramics from give only a few clues (Table 2). Th e location the Ketios valley (GS local group 1)30 and wares downhill of the Red Hall workshop (group A) from the Byzantine living quarters (local group may explain its sharing many chemical features B). Th e latter corresponds to the main produc- with the Ketios valley group 1: higher alumin- tion of Byzantine table wares, as defi ned in pre- ium, potassium, iron, titanium, vanadium, etc., vious work based on a more extensive sampling.31 relatively to group B from the Byzantine quarters A variety of wares belongs to it (plain glazed, slip- uptown. Th e highest concentrations in these ele- painted, monochrome and polychrome sgraffi to ments and in magnesium are observed in group wares, Fig. 1b), including ceramics related to the C/1a, which also has the lowest calcium contents. type “Zeuxippus ware” (Fig. 1c-d).32 Ketios group 1 is diff erentiated from the other Another group (local group A), correspond- groups by higher chromium and nickel con- ing to Schneider’s group 4,33 shows little mixing tents (see also group hell38).39 Post-depositional as it mostly gathers early Turkish reference sam- processes are probably responsible for the large ples from the Red Hall, together with plain green standard deviations in strontium and baryum.40 glazed wares from the same contexts. However, Th e two main groups (Hellenistic / Roman it also includes sherds usually dated back to the group 1 and Byzantine group B), which are likely Byzantine period (e.g. BZY417, 420, Figs. 1h, 2), to represent a large part of the production at which questions the chronology of the beginnings their respective periods, have chemical features of this production. which suggest the exploitation of diff erent clay Another interpretation is that it corresponds sources rather than the use of the same raw mate- to clays coming from the same geological forma- rial treated diff erently (e.g. through clay levigation tions, exploited by workshops operating at diff er- for the earlier fi ne wares). Th e geochemical varia- ent periods, an interpretation which can be put bility of clay materials available in the vicinity of forward for the composite group C, containing Pergamon (and in this region of Western Turkey samples dated back from the Hellenistic to the in general) makes it possible to distinguish chemi- early Turkish periods (Fig. 5). It approximately cal groups within a limited geographical area. Th at corresponds to Schneider’s group 1a,34 including these groups correspond to some extent to pro- two overfi red sherds from the Ketios valley con- ductions of specifi c periods might be connected to texts (GSW08235 [Perga 28], GSW087 [Perga 34]). the location of the workshops.41 Still, we have no It also includes the minor Byzantine group byzi36 information regarding clay procurement around containing reference samples from the Byzantine the workshop or workshops area. And as we have quarters (BZY778-780).37 In addition, one green seen this correspondence is not the general rule. Th e Pergamene evidence presents a complex situation. Although three main chemical groups, 30 aft er Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. 31 Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105-33. fairly well correlated with (large) chronological 32 Megaw 1968, 67-88; Waksman & François 2004-2005, periods, may be pointed out (Hellenistic and 629-724. Roman group 1, late Byzantine group B, (late 33 Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. 34 As indicated in Schneider & Japp 2009, 292, some sherds from Ketios groups 1 and 1a may be attributed to 38 aft er Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105- one or another of these groups. Th is trend explains why 33, Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. some of the samples initially in Schneider’s group 1a cluster 39 Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105-33, with group 1 in the classifi cation (Fig. 5 top). Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306. 35 Th e correspondence with sample numbers in Schnei- 40 Picon 1987, 41-7. Sr and Ba were not taken into der & Japp 2009, 287-306, is as follows: GSW (this work) = account in the classifi cation Fig. 5 (top). W (Schneider & Japp 2009, 287-306). Catalogue entries in 41 However, unlike the Ketios installations, the location Japp 2009, 193-268, are indicated between brackets. of the Byzantine and early Turkish ones is not attested by 36 aft er Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105-33. kilns or other workshops structures and the evidence found 37 Waksman 1995; Waksman & Spieser 1997, 105-33. might be in secondary position. Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 117 ith comparative data from Berlin. Major and er of samples, ld: detection limits. Elements within ) Zr Sr Rb Zn Cr Ni (La) Ba V (Ce) 5 O 2 O) (P 2 Byzantine quarters, main local group local group 1 (n=37, Schneider and Japp 2009) MgO MnO (Na Rotte Halle and local early Turkish production mainly 3 O 2 Al 2 O SiO 2 K 2 TiO 3 O 2 σ 1,01 0,44σ 0,057 0,27 1,87 1,27 0,51 0,86 0,076 0,26 0,26 0,0043 2,20 0,21 1,11 0,05 0,45 11 0,028 0,17 58 0,046 12 12 6 71 12 12 10 15 8 29 19 59 14 9 10 112 18 7 m 4,60 7,11m 0,936 3,49 5,39 59,69 18,86 7,16 3,23 1,001 0,1155 3,37 1,46 60,56 18,60 0,25 2,90 214 0,110 343 0,60 147 0,213 182 95 317 127 144 82 94 51 257 880 156 153 36 116 685 153 83 id. CaO Fe BYZ 2 6,84 5,94 0,741 2,83 63,26 17,57 2,48 0,1173 1,74 0,28 217 346 140 84 95 71 43 985 103 91 BZY450 5,29BZY451 6,48 4,91BZY443 0,858 6,50 4,12BZY446 2,97 0,862 7,10 5,15BZY447 61,68 3,04 0,950 6,92 4,22 17,46BZY449 61,91 3,33 0,931 2,88 7,03 5,22 17,49BZY452 60,66 0,1161 3,36 0,931 2,81 6,76 5,41 18,51BYZ239 1,74 59,65 0,1158 3,57 0,890 3,24 6,64 5,99 18,59BZY417 1,87 0,27 60,06 0,1185 3,36 0,886 3,25 7,05 5,98 18,96BZY429 1,49 190 0,23 60,25 0,1098 3,16 0,908 3,14 6,99 5,76 18,22BZY444 1,49 197 0,21 61,04 427 0,1178 3,82 0,903 2,95 6,84 3,55 17,61BZY454 1,49 210 0,24 57,63 411 129 0,1053 3,78 0,888 2,96 7,79 3,53 19,56BZY453 1,70 207 0,21 58,01 381 132 0,1150 3,49 89 1,035 3,29 7,90 4,37 19,29BZY455 1,66 217 0,29 59,55 400 141 0,1123 3,61 94 1,042 109 3,24 7,24 3,74 18,41BZY420 1,18 217 0,23 58,78 355 138 0,1217 3,79 91 0,946 113 3,01 7,29 68 3,93 19,81BZY441 1,07 208 0,23 57,97 400 149 0,1140 3,80 93 0,955 134 3,64 7,44 76 2,50 20,19 39 1,47 227 0,38 58,65 406 130 0,1158 3,56 92 0,985 117 3,71 7,72 79 19,48 43 1,23 213 0,24 59,93 271 130 971 0,1177 3,58 90 1,002 121 3,43 76 19,19 59 1,33 219 0,21 59,44 274 158 982 0,1148 133 3,64 87 118 3,29 71 19,20 49 1,49 213 0,20 59,80 304 158 853 0,1216 146 124 93 119 3,44 79 19,83 43 1,43 219 0,23 307 145 897 0,1198 153 117 95 121 3,33 73

Byzantine-) early Turkish group A), diff erent The two other chemical groups contain chemical groups exist within a same chronology samples from diff erent periods, showing that and for a same category of wares (table wares, Byzantine or early Turkish common wares were as opposed to e.g. cooking wares). Conversely, manufactured with clay materials already used at least one of the clay sources was exploited at previously. Th is is especially true of calcareous diff erent periods (group C). Th e latter group may common wares (Fig. 3h) chemically similar to be used as a Pergamene reference irrespectively Schneider’s group of table wares, which mainly of the period (at least within the chronological consists of “Graue Platten”. It is the only (mod- range considered), but it is little representative erately) calcareous group within the sampling, of the bulk of the production. which is further distinguished by its lower iron and titanium concentrations. Th e next classifi cation (Fig. 5 bottom), dealing Th e last “group” in the classifi cation (Fig. 5 with Ephesian productions, shows a complex bottom) gathers mica-coated common wares picture as well. Two main chemical groups may dated back to the early Turkish period (Fig. 3g)49, be distinguished within late Byzantine and early together with late Roman “Aegean” cooking Turkish glazed table wares (local groups b/2 and wares. It is not homogeneous and is not consid- c/4).42 Both correspond to low-calcareous pastes ered a chemical group stricto sensu. But its sam- distinguished within the sampling by their higher ples have in common several chemical features, concentrations in aluminium, potassium, vana- including variable but usually high chromium dium, iron, etc., group c/4 presenting the high- and nickel and low potassium and rubidium con- est contents of these elements and in rare earths tents. Th ese features diff erentiate them from all whereas strontium and nickel are higher in b/2. the others. No reference samples belong to it, Magnesium, chromium and nickel show large but the fact that it includes presumably ephe- standard variations - a trend observed among sian wares of diff erent periods is in favour of the whole sampling - with a possible sub-group a local origin. corresponding to higher values within group Th e case of Ephesos shows trends similar to c/4. Th is sub-group gathers most of the poly- those observed in Pergamon: on the one hand chrome sgraffi to wares (Fig. 3c-d), whereas the diff erent chemical groups for the same categories rest of c/4 contains reference samples and wares of wares at the same, or closely connected, peri- attributed to the late Byzantine period from the ods;50 on the other hand long-term use of some Türbe contexts (Fig. 4 top).43 Group b/2 seems to of the clay sources. Common wares seem to be correspond more specifi cally to new types intro- more “conservative” in the use of raw materials, duced later on in the local repertoire, especially but in the present case they unexpectedly corre- moulded44 (BYZ440-442, BZY373, Fig. 3f)45 and spond to earlier wares which do not belong to turquoise-glazed46 wares (BYZ428, BZY365-366, the same functional or technical category: mica- 371, Fig. 3e).47 Th ese involve technical traditions coated wares, which do not seem to have the in pottery manufacture known in the Islamic cooking function of their predecessors; and basins world, which diff er from those in use at the and amphorae following earlier table wares. Byzantine period in the region.48

42 Th e names of the groups refer to Sauer & Waksman Concluding remarks 2005, 51-66, and Waksman forthcoming. 43 Waksman forthcoming; Vroom & Fındık forthcoming. Evidence of pottery production are archaeo- 44 As far as we know there is no evidence for the use of logically attested in Pergamon and Ephesos at moulds between the Roman and the Beylik periods. 45 Vroom 2005, 34-5, type 6. the Hellenistic / Roman and the late Byzantine 46 Th e fl ux used as a component of the glaze to manu- / early Turkish periods. In both sites, reference facture turquoise-glazed ware includes alkali and not only lead as in the previous Byzantine period (Waksman 2005, 49 Vroom 2005, 35-6, type 7; Sauer & Waksman 2005, 83-9; Armstrong et al. 1997, 225-9; see also Scott & Kamilli 51-66, group d. 1981, 679-96). 50 Further work is requested to investigate the corre- 47 Vroom 2005, 30-2, type 2. spondence between typo-chronological and chemical groups 48 Waksman forthcoming. in the Byzantine and Turkish periods. 120 Sylvie Yona Waksman with comparative data from Strasbourg and deviation, n: number of samples. Elements within ) Zr Sr Rb Zn Cr Ni (La) Ba V (Ce) 5 O 2 O) (P 2 MgO MnO (Na 3 local group c/4, late Byzantine and early Turkish table wares table and early Turkish Byzantine local c/4, late group O 2 Al 2 OSiO 2 K 2 TiO 3 O 2 id. CaO Fe BZY364 1,32BZY389 11,68 1,49BZY391 1,025 11,79 1,41BZY293 4,26 1,021 11,57 51,77 1,46BZY390 4,27 1,029 24,34 11,45 51,55 1,19BZY370 4,32 3,39 1,024 24,32 11,58 52,08 1,48 0,1391BZY298 4,28 3,36 1,037 24,17 11,40 1,17 52,24 1,63 0,1415BZY388 4,18 3,54 1,033 24,04 11,60 0,29 1,36 52,42 1,06 0,1430BZY392 4,26 3,39 1,018 24,37 229 11,37 0,28 1,10 52,28 1,56 0,1386BZY367 4,39 3,43 1,022 24,08 159 230 11,58 0,29 1,27 52,07 1,35 0,1412BZY363 4,45 3,45 1,005 24,08 178 162 227 11,82 0,29 1,04 52,68 1,32 0,1363BZY387 4,32 3,54 1,011 23,93 157 176 162 237 10,74 0,33 1,20 51,52 1,44 0,1377BZY368 4,13 3,54 1,039 24,26 171 160 178 162 238 10,96 0,28 0,95 51,59 1,12 0,1324BZY393 4,34 3,56 1,026 24,26 164 158 174 164 238 11,00 0,32 1,30 97 53,38 1,67 0,1291BZY381 4,23 3,75 1,035 23,70 170 158 178 162 235 11,14 0,26 1,23 87 53,01 1,19 0,1451 79BZY362 4,45 3,27 1,031 23,72 100 169 161 177 169 226 10,62 0,50 1,40 53,07 1,25 0,1270 97BYZ430 819 4,23 3,37 1,029 23,98 166 154 172 155 222 11,39 0,25 1,23 64 97 52,70 1,45 0,1320BYZ433 214 819 4,37 3,40 1,042 23,61 102 169 155 172 174 224 11,05 0,26 1,39 827 53,63 2,39 0,1301 54BYZ438 218 160 4,32 3,53 1,036 23,24 101 167 153 175 158 249 10,64 0,26 1,25 93 213 52,60 1,44 0,1332BZY386 830 158 4,19 3,52 1,031 24,05 834 179 162 177 167 250 11,05 0,26 1,43 94 158 52,55 1,31 0,1261 74BZY394 200 4,30 3,44 1,049 24,07 204 164 160 176 171 240 10,61 0,27 1,72 93 52,65 1,19 0,1195 58BZY380 811 149 4,33 3,36 1,043 23,48 167 196 151 174 165 242 10,31 0,24 1,23 91 52,60 1,15 0,1312 86 212 816 4,24 3,30 1,032 24,20 113 165 152 175 171 244 10,54 0,30 1,43 54,10 0,1299 59 200 783 165 4,23 3,25 1,027 23,38 161 155 173 163 240 0,26 1,51 85 84 54,87 0,1142 206 802 138 4,19 3,27 23,09 158 153 173 167 235 0,30 1,42 80 784 54,26 0,1203 75 213 156 3,12 23,05 168 147 175 168 258 0,27 1,35 83 211 101 0,1213 827 163 3,70 169 155 178 168 257 0,29 1,41 99 827 154 0,1082 73 204 163 154 182 169 260 0,27 1,38 91 206 89 827 135 164 144 185 173 269 0,24 89 151 77 208 817 108 167 158 174 164 248 87 197 796 155 106 159 148 172 162 72 197 819 153 151 147 172 77 98 916 204 141 150 146 82 203 932 71 153 188 81 194 143 63 929 112 139 59 194 792 73 208 764 142 798 200 161 211 163 139 brackets are indicative; data with an asterisk were not taken into account in the calculation of m and σ. Table 3: Chemical compositions of samples from Ephesos analyzed in Lyon, ranked as the dendrogram (Fig. 5, bottom), together Berlin. Major and minor elements are given in oxides weight %, trace parts per million (ppm); m: mean, σ: standard Long-term pottery production and chemical reference groups 121 ) Zr Sr Rb Zn Cr Ni (La) Ba V (Ce) 5 O 2 O) (P 2 MgO MnO (Na 3 O 2 Al 2 OSiO 2 K 2 TiO 3 O 2 σ 0,33 0,47 0,019 0,18 0,85 0,57 0,35 0,0162 0,17 0,05 20 10 8 6 27 27 13 64 8 14 m 1,50 11,19 1,020 4,24 52,72 23,59 3,68 0,1374 1,27 0,29 228 163 171 152 185 114 71 810 203 144 id. CaO Fe BZY299 5,58BYZ886 9,83 6,70BYZ449 0,891 9,39 1,64BZY369 3,73 0,878 9,85 1,84 52,23 3,69 1,101 21,44 9,52 52,18 3,63 4,57 1,036 21,76 56,28 0,1348 3,55 3,32 22,19 0,88 57,32 0,1309 2,96 21,35 0,30 1,46 0,1000 3,18 198 0,26 1,44 0,0961 191 222 0,28 1,64 160 189 255 0,24 137 172 149 258 264 123 148 179 212 183 132 151 137 169 127 62 118 169 52 639 67 98 177 803 166 670 109 56 196 122 633 124 184 123 BYZ429 1,35BYZ436 11,07 1,48BYZ448 1,019 10,96 2,03BZY333 4,14 1,039 11,15 51,25 1,54BZY379 4,39 1,013 24,48 11,17 52,58 1,45BZY378 4,14 3,29 1,007 23,83 11,07 52,01 1,25 0,1297BZY287 4,00 3,52 1,019 23,62 11,16 1,33 53,30 1,59 0,0902BZY288 3,94 3,77 1,032 23,11 11,16 0,27 1,46 53,37 1,46 0,1159BZY335 3,98 4,08 1,005 23,14 212 11,28 0,30 1,36 53,28 2,80 0,1517BZY285 4,01 4,13 1,012 23,42 149 252 11,03 0,47 1,06 53,11 1,55 0,1562BZY286 4,00 4,06 0,988 *134 23,12 168 239 10,77 0,29 1,16 53,24 1,60 0,1510BZY397 4,04 4,15 0,996 149 23,22 176 208 214 10,68 0,26 1,14 52,50 1,99 0,1456BZY334 4,09 4,08 0,990 161 22,77 154 180 155 206 11,32 0,29 1,08 53,65 1,66 0,1647BZY284 4,34 4,21 0,999 88 22,55 179 156 162 155 207 10,81 0,28 1,01 53,28 1,46 0,1567BZY331 4,13 4,44 0,980 22,46 126 222 150 162 152 204 10,84 0,28 0,99 70 52,08 1,40 0,1561BZY332 4,13 4,44 1,000 23,25 144 215 145 168 154 210 11,11 0,27 1,09 80 898 53,19 1,75 0,1589BYZ437 4,59 4,10 1,016 23,00 150 216 150 160 157 207 10,88 0,27 1,41 76 922 201 53,14 1,46 0,1367BZY291 4,19 3,98 0,969 23,03 149 207 146 161 163 220 11,56 0,26 1,34 72 203 998 154 53,40 1,65 0,1306BZY295 4,86 3,76 1,032 23,11 148 226 145 158 153 224 12,71 0,29 1,52 55 215 746 141 53,36 1,14 0,1683 4,40 3,87 1,045 22,31 167 220 150 159 151 225 12,22 0,29 1,37 70 200 756 134 51,25 0,1613 4,09 4,02 1,002 24,04 144 224 152 159 158 203 0,27 1,17 71 203 746 116 51,09 0,1426 3,99 4,08 23,91 153 246 145 165 161 225 0,31 1,21 63 207 723 162 52,88 0,1457 3,68 23,33 152 242 150 160 162 217 0,26 1,46 55 204 760 134 0,1578 3,55 160 214 153 159 162 200 0,29 1,10 64 195 742 129 0,1350 138 201 145 163 164 236 0,30 1,20 66 189 729 116 136 198 143 164 157 183 0,31 54 197 717 145 115 196 139 181 157 182 63 209 788 121 121 212 161 176 152 57 203 731 129 148 218 156 169 52 197 784 138 156 164 159 72 195 777 127 105 166 76 188 754 139 103 62 203 875 125 76 218 828 126 202 757 153 187 130 129 122 Sylvie Yona Waksman ) Zr Sr Rb Zn Cr Ni (La) Ba V (Ce) 5 O 2 uted to Ephesos and Byzantine/early Turkish common wares common Turkish and Byzantine/early Ephesos uted to O) (P 2 MgO MnO (Na 3 O 2 Al 2 OSiO 2 K 2 TiO mixed group, including Schneider's "Graue Platten" attrib Schneider's including Platten" "Graue mixed group, 3 O 2 id. CaO Fe GSB206 12,50 7,36 0,713 3,29 52,12 19,00 3,02 0,1080 0,52 1,34 166 186 177 110 210 168 52 641 132 95 GSB497 11,62 7,79 0,741 3,51 51,78 19,21GSB210 3,35 11,58GSB209 0,1160 7,35 11,87 0,51GSB208 0,714 7,21 1,36 9,53GSB205 3,18 0,702 12,24 7,63 174 52,89 3,17 7,50 18,51 0,740 153 52,73 0,714 4,76 3,01 18,30 172 0,1140 3,30 54,66 4,98 0,57 19,05 127 52,47 0,1140 18,93 4,16 0,51 0,32 222 0,1190 4,00 171 0,40 173 0,1140 0,69 168 0,44 166 72 0,39 158 153 0,28 181 728 161 151 99 165 119 147 93 152 204 88 174 101 210 176 98 236 165 56 216 183 36 462 167 41 436 125 29 483 134 84 464 134 82 136 99 72 GSM 65GSM 10,48 7,47 0,740 3,38 55,65 18,31 3,00 0,1300 0,45 0,85 159 160 165 109 224 129 ceramic bodies. materials seem to have been used for the main Chemical reference groups, corresponding to productions of Hellenistic and Roman wares, and diff erent periods of production and categories of of late Byzantine ones. In parallel, part of the pot- wares, could be compared. In both Pergamon and tery was manufactured, presumably in the same Ephesos, several groups may be distinguished, workshop or workshops complex, using another thanks to the varied geological and geochemical clay source common to both periods. In the lat- features of this region of Western Turkey. Th ey ter case, chemical data acquired for local wares correspond to diverse situations. of a given period may also be used for prove- nance studies involving the site at another. But Some chemical groups seem fairly well corre- this study shows well that, in the general case, lated with (large) chronological ranges and cate- caution is requested when using chemical data gories of wares. 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Aegean 35, 77, 92, 110, 119, 154, 157, 159, 176 Blizency 156 Aegean markets 75 Bonn 15 n 43, 31, 32, 33, 34, 110 Aegyssus 177 Boscoreale 44 Africa 78, 159, 177 Bosporan workshop 150 African Red Slip (Ware) (ARS) 28, 49, 49 (Fig. 1 ), 50– 53, Bosporan cities 141 57 (Plate 4), 104, 154, 177 Bosporan Kingdom 129, 130, 149 Ağlasun Valley 85 Bratskoe cemetery 134, 140 Aiolis 39 Brjanskoe 156 Aizanoi 177, 179 Bulgaria 130 Akko region 195 Bulganak 140 Akrai 157 Burachkov 144 (Fig. 15), 145 (Fig. 16) Alexandria 140 n. 51 Allianoi 176 Caesarea 156 Alma Kermen 156 Çajka 133, 134 (Fig. 5), 145 Anaia 107 Calabria 78 Anemurium 177 Cami Yikiği (Akçapinar Köyü) 95, 96, 99 (Abb. 4), 101 Antandros 176, 176 n. 19 (Abb. 9 + 10), 104 (Abb. 13) Antioch 90, 91 Campana 168, 169, 170 Antioch-on-the-Orontes 175 Çanakkale 107, 175 Antiocheia 177 Çanaklı 85, 88 Antikythera 177, 181 Çandarlı (= Pitane) 7, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 20 (Fig. 12), Aolisch Graue Glattware 11 n. 2 21, 23, 28, 29, 36–39, 44, 50, 74, 151, 151 n. 2, 152 Apamea (Apamée) 23,46 (Figs. 1, 2, 3), 153 (Fig. 4), 154, 155 (Figs. 5–6), 156, Appliqué 7, 11, 13 n. 28, 15, 17 (Fig. 6), 24, 27, 41, 42 157 (Fig. 7), 158 (Fig. 8), 159, 171, 172 (Figs. 3–7), 43, 44, 44 (Fig. 8), 45f, 59–66 Capernaum 193 n. 16 Argos 73 n. 11 Carpathian Mountains 157 Arretine Sigillata (Arretina) 12, 21 Carvoran 41 Artezian 156 Casa del Menadro 44, 45 Atarneus 37 (Tab. 2) Çatalka 156 Athens 74 n. 13, 90, 130, 177, 171 Cayster Valley 75 Athenian Agora 44, 73 n. 11, 89, 89 n. 39, 90, 91, 140, Chersonesos 129, 130, 145 175, 179, 181, 183, 184, 188 Chios 75 Attica 37 (Tab. 2), 39, 39 (Fig. 6) Chremonidean war 130 Attalid Kingdom 71 Cimmerian Bosporus 133, 137 (Fig. 9), 156 Asia Minor Sigillata 12 Cnidian 168, 168 n. 36 Asklepieion 20, Constanţa 43 Assos 43, 45, 46, 176 Constantinopole 176 Copenhagen 45, 46 Bakır Çayi 23 Corinth 44, 73 n. 11, 74 n. 12, 77 n. 23, 177 Balıkesir 41, 45 Crete Island 73 n. 11 Bel`bek 156 Crimea 7, 130, 133, 141, 156, 172, 177 Beljaus 141 Curetes Street 51 Benghazi 73 n. 11, 74 n. 12 Cypriot-Levantine area 93 Berenice 177 Cypriot Sigillata (Eastern Sigillata D 90, 90 n. 66, 92, 156 Bergama 21 n. 69 “Cypriot Red Slip Ware” (CRS[W})= LR D 95,96, 97 Bird bowl workshop B 39 (Abb. 2), 98 (Abb. 3), 103–105, 193-200 218 Index

Cyprus (Chypre) 7, 23, 90, 92, 95, 105, 172, 172 (Fig. 3) Gródek nad Bugiem 157, 158 (Fig. 8), 159 Cyrenaica 154, 157, 175, 177 Gryneion 20, 37, 50

Danube 176, 177 Halikarnassos 89 Daskyleion 176, 179 Hama 89, 90 Delos 7, 11, 140, 161, 162, 165 n. 26, 170, 171 Hamaxitus, Sanctuary of Apollon Smintheios 77 n. 23 Delos, Aphrodision 163 Hierapolis 95 Delos, House of Seals 161, 162 (Fig. 1), 163, 165 n. 26, Hippos = Susita (Sussita) 166, 167 (Fig. 5), 168, 168 n. 23), 169, 169 n. 39, 169 Histria 156 n. 42, 169 (Tab. 3), 170 (Figs. 6–7, 9), 171 Delos, House of Stuccoes 161, 163, 163 (Fig. 2), 164–166, Iatrus 177, 181 166 (Fig. 3), 168, 169 n. 40 Ilion 39, 92, 176 Delos, House of the Sword (Courtyard of) 161, 169 n. Illuraton 156, 158 (Fig. 8) 39 Isa Bey 110 Delos, Insula of Bronzes 161 Italian Sigillata 93, 154 Delos, Insula of Comedians 161 Delos, Insula of Jewels 161 Ionia 39 Delian 174 Jebel Khalid 88–92 Dhiorios 23 Jerash bowl 198 (Pl. 2) Düzen Tepe 81, 88 Kadıkalesi 107 Eastern Sigillata A (ESA) 13 n. 22, 73, 83 (Tab. 1), 89, Kadirgürü Mevkiisi 95, 96, 100 (Abb. 8), 103, 104 (Abb. 90 n. 71–73, 91, 92, 156, 161, 162 (Fig. 1) 164, 164 13) (Tabs. 1, 2), 164 n. 16, 165, 165 (Tab. 2 ctd), 165 n. Kenchreai 45 25, 27, 166, 166 (Fig. 3), 167 (Fig. 4), 168, 169, 169 Khirbet Karak (Tab. 3), 170 (Figs. 6-9) Kiremitli Mevkiisi (Haciosmanlar) 95, 96, 102 (Abb. 11), Eastern Sigillata B 13, 73, 154, 156 103, 104 (Abb. 13) Eastern Sigillata C (ESC) 13, 15 (Figs. 1–3), 16, 18, 19, Knidos 88, 90, 92, 21, 72, 73 n. 10, 74, 74 (Fig. 4–5), 75, 76 (Figs. 8–9), Komotini 45 77 (Figs. 10–12), 78, 79 (Figs. 15–16), 151, 153–159 Kömbeci Mevkii 95, 96, 99 (Abb. 5), 100 (Abb. 6), 102 (Figs. 4–8), 171 , 174 (Abb. 11), 103, 103 (Abb. 12), 104 (Abb. 13) Echt-pergamenische Ware (Sigillata) 13, 14 Kursi 193 Elaia 19, 37, 38 (Table 3), 39, 39 (Fig. 6), 154, 155 (Fig. Kyme 7, 71, 71 n, *, 72, 72 n. 6, 75, 77, 78, 79 6), 159 Ephesian Red Slip Ware (ERSW) 50–53, 50–52 (Figs. 4–7), Late Roman C (LRC)/ Phocaean 7, 20, 20 (Fig. 12), 49–53, 56 (Plate 3:1), 57 (Plate 4), 58 (Plate 5) 54 (Plate 1), 57 (Plate 4.2), 57 (Plate 5), 75, 78, 79, Ephesus (Ephesos) 7, 23, 45, 49, 50–53, 54 (Plate 1), 55 159, 177, 193-200, 197-200 (Plates 1–4) (Plate 2), 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72, 75, 88, 89, 90, Late Roman Relief Ware (Oinophorenware) 15, 19, 19 91, 91 (n. 77), 92, 107, 107 ( n. *), 110, 112 (tabl. 1), (fi g. 10) 113, 114 (Fig. 4), 119, 122 (tabl), 125, 129, 141, 171, Light Coloured Ware 19, 19 n. 64, 20 (Fig. 20), 175, 176 174 (Fig. 1), 177 Ephesus, church of St. Mary 49, 51 Llíria 43 Ephesus, Episkopeion 51 Lokal-pergamenische Ware 13, 13 n. 29, Ephesus, Gymnasium of Vedius 51, 52, 52 (Fig. 6) Ephesus, Nymphaeum Traiani 52, 52 (Fig. 7) Manisa, Kordon Tumulus, 89 Ephesus, Artemision (Selçuk) Miletos 34, 34 (Fig. 3), 39 Ephesus, So-called Tomb of St. Luke 50, 50 (Figs. 3–4), Meander valley 51, 51 (Fig. 5), 52, 52 (Figs. 6–8), 53, 56 51 (Fig. 5), 52 (Plate 3), 57 (Plate 4), 154 Ephesus, Terrace House 2, Dwelling unit 6 52, 52 (Fig. 8) Naukratis 35, 35 (Fig. 5), 36 Ephesus, Th eatre 51, 52 Nicea/Iznik 107 Ephesus, Türbe 110, 119 Non-ESC 18 (Fig. 9) Evpatoria 134 Foça (Phokaia) 37 (Tab. 2), 38, 39, 39 (Fig. 6), 50, 159, Oboda 23 177 Olbia 45, 129, 130, 131 (Fig. 1, 2), 132 (Fig. 3), 133 Old Samian (Samien Ancien) 161, 171 Geto-Dacia 133 Grey Ware 89 n. 38 Palaepaphos 92 Index 219

Pamphylia (Pamphylien) 96 (Abb. 1), 104 Sagalassos, Eastern Domestic Quarter (TSW5) 83 Pantikapaion 129, 130, 133, 133 (Fig. 4), 134 (Fig. 5), 140, (Table 1), 84, 89 n. 35 142 (Fig. 13), 143 (Fig. 14), 145, 149, 156 Sagalassos, Upper Agora North Terrace (UAN) 82, 83 Paphos 88, 90 (Table 1), 84 (Fig. 2) Parion 155, 156, 158, 159, 175, 177, 179, 183, 185, 191 Sagalassos Potters’ Quarter 85 Pednelissos 7, 95, 96 Sagalassos Red Slip Ware (SRSW) 52, 52 n. 21, 56 (Plate Pergamon (city, pottery production centre) passim 3:6), 81, 82, 83 , (Tab. 1), 85, 87–89, 92, 93, 93 (Fig. Pergamenian (Group C, Knipovič) 12 9) Pergamenian [part] (Group D, Knipovič) 13 Samaria 13 Pergamenian [part] (Group E, Knipovič) 13 Samian (Sigillata A, Zahn) 12, 13, 14, 129 Pergamenian (Sigillata B, Zahn) 12 Samos 12, 37, 39 Pergamenische (Pergamenian) Sigillata (Schäfer, Mey- Sanded Ware 15 er-Schlichtmann) 14, 17 Fig. 7, 18 Fig. 8, 45, 83, 141, Sardis 51 n. 14, 88 n. 27, 89, 90, 91 n. 77, 92, 177, 181, 145, 146 Fig. 17, 147 Fig. 18, 149, 151, 154–156, 171 185, 188 Pergamene (as adjective) 7, 13 n. 29, 14, 31, 39, 41, 45, Sigillata from Meander Valley 51-53, 51–53 (Figs. 5–8), 46, 72, 74, 88 (Fig. 6), 110, 116, 119, 125, 129, 130, 56 (Plate 3), 57 133, 137 (Fig. 9), 140, 141, 145, 149, 150, 151, 155, Schitul 43 156, 161, 164–166, 168–172, 174-175 Smyrna 44, 45, 71, 176 (Fig. 1), 177, 179, 188, 191 Pergamon, Gate of Philetairos 12 Susita (Sussita)/Hippos 193, , 193 (note *)194, 196 Pergamon, Kestel 25, 27, 28, 74, 151 Pergamon, Ketios 11, 11 n. 11, 23–25, 27–29, 107, 116, Tas Silg, Malta 35 (fi g. 4) 116 n. 34, 41, 151, 171, 172 Tel Anafa 89, 90 Pergamon, Red Hall 108 (Fig. 1), 109, 110, 116 Terra Sigillata Italica 73 Phokaia/Gryneion 7 Th eos 39 n. 24 Pisidia (Pisidien) 81, 92, 93, 95, 96 (Abb.1), 104, Th in-walled ware 44, 89, 163 n. 14 Pitane cf. Çandarlı Troia Cf Ilion Pompeii, Casa del Menandro 44 Pontic Sigillata 43 Wardt-Lüttingen 45 Pseudo-Pergamene 161, 166, 169 West Slope (decoration) 15, 16, 17, 72, 73 Figs. 1–2, 88, 130–136 Figs. 1–7, 140 Red-gloss wares of the Pergamon region 14 White Glazed Ware 52, 52 n. 22, 56 (Plate 3) Rotfi rniskeramik 14 White-ground Ware 15, 89

Sagalassos 81–82 Sagalassos, Apollo Klarios Temple (AK) 83 (Table 1), 84, 86,89 n. 35