Ground Water 433 BCM Surface Water 690 BCM Current Utilization
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
25-05-2018 Total Precipitation 4000 BCM Total water availability 1869 BCM Total utilizable water resources 1123 BCM Surface water Ground Water 690 BCM 433 BCM Current utilization Current utilization 450 BCM ( 65% ) 243 BCM (58%) Central Water Commission 2 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 Rainfall in mm Rainfall Rainfall in mm 300 Averag 1,170 200 e 100 Mawsynram, Max. 11,000 0 Meghalaya Western Min. 100 Rajasthan Pre Post Winter Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon (Jan-Feb) (Oct-Dec) (Jun-Sep) Monsoon (Mar-May Central Water Commission 3 4 1 25-05-2018 Sl Total Water Requirement for Different Uses (in BCM) ➢ Total Cultivable Land: 181.98 Mha No. Uses Year 2025 Year 2050 ➢ Ultimate Irrigation Potential: 139.89 Mha 1. Irrigation 611 807 ➢ Potential Created (Mar 12): 113.53 Mha 2. Domestic 62 111 Major & Medium: 47.97 Mha 3. Industries 67 81 Minor: 65.56 Mha 4. Power 33 70 ➢ Gross Sown Area: 195.25 Mha 5. Others 70 111 ➢ Gross Irrigated Area: 91.53 Mha Total 843 1180 ➢ Net Sown Area: 140.80 Mha Population 1.3 Billion 1.5 Billion ➢ Net Irrigated Area: 65.26 MHa Estimate Assumptions: ▪ Increase in efficiency in irrigation from present level of 35% to 60% by 2050 ▪ Increase in productivity for rainfed agriculture from 1 to 1.5 and Irrigated agriculture from 3.0 to 4.0 t/ha 5 6 Efficiency Values (%) To answer Why, What and How to improve the Reservoir Efficiency 95%-98% efficiency of the project Conveyance Fully Lined system 70%-75% Efficiency Partially Lined system 65% To setup a benchmark to evaluate the projects Unlined system 60% against them for prioritisation of improvement On farm application Sprinkler/Drip 85% measures, if any. Efficiency Irrigation 60% Basin/Furrow Irrigation To adjust the project to new demand scenario Drainage Efficiency 80% emerging out of long term developments. IPU/IPC 85% Overall WUE 60-65% To find the design and planning deviations affecting the performance of the project to an optimum level. How to reach Leverage the new technologies available now for better management of the project. 2 25-05-2018 Input resource assessment- The yield patterns STORAGE Inflow + Sediment achieved against those assumed in the design, especially the temporal distribution Evaporation from surface constraints of Distribution system capabilities- Unaccounted implementation, unauthorised extensions, new demands, state of withdrawal form Seepage Seepage Operation reservoir the system contributing to from bed Policy groundwater and sides On farm usage- cropping patterns, application methods, Releases for use present agro-climatic environment Seepage Direct leakage/ PH back to Uncontrolled Management- systems in place, social structues and system spills Power releases management methods needing improvement/ introduction Key takeaway is that these are all interrelated. Attacking any single aspect will not yield the desired results. FIELD APPLICATION/ CONVEYANCE SYSTEM UNDER WRD/WUA CONTROL CROP PRODUCTIVITY Crop Produced Missing/ broken Regulator A BC ID Channels structure/Measuring Water Consumed Water Transpired by Head (Main, Br., Dy. by crop works device for Supply to Crop, Soil (> 150 Cusecs) WUAs Project Water loss Soil Moisture WUAs Minor transpired by weed Channels (< 150 retained for D EFG Cusecs) crop production A D Soil Moisture A. Inappropriate design, siltation B required B. Evaporation loss from canal surface I for leaching C. Transpiration from Hyacinth H Rainfall Dew Pumped Ground Water D. Seepage from bed, sides C E Initial Soil Water Moisture Farmer’s Field E. Unaccounted withdrawal as a loss F. Management based (operational) losses G F On-farm G. Diversions for other use supply Farm H. Inappropriate outlet design Inlet On-Farm I. Unaccounted outlet/field channel losses/ (Nakas) Storage Storage Water supplied by WUA over irrigation Augmentation On Farm Storage Loss though outlet/field rotation Fields Evaporation, Transpiration Seepage, Leakage Loss Delivery 3 25-05-2018 Case Studies – List of Projects Andhra Pradesh (Krishna Basin) -10 nos. Andhra Pradesh (Pennar Basin) • Tungabhadra Right Bank High Level • Somasilla canal (TB-RB-HLC) Andhra Pradesh (Other Basins)- 3 nos. • Tungabhadra Right Bank Low Level • Vamsadhara (Gotta Barrage) Canal (TB-RB-LLC) • Narayanpur Anicut • Rajoli Banda Diversion Scheme • Yeleru Dam (RBD) Uttar Pradesh (Ganga Basin) – 6 nos. • Kurnool Cuddapah canal (KC Canal) • Matatila Performance Assessment Studies- • Srisailam Right Bank Canal (SRBC) • Pilli Dam • Nagarjuna Sagar (NJS) • Ahraura dam Findings • Krishna Delta • Ohan dam • Koil Sagar • Naughar dam • Gajuladinne Dam (Medium) • East Baigul • Bhairavantippa (Medium) Haryana (Yamuna/Ganga) – 2 nos. Andhra Pradesh (Godavari Basin)- 6 nos. • Naggal Lift project (WJC) • Upper Manair • Augmentation Canal, (WJC) • Nizam Sagar Punjab – 2 nos. • Sri Rama Sagar (SRSP Complex) • Upper Bari Doab Canal (Ranjit Sagar • Kaddam (SRSP Complex) Dam) • Godavari Delta • Dholbaha Project • Gandipalem (Medium) Integrated Aspects in Tungabhadra Sub Basin ➢ Nearly all projects are integrated in terms of configuration, resource, use ➢ Changing scope of the projects ➢ Altered hydrology ➢ Un-assured withdrawals from reservoirs ➢ Lost active capacity of the reservoirs ➢ Dam safety concerns ➢ Evaporation and seepage losses from the reservoirs ➢ Leakage and uncontrolled withdrawals ➢ Excessive spills ➢ Inability of the head works to supply ‘Full Supply Discharge’ 16 4 25-05-2018 READJUSTED ALLOCATION OF WATERS WITH IN ANDHRA PRADESH Configuration of Manjira Basin Recent Period 75% Dependable inflows as percent of design 75% dependable Maharashtra: Manjira dam Reservation in Singur dam inflows/allocation GWDT Allocation • Water Supply to Hyderabad & 100 623 MCM (22 TMC) Tiruna dam Secunderabad (2.96 TMC) ex CA – 10484 Sq. Km. Manjira barrage 80 • Water Supply to Hyderabad & 60 Secunderabad (4.00 TMC) from dam 40 Choukinala dam • Water Supply to Fatheh bad and Karnataka Mahaboob Nagar (4.06 TMC) 20 GWDT Allocation: • Support for Nizam Sagar Dam (8.35 0 404 MCM (14.27 TMC) Karanjia dam TMC) CA- 3688 Sq. Km. • Reservoir losses, lift from reservoir and extra storage for silt provision (10 54 TMC) Andhra Pradesh: • Total )Singur dam) (29.91 TMC) GWDT allocation: Singur dam Balance Contributing to Nizam Sagar 1784 MCM (63 TMC) • Untapped from Singur and CA- 7521 Sq. Km. catchment downstream of Singur up Manjira Barrage to Nizam Sagar dam (33.09 TMC) • Support from flood waters of 40000 Nalavagu dam (2 TMC) through flood Dependable Flow – Design 5553 cumec; Present 3231 cumec 35000 Ghanpur Anicut canal Annual flow sequence at SRSP • Total directly reaching Nizam Sagar 30000 (35.09 TMC) 25000 Nizam Sagar Anicut Nizam Sagar Command 107028 ha 20000 7-year moving mean CA below Nizam Sagar Nizam Sagar Nizam Sagar Nizam Sagar 15000 Nizam Sagar Command Command Command Command Average - 9151 Sq. Km. Dy. 1 to 49 Dy. 50 to 72 Dy. 73 to 82 Dy. 73 to 82 10000 (56152 ha) (21769 ha) (15699 ha ) (13408 ha ) 5000 Aliagar Gutpah Shifted LIS LIS to SRSP 0 Sri Ram Sagar Reservoir 18 • Medium reservoirs have high seepage and evaporation losses Inflows in many reservoirs are dwindling Evaporation Loss as % of gross storage Seepage loss as a percent of gross storage Periodic review of hydrology with basin as a unit is necessary 25 Withdrawals from reservoirs are not reliable – cannot assure equity 20 15 10 Withdrawals in a 75% dependable year as % of design 120 5 107.3 withdrawals 0 100 89 81.8 80 68.3 61.4 57.8 60 52.2 36.6 40 36.3 26 24.5 20 20 15.9 6.7 0 0 0 Leakage from earthen portion 5 25-05-2018 Percent of time Reservoirs spilled during 1995-96 to 2005-06 Maximum ReservoirInflow Efficiency 120 Average Reservoir Inflow Efficiency 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reservoir InflowEfficiency in a Dependable Year 89 100 82 73 80 70 80 60 60 50 50 45 60 40 30 30 20 40 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Excessive spills coupled with lower withdrawals suggest wrong operational policy • Reported Reservoir filling efficiencies in a dependable year are Operational priorities for complementary/contradictory releases are questionable also not reported Actual Capacity of Head works as % of Design Capacity 160 ➢ Wrong approach for selection of canal reach for estimation of 140 efficiency 120 100 ➢ Inadequate capacity of head regulators to deliver FSD 80 ➢ 60 Many of the head regulators not functioning/tampered 40 Missing shutters/control devices 20 0 Require extensive repairs ➢ High seepage rate in many selected canal reaches ➢ Reduced carrying capacity of canal reaches ➢ Non-uniformity of seepage loss rate 6 25-05-2018 HR MR TR 200 ➢ PIM Act not enacted/ functional in some states 160 ➢ Canal Operational Concerns 120 High leakages, over withdrawals, thefts common 80 Assurance on supplies non-existent 40 Information on farm delivery not recorded 0 Warabandi/ canal roster not adhered to RBD (AP) RBD NagarjunaJC Nagarjuna-LC Kaddam(LMC) TB-RBLLC(AP) Sometimes only one watering is given Narayanpur (Dy) KoilSagar (LMC) KoilSagar (RMC) KrishnaDelta (WC) Narayanpur (RFMC) GandiPalem(LFMC) Gajuladinne (RFMC) GandiPalem(RFMC) Nizamsagarproject SRSP(Kaktiya0 Km) GodavariDelta (East) GodavariDelta (West) Ohendam(UP) (Main) KrishnaDelta (Ryves) Bhairavantippa(RFMC) SRSP (Kaktiya147 Km) GodavariDelta (Central) Somasilla (NorthFeeder) Somasilla Sidha(Naughar)Dy. (UP) Daulatabad (Ahrura) (UP) Somasilla(South Feeder) Ohen (Arwara Minor)Ohen (Arwara (UP) ChaukiaDy. (UP) (Ahrura) Gobindpur(Naughar) (UP) Bhatija(Naughar)Dy. (UP) KCCanal (Reach-1) (New) OhenMinor)(Aghudya (UP) Pambra Pambra (Dholbaha) Dy. (Pb.) Augmentationcanal (Haryana) Mugal Mugal main Sarai (Ahrura)… canal Design loss rate: Rock 0.91, Black Cotton Soil – 1.83, Alluvium Soils – 2.74, Decayed rock or gravel – 3.0 cumec/million sq m Canal Loss - cumec/million sq m 100 30 20 80 10 60 0 40 20 0 Canal Loss - cumec/million sq m 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7 25-05-2018 Water Availability : Farmers feed back ➢ Cropping pattern in most of the dams is not changed, only crop area Table.