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02/02/2018 1 Marco Apollonio and Roberta Chirichella 02/02/2018 Marco Apollonio and Roberta Chirichella Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari, Italy First Annual General Meeting of ENETWILD Parma 16-18 January 2018 1 02/02/2018 2005 - 2015 DATA FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: Walter Arnold and Friedrich Reimoser (Austria); Jim Casaer (Belgium); Luděk Bartoš(Czeck R.); Krešimir Krapinec (Croatia); Reidar Andersen (Denmark); Tiit Randveer (Estonia); Vesa Ruusila (Finland); Christine Saint-Andrieux (France); Marco Heurich (Germany); Haritakis Papaioannou (Greece); Csányi Sándor (Hungary); Rory Putman and Peter Watson (Ireland and UK); Francesco Riga (Italy); Jānis Ozoliņš (Latvia); Linas Balčiauskas (Lituania); Dime Melovski (Macedonia); Geert W. T. A. Groot Bruinderink (Netherlands); Atle Mysterud (Norway); Tomasz Borowik (Poland); Carlos Fonseca (Portugal); Istvan Szabo (Romania); Milan Paunović (Serbia); Slavomír Find'o (Slovakia); Boštján Pokorny (Slovenia); Juan Carranza (Spain); Göran Ericsson (Sweden); Reinhard Schnidrig-Petrig (Swizerland). Wild boar distribution in Europe and Near East 2 02/02/2018 WILD BOAR EXTICTION IN EUROPE • SWITZERLAND • BALTIC COUNTRIES • SWEDEN • NORWAY • DENMARK • NETHERLANDS • GREAT BRITAIN • SLOVENIA (ALMOST) Italy (Ghigi A., 1917, 1950) 3 02/02/2018 Italy (Apollonio. et al., 1988) Reintroduction restocking Natural immigration Reintroduction Restocking Natural immigration Autoctonous restocking Restocking Autoctonous Restocking Autoctonous Sus scrofa meridionalis Restocking (with Sus scrofa of Reintroduction different regions) Italy (Apollonio et al., 2010) 4 02/02/2018 STATUS OF EUROPEAN UNGULATES wild boar roe deer red deer fallow deer alpine chamois moose mouflon muntjac pyrenan chamois spanish ibex sika deer white tailed deer alpine ibex reindeer chinese water deer wild goat european bison axis deer muskox barbary sheep 0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 8000000 9000000 10000000 Heads roe deer 54.4% wild boar 22.8% red deer 14.4% 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Heads (thousands) THESE SPECIES REPRESENT 91,7% OF EUROPEAN UNGULATES 5 02/02/2018 roe deer 24.1% wild boar 25.2% red deer 31.5% 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Biomass (ton) THESE SPECIES REPRESENT 81% OF UNGULATE BIOMASS Wild boar estimated density in Europe 6 02/02/2018 Wild boar cull density in Europe 2005 – 2015 Hunting bag: increase (in thousands) +0.4 +0.1 +77.3 +21.3 +33.3 +0.2 +37.2 +0.8 +3.6 +44 +157 +30 +142 +32.6 +4.5 +50.4 +3.6 +1.5 +8 +185 +126.7 +0.5 +19.8 Data from 28 countries 7 02/02/2018 ~ 90 000 ~ 120 000 2005 2015 Harvested animals Czech Republic 1975-2005 (Bartoš L., 2015) ~ 161 500 ~ 288 000 2005 2015 Harvested animals Spain (Carranza J., 2015) 8 02/02/2018 ~ 87 000 ~ 137 000 2005 2015 Harvested animals 1960-2005 Hungary (Csányi S., 2015) Mean snow depth in Timing of ~ 30 ~ 400 mid March the snowmelt 2005 2015 Harvested animals Finland (Kojola I. and Ruusila V., 2015) 9 02/02/2018 ~ 27 200 ~ 31 700 Wild Boar 35000 2005 2015 30000 25000 Harvested animals 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 19501 1-20051 1 1 1 1 2 Austria 5 E culled losses total + (Reimoser F., 2015) ~ 476 000 ~ 520 600 2005 2015 600000 Harvested animals 500000 500 400000 400 300000 300 Harvest 200000 200 100 100000 Germany 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 197215 17-200219 21 23 25 27 29 31 (Heurich M., 2015) 10 02/02/2018 ~ 136 000 ~ 293 000 2005 2015 Harvested animals 180 160 140 120 100 numbers 80 bag 60 40 20 Poland 0 (Wawrzyniak Jędrzejewski, 1975 1980 1985 199019751995-20052000 2001 2002 2003 Borowik 2015) > 1 000 000 wild boars at least ~ 93 000 ~ 115 000 ~ 154 000 ? 1998 2005 2009 2015 Harvested animals Italy (ISPRA, 2015) 11 02/02/2018 18 countries (1982-2012): Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic France Germany Hungary Italy Latvia Luxembourg Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland WHY UNGULATES INCREASED? HUMANS RULE More than 500 millions vs Nearly 20 millions 12 02/02/2018 REASONS OF THE INCREASE OF UNGULATES IN EUROPE CHANGES IN HUMAN ACTIVITY AND SETTLEMENT RURAL POPULATION URBAN POPULATION http://faostat3.fao.org REASONS OF THE INCREASE OF UNGULATES IN EUROPE REDUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS http://faostat3.fao.org 13 02/02/2018 REASONS OF THE INCREASE OF UNGULATES IN EUROPE REDUCTION OF FREE RANGING LIVESTOCK BREEDING EU: LIVESTOCK (1000 LSU) 2005: 136’829 (80’173 grazing) - 2% - 4% 2010: 134’192 (77’226 grazing) REASONS OF THE INCREASE OF UNGULATES IN EUROPE INCREASE OF FORESTS Development of forest area (ha) 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 14 02/02/2018 REASONS OF THE INCREASE OF UNGULATES IN EUROPE INCREASE OF FORESTS FOREST EUROPE – UNECE and FAO 2011 – State of Europe’s Forests 2011 THE CASE OF ITALY 1950 Western Alps – landscape modification Western Alps (Valle d’Aosta) tare) tare) 2000 Forest cover (thousand Forest of hec cover (thousand (Giunti, 2005; Inventario Forestale Nazionale , 2007) 15 02/02/2018 THE CASE OF ITALY Tuscan Apennine – landscape modification 1950 Northern-Central Apennine (Tuscany) hectare) hectare) 2013 Forest cover (thousand Forest of cover (thousand THE ROLE OF REINTRODUCTIONS Number of countries with releases (reintroductions) ascertained: RED DEER: 27 (21) / 28 ROE DEER: 15 (7) / 28 WILD BOAR: 11 (4) / 28 ALPINE CHAMOIS: 10 (6) / 28 16 02/02/2018 THE ROLE OF PROTECTED AREAS Cumulative number and surface area of protected areas (39 EEA countries) WILD BOAR • A PLASTIC SPECIES • A PULSE RESOURCE CONSUMER • A THERMAL SENSITIVE SPECIES 17 02/02/2018 An adaptable species (1) An adaptable species (2) 18 02/02/2018 WILD BOAR DISTRIBTUION AROUND ROME © Filip Dabrowski 19 02/02/2018 The role of forest productivity Seeds density (Mg/ha) of chestnut (Castanea sativa), Turkey oak (Quercus cerris), and beech (Fagus sylvatica) seems to play a key role in population dynamics 20 02/02/2018 Total number of culled wild boar Winter snow depth Turkey oak seed production (Mg) Turkey oak and chestnut seed production Chestnut seed production (Mg) Winter snow depth (cm) Climate, tree masting and spatial behaviour in wild boar (Sus scrofa L.): insight from a long term study. Bisi F., Chirichella R., Chianucci F., von Hardenberg J., Cutini A., Martinoli A., Apollonio M. Submitted to Annals of Forest Science 21 02/02/2018 Where oaks or chestnut are absent, other fruit (like Pistacia lentiscus) can drive wild boar population dynamics In agricultural areas crops can substitute mast tree as main food item The increase of mail cultivation in Germany 22 02/02/2018 Long-term variation in annual temperature in Bialowieza forest, Poland mean annual temperature 10-year moving average 10 9 ) C o ( e r 8 u t a r e 7 x p m e T 6 5 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Source: Jędrzejewska and Jędrzejewski (1998) Densities of ungulates positively correlated with temperature The strongest relationships were found in: European bison Wild boar 23 30°N 40°N 50°N Log density of wild boar log [1 + (n/km2)] in relation to mean temperature of January 0°E Source: Melis C., Szafrańska P., Jędrzejewska Jędrzejewska B., Bartoń K. (2006) J. Biogeography Source: Melis C., Szafrańska P., Jędrzejewska B., Bartoń K. (2006) J. Biogeography Source: Melis C., Szafrańska P., 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 -20 60°N LogDens = 0.039 Temp + 0.438, N = 54, R 54, N = 0.736, = 0.438, + Temp 0.039 = LogDens Population density Population density of wildboar 10°E -15 Mean temperature ofJanuary temperature Mean 20°E -10 Population density: density: Population0.01 • publishedonsources • Data on vegetation productivity (FPAR index), index), vegetation(FPAR productivityonData analysedbasedEurasialocationswestern54in January temperature, wolf presence/absencetemperature,wolf January -5 30°E 0 40°E 2 60°N 5 – 10 inds/km 10 p = p0.0001 50°E 10 2 0 1 2 5 10 15 60°E 50°N Wild boar density 2 (n/km ) 30°N 40°N 02/02/2018 24 02/02/2018 Temperate ungulates will profit from temperature increase and will expand their range northwards; alpine and Northern ungulates will suffer from actual loss of suitable habitat and changed environmental conditions 25 02/02/2018 TUSCANY SUMMER 2017 26 02/02/2018 Hunting statistics Many countries = Many systems 1. Individual records of all animals harvested by hunting or recorded dead stored directly by hunters in a NATIONAL DATABASE e.g. Finland, Norway, Slovenia On-line hunting information system: Slovenia example Developed by the Slovene Hunters Association yearly costs for maintaining: 15,000-30,000 EUR; Many essential data for every ungulate shot or died due to any other reasons, available after 2006 species, gender, assessed age, body mass, antler mass, CIC points, health status, veterinarian number, hunter, area, date and hour of cull; All data for the animal shot must be put into the system immediately up to end of the month at the latest; On-line availability; Spatial information. Slovenia (Pokorny B., 2016) 27 02/02/2018 On-line hunting information system: Slovenia example … also location of the cull in a very high spatial resolution: • in 1 x 1 km grid (2006-2014), • by exact x,y coordinates (since 1 January 2015). Slovenia (Pokorny B., 2016) Actual management: hunting statistics Many countries = Many systems 2. Annual (or multi annual) report on a national level, data collected by regional administrations/managing organisations e.g. Austria, Baltics, Belgium (Flanders, not Wallonia for wild boar), Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy (data collection not complete for wild boar), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden (hunting bag data on a voluntary basis for wild boar), Switzerland NB • Possible loss of information due to data transfer • Possible uneven data collection among hunting unitis 28 02/02/2018 THE HUNGARIAN SYSTEM The Polish example Managers of each hunting district report to the regional administration on the numbers (by age and sex) of all harvested and animals found dead Records submitted to headquarters of local forest districts Data to regional and central headquarters of the Polish Hunting Associaton Data to the General Forest Directorate.
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