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The Evolution of the Camp THE EVOLUTION OF THE CAMP Leonardo Nava Jiménez Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dunedin, New Zealand. March 2020 A la memoria de mi abuelo Víctor Manuel Nava Medina, quien me inculcó el amor por la historia y me mal educó para pensar fuera de los esquemas convencionales. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a journey, this thesis is beautiful because it amalgamates the effort and support of people from all around the world and all sorts of backgrounds. This whole journey was possible thanks to: My my parents and my two families for giving me a nest to grow and the wings to fly. – Papá, Mamá, gracias por su amor y su apoyo incondicional en todas mis aventuras–. My my supervisors: Neil Carr for his tough but efficient laissez-faire method, Willem Coetzee for bringing balance to the team with his human approach, and Aubrey Miller for his down-to-earth advice. –Honestly, thank you guys for trusting me–. Mandi Baker, Robin Kearns and Damian Collins for examining and commenting on this thesis. Their feedback was really valuable to improve my work. My my friend and language advisor, Shih Yen Chang for backing me up emotionally and professionally during these three and a half years. –Muchas muchas gracias Yen Yen–. GeoZone and the New Zealand Motor Caravan Association for sharing their spatial databases with this project. The National Library of New Zealand for creating, supporting and updating Papers Past. –It is an amazing tool–. The University of Otago for its academic and financial support through a three year scholarship. The Department of Survey for providing the software for the analysis of the spatial data. My dear friends from the Department of Tourism: staff, academics, and PhD students. My partner Liên for her unconditional support all these years. My sisters, Amira and Natasha, always standing shoulder to shoulder during this adventure. My Abbey Whānau and all my friends outside of the bubble. The people of New Zealand for always making me feel welcome in their beautiful country. My friends back in my beloved México, always reminding me that I have a home. –A wevo que se pudo!–. ABSTRACT In early 2019, hundreds of orphans from the Islamic State were sent to refugee camps in Syria. In parallel, thousands of families in Australia were enjoying their summer camps, survivors of the Holocaust commemorated the 74th anniversary of their liberation from the concentration camps, and millions of pilgrims flooded the camps next to the Ganges River during the Kumbha Mela. From scenarios of extreme deprivation to luxurious joy, willingly or forced, we (humans) have been inhabiting camps throughout our entire history. Depending on the context, our understanding of “camp” changes, but why do we describe antagonistic spaces using the same concept? This thesis followed the premise that the connections between camps rely on their historical use as a technology to create temporary human shelters, suggesting that a better understanding of these spaces may improve the way we create them and use them. The thesis starts by reviewing the main academic discourses about camps, addressing them as an educational strategy, a recreational product, and a biopolitical tool. After discussing these approaches, it was possible to elucidate the minimal elements and characteristics of a camp-space. Regardless of the context, this thesis observes a camp as a technological assemblage (of humans, a physical space, infrastructure/equipment, and techniques) that provides temporary human shelter while performing a specialised function (e.g. education, recreation or control). Using New Zealand as the case study, the aim of this thesis is to critically assess the evolution of camps, from their early use by the European colonists to the modern holiday camp. Using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology, more than six thousand posts in newspapers were used to track and describe the historical uses of camps between the establishment of the colony, in 1840, and the commercial boom of holiday camping in the 1930s. Once the historical connections between earlier camps (e.g. mining, war, and work camps) and the modern holiday camp were revealed, the analysis focuses on the use of camps as a network. A Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS) was built, using the records in holiday camping guidebooks (published since the 1930s), to reconstruct the evolution of the holiday camp industry, and the way it has been effectively used to capitalise on a vast territory with a scarce population. The final product is a spatial narrative that critically analyses different historical stages of the camp, used as single spaces and as a network. The thesis concludes that, independently from the context, most camp-spaces are divergent phases of the same basic technological assemblage, used to mobilise humans within an environment, but keeping them excluded from it. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. IV LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. VII ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... VIII 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 The premise .............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 The aim of the thesis .............................................................................................. 11 1.3 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................... 14 1.4 The structure .......................................................................................................... 15 2 WHAT IS A CAMP? .................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Etymology of the camp .......................................................................................... 20 2.3 Historical phases of a temporal shelter .................................................................. 24 2.4 A biopolitical tool .................................................................................................. 28 2.5 An educational strategy ......................................................................................... 30 2.6 A recreational product ........................................................................................... 32 2.7 Different uses for the same space .......................................................................... 35 2.8 An instrumental definition of camp ....................................................................... 38 2.9 Summary ................................................................................................................ 42 3 THE LOGICS BEHIND THE CAMP .......................................................................... 44 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 44 3.2 The biopolitical camp ............................................................................................ 45 3.3 Assemblage thinking .............................................................................................. 53 3.4 Assemblage theory ................................................................................................. 55 3.5 The camp as an assemblage ................................................................................... 62 3.6 The camp archipelago ............................................................................................ 65 3.7 Summary ................................................................................................................ 69 4 THE RESEARCH PROCESS ...................................................................................... 71 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 71 4.2 The case study: commercial holiday camps in New Zealand ................................ 72 4.3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 75 4.4 Methods ................................................................................................................. 79 I 4.5 Data collection ....................................................................................................... 82 4.6 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 123 4.7 Summary .............................................................................................................. 134 5 EARLY CAMPS ........................................................................................................ 136 5.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................
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