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Basis of Project UHI Thesis - pdf download summary North West of Scotland and Western Norway A comparative study of factors which can impact on small-scale agriculture within similar peripheral communities Parsons, Gavin Christopher DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (AWARDED BY OU/ABERDEEN) Award date: 2011 Awarding institution: The University of Edinburgh Link URL to thesis in UHI Research Database General rights and useage policy Copyright,IP and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the UHI Research Database are retained by the author, users must recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement, or without prior permission from the author. Users may download and print one copy of any thesis from the UHI Research Database for the not-for-profit purpose of private study or research on the condition that: 1) The full text is not changed in any way 2) If citing, a bibliographic link is made to the metadata record on the the UHI Research Database 3) You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain 4) You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the UHI Research Database Take down policy If you believe that any data within this document represents a breach of copyright, confidence or data protection please contact us at [email protected] providing details; we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 NORTH WEST SCOTLAND AND WESTERN NORWAY: A comparative study of factors which can impact on small-scale agriculture within similar peripheral communities A thesis presented for the degree of M Phil at the University of Aberdeen Gavin Parsons BSc (Eng) Hons, University of Aberdeen HND Gnìomhachas agus Gàidhealtachd, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig 2011 Summary The research project was undertaken to investigate factors which might contribute to sustaining or strengthening small-scale agriculture as a part of resilient rural communities in west coast Scotland and Norway. The reasons for an increasing concern at government level about food security, as part of the multifunctionality of agriculture, are discussed as a background to the study. Case-study areas were identified in each country, Trotternish in Skye, which is mainly under crofting tenure, and Askvoll, in Sogn og Fjordane on the west coast of Norway where owner-occupied farms are of a similar size to the Trotternish crofts. These case-study areas were examined through statistics, to determine the extent of changes in agricultural practice since 1970, and this was then compared with the impressions from small-scale farmers from the two areas, to try to unravel the complex combinations of factors which had produced these changes. Factors examined included land tenure systems, governance at local, national and international level, agricultural policy, and traditional, cultural, social and communal practices. The role of social capital was considered in relation to the various types of cooperative working which occur in each study-area. Diversification as a strategy for increasing viability was considered as were the prospects for the next generation. Findings include the small part played by land ownership in land-use decisions in these areas, due to the particular security of crofting tenure and the regulation of farm purchase in Norway; that the closeness of local governance to communities has only a small effect on agriculture and that tradition plays a part in the continuation of small-scale agriculture, particularly in Trotternish. The thesis concludes that communal practices show particular strengths in various types of social capital and that agricultural policy-makers should consult more closely with small-scale farmers and address support to these strengths. 2 Declaration I, Gavin Parsons, confirm that I composed this thesis, that it has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree, that the work is my own, and that all quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of information specifically acknowledged. 3 Acknowledgments This research was funded by my employers, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, and I am grateful to them for allowing me time for research, and for sponsoring a field trip to Norway. I would like to thank particularly my supervisors Dr Gillian Munro and Dr Bob Stradling for their guidance, suggestions and willingness to advise at all times. Also, the Sabhal Mòr Ostaig librarian, Christine Cain and her co-workers, for their specialised knowledge, helpfulness and efficiency. The research could not have been done without the crofters and farmers in Trotternish and Askvoll who gave willingly of their time in interviews. Also the various officials of agricultural organisations, business organisations and councils in both study areas that I spoke to. I am particularly indebted to Geir Grytøyra, leader of the Landbrukskontor in Askvoll who was invaluable in identifying suitable interviewees. Thanks to Audhild Brødreskift of Stadsbygd who checked the Norwegian interview schedule. A special thanks to my wife, Susan for many hours of discussion, suggestions and proof- reading. Also to Fergus for help in design and Malcolm for help with crofting tasks while I was writing. 4 CONTENTS Summary.................................................................................................................... 2 Declaration................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements................................................................................................... 4 Contents..................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures............................................................................................................ 8 List of Tables..............................................................................................................9 List of Maps............................................................................................................... 9 List of Images.............................................................................................................9 Glossary......................................................................................................................9 Acronyms................................................................................................................... 11 1 PROJECT AIMS AND JUSTIFICATION................................................... 12 1.1 The importance of food........................................................................... 12 1.2 Food security........................................................................................... 16 1.3 Food sovereignty..................................................................................... 17 1.4 Importance of small-scale agriculture to achieve this............................. 18 1.5 Importance of small-scale agriculture in sustaining rural communities.. 20 1.6 Terminology............................................................................................. 23 1.6.1 Rural......................................................................................... 23 1.6.2 Community............................................................................... 24 1.6.3 Sustainability............................................................................ 25 1.6.4 Peripherality.............................................................................. 26 1.6.5 Resilience.................................................................................. 27 1.6.6 Social capital............................................................................. 28 1.7 Conclusion................................................................................... 30 2 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY............................................. 31 2.1 Comparative study areas.......................................................................... 32 2.1.1 Personal knowledge of study areas........................................... 33 2.2 Method..................................................................................................... 34 2.2.1 Analysis of documentary evidence........................................... 34 2.2.2 Identification of case study areas............................................. 34 2.2.3 Area profiles..............................................................................37 2.2.4 Research questions.................................................................... 37 2.2.5 Interview schedule.................................................................... 39 2.2.6 Fieldwork.................................................................................. 39 2.3 Summary.................................................................................................. 40 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE-STUDY AREAS..................................... 41 3.1 Choice of case-study areas....................................................................... 43 3.2 Geography and geology........................................................................... 43 5 3.3 Climate..................................................................................................... 44 3.4 Population...............................................................................................
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