DOCSLIB.ORG

Organization of the Urinary System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organization of the Urinary System 11/18/2013 Fall in a stream The Urinary System: Outline bed, far, far away… 1. Adaptation to Arid Environments 2. Urinary System Components and Functional Overview 3. Kidney Lobes and Lobules Gale Crater… Mars 4. The Nephron and Tubular Nomenclature 5. The Renal Corpuscle 6. The Glomerulus, Podocytes and the Filtration Barrier 7. The Proximal Tubule 8. The Loop of Henle 9. The Distal Tubule 10. Renal Circulation Joseph B. Delcarpio, Ph.D., Associate Dean; Professor, 11. The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSUHSC All rights reserved. 01/35 02/39 The Urinary System Adaptations to Arid Environments The Urinary System Adaptations to Arid Environments The Cloudless Sulfur: Phoebis sennae Linnaeus The Kangaroo Rat : Dipodomys speciabilis Microcell in wing scale is the site of uric acid crystal deposition. 03/35 04/35 The Urinary System: Components The Urinary System: Functions 1. Paired Kidneys: 1. Waste Excretion/Water a. Left slightly Conservation higher than right 2. Acid/Base Regulation 2. Paired Ureters: 3. Endocrine functions: a. Exit Hilum a. Erythropoietin (90%- interstitial fibroblast in cortex) b. Insert into Trigone b. Renin (juxtaglomerular cells) 3. Single Urinary Bladder 4. Hydroxylation of Vitamin D 4. Single Urethra 05/35 06/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013 11/18/2013 The Urinary System: The Kidney The Urinary System: The Kidney Structure: Fetal and Adult Kidney Lobes Cortex Papilla Cortex Papilla Cortex Medulla 07/35 08/35 The Urinary System: The Kidney The Urinary System: The Kidney Structure: Lobule – Centered on Medullary Rays Structure: Lobule – Cortex Medullary rays: straight tubules in the cortex, some of which are continuous with collecting tubules of the medulla Figure 20.6 09/35 10/35 The Urinary System: The Kidney The Urinary System: The Kidney Structure: Lobule – Cortex Structure: Lobule – Medulla Kidney Lobule: Kidney Lobule: a. medullary ray at center a. medullary ray at b. one half adjacent cortical labyrinth center c. single medullary duct (next slide) b. one half adjacent cortical labyrinth c. single medullary duct d. consists of all nephrons associated with a single medullary duct. (Duct of Bellini) Figure 20.2 11/35 12/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013 11/18/2013 The Urinary System: Nephron - 2 Types The Urinary System: Nephron 1. Juxtamedullary 2. Mid-Cortical 1. Renal Corpuscle 8. Distal Nephron: long Nephron: short 2. Proximal Convoluted loops of Henle loops of Henle Convoluted Tubule Tubule 9. Connecting 3. Medulla: divided 3. Proximal Tubule into – outer and 3.c. Inner Stripe: Straight Tubule inner medulla thick and thin 9*. Collecting a. Outer Medulla: tubular segments; 4. Descending Thin Tubule divided into outer outer medullary Limb 10. Cortical and inner stripes collecting ducts 5. Ascending Collecting Thin Limb Duct b. Outer stripe: only thick tubular 4. Inner Medulla: 6. Thick 11. Outer Medullary segments, outer thin segments; Ascending Limb Collecting Duct medullary inner medullary (Distal Straight collecting ducts collecting ducts Tubule) 12. Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Figure 20.2 7. Macula Densa Figure 20.2 13/35 14/35 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle Structure: Renal Corpuscle – Development Note: Glomerular Arterial “tuft” is surrounded by the renal tubule. Note: Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule thins. Note: Pale purple region represents Bowman’s space, or the urinary space. 15/35 16/35 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle Structure:Renal Corpuscle -Three Dimensional View * The Mature Renal Corpuscle, Vascular components: Pole 1. The glomerular capillary tuft 2. Bowmans’ Capsule: visceral layer parietal layer The Urinary Pole Figure 20.7 17/35 18/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013 11/18/2013 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle Renal Corpuscle: Podocytes – Visceral Layer Structure: Podocytes – Visceral Layer Bowman’s Capsule 19/35 20/35 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle Structure: Podocytes – Visceral Layer Bowman’s Capsule Structure: Electron Microscopy of Renal Corpuscle Podocyte Body Bowman’s Space Urinary Space Note: 1O and 2O Podocyte processes Pedicels branch from 2O Blocked area processes enlarged at right. Figure 20.12b Figure 20.13 21/35 22/35 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle Structure: Glomerular Filtration Barrier – Components (3) Structure: Mesangial Cells – Functions Filtration Slits (with diaphragms) Mesangial cells: provide mechanical Urinary Space 1. Podocyte Pedicels support 2. Glomerular Basement control GBM material Membrane (GBM): turnover Lamina rara externa regulate blood flow Lamina densa secrete vasoactive substances Lamina rara interna Capillary respond to Lumen angiotensin II 3. Capillary Endothelium Fenestrations Figure 20.16 23/35 24/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013 11/18/2013 The Urinary System: Renal Corpuscle The Urinary System: Proximal Tubule Structure: Urinary Pole – Proximal Tubule, pars convoluta Structure: Proximal Convoluted Tubules – Cytology Primary Cilia Distal Cell Border Tubule. Afferent A. Extensive Microvilli: lateral Brush Border interdigitations Proximal Tubule. Figure 20.17 Plicae: lateral infolding Basal lamina 25/35 26/35 The Urinary System: Loop of Henle The Urinary System: Distal Tubule Structure: The Kangaroo Rat and the Loop of Henle Structure: Distal Tubules: reabsorption of ~7% filtrate Concentrated Urine: Counter-Current Multiplier DTs: sensitive to Aldosterone - conserves water and Antiduretic Hormone - depends on length of the Loop of Henle Histology: low cuboidal cells; lateral and basal infoldings Kangaroo Rats: - live in arid conditions and need to conserve water - therefore, have the longest Loop of Henle of all the mammals 27/35 28/35 The Urinary System: Collecting Tubule The Urinary System: Collecting Tubule Structure: Cortical Collecting Tubules/ Medullary Ray Structure: Outer Medullary Collecting Tubules/Ducts Histology: Collecting Histology: low cuboidal epithelium, Tubules – low cuboidal cells central nuclei, lateral cell borders. Intercalated (Dark) & Principal cells (sensitive to Aldosterone). Vasa recta Thin Loop of Henle 29/35 30/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013 11/18/2013 The Urinary System: Collecting Ducts The Urinary System: Blood Supply Structure: Inner Medullary Collecting Ducts of Bellini Structure: The Cortical and Medullary Vasculature G1 and G2 glomeruli: efferent arterioles give rise Papillary Collecting Ducts: to peritubular capillaries columnar cells (pc) clear cytoplasm lateral cell boundaries G3 glomeruli: efferent arterioles give rise to vasa recta capillaries (ARS, MP –medullary plexus) Note: Vasa recta with blood Arcuate aa. and vv.: elements in the lumen. boundary between cortex and medulla Interlobular (IL) aa/vv.: Note: Thin loops of Henle give rise to stellate aa/vv (sv) with prominent nuclei in afferent arterioles the lumen. Figure 20.23 31/35 32/35 The Urinary System: The JG Apparatus The Urinary System: The JG Apparatus Structure: The Juxtaglomerular apparatus Function: The Juxtaglomerular apparatus Vascular Pole of Renal Corpuscle The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Function of the JGA: 1. Juxtaglomerular Components of the JGA: secrete renin cells react to stretch 1. Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole 2. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells 2. Macula Densa cells of modify activity of JG the Distal Tubule cells 3. Extraglomerular 3. Macula Densa cells Mesangial Cells (Lacis sense changes in Na cells) and regulate JG cells Figure 20.7 33/35 34/35 The Urinary System: Summary 1. The Function of the Urinary System is Carefully Tied to Its Structural Components. 2. The Kidney is divided into a Cortex, containing the filtering structures (Glomeruli) and a Medulla containing a collection system composed of tubular units (Collecting Ducts and Loops of Henle). 3. Loops of Henle within the Medulla are responsible for establishing an interstitial concentration gradient which is part of a Counter-current Multiplier. 4. The Kidney contains a unique circulation responsible for returning materials reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate to general circulation and helping to maintain a hypertonic interstitial medulla necessary for developing a Concentrated Urine (Countercurrent Exchange System). 5. The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is important in regulating both renal and systemic blood pressure. 35/35 Dr. Delcarpio 11-18-2013Delcarpio 2013.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Role of New Podocyte-Associated Proteins in the Renal Ultrafiltration Barrier
    From the DEPARTMENT OF LABORATORY MEDICINE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ROLE OF NEW PODOCYTE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN THE RENAL ULTRAFILTRATION BARRIER Angelina Schwarz Stockholm 2019 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by Universitetsservice US-AB 2019. © Angelina Schwarz, 2019 ISBN 978-91-7831-452-2 Cover: confocal microscopy image of a mouse glomerulus (front) and electron microscopy image of a podocyte (back) Role of new podocyte-associated proteins in the renal ultrafiltration barrier THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) By Angelina Schwarz Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Assoc. Prof. Jaakko Patrakka, MD, PhD Prof. Rachel Lennon, MD, PhD Karolinska Institutet University of Manchester Department of Laboratory Medicine School of Biological Sciences Division of Pathology/ICMC Division of Cell Matrix and Regenerative Medicine Co-supervisor(s): Lwaki Ebarasi, PhD Examination Board: Karolinska Institutet Assoc. Prof. Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina, MD, PhD Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Division of Pathology/ICMC Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Division of Growth and Metabolism Mark Lal, PhD AstraZeneca Prof. Bengt Fellström, MD, PhD Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Uppsala University Metabolism, Innovative Medicines Biotech Unit Department of Medical Sciences Division of Nephrology Assoc. Prof. Taija Mäkinen, PhD Uppsala University Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology Division of Vascular Biology ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem and an economical burden affecting people worldwide. The main causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension and patient numbers keep increasing. In many cases, CKD is progressive leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition that can be treated only through chronic dialysis or renal transplantation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Excretory Products and Their Elimination
    290 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION 19.1 Human Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water Excretory and ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolic System activities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances have to be removed totally or partially. In this chapter, you will learn the 19.2 Urine Formation mechanisms of elimination of these substances with special emphasis on 19.3 Function of the common nitrogenous wastes. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major Tubules forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, 19.4 Mechanism of whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum Concentration of loss of water. the Filtrate The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Many bony fishes, 19.5 Regulation of aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature. Kidney Function Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across 19.6 Micturition body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal. Terrestrial adaptation 19.7 Role of other necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea Organs in and uric acid for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial Excretion amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic 19.8 Disorders of the animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the Excretory liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and System excreted out by the kidneys.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase in Macula Densa Regulates Glomerular Capillary
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 11993-11997, December 1992 Pharmacology Nitric oxide synthase in macula densa regulates glomerular capillary pressure (kidney/tubuloglomerular feedback response/glomerular ifitration rate/afferent arteriole) CHRISTOPHER S. WILCOX*t, WILLIAM J. WELCH*, FERID MURADf, STEVEN S. GROSS§, GRAHAM TAYLOR¶, ROBERTO LEVI§, AND HARALD H. H. W. SCHMIDTII** *Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608; I'Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; tAbbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500; iDepartment of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021; and IDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, The Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England W12 OHS Communicated by Robert F. Furchgott, September 3, 1992 ABSTRACT Tubular-fluid reabsorption by specialized Previous studies have established that L-arginine-derived cells of the nephron at the junction of the ascending limb of the nitric oxide (NO) is produced by several cells within the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule, termed the kidney, including isolated glomerular mesangial (6) and en- macula densa, releases compounds causing vasoconstriction of dothelial cells (7), and a renal epithelial cell line (8), but its the adjacent afferent arteriole. Activation of this tubuloglo- integrative role in the control ofrenal function is not yet clear merular feedback response reduces glomerular capillary pres- (9). In the vessel wall, the endothelium can mediate vasodi- sure of the nephron and, hence, the glomerular filtration rate. lator responses to agents such as acetylcholine (10) and can The tubuloglomerular feedback response functions in a nega- blunt the actions of certain vasoconstrictors (11).
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions
    Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b.
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary System
    URINARY SYSTEM Ján Líška DVM, PhD Institut of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Urinary system • The kidneys are the organ with multiple functions: • filtration of the blood • excretion of metabolic waste products and related removal of toxins • maintenance blood volume • regulation of acid-base balance • regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance • production of the hormones The other components of urinary system are accessory. Their function is essentially in order to eliminate urine. Urinary system - anatomy • Kidney are located in the retroperitoneal space • The surface of the kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue. • This capsule is coated with adipose capsule. • Each kidney is attached to a ureter, which carries urine to the bladder and urine is discharged out through the urethra. ANATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY RENAL LOBES CORTEX outer shell columns Excretory portion medullary rays MEDULLA medullary pyramids HILUM Collecting system blood vessels lymph vessels major calyces nerves RENAL PELVIS minor calyces ureter Cortex is the outer layer surrounding the internal medulla. The cortex contains renal corpuscles, convoluted parts of prox. and dist. tubules. Renal column: the renal tissue projection between two medullary pyramids which supports the cortex. Renal pyramids: the conical segments within the medulla. They contain the ductal apparatus and stright parts of the tubules. They posses papilla - having openings through which urine passes into the calyces. Each pyramid together with the associated overlying cortex forms a renal lobe. renal pyramid papilla minor calix minor calyx Medullary rays: are in the middle of cortical part of the renal lobe, consisting of a group of the straight portiones of nephrons and the collec- medullary rays ting tubules (only straight tubules).
    [Show full text]
  • Lab-Renal-2018-Zw4m.Pdf
    Introduction The slides for this lab are located in the “Urinary System” folders on the Virtual Microscope. In this lab, you will learn about the structures within the kidney required to filter the blood and the tubes required to transport the resulting waste products outside the body. The journey begins in the unit of the kidney called the nephron. Here the blood is filtered, products are reabsorbed and then some are secreted again, based on the body’s current state. Dissolved in water, these products then travel through the conducting portion of the kidney to the ureters. The ureters insert on the urinary bladder obliquely and posteriorly. The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it can be conveniently evacuated. Urine exits the body through the urethra. Learning objectives and activities Using the Virtual Slidebox: A Outline a renal lobe and identify the structural components of a renal lobule B Examine the components of the renal corpuscle: glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule C Classify the different areas of the renal tubules based upon their histological appearance and location D Compare the structures of the excretory passageways and use this information to identify them E Complete the self-quiz to test your understanding and master your learning Outline a renal lobe and identify the structural components of a renal lobule Examine Slide 1 and approximate a renal lobe in the kidney by identifying the following: Each kidney can be divided into somewhere between 8-15 renal lobes. Each lobe consists of a medullary pyramid capped by the cortex and flanked by renal columns with a renal papilla at its apex.
    [Show full text]
  • Myofibroblasts Correlate with Lymphatic Microvessel Density and Lymph Node Metastasis in Early-Stage Invasive Colorectal Carcinoma
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 25: 2705-2712 (2005) Myofibroblasts Correlate with Lymphatic Microvessel Density and Lymph Node Metastasis in Early-stage Invasive Colorectal Carcinoma PIN LIANG1, JIAN-WEI HONG2, HIDEYUKI UBUKATA1, GE LIU1, MOTONOBU KATANO1, GYO MOTOHASHI1, TERUHIKO KASUGA1, YOSHINORI WATANABE1, ICHIRO NAKADA1 and TAKAFUMI TABUCHI1 1Fourth Department of Surgery and 2Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Kasumigaura Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan Abstract. Background: Recent studies have shown that the Myofibroblasts are the main component cells in tumor interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells are stroma, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (·-SMA)-positive important in tumor development. A possible correlation myofibroblasts were found to participate in the synthesis of between tumor-activated myofibroblasts, the main component extracellular matrix components of tumor stroma, and to cells of tumor stroma, and lymphatic microvessel density produce lytic enzymes able to degrade the basement (LMVD) or other clinical parameters in carcinoma was membrane surrounding tumor glands. Although present in investigated. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical the progressive tumor nodules, they disappear during tumor examination of alpha-smooth muscle actin and podoplanin regression (5, 6). The correlation between microvessel were performed in 83 cases of early-stage invasive colorectal density and myofibroblasts was shown by Zidar et al. (7), but carcinoma. Results: There was a good correlation between the influence of myofibroblasts in lymphagiogenesis remains proliferation of myofibroblasts (PMpt) and LMVD (LMVDpt) unclear. Only recently, podoplanin, a 43-kd glomerular in the peri-tumoral area (p=0.0034). Increased PMpt was also podocyte membrane mucoprotein and a specific lymphatic associated with lymphatic invasion (p=0.0051) and with vessel marker, has enabled the investigation of the lymph node metastasis (p=0.011).
    [Show full text]
  • Ward's Renal Lobule Model
    Ward’s Renal Lobule Model 470029-444 1. Arcuate artery and vein. 7. Descending thick limb of 12. Collecting tubule. 2. Interlobular artery and vein. Henle's loop. 13. Papillary duct of Bellini. 3. Afferent glomerular arteriole. 8. Thin segment of Henle's 14. Vasa recta. loop. 4. Efferent glomerular arteriole. 15. Capillary bed of cortex (extends 9. Ascending thick limb of through entire cortex). 5. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus Henle's loop. plus Bowman's capsule). 10. Distal convoluted tubule. 16. Capillary bed of medulla (extends 6. Proximal convoluted tubule. 11. Arched connecting tubule. through entire medulla). MANY more banks of glomeruli occur in the cortex than are represented on the model, and the proportionate length of the medullary elements has been greatly reduced. The fundamental physiological unit of the kidney is the nephron, consisting of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop, and the distal convoluted tubule. The blood is filtered in the glomerulus, water and soluble substances, except blood proteins, passing into Bowman's capsule in the same proportions as they occur in the blood. In the proximal tubule water and certain useful substances are resorbed from the provisional urine, while some further components may be added to it by secretory activity on the part of the tubular epithelium. In the remainder of the tubule, resorption of certain substances is continued, while the urine is concentrated further by withdrawal of water. The finished urine flows through the collecting tubules without further change. Various kinds of loops occur, varying in length of the thin segment, and in the level to which they descend into the medulla.
    [Show full text]
  • Renal Corpuscle Renal System > Histology > Histology
    Renal Corpuscle Renal System > Histology > Histology Key Points: • The renal corpuscles lie within the renal cortex; • They comprise the glomerular, aka, Bowman's capsule and capillaries The capsule is a double-layer sac of epithelium: — The outer parietal layer folds upon itself to form the visceral layer. — The inner visceral layer envelops the glomerular capillaries. • As blood passes through the glomerular capillaries, aka, glomerulus, specific components, including water and wastes, are filtered to create ultrafiltrate. • The filtration barrier, which determines ultrafiltrate composition, comprises glomerular capillary endothelia, a basement membrane, and the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. • Nephron tubules modify the ultrafiltrate to form urine. Overview Diagram: • Tuft of glomerular capillaries; blood enters the capillaries via the afferent arteriole, and exits via efferent arteriole. • The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule envelops the capillaries, then folds outwards to become the parietal layer. • The capsular space lies between the parietal and visceral layers; this space fills with ultrafiltrate. • Vascular pole = where the arterioles pass through the capsule • Urinary pole = where the nephron tubule begins • Distal tubule passes by the afferent arteriole. Details of Capillary and Visceral Layer: • Fenestrated glomerular capillary; fenestrations are small openings, aka, pores, in the endothelium that confer permeability. • Thick basement membrane overlies capillaries • Visceral layer comprises podocytes: — Cell bodies — Cytoplasmic extensions, called primary processes, give rise to secondary foot processes, aka, pedicles. • The pedicles interdigitate to form filtration slits; molecules pass through these slits to form the ultrafiltrate in the 1 / 3 capsular space. • Subpodocyte space; healthy podocytes do not adhere to the basement membrane. Clinical Correlation: • Podocyte injury causes dramatic changes in shape, and, therefore, their ability to filter substances from the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Kidney Function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition
    About This Chapter • Functions of the kidneys • Anatomy of the urinary system • Overview of kidney function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of the Kidneys • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure • Regulation of osmolarity • Maintenance of ion balance • Homeostatic regulation of pH • Excretion of wastes • Production of hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Kidneys – Bean-shaped organ – Cortex and medulla © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Functional unit is the nephron – Glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule – Proximal tubule – The loop of Henle • Descending limb and ascending limb twisted between arterioles forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus – Distal tubule – Collecting ducts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1b Anatomy summary The kidneys are located retroperitoneally at the level of the lower ribs. Inferior Diaphragm vena cava Aorta Left adrenal gland Left kidney Right kidney Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Peritoneum Urinary Rectum (cut) bladder (cut) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1c Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1d Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1f-h Anatomy summary Some nephrons dip deep into the medulla. One nephron has two arterioles and two sets of capillaries that form a portal system. Efferent arteriole Arterioles Peritubular Juxtaglomerular capillaries The cortex apparatus contains all Bowman’s Nephrons Afferent capsules, arteriole Glomerulus proximal Juxtamedullary nephron and distal (capillaries) with vasa recta tubules. Peritubular capillaries Glomerulus The medulla contains loops of Henle and Vasa recta collecting ducts. Collecting duct Loop of Henle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]