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South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community

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South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community UNIVESITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Anticommunism as Cultural Praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy of Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies by Thanh Thuy Vo Dang Committee in charge: Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair Professor Robert Alvarez Professor Rosemary M. George Professor Lisa Sun-Hee Park Professor Lisa Yoneyama 2008 © Thanh Thuy Vo Dang, 2008 All Rights Reserved. The dissertation of Thanh Thuy Vo Dang is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii DEDICATION Taëng cho gia ñình vaø coäng ñoàng ñaõ nuoâi döôõng Thuùy bao nhieâu naêm nay. For my family and my community that nurtured me all these years. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………..………………………………………………………………..iii Dedication………..……………………………………………………………………….iv Table of Contents…...……………………………………………………………………..v List of Figures…….………………………………………………………………………vi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………vii Vita……………………………………………………………………………………...viii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………. ix Introduction……………………………………………….……………………………….1 Chapter One The Setting and the Characters: The Social Life of Anticommunism…………………..39 Chapter Two Commemoration and Mourning: The Cultural Politics of “Black April”……………….88 Chapter Three “Freedom and Heritage”: Anticommunism and Articulations of “Denizenship”……...137 Chapter Four “Unfinished Business”: Silence in Vietnamese Refugee Home…..……………………176 Epilogue………………………………………………………………………………...217 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………221 v LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Black April 2005 Banner………………………………………………………126 Fig. 2.2 Elders Act……………………………………………………………………...131 Fig. 2.3 Youth Act……………………………………………………………...………133 Fig. 3.1 Flag Resolution of the City of San Diego……………………………………..155 Fig. 3.2 Etching of Vietnam Flag at Breen Park………………………………………..174 Fig. 4.1 Refugee Boat Wall Hanging…………………………………………………..211 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Vietnamese have a saying, “M ột ngày làm th ầy, su ốt ñ i là th ầy,” which roughly means, “If you are a teacher for a day, you are a teacher for a lifetime.” This resonates with my sense of gratitude to the teachers in my life, whether they belong to the university or not. The love, respect, and gratitude I feel toward all my “teachers” will forever be a part of me. I have had the good fortune of learning from so many. I thank my dissertation committee members, Roberto Alvarez, Rosemary M. George, Lisa Sun-Hee Park, and Lisa Yoneyama for their support of my work and for being the truly courageous scholars who have inspired me throughout my graduate studies. A special acknowledgement goes to my chair, Yen Le Espiritu, who has been so much more than an academic mentor. She has been my anchor and my guide throughout these seven years of learning, field work, teaching, writing, mothering, and so much more. I thank my dear cohort members, Faye Caronan, Tere Cesena, Monika Gosin, Ashley Lucas, and Theo Verinakis for their friendship and humor. They have each taught me much about how to care for and support each other through graduate school. The first two years were bearable, even enjoyable, because they were all there with me. To my grad-mom dissertating buddy, Theresa C. Suarez: she has taught me a great deal about kindness, perseverance, and the stakes of our work. I am so honored to have crossed the finish line with her. I must also acknowledge the phenomenal women of my reading group, Tôùi Ñaâu Haây Tôùi Ñoù, who always remind me of the importance of my work and who help me find the language to enter into important conversations about the community and the academy. Special thanks to Cam Nhung Vu who has always been a wonderfully vii supportive friend and conference co-panelist. I have learned to not take myself too seriously and be less “Type-A” through our friendship. Outside the walls of the academy, I have had many teachers who offered valuable insights on navigating life’s moments, no matter how grandiose or trifling. My dearest friends from the I.E., Nhu and Ha Thai, have shown me how the best types of friends are those who can pick up a conversation from where we left off months later with ease. My college girlfriends, Melinda Leidy and Linh Thong constantly keep me in check and always remind me why I went to graduate school in the first place. My childhood friend who I re-discovered after a long absence, Giang Nguyen Foster, has become a source of inspiration through her amazing ability to do so much and yet always make time for others. Through my renewed friendship with Giang I have re-learned how to giggle like a little girl. These women offer me with their own brands of wisdom on how to love, laugh, forgive, and overcome trying times. They have been there for me in the darkest hours and have celebrated many milestones and happy moments. I consider myself so unbelievably lucky to have such friends and muses. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my community teachers, especially Nghiep Le and Son Tran, who served as “uncles,” mentors and friends to me for many years. Lan Le, Rose Tran, and Baùc Thuy all took great care of me while I did community work and grad school work. It has been such an honor and privilege to spend time with them and learn about their lives. They have provided me with another home and family in San Diego. Of course, I would never have been able to get this far without my big, amazing family. My father is the smartest man I have ever known though he never had a formal viii education. He has taught me, by example, to live life with humility and courage. I have never met a stronger woman than my mother, whose strength quietly lies in the everyday ways she cares for her children and grandchildren. My brothers and sisters inspire me everyday with their strength, generous spirits, and capacity to love. To my big sister, Oanh, I owe my entire beginning in higher education. I will never forget how she always believed in me and did everything she could to provide for me while I sought an education. To my little sister and best friend, Xuyen, I owe a million thanks for every small gesture of love she bestowed on me during our wonderful years living together. She has been my daughter’s “other mother” and the best room-mate anyone could ever ask for. And my daughter, the smallest teacher in my life, has taught me a great deal about how to be patient and she lends me a fresh set of eyes each day to view my academic endeavors and put everything in perspective. I thank her, Allyse Minh Kieu, for loving me unconditionally. Finally, I thank my life partner Duc Dang for being by my side for almost fifteen years. He has seen me through many different schools, many different degrees, and the many meltdown moments that were all part and parcel of grad school life. All the while, he has taught me how to be more open and more forgiving. He has been, and continues to be, the greatest love of my life. There was a time when all we had was each other. Today, we have each other and so much more. ix VITA Education 2008 Doctor of Philosophy, Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 2003 Master of Arts, Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 2001 Bachelor of Arts, English and Asian American Studies Scripps College Publications “The Cultural Work of Anticommunism in the San Diego Vietnamese American Community” in Amerasia Journal 31:2 (2005) 65-85. “Mediating Diasporic Identities: Vietnamese/American Women in the Musical Landscape of Paris by Night ” in Le Vietnam Au Feminin , edited by Gisele Bousquet and Nora Taylor, 337-351. Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2005. Research Positions 2005 Graduate Student Researcher for Professor Yen Le Espiritu Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2001 Graduate Student Researcher for Professor Yen Le Espiritu Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego Teaching Positions 2007-2008 Associate-In Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2006 Associate-In Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego 2004-2005 Teaching Assistant Muir College Writing Program, University of California, San Diego 2003-2004 Teaching Assistant Department of Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego x ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Anticommunism as Cultural Praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community by Thanh Thuy Vo Dang Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego, 2008 Professor Yen Le Espiritu, Chair In dialogue with new critical scholarship on immigration, refugee, war, and memory studies as well as drawing from the methodologies of cultural studies and ethnography, this dissertation examines “anticommunism” as a set of cultural discourses and practices that shape the past, present, and future of Vietnamese diasporic communities by exploring when, where, and for what purposes South Vietnam emerges in refugee memories. That anticommunism continues to be an important paradigm for xi Vietnamese diasporic identity and community formations more than thirty years after the official end of the war and despite increased transnational relations between Vietnam and its diaspora suggests the need to theorize the multiplicity of meanings that it has amassed through the years. Through ethnographic interviews, participation in and observation of Vietnamese American community events
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