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Governance of Intersectoral Reallocation of Water Within The Governance of Inter-sectoral reallocation of water within the context of Urbanization in Hyderabad, India DISSERTATION Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum agriculturarum (Dr. rer. agr.) Eingereicht an der Lebenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Atoho Jakhalu Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Lebenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Bernhard Grimm Gutachter/in: 1. Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Konrad Hagedorn 2. Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich Datum der Einreichung: 29/06/2017 Datum der Promotion: 9/10/ 2017 https://doi.org/10.18452/20598 Zusammenfassung Der intersektorale Wasserkonflikt zwischen urbaner und agrarischer Wassernutzung in Hyderabad und die Konkurrenz zwischen den Bedürfnissen der Stadt und den Ansprüchen der Landwirtschaft werden verschärft durch willkürliche Verteilungspraktiken, die den offiziellen Zuteilungsrichtlinien oft widersprechen. Übersetzt in die Sprache von Ostrom, gilt die vorliegende Untersuchung der Kernfrage, warum bestimmte praktizierte Regeln (rules-in-use) fortbestehen, obwohl formale Regeln (rules-in-form) im Bereich der Nutzungsrechte an Wasser vorhanden sind. Ostroms Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (IAD) identifiziert exogene Variablen und deren Einfluss auf die Rolle von Institutionen, durch die die Interaktionen und Entscheidungsprozesse von Menschen gestaltet werden. Die Arbeit versucht dementsprechend zu erklären, wie bestehende Institutionen und Governancestrukturen die Interaktionen beteiligter Akteure und deren Verhalten beeinflussen und wie daraus eine durch Willkür gekennzeichnete Umverteilung erwächst. Knights Verteilungstheorie institutionellen Wandels und sein Ansatz über Machtressourcen vermögen zu erklären, wie menschliche Interaktionen in Zusammenhang mit solchen Konflikten über begrenzte Ressourcen zustande kommen. Die zentralen Ergebnisse der Untersuchung weisen darauf hin, dass 1) eine sektorübergreifende Planung von Wasserzuteilung und -managements im Bundesstaat Andhra Pradesh fehlt, 2) die Beteiligung landwirtschaftlicher Akteure zu gering ist und eine Machtkonzentration bei staatlichen Akteuren vorliegt, 3) die Sanktionierung von Verstößen gegen regelwidriges Verhalten zu schwach ist, 4) die Auswirkungen klimatischer Schwankungen auf Wasserressourcen und deren Verfügbarkeit bei der Planung und dem Management von Wasserressourcen stärker zu berücksichtigen sind. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen ebenfalls, welche Wirkungen die Charakteristika verschiedener Gruppen von Wassernutzern und deren spezifische Abhängigkeit von Wasserressourcen auf ihre Fähigkeit zur politischen Einflussnahme ausüben. Solche Ausprägungen von Ressourcenabhängigkeiten bedingen Machtasymmetrien und erhöhen das Ausmaß willkürlicher Umverteilungen von Wasser. Die Untersuchung identifiziert eine Literaturlücke im Bereich der Politik der Wassergovernance, indem sie den Wählereinfluss als Machtressource im Land-Stadt-Konflikt um Wasserressourcen empirisch belegt. Die Arbeit zielt insgesamt darauf, das Erklärungspotential von Eigentumsrechtstheorien zu nutzen und anhand von Wasserkonflikten in Hyderabad ein Beispiel zur Anwendbarkeit aktueller Theorien institutionellen Wandels zu geben. Abstract Hyderabad’s inter-sectoral water conflict and competition between the city’s urban needs and the agricultural sector have been fueled by persistent arbitrary water reallocations against the prescribed allocation guidelines. To translate the key question into Ostrom’s language; this study seeks to unravel the persistence of rules-in-use, despite the rules-in-form already in place within the realms of property rights. Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development framework identifies exogenous variables and its influences on the role of institutions which shapes human interaction and decision making processes. It attempts to explain how the existing water-allocation mechanism has propagated the way rules and actors currently interact to influence such arbitrary water re-allocation. Knight’s distributional theory of institutional change and his concept of power resources provide good explanations of human interaction in the context of such conflicts over limited resources. Key results indicate 1) Lack of inter-sectoral planning and co-ordination in water resource allocation and management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, 2) Too little participation of farming actors and too much power vested in state actors, 3) Weak sanctions for violation of water management and regulations, 4) The need to consider the impact of climate variability on water resources and its availability while planning and management of water resources in Andhra Pradesh. The study results also reveal how the characteristics of water-user groups and its dependence on water resource have the ability to exert political influence over water allocation. Such attributes of resource dependence characterizes power asymmetry, thereby increasing the scale of arbitrary water reallocations. Henceforth, this study addresses the gap in ‘politics of water governance’ in existing literature by empirically deriving ‘political electorate’ as a power resource in rural- urban water contestation. Overall, this study seeks to employ the theoretical explanations of property rights and attempts to provide a case on the applicability of contemporary theories of institutional change by taking the case study of Hyderabad’s water contestation. Schlagwörter: intersektorale Wasserkonflikt, Knight’s distributional theory, IAD Framework, wassergovernance Keywords: inter-sectoral water conflict, Knight’s distrubutional theory, IAD Framework, water governance Table of Content Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iv Tables ...................................................................................................................................... viii Figures ....................................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. x 1 Introduction: Inter-sectoral Competition for Water Resources ........................................... 1 1.1 Hyderabad’s Inter-sectoral Water Contestation: an Institutional Problem ................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Research ........................................................................................... 3 1.3 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Stucture of the Study .................................................................................................... 5 2 Cities versus Agriculture: Setting the Study Context of Hyderabad (India)....................... 8 2.1 Cities vs. Agriculture: A Global Review ...................................................................... 8 2.2 The Hyderabad Case Study: ‘Competition-Conflict-Reallocation’ Nexus ................ 10 2.3 Historical and Political Perspective of Hyderabad Water Issues.......................…….13 2.4 Provision of Drinking Water for Hyderabad…………………...…....................…....16 2.5 Shift of Customary Water Rights to the Indian state……………....................……...21 2.6 Types of Water Rights in India ................................................................................... 22 2.7 Water in the Indian Constitution ................................................................................ 24 2.8 Provision of Water Resources in Andhra Pradesh ...................................................... 30 2.8.1 Irrigation Water in Andhra Pradesh ....................................................................... 31 2.8.2 Drinking Water in Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad ............................................. 34 2.9 Property Regimes and Institutional Arrangement for Water Allocation .................... 37 2.10 Perspectives on Inter-sectoral Water Allocation and Types of Transfers ................... 39 3 Property Rights and Distributional Conflicts in Resource Allocation .............................. 40 3.1 Definition and Origins of Property Rights: A Theoretical Perspective ...................... 42 3.2 Property Rights and Conflicts in Natural Resource Management ............................. 48 3.3 Institutions and Institutional Change ......................................................................... 49 3.4 Knight’s Distributional Theory and its Applicability to the Case of Hyderabad ....... 53 3.5 Inter-sectoral Water Reallocation and the ‘Politicized’ Institutional Analysis and Development Framework .................................................................................... 59 4 Methodological Approach ................................................................................................ 64 4.1 Case Study as a Research Strategy ............................................................................. 64 4.2 Research Paradigm and the Case Study ..................................................................... 64 4.3
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