DOCSLIB.ORG

Law and the Management of Divisible and Non-Excludable Renewable Resources ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Law and the Management of Divisible and Non-Excludable Renewable Resources ______ Erling Berge, Derek Ott, and Nils Chr. Stenseth (eds.) LAW AND THE MANAGEMENT OF DIVISIBLE AND NON-EXCLUDABLE RENEWABLE RESOURCES _____________________________________________________________ Torgeir Austenå Bertil Bengtsson Erling Berge Ivar Bjørklund Ottar Brox Hans Chr. Bugge Thráinn Eggersson Thor Falkanger Alf Håkon Hoel Heikki Hyvärinen Kaisa Korpijaakko-Labba Gary Libecap Elinor Ostrom Derek Ott Robert Paine Pierre Roux Bjørn Sagdahl Audun Sandberg Gudmund Sandvik Carl-Hermann Schlettwein Hans Sevatdal Nils Chr. Stenseth Geir Ulfstein Trond Vedeld ________________________________________________________________________ The Agricultural University of Norway The Norwegian Man and Biosphere Committee The Norwegian Research Council _____________________________________________________________ ii Preface Copyright 1994 by Erling Berge, Derek Ott and Nils Chr. Stenseth All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted in any form or in any means without written permission except in the context of reviews. Printed in Norway. This is a preliminary edition printed in 40 copies. Do not quote without the permission of the authors. Published by the Department of Land Use and Landscape Planning, The Agricultural University of Norway with the support of the Norwegian Man and Biosphere Committee and the Program for rural development of the Norwegian Research Council Department of Land Use and Landscape Planning, AUN, P.O.Box 5029, N-1432 AAS, NORWAY iii Law and the management of divisible and non-excludable renewable resources Preface This book grew out of a conference titled "Common property regimes: law and the management of non-private resources". The conference was initiated by the Norwegian MAB-Committee and organized by The Department of Land Use Planning and Centre for Sustainable Development at the Agricultural University of Norway. Here, the interests of the MAB program and two other research programs, NLVF´s (The Norwegian Agricultural Research Council) research program for rural development and FSU´s (The Norwegian Research Councils´ Joint Committee) research program on "Economy and Ecology", were brought together with the goal of furthering our understanding of how the regimes of property rights in Finnmark in Northern Norway and in the Barents Sea affect resource utilisation. The “Man and Biosphere (MAB) Research Program" The goal of the international MAB program is -to develop a foundation for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere, -to develop a foundation for a sustainable interplay between man and environment, and -to predict the consequences of contemporary resource utilization and thereby improve man's capabilities for efficient management of the resources of the biosphere. The Norwegian MAB-committee has proposed to do in depth studies of renewable common resource systems by investigating the use of 1) range lands by pastoral societies, 2) and of marine resources by coastal populations. In particular, it has proposed to compare the use of the pastures of Finnmark by reindeer herders and their local communities with similar pastoral systems in Africa (e.g. in Sub-Saharan Sahel). Also the recurring crises of the fisheries in the Barents sea and their relations to the coastal population in Finnmark will be compared to similar situations elsewhere in the world (e.g. in Africa). Rural Development The Norwegian Research Council for Agriculture in 1990 initiated a research program for rural development. The program is directed at studying 1) Conditions for - and trends of - development in rural communities, 2) Economic, social and cultural strategies - and possibilities - for development in rural communities, and 3) Evaluation of development projects. iv Preface The program points out the need to study the conditions affecting the utilization of the wilderness areas both in a perspective where providing new sources of incomes for the inhabitants of the rural areas is the goal, and in a perspective where supplying collective goods for locals as well as tourists is the goal. The problems of environmental protection and sustainable utilization of resources are central. The range of problems addressed within the program is diverse. In a part of the project, “Cultural Aspects of New Industrial Development in Rural Norway”, the cultural and legal foundations for local resource appropriation has been addressed. Economy and Ecology - Management Tools For Sustainable Development The research program was initiated in 1991 by the joint committee of the Norwegian research foundations as a follow up of the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (“The Brundtland Report”). The goal of the program is to contribute to the development of management tools needed for transforming our current path of development to a sustainable development. The research program consists of five parts: - resource management and pollution in agriculture, - the management of the ocean, - society, environment, and energy, - ecology and development, and - development of methodology. The range of problems addressed is diverse. In particular, we should note the work of integrating biological multi-species models of large marine ecosystems and economic multi-species models of the fishery economy, and the work towards understanding the interplay between “agricultural systems” and the use of land and forest resources in Africa. Acknowledgements The conference was made possible by the effort of many people and the financial assistance of various organizations. The editors are grateful for the financial support of The Agricultural University of Norway, The Norwegian Research Council for Agriculture, The Norwegian Research Councils´ Joint Committee, The Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities, The Regional Council for Northern Norway and Namdalen, The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture, and The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Environment. v Law and the management of divisible and non-excludable renewable resources The proceedings of the conference The proceedings of the conference were made available in two volumes (Berge 1993, and Berge and Ott 1993). Of the 28 papers presented at the conference, 17 were selected for the present volume. Four of these were combined into two papers, co-authored by the contributors and several other were extensively rewritten. Six new papers not presented at the conference have also been included to present as coherent and theoretically interesting picture as possible of the resource management systems in Norway and the Barents Sea. vi Preface vii Law and the management of divisible and non-excludable renewable resources TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface iii Table of contents vii The contributors ix Introduction 1 1. Culture, Property Rights Regimes, and Resource Utilization. 3 Erling Berge Section 1: Theory from law and social science Introduction to Section 1 27 2. Institutional Analysis, Design Principles, and Threats to Sustainable Community Governance and Management of Commons 31 Elinor Ostrom 3. The economic rationale for communal resources 57 Thráinn Eggertsson 4. Distributional and political issues in modifying traditional common property institutions 75 Gary Libecap 5. Human rights and resource management - an overview. 93 Hans Chr. Bugge 6. Legal rights regarding rangelands in Norway with emphasis on plurality user situations 115 Thor Falkanger 7. Common property in rural areas in Norway 125 Hans Sevatdal Section 2: The Fisheries of the Barents Sea Introduction to Section 2 145 8. The legal status of rights to the resources in the Barents Sea 147 Geir Ulfstein 9. Managing the Barents Sea fisheries: impacts at national and international levels 155 Alf Håkon Hoel 10. To share or not share. That is the question of the commons. Management under scarcity . The case of the Norwegian cod fisheries. 181 Bjørn Sagdahl 11. Recent attempts at regulating the harvesting of Norwegian arctic cod 203 Ottar Brox viii Preface Section 3: Saami Reindeer Herding in Northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland Introduction to Section 3 217 12. Kautokeino `1960`: Pastoral Praxis 219 Robert Paine 13. Saami pastoral society 1990: The national integration of an indigenous management system 243 Ivar Bjørklund 14. The history of rights to the resources in Swedish and Finnish Lapland 255 Kaisa Korpijaakko-Labba 15. The Legal Status of Rights to the Resources of Finnmark with Reference to Previous Regulations of the Use of Non-Private Resources 265 Torgeir Austenå, and Gudmund Sandvik 16. The legal status of rights to resources in Swedish Lapland 281 Bertil Bengtsson 17. The legal status of rights to resources in Finnish Lapland 293 Heikki Hyvärinen Section 4: Comparisons and Conclusion Inroduction to section 4 301 18.The Namibian fisheries resource and the role of statutory law, regulations and enforcement of law in its utilization 303 Carl-Hermann Schlettwein and Pierre Roux 19. Customary tenure regimes under state and market pressure: The case of the Fulani in the inner delta of Niger 327 Trond Vedeld 20. Some notes on the terminology of Norwegian property rights law in relation to social science concepts about property rights regimes. 359 Erling Berge and Hans Sevatdal 21. The analytical importance of property rights to northern resources. 369 Audun Sandberg ix Law and the management of divisible and non-excludable renewable resources THE CONTRIBUTORS Torgeir Austenå (1928) is professor of law in the Department of Land Use Planning
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Samfunnsøkonomen Nr 3
    SAMFUNNSØKONOMEN NR. 3 • 2019 • 133. årgang NR. 3 2019 • 133. årgang SAMFUNNSØKONOMEN Hans Olav Melberg SØTE FORVIKLINGER Kjell Senneset BOLIGAVGANG OG BOLIGBEHOV Øyvind Kragh Kjos UT MED KONTANTER? John K. Dagsvik ENSRETTET EMPIRISK MIKROØKONOMI? Ottar Brox KYSTFOLKETS ALLMENNING PRIVATISERT Ragnar Torvik NY TEKNOLOGI, PRODUKTIVITETSVEKST OG RENTER SAMFUNNSØKONOMEN Innhold • REDAKTØRER NR. 3 • 2019 • 133. ÅRG. Ragnhild Balsvik • NHH Jan Yngve Sand • UiT Gaute Torsvik • UiO • LEDER 3 Manus, annonsebestilling og generell korrespondanse til • AKTUELL KOMMENTAR Samfunnsøkonomens redaksjon kan sendes til: Søte forviklinger: [email protected] Avgift på sukker, brus og sjokolade 4 Hans Olav Melberg • PROSJEKTLEDER Marianne Rustand Evig eies kun et boligbygg. [email protected] Om boligavgang og boligbehov 8 Kjell Senneset • UTGIVER Samfunnsøkonomene Er det på tide å fase ut kontanter? 18 Leder: Trond Tørstad Øyvind Kragh Kjos Generalsekretær: Sigurd Løkholm Sviktende ambisjoner og ensretting i • ADRESSE empirisk mikroøkonomi? 26 Samfunnsøkonomene John K. Dagsvik Kristian Augusts gate 9 0164 Oslo Telefon: 90 86 75 20 • AKTUELL ANALYSE [email protected] Slik blir kystfolkets allmenning privatisert 32 Ottar Brox www.samfunnsokonomene.no Bankgiro: 8101 48 08221 • ARTIKKEL Mediaplan 2019 Ny Teknologi, Produktivitetsvekst og Renter 40 • MANUS PUBLISERINGSDATO ANNONSEFRIST Ragnar Torvik Nr. 3 24. mai 18. jun 05. jun Nr. 4 30. aug 19. sep 09. sep • DEBATT Nr. 5 28. okt 15. nov 05. nov Nytten av kraftkabler og fornybar energi 49 Nr. 6 28. nov 18. des 06. des Anders Kringstad, Jan Bråten og Abonnentene i Norge må beregne 1–3 dager ekstra til postgang Vegard Holmefjord • PRISER Abonnement kr. 1100.- • INTERVJU Enkeltnr. inkl. porto kr. 195.- Rolf Aaberge 53 Klara Wade • ANNONSEPRISER (ekskl.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Good Night Out'
    Nordic Theatre Studies Vol. 29, No. 2, 2017, 87—119 ‘A Good Night Out’ When Political Theatre Aims at Being Popular, Or How Norwegian Political Theatre in the 1970s Utilized Populist Ideals and Popular Culture in Their Performances ANNA WATSON ABSTRACT Bertolt Brecht stated in Schriften zum Theater: Über eine Nichtaristotelische Dramatik (Writings on Theatre: On Anti-Aristotelian Drama) that a high quality didactic (and politi- cal) theatre should be an entertaining theatre. The Norwegian theatre company Hålogaland Teater used Brecht’s statement as their leading motive when creating their political performances together with the communities in Northern Norway. The Oslo- based theatre group, Tramteatret, on the other hand, synthesised their political mes- sages with the revue format, and by such attempted to make a contemporaneous red revue inspired by Norwegian Workers’ Theatre (Tramgjengere) in the 1930s. Håloga- land Teater and Tramteatret termed themselves as both ‘popular’ and ‘political’, but what was the reasoning behind their aesthetic choices? In this article I will look closer at Hålogaland Teater’s folk comedy, Det er her æ høre tel (This is where I belong) from 1973, together with Tramteatret’s performance, Deep Sea Thriller, to compare how they utilized ideas of socialist populism, popular culture, and folk in their productions. When looking into the polemics around political aesthetics in the late 1960s and the 1970s, especially lead by the Frankfurter School, there is a distinct criticism of popular culture. How did the theatre group’s definitions of popular culture correspond with the Frankfurter School’s criticism? KEYWORDS Political Theatre; Popular Culture & Theatre; Adorno; Gramsci; Brecht; Dario Fo; Tramteatret; Hålogaland Teater.
    [Show full text]
  • Ottar Brox: På Vei Mot Et Post- Industrielt Klassesamfunn
    OTTAR BROX: PÅ VEI MOT ET POST- INDUSTRIELT KLASSESAMFUNN Annerledeslandet – utvikling eller avvikling? raskt ble fanget opp i Senterungdommen via John Dale og hans nærmeste medarbeidere. Det samme Pax Forlag, 2016 skjedde i store deler av det politiske landskapet. ISBN: 9788253038971 Dels ble den rådende politikken modifisert, dels ble det etablert en sterk opposisjon mot gjeldende landbruks­ og fiskeripolitikk. Korvald­regjeringens Sverre Kværner er utdannet sosiolog. Av Sverre Kværner tilleggsmelding om distriktspolitikken hadde ambi­ Han har tidligere vært leder i Moelven siøse mål. Etter hvert ble det mer retorikk enn om­ Wood Norge og for Stangeskovene, der han i dag er regionansvarlig. Han Det er alltid interessant når Ottar Brox kommer med legging. Det burde ikke overraske noen. De største har også jobbet med næringsutvikling ei ny bok. Konsekvent ligger det et tungt samfunn­ i næring ene hadde tung innflytelse på politikken. for kommune (flyplassutbyggingen sengasjement til grunn, og kompliserte samfunns­ Vannet renner som regel nedover. i Ullensaker) og fylkeskommune, og deltok fra midten av 1970-tallet aktivt messige sammenhenger kommuniseres på en peda­ Brox fortsatte med å dokumentere hvordan i miljøbevegelse og distriktspolitikk. gogisk måte. Brox har i over 50 år prinsippfast og myndighetene støttet og la forholdene til rette for engasjert kjempet for levelige livsvilkår for folk avvikling av den lokale fiskeriflåten. Via en unød­ i samfunnets sosiale og geografiske utkant. Han vendig overkapasitet omfordeles felles fiskeri­ hevder at en desentralisert struktur på bygdene har ressurser til en rik elite. Underveis blir selve grunn­ vært en forutsetning for å sikre folk flest god vel­ renta, eller overskuddet av naturressursen, borte.
    [Show full text]
  • "Norway, Anthropology In" In
    Norway, Anthropology in THOMAS HYLLAND ERIKSEN University of Oslo, Norway As in many other European and Latin American countries, social anthropology has grown steadily in Norway since the 1960s, with an accelerated growth rate in the early 1990s. The discipline is taught at all levels at four universities (Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Tromsø), the Oslo and Bergen departments being the largest with a permanent scientific staff of between fifteen and twenty each, in addition to dozens of PhD students, postdocs, and temporary lecturers and researchers. A considerable number of social anthropologists also work at research institutes and colleges around the country. The number of people qualified as anthropologists in Norway—more than 1,000 in a total population of 5 million—is proportionately very high. Most work outside the academy—in the civil service, the nongovernmental sector, and the private sector. Anthropology also has a strong public presence in the country, with many professional social anthropologists regularly writing op-eds in newspapers, participating in media debates, and publishing the occasional book for a general readership. BecauseofthegenerallystrongpositionofsocialanthropologyinNorwegiansoci- ety, perspectives from basic cultural relativism and comparative analysis often appear in thepublicsphereevenwithouttheactiveagencyofpracticinganthropologists.More- over, all Norwegian schoolchildren are exposed to some anthropology. The mandatory subject Samfunnslære (social studies), taught in lower secondary school, includes a little social anthropology; in theory, this makes all Norwegians in their early teens aware of its existence. In upper secondary school, sociology and social anthropology is an optional subject, chosen by more than 10,000 seventeen-year-olds every year, which teaches the fundamentals of cultural relativism, comparison, ethnographic method, and global cul- tural diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • What Happened in Northern Norway?
    Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education What Happened in Northern Norway? A comparative and quantitative analysis of political and demographic development in Northern Norway from 1950 to 2015 Jonas Stein A dissertations for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – August 2019 Summary The thesis What Happened in Northern Norway? is a quantitative analysis of various aspects of the political and demographic development in Northern Norway from 1950 to today. The theories of Ottar Brox and in his seminal work Hva skjer i Nord-Norge? (What Is Happening in Northern Norway?), have influenced regional and national actors in their understanding of the region and their policy development. This thesis aims to analyze what actually happened in Northern Norway in the years following Brox’s work by using a different theoretical framework for the center‒periphery relationship, one developed by another social scientist with roots in Northern Norway, Stein Rokkan, and by applying quantitative methodology. The first paper, “The Striking Similarities between Northern Norway and Northern Sweden,” published in Arctic Review on Law and Politics (2019), uses a comparative perspective to find a very similar pattern of demographic development in municipalities in Northern Norway and Northern Sweden, especially from 1975 to 2015, despite important differences in regional policies applied in the two countries. In the second paper, “The Centre‒Periphery Dimension and Trust in Politicians: The Case of Norway,” published in Territory, Politics, Governance (2019), Northern Norway serves as a case for exploring if there is a spatial dimension in trust in politicians that goes beyond the urban‒rural dimension. The results produced when using the Rokkanian framework reveal lower trust in national and local politicians in Northern Norway than elsewhere in the country, despite controlling for performance, cultural, political, and socio-economic variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Congress Programme
    XXVI ESRS CONGRESS Congress Programme Places of possibility? Rural Societies in a Neoliberal World 18 – 21 August 2015 Aberdeen, Scotland Practical Information Index On-line programme App i Registration The registration and information desk will be available in the following locations: Welcome from the congress organisers 3 • Monday 17 August At the James Hutton Institute from 10 am to 4 pm (for precongress participants) Programme Overview 4 • Tuesday 18 August At the Arts Lecture Theatre, University of Aberdeen from 3 pm to 5:30 pm Scientific Committee 6 Elphinstone Hall, University of Aberdeen from 6 pm to 8 pm Local organising committee 6 • Wednesday 19 – Friday 21 August Information desk at the Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre, throughout the congress Keynote speakers 7 Precongress keynote speakers 9 WiFi Field trips 10 During the congress you can make use of free WiFi at the AECC. Username: ESRS2015 Lunch with the authors 13 Password: connectESRS Parallel Session Overview Table 14 Working Group Session 1 17 ESRS has gone mobile, Download the VisitAberdeen app. To access with a programme app. information about ESRS2015 select <conferences> from Working Group Session 2 22 Further details on page 2. the menu and when prompted use access code <1224>. Working Group Session 3 30 Accessing the congress Working Group Session 4 37 Delegates are asked to make use of public transportation to access the AECC and University of Aberdeen Working Group Session 5 44 King’s College Campus. Stagecoach and First Aberdeen offer services between the city centre, University of Aberdeen and the AECC (along King Street).
    [Show full text]
  • Basis of Project
    UHI Thesis - pdf download summary North West of Scotland and Western Norway A comparative study of factors which can impact on small-scale agriculture within similar peripheral communities Parsons, Gavin Christopher DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (AWARDED BY OU/ABERDEEN) Award date: 2011 Awarding institution: The University of Edinburgh Link URL to thesis in UHI Research Database General rights and useage policy Copyright,IP and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the UHI Research Database are retained by the author, users must recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement, or without prior permission from the author. Users may download and print one copy of any thesis from the UHI Research Database for the not-for-profit purpose of private study or research on the condition that: 1) The full text is not changed in any way 2) If citing, a bibliographic link is made to the metadata record on the the UHI Research Database 3) You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain 4) You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the UHI Research Database Take down policy If you believe that any data within this document represents a breach of copyright, confidence or data protection please contact us at [email protected] providing details; we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Normalising Racial Boundaries. the Norwegian Dispute About the Term Neger1
    MARIANNE GULLESTAD Normalising racial boundaries. The Norwegian dispute about the term neger1 Contemporary Europe exhibits intriguing differences and striking commonalities concerning contemporary images of Blacks (Dewitte 1990; Nederveen Pieterse 1992; Pred 2000). According to race theory (Goldberg 1993; Winant 2000: 188), racial thinking and practice is historically contingent, fluid, continuously shifting, relational and processual. Present day racialising is deeply rooted in history as a longue duree´ in which racial signification was gradually inscribed on the human body over several hundred years of European expansion and hegemony. With extra-European immigration to Europe since the Second World War, many observers have noted a shift from classic, so-called scientific racism, to a new culturalist rhetoric (Balibar 1991; Barker 1981; Goldberg 1993; Hervik 1999; Miles 1993; Rex 1986; Stolcke 1995; Taguieff 1987; and Wieviorka 1995). According to these analysts a rearticulated link between nation and race can be observed. The language of hierarchy is being replaced by one of difference and the idea of cultural difference is working to prevent specific categories of racially coded people from being included in the nation. This is an apt description of the situation in several European countries right now, but too generally framed to capture the more specific nature and interaction of the many different discourses relevant to the creation and legitimisation of racially coded forms of national boundary maintenance. Culturalist discourses depend on other discourses, among them discourses involving the use of key terms of racial reference (such as, for example, ‘black’ and ‘coloured’). When people construct racial boundaries, they draw on a mixture of discourses, rooted in different and not necessarily racialised social realms, with different histories and degrees of legitimacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Norway in 1968 and Its Aftermath: Maoism, the Power of the Periphery and the Cultural Upper Class of the Sixty-Eighters
    Helge Høibraaten on 68 1 Published in Guri Hjeltnes (ed.): Universitetet og studentene. Opprør og identitet. Forum for universitetshistorie ved Universitetet i Oslo, skriftserien nr. 4, 1998. Helge Høibraaten: Norway in 1968 and its Aftermath: Maoism, The Power of the Periphery and the Cultural Upper Class of the Sixty-Eighters. 1 I. 1968, Norwegian style: unoriginal, idyllic. What was distinctive about the 1968 experience in Norway? Not much. One might to be tempted to say that the most distinctive characteristic was the lack of originality --- or in other words: the imitative quality of it all. There were many Viet Nam demonstrations of course, there was some noise in the universities resulting, with time, in some reforms, there were life style changes of hippyist and Marxist kinds, with time also of the ethnic kind (I am thinking especially of the cultural awakening of the Sami people of the North, corresponding to the world---wide rise of movements of the Original Peoples), and there were reproductions (mostly creative reductions) in Norwegian of thoughts coming in from Frankfurt, Paris and California. There was, however, no Viet Nam war being run by one´s own politicians, no Nazi father and mother generation to attack (by and large), no spectacular deaths or shoot---downs like those of Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy, Benno Ohnesorg and Rudi Dutschke, no terrorism, no general strike that looked for a romantic moment as if another revolution had broken out in Paris. Just plain imitation, i.e., the mellowing of something bigger and more terrible into something smaller and more idyllic --- and if there were Norwegians in the avantgarde with respect to any of these developments, then it was the Sami people.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Intervention Into Saami Reindeer- Management in Norway: Has It Prevented Or Provoked Tragedies of the Commons' ?
    Bard A. Berg (Nordic Saami Institute, Kautokeino) Government Intervention into Saami Reindeer- Management in Norway: Has it prevented or provoked Tragedies of the Commons' ? 1. Introduction: An epistemological outlook 2. A brief history of Saami Reindeer-Management 3. Kautokeino 1960-1995: Reindeer-Management in Transition 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structural Changes (1960-75) 3.3 The Laws and Regulations of the 1970-ies 3.4 What went wrong? 4. Is there a Tragedy of the Commons' in the Kautokeino pastures? 5. Different types of Solutions to the Reindeer-Management problems of interior Finnmark "The goal of social science is to describe, understand and explain specific historic processes, whereas all general statements about the social world are means, or tools, necessary to do the job professionally. (...) Common property theories can no more replace the history of North Norway than a toolbox can replace a house." Ottar Brox1 1 Brox 1990 (p. 232) 1. Introduction: An epistemological outlook "Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. Such an arrangement may work reasonably satisfactorily for centuries because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep the number of both man and beast well below the carrying capacity of the land. Finally, however, comes the day of reconing, that is, the day when the long-desired goal of social stability becomes a reality. At this point, the inherent logic of the commons remorselessly generates tragedy". Garrett Hardin2 Looking back into the history Saami reindeer pastoralism in Norway, I will in this paper consider the development of reindeer-management - and its present difficult situation in certain areas - partly by appliance of the Common Property Theory (CPT).
    [Show full text]
  • Kapittel 4: Universitet Og Region – En Sammensatt Relasjon Peter Arbo
    kapittel 4 Universitet og region – en sammensatt relasjon Peter Arbo Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet Abstract: Over the past 50 years, there has been a large-scale expansion and decen- tralization of higher education in Norway. Today, there are universities throug- hout the country, and the institutions are expected to serve as drivers for regional development. This chapter explores the many-faceted and symbiotic relationship between university and region. The chapter is based on a comprehensive literature review and the author’s own empirical research. First, it examines the advantages and disadvantages that a region may have from a university. Next, the lens is turned and the question is: What difference can the region make to the university? Six major transformations outside and within the universities currently changing the ways in which universities and regions interact are then discussed. As a result of these changes, universities are facing increasingly complex demands and expectati- ons, and the final part of the paper elucidates some of the dilemmas that this creates for the governance of the institutions. Keywords: university, region, interaction, transformation of higher education Innledning Universiteter har alltid hatt en særskilt betydning for den byen eller regi- onen der kjernevirksomheten er lokalisert. Forholdet mellom et univer- sitet og det omkringliggende samfunn kan i perioder være spenningsfylt, men kunnskapsinstitusjonene tiltrekker seg talentfulle mennesker, de gir økt økonomisk omsetning, de bidrar til spredning av nye ideer, og de kaster ofte glans over sin hjemby (Bender, 1988). Bak opprettelsen av de Sitering av dette kapitlet: Arbo, P. (2019). Universitet og region – en sammensatt relasjon.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is an Accepted Manuscript of a Book Chapter Edited by Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Strömbäck, and Claes H
    This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter edited by Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Strömbäck, and Claes H. de Vreese published by Routledge as Populist Political Communication in Europe on July 26, 2016. The book is available online at: http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/book/10.4324/9781315623016 5. Norway. Populism From Anti-Tax Movement to Government Party Anders R. Jupskas, Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Bente Kalsnes, and Toril Aalberg Introduction Norwegian research on populism and populist political communication has predominantly been related to the Progress Party (FrP). Although most Norwegian scholars tend to agree that the party should be categorized as a populist party, the use of the term populist and populism has varied significantly in both the scholarly literature and the public debate. An illustrative example of the fluctuating use of the concept is provided by Jensen, the current FrP leader, who declared that she was “proud to be the leader of a populist party” in 2007 but clearly did not want the party to be classified as populist in 2013 (Lode, 2013). Recently, however, and within the academic field, most scholars have started to agree on a set of indicators for categorizing populism and populist actors. These authors often draw upon the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2 in this volume and generally agree that populist actors present themselves as the voice of the people, while simultaneously criticizing the elite for having betrayed the democratic principle of popular sovereignty. Research on Populism in Norway Scholarly work on populism in Norway has tended to focus on the country’s most significant populist political phenomenon during the past 40 years— the FrP.
    [Show full text]